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“Farming from Space:
Current and future opportunities for remote sensing to
boost productivity for grain growers”
Division of Plant Sciences andUniversity of Dundee, UK
School of Plant BiologyUniversity of WA
Hamlyn G Jones + Contributions fromR Furbank et al. CSIROHRPPC, Canberra
Outline
1. Sensors – what can be measured
2. Platforms – advantages/disadvantages of different
platforms
3. Software – expert systems
4. Application examples
5. Caveats and conclusions
1. Sensor Technologies
� RGB cameras
� Spectral reflectance
� Thermal infrared (evaporation; water stress; soil water)
� Microwave (radar) – (water content)
� Lidar (canopy structure)
� Fluorescence (photosynthesis)
� RGB cameras
� Spectral reflectance
� Thermal infrared (evaporation; water stress; soil water)
� Microwave (radar) – (water content)
� Lidar (canopy structure)
� Fluorescence (photosynthesis)
1. Spectral reflectance – vegetation indices
soil
plant
NDVI mapvis � infra-red �
NR
NDVI = (N – R)(N + R)
Amount of leaf material
Green Cover
Normalised difference vegetation index:
1. Vegetation indices
� Infinite no. of 2-band VIs:
1. Spectral reflectance – vegetation indices
Vis
ible
Water bands (IR) – info on water content
1. Spectral reflectance – vegetation indices
Principle What it estimatesRGB cameras Canopy cover, health, disease,
deficiencies, etc.
Conventional vegetation indices(R/ NIR)
Canopy cover, biomass, chlorophyll, N-status, etc.
Mid-Infrared (water indices) Canopy water content
Hyperspectral sensing Pigments, nutrient status, stress diagnosis, crop mapping
Multiangular Canopy structure
1. Sensor Technologies
� RGB cameras
� Spectral reflectance
� Thermal infrared (evaporation; water stress; soil water)
� Microwave (radar) – (water content)
� Lidar (canopy structure)
� Fluorescence (photosynthesis)
� Based on the cooling effect of evaporation
1. Thermal sensing
Hot, non-transpiring
Cool, rapid transpiration, open stomata
� Measures water use or drought stress (actually
stomatal closure)
- water balance (regional)
- irrigation scheduling
- breeding for drought tolerance
How do we apply thermal sensing?
Satellite
Glasshouse
1. Sensor Technologies
� RGB cameras
� Spectral reflectance
� Thermal infrared (evaporation; water stress; soil water)
� Microwave (radar) – (water content)
� Lidar (canopy structure)
� Fluorescence (photosynthesis)
2. Platforms
� Satellite
� Airborne (manned)
� Balloon
� UAVs
� UGVs/Autonomous robots
� Tractor-mounted
� Fixed sensor networks
(e.g. WSNetworks)
Considerations in choice:
� Cost of data
� Timeliness
� Frequency of availability
� Spatial resolution
� Flexibility of timing
� Labour requirement
Trade-off
2. Platforms - Satellite
� Geostationary (MTSAT 2 – 15 min @ 5 km)
� Medium Res. (NOAH-AVHRR, MODIS–daily @ 0.25-1 km)
� High Res. (Landsat – 15 days @ 30 m)
� V. High Res. (Ikonos, QuickBird, World View2 – 0.5-2 m)
The Airframe
2. Platforms - Airborne
Thanks to David Deeryand colleagues
Create mosaic image (using
AutoPano Giga)
� Geocorrected thermal mosaic for plot extraction
2. Platforms - Airborne
Thanks to David Deeryand colleagues
2. Platforms - Airborne
e.g. NASA Airborne imager
� Lidar
� Imaging spectrometer
� Thermal camera
Spatial resolution 0.5-2 m
(Rem Sens 5: 2013)
2. Platforms - balloons
Thanks to Ashley
Wheaton, Dookie
College
and
Oxford Landing
2. Platforms - UAVs/drones
HHonkavaara et al 2013, RemSens 5
2. Platforms - Field platforms
Osnabrucke robots
e.g. “Boni-rob” and
“BreedVision”
Avignon Maricopa
2. Platforms - Field platforms
Thanks to: Bob Furbank, Dave Deery, Xav Sirault, J. Jiminez-
Berni, et al.
