“What’s New?” – Bed Bug

Research Updates

Dr. Susan C. Jones

Professor of Entomology

Health Effects from Bed Bugs

• Skin reactions (avg. 70% of humans)

• Redness

• Welts

• Itching

• Secondary bacterial infections

• Anemia

• Asthma

• Anaphylactic shock

• Psychological effects

• Sleeplessness

• Agitation

• Anxiety …

urticaria atypical bullous lesions

common distribution of skin lesions

Clinical Manifestations of Bed Bug Bites

Hypothetical Scheme Of Skin Reaction

Latency To Bed Bug Bites

Reinhardt et al. 2009. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 23: 163–166.

How quickly do humans react to bed bug bite(s)?

Canadian Medical Association Journal 181: 287–88.

Anemia From Bed Bug Bites

Anemia From Bed Bug Bites

A single blood meal of an adult bed bug may have a volume of

up to 7 mm3. Therefore, it would take a minimum of 286,000

bites to suffer a blood loss of 2 liters.

“...the number of bites suffered by the (two) victims … must

have been far larger than 286,000.”

2009. JAMA 301(13): 1358-1366.

“There are few data to support bed

bugs as vectors for transmission of

human disease agents. …

transmission of a human disease is

yet to be firmly established.”

Pesticide Misuse

Pesticide Misuse By Desperate

Residents With Bed Bugs

Photos courtesy of

Andrew Christman

Pesticide Misuse By Desperate

Residents With Bed Bugs

Research On Bed Bug Detection

--Bed Bug Inspection--

Bed Bug-Sniffing Dogs

• Dog and handler should be

specially trained and certified

• Dog requires daily training, too

• The dog’s handler is important

• Can have high accuracy

• Enable rapid inspections

• Expensive

Rutgers University Field Study

August 2011

‘Detection

Tools and

Techniques’

By: Changlu Wang and Richard Cooper

Canine team performance (7 firms; 24 apts.)

Average Range

Inspection time 150 minutes 100-250 min.

Cost $750 $500-1,000

Detection rate 43% 11-83%

False positive rate (signaling

bed bugs that weren’t there) 0-38%

Much variability among canine

detection firms.

Can be a useful tool in large-scale

inspections.

Overview of the Verifi™

Bed Bug Detector

Components

CO2 BOOSTER PACK

(lasts for 24 hours)

A

LURE (lasts for 90 days)

--Pheromone chamber (mimics bed bug

aggregation scent)

--Kairomone chamber (mimics host odor)

B

PITFALL C

HARBORAGE D

ADHESIVE E

front view

(cut away) back view

PITFALL

http://www.fmcprosolutions.com/BedBugs/PropertyManager/Home.aspx

--Active Monitoring Device--

4 in

3 in

5 in

Columbus, Ohio Study Site June-July 2011

o 13-story high-rise apartment building o Rooms were selected from a list of occupied apts with:

• suspected bed bug activity • low-level infestations

— OSU Research Study —

• Canine Teams

(2 dogs, same handler/room;

single company)

• Do-it-yourself Dry Ice Traps

(1/room)

• Verifi™ Bed Bug Detectors

(near-final prototype; 3/room)

Three Detection Methods Were Used

In Each of 20 Occupied Rooms

— OSU Research Study —

Placement of Verifi Detectors

(total of 3 / room)

• On or near:

• Bed

or

• Upholstered furniture

or

• Baseboard

— OSU Research Study —

• Numerous contact points

for bugs to access each

Verifi detector

Verifi™ Detector Placement --On Or Near Bed--

• Placed flush

against a piece of

furniture or wall.

• Total of 3 Verifi

detectors per room.

— OSU Research Study —

PITFALL — OSU Research Study —

All Stages Of Bed Bugs Were

Captured In The Verifi™ Detector Pitfall.

Some Bed Bugs Were Found On

The Verifi™ Detector Harborage.

