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“Scotland’s commitment to
international development, and
Scotland’s experience of
contributing to community
energy based developments”
Joanna Keating
Head of International Development
Scottish Government
PART 1
HOW WE GOT HERE?
Why SG & International
Development?
“No society can be flourishing and
happy, of which the far greater part
of the members are poor and
miserable”
(Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations)
Why SG & ID contd…?
• Scotland has always been an outward looking nation
• Scottish Executive's response to the Asian Tsunami in
2004 – who would lead Scotland’s response?
• 11 staff were seconded to help coordinate relief efforts.
• It was decided that Scotland's devolution journey would
not be complete without a permanent International
Development Fund (IDF).
• From these beginnings, the SG’s International
Development Policy was established, articulating a
vision of Scotland's place in the world as a good global
citizen, committed to playing its role in the global fight
against poverty.
SG powers to act in ID? • Under the Scotland Act (1998), ID is a reserved
competency of the UK Government, BUT the SA98 gives
SG powers of “assisting Ministers of the Crown with
international relations” including “assisting Ministers of the
Crown in relation to international devpt assistance”.
• With the permission of DfID, the SG established an
International Development Fund (IDF) in 2005.
• The IDF currently contributes to the overall UK Overseas
Development Assistance (ODA) figure.
• Scotland also contributes its share to the work of DfID
through taxation.
• Scottish taxpayers therefore currently contribute more per
head to ID than the rest of the UK.
PART 2
OUR CONTRIBUTION TO
INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT?
Where, when, how ?
SG International Devpt Policy “Scottish Ministers are committed to advancing
Scotland's place in the world as a responsible
nation by building mutually beneficial links with
other countries…
As part of [its] International Framework, Scotland
has a distinctive contribution to make in its
work with developing countries recognising our
global responsibility to work together to achieve
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).”.
(2008)
Where do we focus?
7 Priority Countries: • Malawi, Zambia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and 3 states in India
3 Development Programmes: • Malawi Development Programme
(150 years of shared history)
• Sub-Saharan Africa Development Programme
(Shared history, Scottish expertise)
• South Asia Development Programme
(Contemporary diaspora links)
How much do we spend? • IDF was originally £3m in 2005 (all Malawi), now £9m
p.a. (with £3m p.a. ring-fenced for Malawi).
• Small Grants Programme in same 7 priority countries
worth £500,000 p.a. over 2 financial years 2014-2015 and
2015-2016 (option to extend to 3rd year 2016-2017).
• IDF also used to core-fund partner organisations (SMP,
NIDOS, SFTF: to build capacity in the sector, and raise
awareness of international development within Scotland
• A separate Climate Justice Fund (£6m), also focussed
on our 4 SSA priority countries.
SG’s approach to development:
partnership / reciprocity
• harness the people-to-people links that Scots have
forged with Malawians esp over more than 150
years as a catalyst for development
• use Scottish expertise to address SSA and SA
priorities
• Work through Scottish based organisations, who
partner with organisations in country; do not fund
through Governments
Partnership working • Particularly important for renewable
energy projects….
– Partners engaged project planning / development
– Community buy in & ownership
– Clear roles & responsibilities in implementation,
M&E, communication and finance
– ongoing capacity building within project itself
• Community ownership and capacity
building at the inception…ensures long
term sustainable development
“Sustainable”: Exit Strategy:
• Sustainable outcomes
• Ownership and responsibility
• Financial sustainability
• Consideration of climate change
• Links to other national and local initiatives
• Long term management of any capital items
Part 3
SCOTLAND &
MALAWI -
RENEWABLES?
“Energy is the golden thread that
connects development, social inclusion
and environmental sustainability…”
“Energy poverty is a threat to the
achievement of the Millennium
Development Goals. It is inequitable and
unsustainable”.
(UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, launching SE4All initiative 2011)
2005 Cooperation Agreement
SG/GoM: 4 strands
• Education
• Health
• Civic governance
• Economic development – includes energy
But increasingly recognised…energy lies at the heart of all 4 strands…
Malawi Key Facts: • Population: 15,380,888 (2011) (26M by 2030)
• Poverty: increased: now 40.4% population in severe multi-dimensional poverty; 20% at risk of multiple deprivations
• Serious challenges: water borne diseases (malaria), HIV/AIDs, (low) educational attainment, maternal health, infant/child mortality
• UN Human Development Index stats (2013):
– Malawi ranked 170 countries: (UK 26) – of 176
– life expectancy 54.2 years: (UK 80.3)
– mean yrs schooling 4.2 years; (UK 9.4)
– GNI per capita 753 (PPP$)
– 9% electrification rate (UK 99.7%)
Energy Access in Malawi
• currently only 9% of population access to
electricity
• that’s around 13.6 million people without…
• development virtually impossible without energy
– health, education, business development,
tourism, infrastructure all depend on it (Bank Ki-
moon’s “golden thread”)
• and for obvious reasons future energy
development should come from renewable
sources wherever possible!
Background to RE Projects • Community Rural Electrification and Development (CRED)
Project (2008-11): Strathclyde University: led a Scoping
Study commissioned by SG: on Supporting Community
Energy Development in Malawi
• CRED Report outcomes pointed to different programme
activities that SG might support
• CRED recommendations taken forward through the
Malawi Renewable Energy Acceleration Programme
(MREAP), again partnered with Strathclyde University, to
promote sustainable energy and providing access to
reliable electricity in rural areas of Malawi.
MREAP £1.7M Malawi Renewable Energy Acceleration Programme
(MREAP) (2011-14 + 2014-15):
• seeks to improve energy access in Malawi through 4 inter-related
workstreams:
– institutional support
– community energy development (PV solar; biomass;
wind; microhydro; cookstoves)
– wind energy preparation (wind masts)
– renewable energy capacity building
• single biggest ID programme ever funded by SG: shows
importance we accredit to energy access in developing world
• January 2014: 1 yr extension announced, to 2015.
• MREAP funding sits outwith main Malawi Development
Programme, but still funded from our ID Fund
Community Energy: Biomass
digesters: Mzuzu, Malawi
Community Energy: Cookstoves
Mount Mulanje: hills =
community HYDRO!
Bondo Micro-Hydro Scheme
Bondo - babies now born
safely in the light
MREAP: wind mapping
MREAP:
Sgurr Energy
met mast
MREAP Anticipated Outcomes & Learning
• Community Energy Development Programme
– early indications that around 20,000 rural
Malawians benefitting
• Establishment of Community Energy Malawi –
hopeful that can operate independently beyond
MREAP close
• Teacher Retention Survey – better
understanding of factors influencing long-term
benefits to school pupils in rural areas
MREAP Anticipated Outcomes cont.
• Long-term Sustainability – CRED – 6 solar panel
systems out of action for up to 2 years, sometimes
due to issues as minor as a blown fuse: much more
community engagement & capacity-building needed
• WASHTED - innovative remote monitoring system
capturing useful data – early indications that it will
be helpful in managing community use of micro
systems
• 2-year MPhil course in RE developed - 6 students
set to qualify next year – boosting capacity within
Malawi
Other (non-MREAP) SG funded
RE projects I:
Rural Off-Grid Energy Kiosks (International Resources and Recycling Institute (IRRI))
• addressing problem of inadequate supply of basic
electricity: project delivering innovative and viable off-
grid community electrification solution
• real potential to increase rural Malawians’ socio-
economic opportunities, allowing them to be
incorporated into a national strategy for the
electrification of rural Malawi, based on renewable
energy technologies
Other (non-MREAP) SG funded
RE projects II: Electricity Kiosks in
Off-grid Villages
• Pilot solar extension 2013 to provide BBOXX
solar kits to former Fistula patients:
• teach 250 former fistula patients to use domestic
solar kits for their own energy (lighting and
radio) and in sale of mobile device charging
(micro-enterprise);
• and report to SG….
BBOX FISTULA PATIENTS Anticipated Outcomes & Learning
• 8 women started pilot project Dec 2013, joined by
66 women = 74 total participants
• participants v positive about BBOXX B7: provides
their house with light PLUS profitable phone
charging businesses
• Income leads to social changes: save for health
care, funerals etc.); future (buying plot of land,
building house etc.) and children (school fees etc.)
• Challenges learning: break downs, replacements,
contact with rural women
Ripple effect of community energy:
energy impacts across the 4 strands • Education: light in homes - children can study after
dark; teachers more willing to stay in rural areas if
school has elec – high school enrolments increased
• Health: light in health clinic allows doctors to deliver
babies safely at night – previously done by candlelight
or in dark if mother couldn’t afford candles…
• Health: electricity in health clinic – staff can run fridge
to keep medicines at correct temperature
• Economic devpt: people can start their own
businesses e.g. phone-charging, maize-grinding,
hairdressing, even mini-cinemas (World Cup!)