The “Canberra” system
2. Platforms – Field platforms
Sensors on field platforms
�LiDAR – detailed 3D structure –
canopy cover, canopy height, ear size,
biomass
�Thermal – temperature and ‘stress’
�Spectral – canopy cover, N-status,
chlorophyll, photosynthesis, pigments,
carbohydrates, biomass
Platform comparison
Platform Features
Satellite Cloud limited (excl. radar), low spatial resolution (trade-off with frequency), good for weather/mapping – less so for crop management
Airborne Below cloud, higher resolution, potential high frequency
Balloon Rarely usable because of wind
UAV v. high resolution, very flexible, low cost, low payload
Tractor-mounted
Readily incorporated into on-farm management
3. Software – critical for image analysis
Original scan
Geocorrected map
flight
(NERC flight a140103a, Tarquinia 2005)
3. Software
Transforming farm management and data handling- e.g. yield mapping, soil analyses, remote sensing data, record keeping,
monitoring, etc.; - Usable on iPhone/Tablets; - Inputs directly to precision crop
management in field
(e.g. Soil Essentials Ltd. – Cloud-based mapping software shown here)
4. Applications of Remote sensing
� Weather
� Cropping areas and mapping (Government)
� Biomass estimation and Yield forecasts (Government)
� Crop phenology
� Crop vigour & stress management (e.g. Irrigation need)
� Precision agriculture – Management Zones
� Weed detection
� Soil degradation
4. Applications - Weather
MTSAT 145oE(Japan)
Frequent – every 10 min!but low resolution (5 km)
Major contribution to services
e.g. weather forecasts
Low res. geostationary satellites
Frost Watch
(NOAH-AVHRR)
Land Surface Temperature (LST) image over South Western Australia.(Frostwatch - NOAA 15 79519 04:02 29/08/2013 WST)
4. Applications - Weather
Jones & Vaughan 2010, OUP
Cover estimation (NDVI)
Crop inventory(hyperspectral classification)
Oak canopyCistusSoilGrassWater
4. Applications – Crop inventories
� Multi-spectral or hyperspectral imagery (satellite/air)
� Can be classified to delineate vegetation or crops
4. Applications - Yield prediction
(from Rembold et al 2013 Rem Sens 5)
NDVI NDVIY
ield
–k
g/h
a
Yie
ld –
kg
/ha
4. Applications – stem carbohydrate
Dreccer et al 2014 (Field Crop Res)
4. Applications - Stress diagnosis
e.g. Nitrogen deficiency
?
(Images -Randall Pearson, S Illinois University, Ames Iowa)
SENSORS
Temperature
Spectral reflectance
Fluorescence
Multiangular
LiDAR
4. Applications - Stress diagnosis
STRESSESAbiotic
Drought/salinity
Flooding
Frost/chill
Pollutant
Nutrient defic./toxicityBiotic
Disease
Pest
RESPONSES
Stomata
Pigments, canopy cover
Biochemistry
Canopy structure
Canopy structure
SENSORS
Temperature
Spectral reflectance
Fluorescence
Multiangular
LiDAR
4. Applications - Stress diagnosis
STRESSESAbiotic
Drought/salinity
Flooding
Frost/chill
Pollutant
Nutrient defic./toxicityBiotic
Disease
PestCharacteristic pattern of response is diagnostic - multisensor
4. Applications – Precision agriculture
Remote sensing
Tractor-mounted sensors
Soil mapping
Yield mapping
Ad hoc sampling
Define
Management
zones
4. Applications - Weed management
Weed mapping
Need to target optimal window (e.g. early post emergence)
Photos – John Heap (SARDI)
5. Caveats and Conclusions
“Gala contemplating the Mediterranean sea”
Salvador Dali (St Petersburg)
becomes: “Portrait of Lincoln”
Salvador Dali (St Petersburg)
Information depends on Scale
e.g. Low resolution images may give
misleading information:
5. Caveats and Conclusions
Tmean = 38oC
Tmean = 36oC
Tmean = 34oC
Scale (pixel resolution) affects results
5. Caveats and Conclusions
Prediction (e.g. of N) can be
very weak even if ‘good’
correlation
- So need good calibrations
(from Miphokasap et al 2012 Rem Sens 4)
Beware error in estimates
ND
VI
0.2
0.5
0.8
Predicted N content (%)Predicted N content (%)
Rem
ote
sen
sin
g e
stim
ate
Conclusions
� Remote sensing (all scales) has enormous
potential for farmers
� Especially ‘tractor-mounted’ and ‘Drones’
� Beware error of ‘spurious’ accuracy
� Further development depends on new ‘user-
friendly’ software (smart phones etc.)
Conclusions
�But . . . . .
much developmental work still needed for fully
practical systems, esp. with UAVs
Published by:
Oxford University Press, July 2010
CONTACT:
Professor Hamlyn Jones
2010 2014