Any Questions on Ben Franklin Assignment?All but which of the following statements are descriptive of

Benjamin Franklin?

A) he was one of the leading printers in the American coloniesB) he was a founding member of the American Philosophical SocietyC) he founded the Academy of Philadelphia with a focus on theologyD) he was a successful inventor of bifocals, an efficient stove, and the lightning rod, among other itemsE) he organized the first lending library in the colonies

Answer: C) he founded the Academy of Philadelphia with a focus on theology

Explanation: Besides his pivotal roles in both the Revolutionary War and the Constitutional Convention, Benjamin Franklin was an accomplished inventor, philosopher, scientist, printer, and public servant. The College of Philadelphia, unlike Harvard and Yale, did not focus on theology or religion. Franklin "favored an education that stressed practical skills that would serve students regardless of what line of work they took up." (University of Pennsylvania website)

Read, analyze chart and answer the questionsRead, analyze chart and answer the questions

In 1790, the first U.S. census was taken, as required by the Constitution…The count was necessary in order to

determine taxation and representation in Congresstaxation and representation in Congress. All free people were counted, as well as “three-fifths of all

other Persons.” Indians were excluded.City 1790 1800 1810

Boston 18,038 24,937 33,250New York 33,131 60,489 96,373Philadelphia 45,529 69,403 91,874Baltimore 13,503 26,114 35,583Charleston 16,359 20,473 24,711

1. What is a Census check, why was it needed and when does it occur?

2. What does it mean when it states 3/5’s of all other persons?

3. Which city grew the most during the 20 years shown?

4. Which city grew the least during the 20 years shown?

notes1

1. Washington’s Presidency Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797

VP: John Adams

2. US Problems = Solutions Government on paper but not in practice

Precedents Develops first

Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Supreme Court

Debt Excise taxes and tariffs Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792

Confidence in new Constitution Whiskey Rebellion

Successfully put down by Washington, 1794

Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax

to US Govt. “Mobocracy”

The Possibility of WarJay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain

Forts for debtsPicnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain

Open up the Mississippi RiverFrench Revolution---1789 to 1800---US

US asked to help France in war with EnglandNeutrality Act---Washington warns US tostay neutral and not side with the French.

4. Washington’s Farewell Speech: 1796Two ways the US can stay unified

Avoid political parties Military alliances with Europe

Neutrality----Isolation

notes2

Achievements:Achievements:•Sound

economic foundation•westward expansion

•Kept us out of war

Election Results of 1788

Presidential election results map. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. (Note: North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution, the New York legislature was deadlocked, and Vermont was operating as a de facto unrecognized state.)

1792 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

George Washington Virginia Federalist 132

97.8%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist

77 57.0%

George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican

50 37.0%

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

4 3.0%

Aaron Burr New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Electoral Votes Not Cast

--- -----

6 4.4%

Total Number of Electors13

2

Total Electoral Votes Cast26

4

Number of Votes for a Majority

67

1792 Election Results

1792 Election Results

Wash inaugural

•New Constitution and Government

take effect on April 30, 1789.

•Washington Washington begins his begins his

presidency in New presidency in New York City and York City and

alternates between alternates between there and there and

Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

•Capital city at this time was New

York City.

Precedents are models, Precedents are models, examples or influences other examples or influences other

Presidents would followPresidents would follow

What to call the President? Mr. President

President sets their own personal style

Cabinet appointed by President and advises him

precedents

VP—John Adams-- has no official duties

President acts independent from Congress

Congress relies on the advice of the President

Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

cabinet

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Department of Treasury---Financial affairs•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury

Department of War-------------------Military affairs•Henry Knox----Secretary of War

Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice

Postmaster General-------------------Postal system•Samuel Osgood

•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. valuable role in the beginning of our nation.

•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. country would go economically, politically and socially. •President Washington was stuck in the middle of these President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.

Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)(former Anti-Federalists)

Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

Leader

Appealed to

Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West

Ideas of Government

Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powersImplied powersWealthy and educated involvedLimit freedoms of speech & pressPreferred govt. similar to a king

State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution

•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powersCommon man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better

DomesticPolicy

Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

ForeignPolicy

Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British

Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

political

John Jay first Chief Justice

of the Supreme Court

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

precedents

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored

early victories (1790–91)

The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by

General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle most

of Ohio • First formal recognition of Indian

sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

Map 13 of 45

Problems with Diplomacy

British forts on U.S. soil. Still

haven’t removed troops and

supplying Indians with weapons

Disputed land claims with Spain. Cut off Mississippi

River

Territorial issues with Great Britain

Jays

•British made neutrality difficult:

maintained trading posts on

US soil, sold firearms to

Indians.•Collaborated with

Indians to check US expansion to

frontier.