HARBORAGE

— OSU Research Study —

4 eggs

1 adult female

Cumulative number of rooms with bed bug

captures over a 7-d period using Verifi™ Detectors

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1 2 7

# o

f ro

om

s w

ith V

eri

fi d

ete

cting

be

d

bug

s_

Time (Days)Note: 3 of the 20 original rooms had no evidence of bed bugs.

— OSU Research Study —

• Within 24 h, 10 of 17 rooms were confirmed to have bed bugs.

• By 7 d, bed bugs had been captured from 14 of 17 rooms.

Verifi™ Bed Bug Detector

Performance

• In the 14 rooms where bed bugs were

captured, an overall average of 36.9

bed bugs was detected

• In 7 rooms, ≤10 bed bugs were

captured (avg. = 4.4 bed bugs)

— OSU Research Study —

Bed Bug Captures In Verifi™ Detectors

At Different Placements

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

bed upholstered furniture baseboard

Pro

port

ion (

+/-

95%

CI)

of V

erifi

dete

cto

rs w

ith b

ed b

ugs

Verifi placementn=18 n=20 n=12

No significant difference in bed bug captures was

evident for placements on/near the bed, upholstered

furniture, or baseboards.

— OSU Research Study —

Comparison of Erroneous Results with

Canine Team, Dry Ice Trap, and Verifi™ Detector

— OSU Research Study —

0

1

2

3

Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 1 Dog 2

False Positive False Negative FalsePositive

FalseNegative

FalsePositive

FalseNegative

Canine Team Dry Ice Trap Verifi Detector

Nm

be

r o

f E

rrro

rs

Detection Method

Climbup™ Interceptor

On-site Bed Bug Monitoring

Active Monitor

Verifi™ Bed Bug Detector

Passive Monitor

4 Climbups and 4 Verifis were placed in each room/open area.

— OSU Research Study —

Pre-treatment Visual Inspection

box springs in master bedroom

headboard in master bedroom

nightstand in master bedroom

carpet in dining room laundry basket in guest bedroom

— OSU Research Study —

Bed Bug Distribution Pre-treatment—Visual Inspection

c

l

o

s

e

t

Breakfast Nook

bed

Living Room

Dining Room

Master Bedroom

Guest Bedroom

Bath Room

bed

Kitchen

recliner

closet stairs to

basement

c

l

o

s

e

t

live

dead

dead

dead

dead

dead

dead

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live live

live

live

live

dead

dead

dead

dead

dead

dead

Home vacated late Aug 2012

5 rooms total 1,054 ft2 (98 m2 )

— OSU Research Study —

Bed Bug Numbers In/On Detectors (9 d after placement)

c

l

o

s

e

t

Breakfast Nook

bed

Living Room

Dining Room

Master Bedroom

Guest Bedroom

Bath Room bed

Kitchen

recliner

closet stairs to

basement

c

l

o

s

e

t

live

dead

dead

dead

dead

dead

dead

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live

live live

live live

live

dead

dead

dead

4 Climb-up interceptors had a total of 38 bed bugs (all stages) from master bedroom only.

8 Verifi detectors had a total of 58

bed bugs (all stages) from living room,

dining room, guest bedroom, and

master bedroom.

dead

dead

dead

Key Climb-up Verifi

— OSU Research Study —

Long-Term Monitoring with Verifi™ Bed Bug Detectors

(Feb., March 2013 to date)

• Sites with variable bed bug problems; same management company and pest control company – High-rise apartment building (long history of bed bug infestation)

• rental office • security booth

– Townhome office building (few bed bug problems) • rental office • manager’s office • community room • meeting room

• 4 Verifi detectors per office or room – Positioned near upholstered furniture or seating areas

• Starting in late June 2013, management instituted monthly treatments with Temprid SC in all inspected areas.

— OSU Research Study —

Verifi™ Long-Term Monitoring Results

High-rise apartment building

(long history of bed bug infestation)

— OSU Research Study —

Security Booth

Rental Office

Bed bugs were frequently captured in Verifi detectors in the

security booth.

