Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
““Mobile Sources Control MeasuresMobile Sources Control Measures””
Presented by Ms.Manwipa KusonAir Pollution from Automotive Section
Air Quality and Noise Management BureauPollution Control Department
The Seminar on Development of Environmental and The Seminar on Development of Environmental and Emission Standard of Emission Standard of VOCsVOCs
29th February 200829th February 2008
Miracle Grand Convention Hotel, BangkokMiracle Grand Convention Hotel, Bangkok
ContentsContents
Background
Methodology for Estimating Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source
Emission Characteristics from Mobile Sources
The countermeasures of Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source
BackgroundBackground
BackgroundBackground
Industrial combustion source, 6%
Gasoline storage and
transportation, 16%
other sources, 1%
Vehicle, 77%
Benzene EmissionBenzene Emission
VOCs Emission Inventory Study (Phase II)
BackgroundBackground
Fuel burned0.1%
Vehicle68.4%
Fuel input31.5%
1,31,3--Butadiene EmissionButadiene Emission
VOCs Emission Inventory Study (Phase II)
BackgroundBackground
Ambient Air Quality Standard:
Benzene 1.7 μg/m3
1,3-Butadiene 0.33 μg/m3
Pollutant Number of Sites
Average Value
Range (μg/m3)
Benzene 5 8.2 3.9-11
1,3-Butadiene 5 0.62 0.24-0.94
Air Quality in BangkokAir Quality in Bangkok
Methodology for Estimating Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source
Estimation of Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source
Correct vehicle population data by type of vehicle
Estimation of future vehicle population
Estimation of vehicle kilometer of traveled
Determine the emission rate from each type of vehicle
Calculation the emission loading from mobile sources
29
Automotive Emission LaboratoryAutomotive Emission LaboratoryPollution Control DepartmentPollution Control Department
Motorcycle Laboratory Motorcycle Laboratory
Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory
Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory
Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Laboratory
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Laboratory Laboratory
Vehicle Testing Vehicle Testing
Testing RoomTesting Room
Schematic of Vehicle Testing Room Schematic of Vehicle Testing Room
Scope of Vehicle TestingScope of Vehicle Testing
Test Vehicles3 passenger vehicle3 light duty diesel vehicle3 heavy duty diesel vehicle3 heavy duty vehicle (used CNG as fuel)6 motorcycles
Test FuelsGasoline 91Gasohol 95High speed normal dieselB5 Diesel (Bio-diesel)Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Scope of Vehicle TestingScope of Vehicle Testing
Target CompoundsTarget CompoundsCriteria Pollutant:
CO, HC, NOx and PMHydrocarbon compounds:
Benzene, 1,3 ButadieneCarbonyl Compounds:
Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde
Scope of Vehicle TestingScope of Vehicle Testing
Test procedureTest procedureThe vehicle will be run on chassis dynamometer in the control roomBangkok driving cycle
Emission Characteristics from Mobile Sources
Emission Characteristics from Mobile SourceEmission Characteristics from Mobile Source
Emission (mg/km)Type Fuel Mode
Benzene 1,3-Butadiene
Passenger Car Gasoline Hot 4.1 0.45
Passenger Car Gasohol Hot 3.1 0.22
Light Duty Diesel (Level 3) Diesel Hot 200 70
Light Duty Diesel (Level 6) Diesel Hot 25 10
Heavy Duty Diesel Diesel Hot 160 5.4
Motorcycle Gasoline Hot 33 7.5
Emission Factor From Mobile SourcesEmission Factor From Mobile Sources
Estimation of EmissionEstimation of Emission
1. Vehicle Population
(vehicle)2. Vehicle Km of Traveled
per Vehicle per Year
(Km/vehicle/year)
3. Vehicle Km of Traveled
(Km/year)4. EF of Hot cycle
(mg/km)
5. Annual emission
(ton/year)