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain• 1793- War broke out between France

and Great Britain

• British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300– Impressed and imprisoned American

sailors.– What was the policy of impressment?

impressment

Impressment: an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy

• Jeffersonians called for war while the Federalists resisted

• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).

• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.

• Hamilton feared war with England

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty• British remove forts from

US soil (should have been done in 1783

• British agreed but required US to pay old

debts on pre-Revolution accounts.

• Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with

Indian tribes

• Opened westward expansion for US settlers.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• US guaranteed favored treatment to British imported goods

• Did not stop impressment nor did it protect the rights of “American Shipping”

• Reality- canceled American-French alliance

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

Reaction to Jay’s TreatyReaction to Jay’s TreatyReaction to Jay’s TreatyReaction to Jay’s Treaty• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to

Britain, betrayal of South

• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new opposition party-Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.

• Critics –aligned with Monarchical GB over Republican France

• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between

Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in

New Orleans.

Pinckney's Treaty

Thomas Pinckney

The Pinckney Treaty

(A) helped prevent a naval war with France(B) awarded all of Spanish Florida to the U.S.(C) provided for the removal of British forces from forts in American territory(D) opened up the Northwest to white settlement by forcing Indian tribes to give up lands north of the Ohio River(E) granted Americans the right to use New Orleans as a port for shipping

Answer: (E) granted Americans the right to use New Orleans as a port for shipping

Explanation: Spain's control of Florida and the mouth of the Mississippi River at New Orleans presented a western and southern challenge to the Washington administration. The agreement between Spain and the U.S. ratified in 1796, set the southern border of the U.S. at the 31st parallel and granted Americans navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Foreign Debt

$11,710,000Federal Domestic Debt

$42,414,000

State Debt

$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTaxon

Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt problems (5 parts):problems (5 parts):

•Establish good credit with foreign nations, credit worthiness, sell bonds to people (loan to govt.)

•Pay off $80 million debt, creation of a new national debt

•Create a national bank with a national currency, Bank of the US, “financial agent”

•Excise Tax: Raise money for govt backed by gold silver, tax on producers of whiskey

•Tariff: a tax on imports, then govt. subsidies for factoriesCompromise with Thomas Jefferson called

the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C.

debt

HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and

transfer money

•Provide loans to government and state banks

•A national currency---$$$$$

•An investment by people to buy stock into US bank

•Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose

construction of Constitution

•National debt good for country

JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution

•State banks would collapse

•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government

•Hurt the common man

•Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national

bank.

•Against a national debt

BUS

Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain• Strongly opposed in South• Famous dinner 1790• Agreed to accept Hamilton’s

fiscal plans (exception of subsidies to manufacturing)

• Agreed to a permanent national capital on Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia

“Federal City”

Hamilton's Financial Plans

The Report on Manufactures, one of

Hamilton's grand economic plans

Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton advocated all but which of the following in establishing a firm national economic base?

(A) protective tariffs for domestic industries(B) assuming the debts of the individual states(C) a tax on exported tobacco and cotton(D) assuming the debts of the Confederation Congress(E) establishment of a national bank

Answer: (C) a tax on exported tobacco and cotton

Explanation: Part of the Commerce Compromise of the 1787 Constitutional Convention was a restriction on taxing exports, a concession to the Southern agricultural states. All of the other choices were elements of Hamilton's financial plans.

Hamilton's Financial Plans All but which of the following were elements of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's financial plans:

A) establish the creditworthiness of the U.S. to encourage loans to the governmentB) assume the responsibility for the debt accrued during the Revolutionary War by paying it off at full face valueC) creation of local or "pet" banks to distribute the government's money throughout the regions of the U.SD) the imposition of a tariff to support American industriesE) a tax on the producers of whiskey

Answer: C) creation of local or "pet" banks to distribute the government's money throughout the regions of the U.S. Explanation: Hamilton's goal of establishing the U.S. as a nation deserving of loans proved to be an important source of economic development in the early years of the Republic. One of his chief proposals was a national bank, the Bank of the U.S., which was modeled on the Bank of England and created as a private corporation and not a branch of the federal government. Local or "pet" banks were part of Andrew Jackson's scheme to kill the Bank of the U.S. in the 1830s.