Starting in late June 2013, management instituted monthly treatments with Temprid SC in all

inspected areas.

(Feb. 2013 to date)

Date

High-rise apt. building

Rental office Security booth

2/14/2013 Install

2/21/2013 0 Install

2/28/2013 2 bed bugs 2 bed bugs

3/13/2013 0 2 bed bugs (dead)

5/3/2013 0 5 bed bugs (dead)

6/25/2013a 0 1 bed bug (dead)

7/2/2013 0 1 bed bug (live)

10/22/2013a 0 1 bed bug (dead)

aVerifi lure components replaced in all detectors; wiped free of debris.

— OSU Research Study —

Verifi™ Long-Term Monitoring Results

aVerifi lure components replaced in all detectors; wiped free of debris.

— OSU Research Study —

Verifi™ Long-Term Monitoring Results

Date

Townhome office building

Rental

office

Management

office

Community

room

Meeting

room

3/13/2013 Install Install Install Install

3/20/2013 0 0 0 0

5/3/2013 0 0 0 0

6/25/2013a 0 0 0 0

7/2/2013 0 0 0 0

10/22/2013a 0 0 0 0

No bed bugs have been captured in Verifi detectors

in the four rooms. Office personnel have expressed

relief and increased peace-of-mind.

— OSU Research Study —

• Similar numbers of bed bugs

were found on the Verifi

harborage/in the pitfall with

both attachment methods. BACKPLATE

Research Objective: To Assess

Functionality of the Verifi™ Backplate

Functionality of the Verifi™

backplate was demonstrated:

• No back plates broke with 100

docking/undocking attempts.

• Verifi units docked easily and

securely into back plates.

ADHESIVE

Research On Do-it-yourself

Bed Bug Products

cockroach feces

cockroach shed skin

bed bugs nearby

DO NOT use “bug bombs” against bed bugs!

- ”Bug Bombs” don’t work

- Few bugs will be killed!

- “Bug Bombs” can cause bed bugs to scatter!!!

“Bug Bombs” may worsen the bed bug problem!!

Over-The-Counter Fogger Efficacy

• Hotshot® Bedbug and Flea Fogger – Pyrethrins 0.05%, Esfenvalerate 0.1%,

Piperonyl Butoxide 0.1% (synergist),

MGK® 264 0.167% (synergist),

Nylar 0.1% (IGR)

• Spectracide® Bug Stop®

Indoor Fogger – Bed bugs are not listed on label

– Tetramethrin 0.1%, Cypermethrin 0.6%

• Eliminator® Indoor Fogger – Bed bugs are not listed on label

– Cypermethrin 0.515%

— OSU Research Study —

• Pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs did not die or become severely affected after fogging (statistically the same as controls).

• Nymphs and adults showed a statistically similar lack of response.

• Even pyrethroid-susceptible bed bugs were unaffected if they were in a harborage.

• There was a lack of insecticide penetration into harborages.

Over-the-Counter Foggers

--Conclusions--

Words of caution regarding over-the-counter ‘natural

products’ for bed bug control:

• Exempt from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registration

• EPA requires no efficacy data

• Claims often based on “satisfied customers”—be sure to ask for their research data and evaluate it carefully

• Botanical (plant based) products often have a strong odor

• Botanical products often have limited, if any, residual activity

March 2013 By: Narinderpal Singh, Changlu Wang, and Richard Cooper

Rutgers Univ. Study: Natural Pesticides

Mortality (>50%) at 10 days

100%

Low mortality (<50%)

92%

60%

Low mortality (<50%)

Low mortality (<50%)

Low mortality (<50%)

Low mortality (<50%)

Low mortality (<50%)

Low mortality (<50%)

Low mortality (<50%)

100% @ 3d

Low mortality (<50%)

• 60 bed bug nymphs per pesticide (presumably pyrethroid resistant)

• Directly sprayed at a rate of 1 gallon/1000 ft2

Rutgers Univ. Study: Natural Pesticides

Natural pesticides

that ARE NOT

regulated by

the EPA

Synthetic pesticides that ARE

regulated by the EPA

Research On Insecticide Resistance

In Bed Bugs

Some Reasons For the Resurgence of Bed Bugs

• International travel and commerce

• Housing with high tenant turnover

• Pesticide use has changed • Pesticide bans

• Failure to re-register insecticides

• Baits to control ants & cockroaches

• Insecticide resistance

Pyrethroid Resistance

• Extremely high levels of resistance to

two pyrethroid insecticides

(deltamethrin and -cyhalothrin) were

detected in bed bug populations

collected from human dwellings in

Kentucky and Ohio.

• Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides

is widespread in U.S. bed bug

populations.

Romero, Alvaro; Potter, Michael F.; Potter, Daniel A.; Haynes, Kenneth F. (2007) Insecticide Resistance in the Bed Bug: A Factor in the Pest's Sudden Resurgence? Journal of Medical Entomology 44(2): 175-178.

Genes involved in insecticide

detoxification were at very high levels in

field-collected bed bugs from Ohio.

Pesticide-exposed bb Pesticide-susceptible bb

Cytochrome P450 (CYP9) Glutathione S-transferase (GST)

Pesticide-exposed bb Pesticide-susceptible bb (Harlan strain)

Xiaodong Bai, Praveen Mamidala, Swapna P. Rajarapu, Susan C. Jones, & Omprakash Mittapalli. Transcriptomics of the bed bug (Cimex lectularius). January 2011. PLoS One 6(1): e16336.

15 BED BUG POPULATIONS SAMPLED FOR

RESISTANCE MUTATIONS

Collection Dates

7/15/2010

7/26/2010

7/26/2010

8/9/2010

8/10/2010

8/25/2010

9/1/2010

10/24/2010

10/26/2010

11/10/2010

11/18/2010

3/9/2011

4/8/2011

4/22/2011

10/10/2011

— OSU Research Study —

• 15 Ohio bed bug populations had kdr point mutations, V419L & L925I, in the sodium ion channel (nerve cells). • These results are consistent with previously sampled Ohio bed bugs:

15/18 other populations from OH had these two kdr mutations (Zhu et al. 2010).

• Knockdown resistance is prevalent in Ohio bed bug populations.

One major reason for Ohio’s growing problem with bed bug infestations may be the widespread presence of knockdown resistance mutations.

KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE (KDR) MUTATIONS

L925I V419L

voltage-gated sodium ion channel

— OSU Research Study —

March 14, 2013

http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130314/srep01456/pdf/srep01456.pdf

Resistance genes were very active in

the bed bug cuticle (skin).

Research On Efficacy Of Various Insecticides Against

Bed Bugs

Effects of ActiveGuard™ Liner on Bed Bugs

— OSU Research Study —

The liners consist of finely woven polyester fabric impregnated with 1.64% permethrin . The liners are kept in place on mattresses and box springs beneath bedding.

Bed bugs were not repelled from ActiveGuard liners so they remained in contact with the toxicant.

Treatments Controls C C T C

Bed Bug Movement on ActiveGuard™ Liners

— OSU Research Study —

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Control

EPM Marcia Earl FV Harlan

Dis

tan

ce T

ravel

ed (

cm)

Bed Bug Movement on ActiveGuard™ Liners

— OSU Research Study — Susceptible and moderately pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs traveled much shorter distances when exposed to

ActiveGuard™ fabric compared to controls. Variability was noted among populations.

— OSU Research Study —

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Me

an (

+/-

SE)

pe

rce

nt

mo

rib

un

d/d

ead

Days

EPMMarciaEarlHarlan

Cumulative percentage corrected mortality (avg ± SE) of bed bugs from four populations that were continuously exposed to ActiveGuard fabric.

Contact with ActiveGuard fabric caused bed bugs from susceptible and moderately resistant populations to die

within ~1 day; a highly resistant population (Marcia) began dying after ~4 days exposure.

