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ANTONYMS. definition of antonyms V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms classification of antonyms conversives. Antonyms. belong to the same part speech belong to the same semantic field identical in style nearly identical in distribution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ANTONYMS
definition of antonymsV.N. Komissarov’s theory on
antonyms classification of antonyms conversives
Antonyms belong to the same part speech belong to the same semantic field identical in style nearly identical in distribution denotational meanings render
contradictory or contrary notions do not differ stylistically, in emotional
colouring
Contradictory or Contrary Notions
contradictory notions – mutually opposed and denying one another
e.g. alive – ‘not dead’ impatient – ‘not patient’
contrary notions – mutually opposed but they are gradable
e.g. old – middle-aged – young hot - warm – cool - cold
Antonyms (Ginzburg R.S.)
words different in sound-form characterized by semantic
polarity of denotational meaning characterized by
interchangeability in some contexts
Semantic Polarity
presence of some common presence of some common semantic components in the semantic components in the denotational meaningdenotational meaning
e.g. ashamed – ‘feeling unhappy or troubled’
proud – ‘feeling of happiness or assurance’
Antonyms usually appear in pairs – antonymic
pair a polysemantic word may have an
antonym for each of its meaningse.g. dull – interesting, amusing, entertaining
dull – clever, bright, capable
dull - active
Distribution of antonyms among parts of speech
adjectives
e.g. wide – narrow, strong – weak verbs
e.g. to lose – to find nouns
e.g. friend - enemy
Distribution of antonyms among parts of speech
adverbs
1. adverbs derived from adjectives
e.g. warmly – coldly, loudly – softly
2. adverbs proper
e.g. now – then, here – there set expressions
e.g. by accident - on purpose
V. N. Kommissarov’s theory on antonyms
two words shall be considered antonymous if they are regularly contrasted in actual speech
if the contrast in their meanings is proved by definite types of contextual co-occurrence (typical contexts)
Typical Contexts A and (or) B = all
e.g. If you have obeyed all the rules good or bad
not A but (on the contrary) B
e.g. He was alive, not dead.
Typical Contexts A or B
e.g. You will see if you were right or wrong.
X is is A, and , and Y, on the contrary , on the contrary B
e.g. The whole was big, oneself was little
Criteria for distinguishing antonyms (by V.N. Komissarov)
1. regular and frequent co-occurrence in typical contexts
2. the possibility of substitution and identical lexical valency
Identical Contexts e.g.
There is so much good in the worst of us,
and so much bad in the best of us. e.g.
Where most I Iost, there most I won.
Identical Lexical Valency valency – power to combine with
different wordse.g. hot ‘angry, exited’ anger,
resentment, cold scorn
(unpleasant emotions)
Classification of Antonyms
1. absolute or root antonyms (contrary notions)
e.g. to love – to hate
Classification of Antonyms
2. derivational antonyms (express contradictory notions)
formed with negative prefixes (un-, non-, dis-)
e.g. to please – to displease antonymous suffixes –ful and –less
e.g. painful - painless
R.S. Ginzburg’s Classification
contradictories – to use one of the words of this pair is to contradict the other. To use NOT before one of them means to make them semantically equivalent
e.g. single - married
R.S. Ginzburg’s Classification
contraries – admit the possibility of some intermediate members which are also antonymic
e.g. cold - hot
cool - warm
I.V. Arnold’s Classification
antonyms proper – the semantic polarity is relative, the opposition is gradual, it may have several elements characterized by different degrees of the same properties. They always imply comparison
e.g. large - small
I.V. Arnold’s Classification
complementarity antonyms – form binory opposition. The denial of one member implies the assertion of the other
e.g. male - female
Conversives
denote one and the same referent viewed from different viewpoints: a) viewpoint of a subject b) viewpoint of an object
e.g. to sell – to buy, left – right, husband – wife
Conversives
the substitution of a conversive does not change the meaning of a sentence if it is combined with morphological and syntactical changes
e.g. He gives her flowers.
She receives flowers from him