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

•Farmer’s revolt in Farmer’s revolt in western western

Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

•Refused to pay Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise Hamilton’ s excise

tax tax

•Believed it was an Believed it was an unfair tax.unfair tax.

•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””

•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power of testing the power of the new Constitutionthe new Constitution

Outcome:Outcome:

•Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new

constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic

rebellions, rebellions, “mobocracy”“mobocracy”

•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,

Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

Whiskey

French Revolution in America

The execution of French Queen Marie Antoinette,

one of the French Revolution's key events

Reaction to the French Revolution in the United States included all of the following except(A) concern from Hamilton's supporters about the breakdown in authority(B) enthusiasm from Jefferson's supporters who saw this as a natural extension of the spirit of the American Revolution(C) Citizen Genet travelling through the U.S. and building support for the restoration of the French monarchy(D) Washington adopting a neutral course with the issuance of a proclamation of neutrality(E) early popular enthusiasm for the uprising replaced with a cooling of support as executions mountedAnswer: (C) Citizen Genet travelling through the U.S. and building support for the restoration of the French monarchy

Explanation: Early support and enthusiasm as a result of the reports of the popular uprising in France faded as news reached the U.S. of numerous executions and the passage of radical laws. Hamilton's supporters were appalled by the excesses, while Jeffersonian’s tended to side with the revolutionaries. Washington steered a middle course. Citizen Genet enlisted the support of American privateers to harass British shipping after the new French Republic declared war on Britain and sought official U.S. support and recognition of the revolutionaries. Washington, this time supported by both Hamilton and Jefferson, refused.

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

French Rev

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

French Rev

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

farewell

Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of state of warwar exists between Austria, exists between Austria,

Prussia, Sardinia, Prussia, Sardinia, Great BritainGreat Britain and the United Netherlands, of and the United Netherlands, of the one part and the one part and FranceFrance on the on the

other; and the duty and other; and the duty and

interest of the U.S. require, that they should interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a pursue a conduct friendly and impartial conduct friendly and impartial

toward the belligerent powers.toward the belligerent powers.

farewell

neutrality

•President Washington’s response to the French was to President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and

remain remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid.

•Why?Why?

I have therefore thought fit by these I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the presents to declare the disposition of the

U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and towards those Powers respectfully; and

to exhort and to exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and

proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which may in , which may in any manner tend to contravene such any manner tend to contravene such

disposition….disposition….April 1793April 1793

•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality. were upset with Washington’s Neutrality.

•Washington’s Washington’s NeutralityNeutrality decision was decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest.based on the long term U.S. self interest.

•Preserve and protect the infant nationPreserve and protect the infant nation

Thomas Paine On Thomas Paine On Washington’s NeutralityWashington’s Neutrality

““And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of

danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an

importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.”or whether you ever had any.”

Response to frenchrev

•Washington warned of the dangers Washington warned of the dangers of of political partiespolitical parties and and permanent permanent

alliancesalliances with other nations. with other nations.

•Washington’s warning against Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances”“entangling alliances” became a became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.principle of U.S. foreign policy.

““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our detacheddetached and and distantdistant

situation invites and enables us to pursue a different situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent steer clear of permanent

alliances with any portion of the foreign worldalliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking ……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to

temporary alliances for extraordinary temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796emergencies”…..1796

farewell

Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated

with all the British and foreign continents--- --- ”GOOD HISTORIAN””GOOD HISTORIAN”

Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Farewell

AddressAddress in 1796.

No entangling alliancesNo entangling alliances…….…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to

trade with Europe

Neutrality = Isolation

Washington's Farewell Address In his 1797 Farewell Address, George Washington warns of all the following except

A) partisan party politicsB) regional loyalties displacing loyalty to the United StatesC) building the national debt by unnecessary borrowing by the governmentD) the danger of religion having too great an effect on public lifeE) entangling foreign alliances

Answer: D) the danger of religion having too great an effect on public life

Explanation: Originally intended to be given when Washington planned to retire in 1793 after one term, his Farewell Address was eventually delivered in 1797 when he was succeeded by John Adams. Washington gave a number of warnings, including the danger of ignoring the value of religion and morality to the continued success of the Republic. In contrast to the view of Thomas Jefferson, who valued secular education much more highly than religion, Washington wrote "Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle."