Anything in blue is background Anything in blue is background or or extra information and you need extra information and you need NOTNOTtake it down.take it down.

To make note taking To make note taking easier, follow these easier, follow these

rules. rules.

If the words are in red, take If the words are in red, take down the information—test down the information—test questions come from information questions come from information in red.in red.

Anything on the slide Anything on the slide in in purplepurple or green is or green is material material from homework or from homework or that we have previously studied. that we have previously studied. There is no need to write it down There is no need to write it down unlessunless you either did not do the you either did not do the homework, of if you have forgotten homework, of if you have forgotten the previous lesson.the previous lesson.

Here are a few more Here are a few more rules for note taking.rules for note taking.

What is the empirical What is the empirical approach to psychology?approach to psychology?

Studies conducted byStudies conducted bycareful observation careful observation and scientifically-basedand scientifically-basedresearch.research.

Confirmation bias: uncritical Confirmation bias: uncritical acceptance of hypotheses and theories that acceptance of hypotheses and theories that support our way of thinking—people who pay support our way of thinking—people who pay attention only to evidence that confirms their attention only to evidence that confirms their beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence.beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence.

Psychologists are Psychologists are

People who have been trained to observe, People who have been trained to observe, analyze and evaluate behavior analyze and evaluate behavior

Experimental, teaching, applied Experimental, teaching, applied

Three major reactions Three major reactions that psychologists study that psychologists study areare affect, cognition and behavior. affect, cognition and behavior.

Affect: what the person feels Affect: what the person feels

Cognition: what the person is thinkingCognition: what the person is thinking

Behavior: what the person will do Behavior: what the person will do

All right, you people, All right, you people, watch this film clip from watch this film clip from Indiana Jones and the Indiana Jones and the

Temple of DoomTemple of Doom. When I . When I stop the clip, be able to stop the clip, be able to describe Indy’s affect, describe Indy’s affect, cognition and predict cognition and predict

what his future behaviorwhat his future behavior will be.will be.

Experimental psychologists Experimental psychologists

Perform research to understand how Perform research to understand how humans (and animals) operate physically humans (and animals) operate physically and psychologically.and psychologically.

Albert BanduraAlbert BanduraBobo DollBobo DollExperimentExperiment

Philip ZimbardoPhilip ZimbardoStanford PrisonStanford PrisonExperiment Experiment

Industrial/organizational psychologists Industrial/organizational psychologists Employed by business firms or government Employed by business firms or government agencies; develop methods to boost production,agencies; develop methods to boost production,improve working conditions, train people, etc.improve working conditions, train people, etc.

Sports psychologists Sports psychologists Work with athletes to help maximize Work with athletes to help maximize performanceperformanceEngineering psychologists Engineering psychologists

Work at the interface between people and Work at the interface between people and equipment equipment

Educational psychologist Educational psychologist Deals with topics related to teaching children and Deals with topics related to teaching children and young adults, such as intelligence, problem young adults, such as intelligence, problem solving, and motivation.solving, and motivation.

Community psychologist Community psychologist

Works in mental health Works in mental health or or social welfare agency social welfare agency operated by state or operated by state or local local government or a government or a privateprivateagency.agency.

Clinical Neuropsychologists Clinical Neuropsychologists or or Rehabilitation Psychologists Rehabilitation Psychologists Ph.D. Ph.D. with education similar to clinical with education similar to clinical

psychologists; extensive education in psychologists; extensive education in mechanisms & operation of the brain;mechanisms & operation of the brain; work with brain injury patientswork with brain injury patients

Developmental psychologists Developmental psychologists Study physical, emotional, cognitive and social Study physical, emotional, cognitive and social changes that occur throughout lifechanges that occur throughout life

Clinical psychologistsClinical psychologists

Help people deal with personal problems;Help people deal with personal problems;therapists with Ph.D.; have completed a therapists with Ph.D.; have completed a 3-4 3-4 year research-oriented program in year research-oriented program in psychology plus an internship in psychology plus an internship in psychotherapy and psychotherapy and psychological assessment; some psychological assessment; some have a Psy.D: a Doctor of have a Psy.D: a Doctor of PsychologyPsychology Dr. Phil McGraw is a clinical Dr. Phil McGraw is a clinical

psychologist psychologist

Counseling psychologistsCounseling psychologistsusually work in schools or industrial firms,usually work in schools or industrial firms,advising and assisting people with problems of advising and assisting people with problems of everyday life. everyday life. Must have a masters or Ph.D. in Must have a masters or Ph.D. in counseling.counseling.

PsychiatryPsychiatry

Psychoanalyst—psychiatrist; training in Psychoanalyst—psychiatrist; training in personality theory & techniques of personality theory & techniques of Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud. Must be psychoanalyzed Must be psychoanalyzed themselves before practicethemselves before practice

A specialty of medicine. MD; prescribe A specialty of medicine. MD; prescribe medication and conduct surgery medication and conduct surgery (lobotomies)(lobotomies)

Plato and modern psychology Plato and modern psychology Quest for perfect knowledgeQuest for perfect knowledgeDelved into areas such as Delved into areas such as cognitioncognitionFirst philosopher to study how First philosopher to study how people gain knowledgepeople gain knowledge

AristotleAristotleTheories of sensation,Theories of sensation,perception, cognition,perception, cognition,memory, problem memory, problem solving and ethicssolving and ethics

The Greeks The Greeks

Learned through observation Learned through observation

Hippocrates Hippocrates (460-375 BC):(460-375 BC): the father of medicine the father of medicine

Galen Galen (130-200 AD)(130-200 AD)

That’s That’s me!me!

identified 4 personality identified 4 personality characteristics characteristics

Scientists whose work contributed to the founding Scientists whose work contributed to the founding of psychology of psychology

Copernicus (1473-1543): sun, not earth, Copernicus (1473-1543): sun, not earth, center of universe. Observation key center of universe. Observation key element of his studieselement of his studies

Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei

Experimentation through observation Experimentation through observation

1717thth century: dualism century: dualismThe mind and the body The mind and the body

are separate and are separate and different.different.

Rene Descartes Rene Descartes (1596-1650)(1596-1650)

disagreed: link between mind disagreed: link between mind and body—mind controlled and body—mind controlled body’s movements, body’s movements, sensations, and perceptions.sensations, and perceptions.I’m I’m

the the bosboss!s!

First formal study of First formal study of psychology:psychology:

Wilhelm Wundt—Wilhelm Wundt— Leipzig, GE, 1879Leipzig, GE, 1879

Structuralist: interested in basic elements of the Structuralist: interested in basic elements of the human experiencehuman experience

Method of introspection, or self-Method of introspection, or self-observationobservationIn In controlled laboratory situationscontrolled laboratory situations, , trained subjects reported their trained subjects reported their thoughts—thoughts—Wundt tried to map out Wundt tried to map out basic structure of thought processbasic structure of thought process

William James William James (1842-1890)(1842-1890)

Father of American psychology Father of American psychology

Functionalist—study how animals Functionalist—study how animals and people adapt to environments and people adapt to environments

1890—1890—Principles of PsychologyPrinciples of Psychology

Thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering Thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering serveserve one major function: to help us survive as one major function: to help us survive asa species.a species.

Focused on the functions of the Focused on the functions of the conscious mind and goals of conscious mind and goals of behaviorsbehaviors

Gestalt Psychology Gestalt Psychology German psychologists: Max Wertheimer,German psychologists: Max Wertheimer,Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt KoffkaWolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka, , et al et al

Perception involves whole patterns—Perception involves whole patterns—when you when you see a chair, you see the WHOLE chair, rather see a chair, you see the WHOLE chair, rather than separately noticing the seat, legs, etc. than separately noticing the seat, legs, etc. In In psych: how sensations are assembled into psych: how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiencesperceptual experiences

BehaviorismBehaviorismJohn B. WatsonJohn B. Watson——psychologists should concern psychologists should concern themselves with only thethemselves with only theobservable facts of behaviorobservable facts of behavior.. Behavior is the result of Behavior is the result of conditioning conditioning and occurs because and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is the appropriate stimulus is present in the environmentpresent in the environment..The Little Albert experiments.The Little Albert experiments.

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

Austrian, 1856-1939Austrian, 1856-1939

Focused on unconsciousFocused on unconscious mindmind

Biological urges in Biological urges in conflict with social conflict with social norms norms and moralityand moralityFree association—patient said all that Free association—patient said all that came to mind not attempting to be came to mind not attempting to be logical.logical. FreudFreud psychoanalystpsychoanalyst—sat, —sat, listened, then interpreted associationslistened, then interpreted associations

The Necker CubeThe Necker Cube

Introspection Introspection

We add meaning We add meaning to our sensations to our sensations

Metaphor for the Metaphor for the multiple multiple perspectives of perspectives of psychologypsychology

Sir Francis GaltonSir Francis Galton

British; 19British; 19thth century century

Studied heredity and itsStudied heredity and itsinfluence on abilities,influence on abilities,character and behaviorcharacter and behavior

Hypothesis: greatness runs in families;Hypothesis: greatness runs in families;therefore genius is inheritedtherefore genius is inherited

Did not consider exceptional Did not consider exceptional environments/ socioeconomic environments/ socioeconomic advantagesadvantages

--the --the first study of individual differencesfirst study of individual differences

Sir Francis GaltonSir Francis Galton

Created forerunners ofCreated forerunners of modern intelligence andmodern intelligence and personality testspersonality testsInquiries into HumanInquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development Faculty and Its Development

Raised still-debated issueRaised still-debated issue: : is is behaviorbehaviordetermined by heredity or determined by heredity or environment?environment?

Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Focus: how humans process, store, and Focus: how humans process, store, and use use information information and how that information and how that information influences influences our thinking, language, problem solving our thinking, language, problem solving and and creativity.creativity. BehaviorBehavior is is influencedinfluenced byby a a variety of mental processes, including variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories and expectations.perceptions, memories and expectations.

Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Leon Festinger Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Leon Festinger

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

Also developed dreamAlso developed dream analysisanalysis

Based on observations,Based on observations,or case studiesor case studies,, developed a developed a comprehensive theory of comprehensive theory of personalitypersonalityDeveloped concept Developed concept of id, ego and super of id, ego and super egoego

HumanistsHumanists

Reaction to behaviorist Reaction to behaviorist movementmovementDescribes human nature as active and Describes human nature as active and creative creative rather than passively reacting to rather than passively reacting to external stimuli.external stimuli.Believe human mind is able to Believe human mind is able to influence and change the world in influence and change the world in which it functions.which it functions.Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo MayMay

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

Russian; Nobel Prize 1904Russian; Nobel Prize 1904

““Pavlov’s Dogs”— conditioned Pavlov’s Dogs”— conditioned reflexes reflexes (or reactions)(or reactions) elicited elicited by a stimulusby a stimulus

Certain behavior can be the result of Certain behavior can be the result of prior experience, orprior experience, or certain acts or certain acts or differences among people are the result differences among people are the result of learning.of learning.

Walden Two Walden Two —Utopia in which —Utopia in which conditioning, through rewarding those conditioning, through rewarding those who display “desirable” behavior rules who display “desirable” behavior rules every conceivable facet of life.every conceivable facet of life.

B. F. Skinner B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)(1904-1990)American; refined andAmerican; refined and popularized behaviorismpopularized behaviorism

BehaviorismBehaviorism

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Practical uses of Skinner’sPractical uses of Skinner’s theories (conditioning) theories (conditioning) inin today’s society:today’s society:

Toilet-training Toilet-training of childrenof children

Weight Weight controlcontrol

Stopping smokingStopping smoking

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Reinforcement—controlledReinforcement—controlledreward and punishment—reward and punishment—popular in education.popular in education.

Skinner’s Skinner’s teaching teaching machine was machine was the forerunner the forerunner of modern of modern computer-based computer-based instruction.instruction.

Dr. Benson here. Dr. Benson here. Look! I’m so smart Look! I’m so smart

that I’m an expert on that I’m an expert on all the various schools all the various schools

of thought in of thought in psychology. So I use psychology. So I use

the approach that the approach that works best for each works best for each

patientpatient. They call me . They call me an an eclectic eclectic

psychologistpsychologist. I’m so . I’m so smart!smart!