• Civic Governance: internet / communication
SG & RE 2015-18: • MREAP ends March 2015.
• Monies projected by SG for the “MREAP successor” now
wrapped into overall Malawi Round 2015-18.
• This is new additional funding (£1m over 3 years)
added to the Malawi Devpt Programme pot for 2015-18.
• In keeping with the UN’s Sustainable Energy for All
global initiative, SG recognises that renewable energy
access supports the four development strands of health,
education, economic development and civic governance
• Malawi Call doc: “we would be keen to see more
innovative renewable energy projects, which link
across the four strands”
• New RE projects onstream from April 2015we hope
Malawi Programme 2015-18 • Priority - new energy access for off-grid
communities: mini-grids; standalone systems (solar
panels /lanterns).
• Successful projects those seen to provide energy at
household, community or public institution level.
• Particularly welcomed applications from projects that
support the theme of the first two years of the UN
Decade of SE4All; Energy for Women and Children’s
Health.
• Long-term viability/sustainability absolutely crucial.
Part 4
SCOTLAND:
LOOKING AHEAD? Challenges…?
Solutions.?
Opportunities…?
Leadership…?
Challenges… • Budget:
– £9 million p.a. total fund for all our ID
work
– Maintain the support of “the Scottish
constituency” to ID work, and RE work
within ID
• Sustainability of projects
• Capacity building in-country
• learning
Solutions: Smith Commission? SG submission to Smith Commission included ID ask:
• “Scotland should be able to work with certainty and
stability for the people and countries it engages with
through its current international development
activity. This should be given legislative
underpinning rather than relying on permission
from the UK Government that can be removed at
any time.
• A commensurate share of the UK's current
international development budget for relevant
countries would provide targeted, effective, efficient
and innovative activity to help fight poverty
worldwide”.
Solutions: on ID policy side..
• Increasing interest in looking at aid as just one
element of development
• Looking to support & increase trade and investment
into Malawi: infrastructure important to attract
investors – requires RE
• Capacity building/skills sharing
• Scotland’s expertise: what we can best contribute to
Malawi’s development – incl RE
• Share learning – the good and the bad! Fund good
RE projects, but also learn from these and share
the learning
Solutions: on energy side…
Sustainable Energy For All
Launched in 2011 by Ban Ki-Moon with 3 key objectives:
– Providing universal access to modern energy
services
– Doubling rate of improvement in EE
– Doubling share of RE in the global energy mix
• BKM asked FM if Scotland would be formal partner
given our world-leading expertise in renewable energy
• Scottish commitments: to second policy expert to GoM,
and to develop community renewables toolkit
Opportunities: why RE Scotland? World leading low-carbon and climate change targets and
ambitions:
• We currently have 23 wave and tidal projects underway -
more than any other country in the world
• We have vast renewables potential including 25% of
Europe’s tidal power, 10% of Europe’s wave power and
25% of all Europe’s wind energy crossing Scotland and its
surrounding seas
• World first ‘Hydro-nation’ – using our water to boost the
economy, reduce carbon impact, protect the environment
and contribute to global need
Experience supporting Scottish communities, helping them
develop their own renewable projects for over a decade, with
c£40m funding provided to date
Opportunities for Scotland • Partnership approach – brings trust
• Capitalise on democratically engaged
population in Scotland
• Cross sector collective action easier in
small country: eg, Scottish Working Group
on Post 2015; the Scottish SE4All Forum
• key messages from Brussels / Geneva:
Europe is seeking leaders
• small countries can do RE well - Denmark
Leadership..? • Scotland leading the way across UK in how we
support local and community ownership of
renewable energy
• Scotland the good global citizen: share our
expertise to global good: technical & learning
• recognition internationally for what the SG is
doing on climate change / climate justice /
renewable energy
• sub-national Government? SG can still lead and
ensure these areas stay on international radar
• Minister for Europe & International Devpt
“Energy is the golden thread that
connects development, social inclusion
and environmental sustainability…”
“Energy poverty is a threat to the
achievement of the Millennium
Development Goals. It is inequitable and
unsustainable”.
(UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, launching SE4All initiative 2011)