Vehicle PopulationVehicle Population
Old Type New Type
GasolinePC≤6 seat
PC>6 seat
Before 1994
Before 1994
950,814
215,844Since 1995
Since 1995
2,362,127
179,474
DieselLight Duty
Heavy Duty
Before 1997
Before 1992
2,303,815
269,083Since 1998
Since 1993
1,869,762
579,760
Motorcycle 15,650,267
Source: Department of Land Transport, 2006
Vehicle Km of Traveled per VehicleVehicle Km of Traveled per Vehicle--YearYear
Type of Vehicle Traveled (km)
GasolinePC≤6 seat
PC>6 seat
9,822
44,621
DieselLight Duty
Heavy Duty
7,612
46,524
Motorcycle 9,000
Source: VOCs Emission Inventory Study (Phase 2)
Benzene Emission FactorBenzene Emission Factor
Old Type New Type
GasolinePC≤6 seat
PC>6 seat
Before 1994
Before 1994
97.4
97.4Since 1995
Since 1995
4.1
4.1
DieselLight Duty
Heavy Duty
Before 1997
Before 1992
200
160Since 1998
Since 1993
25.8
1.9
Motorcycle 33
mg/km
1,31,3--Butadiene Emission FactorButadiene Emission Factor
Old Type New Type
GasolinePC≤6 seat
PC>6 seat
Before 1994
Before 1994
1.85
1.85Since 1995
Since 1995
0.45
0.45
DieselLight Duty
Heavy Duty
Before 1997
Before 1992
70
5.4Since 1998
Since 1993
10.1
1.7
Motorcycle 7.5
mg/km
Annual Benzene EmissionAnnual Benzene Emission
Motorcycle, 4,648 ton, 37%
heavy duty diesel,
2,054 ton, 16%
light duty diesel,
3,874 ton, 31%
passenger car (>6 seat),
971 ton, 8%
passenger car (<6 seat),
1,005 ton, 8%
Total Benzene 12,552 ton/yearTotal Benzene 12,552 ton/year
Annual 1,3Annual 1,3--Butadiene EmissionButadiene Emission
Motorcycle, 1056, 40%
passenger car (<6 seat), 27 ton, 1%
passenger car (>6 seat), 22 ton, 1%
light duty diesel,
1,432 ton, 54%heavy duty
diesel, 114 ton, 4%
Total 1,3Total 1,3--Butadiene 2,591 ton/yearButadiene 2,591 ton/year
Benzene Emission EstimateBenzene Emission Estimate
2006 2012 2020
Gasoline PC (<= 6 seat) 1,001 388 214
Gasoline PC (> 6 seat) 967 266 87
Light Duty Diesel 3,877 2,010 1,400
Heavy Duty Diesel 2,054 512 116
Motorcycle 4,648 6,588 8,394
Total 12,548 9,763 10,211
Ton/year
1,31,3--Butadiene Emission EstimateButadiene Emission Estimate
2006 2012 2020
Gasoline PC (<= 6 seat) 27 26 24
Gasoline PC (> 6 seat) 21 12 10
Light Duty Diesel 1,370 749 538
Heavy Duty Diesel 113 113 104
Motorcycle 1,056 1,497 1,908
Total 2,588 2,397 2,583
Ton/year
The countermeasures of Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source
List of CountermeasuresList of Countermeasures
Emission standard for new vehicle
(HC, Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene)
Promotion of Eco-cars
Inspection and Maintenance
Education
Fuel standard
Traffic control
The Proposed CountermeasuresThe Proposed Countermeasures
Option 1More stringent standard for in-use passenger car and motorcycle
Type Registration Pollutant Standard Proposal
Diesel Vehicle Black smoke 50% 25%
Before 1993 600 ppm <300 ppm
After 1994 200 ppm
After 2005 100 ppm
Before 2006 10,000 ppm <2,000 ppmMotorcycle
After 2006 2,000 ppm
After 2009 1,000 ppm
HCPassenger car
The Proposed CountermeasuresThe Proposed Countermeasures
Option 2Option 2Promotion of Inspection and Maintenance
Frequency of inspection
Option 3Option 3Promotion of roadside inspection
Increase if inspection site and inspection dayIncrease of penalty (fine)
Option 4Option 4Requirement to enterprise who use many vehicles to make I/M plan and implement I/M plan
The Proposed CountermeasuresThe Proposed Countermeasures
Option 5Option 5Promotion of changing high emission (old vehicle) vehicle to
low emission (new vehicle) vehicle Incentive by taxIncentive by subsidyStandard for in-use car
Option 6Option 6Promotion of education for drivers
Maintenance is useful for saving fuel costEco-drive
Stop urgent start, urgent accelerationDon’t pile unnecessary baggageStop idlingEtc.
Thank you Thank you
for your attentionfor your attention