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“No topic is closer to the
heart of psychology than
learning, a relatively
permanent change in an
organism’s behavior due
to experience.”
Experience modifies pre-existing behavior
Which psychological theory supports this idea?
EVOLUTIONARY
Innate
Acquired with age
Learned at an earlier point
LEARNING is the development and changing
of behavior.
“Once burned, twice shy.”
“Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me.”
Development of motor skills
Development of language skills
Object Categories
HOW?
Experiencing events & their relationships
Consciously through study
Unconsciously (we’ll talk about this later)
• Responses are UNLEARNED
• Habituation: Becoming accustomed to stimuli
• Sensitization: Overt responses to stimuli (threatening)
Non-Associative
• Reponses to stimuli are LEARNED
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Social Learning
Associative
Associative Learning
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR: Unconditioned Response
NS: Neutral Stimulus
CS: Conditioned Stimulus
CR: Conditioned Response
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR: Unconditioned Response
NS: Neutral Stimulus
CS: Conditioned Stimulus
CR: Conditioned Response
Little Albert showed discrimination when he
was placed into a bright lecture hall and his
fear response to the rat was slight.
Little Albert showed generalization when he
was fearful of a rabbit, dog, etc. This shows
stimuli with similar properties can elicit the
same response.
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR: Unconditioned Response
NS: Neutral Stimulus
CS: Conditioned Stimulus
CR: Conditioned Response
The feather duster (UCS) was withheld and
so she stopped responding in an excited way
indicating extinction of the conditioned
response.
After walking by the shelf while Sasha was
sitting on a nearby chair, I noticed she stood
up and became very excited. Indicating
spontaneous recovery of the conditioned
response.
Associative Learning
Classical
Stimuli occur BEFORE or ALONG WITH a behavioral
response.
Operant
Stimuli FOLLOWbehavior
responses.
Also known as CONSEQUENCES.
• Precursor to operant conditioning
• Illustrated by Edward Thorndike
• “Puzzle Box” showed “The Law of Effect”
• Behavior is strengthened when a reward follows.
Instrumental Conditioning
• Illustrated by B.F. Skinner
• Organism learns by operating on the environment.
• “Skinner Box” & “Schedules of Reinforcement”
• Shows how often an animal responds in a specific period of time.
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcers (Consequences)
Stimuli that INCREASE the probability the operant
behavior will happen again.
Can be positive or negative
Can be primary or secondary
Operants (Behaviors)
Behaviors that have an effect on the environment.
Intended to generate a consequence.
Presenting something
pleasant which increases the
operant behavior.
Removal/avoidanceof something
unpleasant which increases the
operant behavior.
Primary possesses an innate value to the
organism.
Secondary are highly motivating but must be learned/experienced.
Escape Conditioning:
Learned behaviors that STOPan aversive stimulus.
Avoidance Conditioning:
Learned behaviors that AVOIDunpleasant stimuli.
Premack Principle:
Activities can become reinforcements for future
behaviors.
• Process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response.
Shaping
• You want your dog to fetch your slippers from your closet every morning.
• Using shaping techniques, outline the steps you would take using reinforcement.
Example # 1
• You want your 2 ½ year old to use the toilet rather than a diaper.
• Using shaping techniques, outline the steps you would take using reinforcement.
Example # 2
Timing
• The effect of reinforcement is strongest immediately following a behavior.
• (Think about praise)
Size
• Behavior is more vigorous when the reinforcement is large.
• (Think about electric shocks)
Continuous Reinforcement
Schedule
Reinforcer is delivered every
time the response occurs.
Useful when teaching a new
skill.
Partial Reinforcement
Schedule
AKA: Intermittent Reinforcement
Schedule.
Fixed-Ratio (FR)
Variable-Ratio (VR)
Fixed-Interval (FI)
Variable-Interval (VI)
Variable Interval
(VI)
Variable Ratio
(VR)
Fixed Interval
(FI)Fixed Ratio
(FR)
# of necessary responsesTime that must
first pass
Predictable
Unpredictable
(“On the
Average”)
Telemarketer can take a break after 10 calls.
Fixed Ratio
(FR)• Predictability: Predictable-the telemarketer
KNOWS exactly when the break will happen.
• # of Responses: The reinforcement depends on the # of calls.
• Time: Not a factor in reinforcement.
A company often offers random bonuses to employees. The employees have to finish a certain number of projects. On average its about 4 projects that must be completed to get the bonus.
Variable Ratio
(VR)• Predictability: Unpredictable-there is an average
# of projects needed for the reinforcement but the exact amount is unknown.
• # of Responses: The reinforcement depends on the # of projects.
• Time: Not a factor in the reinforcement.
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect:
Behaviors are difficult to extinguish under partial
reinforcement schedules than continuous schedules
You allow yourself to have a “free hour” after studying for 2 hours.
Fixed Interval
(FI)
• Predictability: You KNOW exactly when the reinforcement will occur.
• Time is a factor (2 hours)
• # of Responses: Not a factor in reinforcement
A boss “drops in” every so often to check on the productivity of employees.
Variable Interval
(VI)
• Predictability: Unpredictable-you do not know when the boss will drop in.
• Time is a factor (certain time must pass) before reinforcement occurs but it’s inconsistent.
• # of Responses: Not a factor in reinforcement
Punishment Discussion
Answer the following questions:
What behaviors
are punished?
WHAT typeof
punishment do they typically rely on?
Do you feel it’s
effective?
Why or why not?
Does the type
change between you and
your siblings?
If punishment is considered
ineffective, what is considered effective
for changing behavior?
In our culture, what do we believe about
punishment?
What evidence suggests younger
children learn differently than older
children?
What techniques should be used to
change behavior for younger children? Older children?
• Technique used to decrease the frequency of an operant behavior.
Definition
• Behavior is followed by presentation of an adverse stimulus.
Positive (Addition)
• A pleasant stimulus is removed following a behavior.
Negative (Removal)