Active Ingredient

Product Name

Miscellaneous Label Notes

Diatomaceous earth

(=silicon dioxide)

Natural Guard Crawling Insect Control

Safer® Brand Ant & Crawling Insect Killer

MotherEarth™ D

- Crack & crevice applications - Slow-acting - Residual (long-lasting) activity - Dusts should be applied in thin layers - DO NOT allow product to get wet or it will lose its effectiveness - Caution: Avoid inhalation; wear a dust mask during application - Pool grade DE should NEVER be used for pest control. Pool grade DE contains crystalline silica and can be a respiratory hazard.

- Mattresses mentioned on label

Some Insecticides Registered For Use Against Bed Bugs

Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earth

Against Bed Bugs

•Water dramatically reduces

efficacy of DE, even once it

dries!

•Do not allow DE

applications to become

damp!

— OSU Research Study —

Active Ingredient (insecticide class)

Product Name(s)

Imidacloprid + ß-cyfluthrin (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid)

Temprid® SC

Chlorfenapyr (halogenated pyrrole)

Phantom® SC Phantom® PI

Acetamiprid + bifenthrin (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid)

Transport® Mikron Transport® GHP

Thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid)

Tandem®

Dinotefuran + diatomaceous earth (neonicotinoid + silica dioxide)

Prescription Treatment

Alpine® Dust Alpine® PI

Non-pyrethroid Insecticides For Use

Against Bed Bugs

University of Kentucky Laboratory Study

March 27, 2012

‘Dual-Action

Bed Bug

Killers’

By: Michael F. Potter, Kenneth F. Haynes, Jennifer R. Gordon, Erich Hardebeck and Wayne Wickemeyer | Effect of a pyrethroid (Suspend [deltamethrin]) or a combination product

(neonicotinoid + pyrethroid), Temprid or Transport, on resistant bed bugs.

Temprid, a

combination product,

was more potent than

a pyrethroid alone.

Transport, a

combination

product, was more

potent than a

pyrethroid alone.

OSU Research to Evaluate Contact and Residual Efficacy of Combination

Insecticides (Tandem™, Temprid™ SC, and Transport® Mikron™) Against Bed Bugs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Initial 30 m 1 h 2 h 4 h 8 h

Me

an p

erc

en

t m

ori

bu

nd

/de

ad

Cuyahoga***

— OSU Research Study —

Results Susceptible * Moderately Resistant ** Highly Resistant ***

Bed Bug Population: Even with highly resistant bed bugs (Cuyahoga population), the bugs quickly died after being sprayed with any of the

3 insecticides. (Evidence of contact toxicity.)

Susceptible * Moderately Resistant ** Highly Resistant ***

Bed Bug Population:

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 h 6 h 1 d 2 d 4 d 7 d

Mea

n p

erce

nt

mo

rib

un

d/d

ead

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 h 6 h 1 d 2 d 4 d 7 d

Me

an p

erc

en

t m

ori

bu

nd

/de

ad

Pointe*** Cuyahoga***

Continuous Exposure to 6 h Residues

Results — OSU Research Study —

For some highly resistant populations, but not all, 7 days or more of continuous exposure to dry insecticide deposits

was required to kill the vast majority of bed bugs.

Bed bug populations did not respond consistently to pyrethroid-neonicotinoid combination insecticides.

Conclusions

• Quickest mortality was achieved through contacting bed bugs with the insecticide spray.

• Bed bug populations did not respond consistently to different pyrethroid-neonicotinoid insecticides.

• 7 days or more of continuous exposure to dry insecticide populations was required to kill the vast majority of bed bugs from some highly pyrethroid-resistant populations.

• Brief exposure (1 h and 24 h) to insecticide residues (aged 1 month) was effective against susceptible bed bugs, but not highly pyrethroid-resistant bugs.

• Fewer bed bugs died when exposed to residues on plywood compared to fabric.

— OSU Research Study —

Biopesticide (neem seed oil ) for

use against bed bugs (and eggs) & cellar spiders

EPA registered Cirkil in May 2012 Low mammalian toxicity

(‘Caution’ signal word) Label allows broadcast

application to many sites including carpet and bedding

Cirkil™ CX (EC) Cirkil™ RTU (ready-to-use)

For commercial use

For commercial use

& consumer use

(spot treatments)

RTU

CX

— OSU Research Study —

Columbus, Ohio Study Site

• Bed bugs first noticed after a used sofa brought into home.

• Elderly resident vacated home in late Aug 2012.

• Bed bug study initiated Oct 2012. • Home had average amount of

clutter (basement very cluttered).

Single family dwelling built in 1930. (1,054 ft2 total; 98 m2 total)

— OSU Research Study —

Cirkil Initial Treatment--Oct 24, 2012 3.5 gal (13.25 L) Cirkil CX + 0.17 (0.6 L) gal Cirkil RTU

Label directions: use ~1 gal diluted Circil CX per 200-800 ft2.

We evaluated a high application rate: 1 gal CX/304 ft2

Cirkil Initial Treatment--Oct 24, 2012 3.5 gal (13.25 L) Cirkil CX + 0.17 (0.6 L) gal Cirkil RTU

96 95

10 5

14

3 4 1 2 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tota

l nu

mb

er

of

bu

gs in

det

ect

ors

1st treatment (3.5 gal CX + 0.17 gal RTU)

10

-24

-12

Number of Bed Bugs Detected By Verifi + Climbups After Each Cirkil Treatment ( )

2nd treatment (1.63 gal CX + 0.13 gal RTU)

11

-07

-12

3rd treatment (5 gal CX +

0.38 gal RTU)

11

-21

-12

4th treatment (5 gal CX +

0.58 gal RTU)

01

-18

-13

Total of 10 bugs in 2 wks

Total of 124 bugs in 2 wks

Total of 5 bugs

in 2 wks

Total of 6 bugs

in 6+ wks

Total of 1 bug

in 2 wks

Total volume applied: 15.13 gal (57.25l) CX + 1.26 gal (4.74l) RTU

0 0

• Bed bug numbers were greatly impacted by first Cirkil treatment , but large numbers of bugs were removed simultaneously via Climbup + Verifi pitfall captures. • Bed bugs appeared to be eliminated after 4 Cirkil treatments. Canine team alerts

were inconclusive. • Grand total of 146 bed bugs were detected during a 3+ month treatment period.

Detection devices are an extremely useful tool to assess treatment success.

Some Basics of Bed Bug Management Using

Insecticides

• There is no single “magic bullet”.

• Bed bug control typically takes several treatments.

• It is important to use several different formulations, and often, several different insecticides.

• A residual insecticide is necessary.

• Don’t keep using the same insecticide (rotate insecticide use)

http://corninfo.ps.uci.edu/reprints/RMC139.pdf

April 10, 2013

Acknowledgments

• OSU personnel

• Joshua Bryant

• Scott Harrison

• Andrew Hoelmer

• Mark Janowiecki

• Harold Harlan

(for providing bed bugs)

• Columbus Pest Control

• Lonnie Alonso

• Darren Bowman

• FMC Professional Solutions (provided funding)

• Dina Richman

• Bob Albright

• Ken Johnson

• Ken Hutto

• Tom Anderson

• Arnold Ramsey

Verifi Study

Acknowledgments

• Allergy Technologies

(provided funding)

• Joseph Latino

• Jim Ballard

ActiveGuard Study

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

• Columbus Pest Control

• Lonnie Alonso

• AJ Alonso

• Terramera Biosciences (provided funding)

• Karn Manhaus

• Annett Rozek

• Nate Woodbury

Cirkil Study

Combination Insecticide Study

• Syngenta PPM (provided funding)

• Bob Cartwright

• Nicky Gallagher

http://centralohiobedbugs.org

Thank You!

Sleep tight,

and don’t let the … … well, you know the rest