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AOS 1: LearningOperant Conditioning
One of Thorndike's most important findings from his experiments on
cats in puzzle boxes was that:
A. punishment was very effective in modifying the cats' behaviour
B. the cats' behaviour was easy to negatively reinforce
C. the cats learned to obtain a reward through trial and error
D. the cats behaviour was difficult to reinforce
One of Thorndike's most important findings from his experiments on
cats in puzzle boxes was that:
A. punishment was very effective in modifying the cats' behaviour
B. the cats' behaviour was easy to negatively reinforce
C. the cats learned to obtain a reward through trial and error
D. the cats behaviour was difficult to reinforce
Thorndike's notion that behaviours that are reinforced
tend to be repeated is known as
A. the punishment principle B. the law of effect
C. Pavlovian conditioning D. negative reinforcement
Thorndike's notion that behaviours that are reinforced
tend to be repeated is known as
A. the punishment principle B. the law of effect
C. Pavlovian conditioning D. negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning an important connection forms
between the
A.unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus
B. stimulus and whatever occurs before it
C. unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response
D. behaviour and the reinforcement that follows it
In operant conditioning an important connection forms
between the
A.unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus
B. stimulus and whatever occurs before it
C. unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response
D. behaviour and the reinforcement that follows it
Maia's parents are trying to encourage her to keep her room tidy. At the end of each week, if her room is tidy, they give Maia $5 pocket money. Maia's parents are applying a schedule of reinforcement known as
A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio
C. variable interval D. variable ratio
Maia's parents are trying to encourage her to keep her room tidy. At the end of each week, if her room is tidy, they give Maia $5 pocket money. Maia's parents are applying a schedule of reinforcement known as
A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio
C. variable interval D. variable ratio
Joe's parents also want him to keep his room tidy but are using a different method of encouragement. Whenever his room is untidy, Joe is not permitted to use Facebook or Twitter until he tidies it.
A. positive reinforcement B. Modelling
C. negative reinforcement D. shaping
Joe's parents also want him to keep his room tidy but are using a different method of encouragement. Whenever his room is untidy, Joe is not permitted to use Facebook or Twitter until he tidies it.
A. positive reinforcement B. Modelling
C. negative reinforcement D. shaping
Which one of the following statements is true about the effectiveness of reinforcement when using operant conditioning to train animals?
A. The reinforcer must provide a pleasurable consequence for the animal
B. The reinforcement must be presented before the desired response
C. The reinforcer must be presented within 24 hours after the response
D. The reinforcer must be presented every time the desired response occurs
Which one of the following statements is true about the effectiveness of reinforcement when using operant conditioning to train animals?
A. The reinforcer must provide a pleasurable consequence for the animal
B. The reinforcement must be presented before the desired response
C. The reinforcer must be presented within 24 hours after the response
D. The reinforcer must be presented every time the desired response occurs
During operant conditioning, the learner is _______________ ; whereas during classical conditioning the learner is _____________ .
A. passive; active B. reinforced; not reinforced
C. active; passive D. not reinforced; reinforced
During operant conditioning, the learner is _______________ ; whereas during classical conditioning the learner is _____________ .
A. passive; active B. reinforced; not reinforced
C. active; passive D. not reinforced; reinforced
In Operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves
A. removing an aversive stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring
B. removing an aversive stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring
C. providing a stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring
D. providing a stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring
In Operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves
A. removing an aversive stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring
B. removing an aversive stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring
C. providing a stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring
D. providing a stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring
Sarah's two year old son frequently had tantrums. Sarah decided to seek the help of a therapist. The therapist suggested that Sarah should ignore her son while he was screaming and yelling and when he was calm she should talk reassuringly to him and give him a cuddle.
Sarah, was using the principles of ___________________ to change her son's behaviour. The giving of a cuddle is an example of ___________________ .
A. operant conditioning; positive reinforcement
B. operant conditioning; negative reinforcement
C. classical conditioning; positive reinforcement
D. classical conditioning; negative reinforcement
Sarah's two year old son frequently had tantrums. Sarah decided to seek the help of a therapist. The therapist suggested that Sarah should ignore her son while he was screaming and yelling and when he was calm she should talk reassuringly to him and give him a cuddle.
Sarah, was using the principles of ___________________ to change her son's behaviour. The giving of a cuddle is an example of ___________________ .
A. operant conditioning; positive reinforcement
B. operant conditioning; negative reinforcement
C. classical conditioning; positive reinforcement
D. classical conditioning; negative reinforcement
Paul has learnt to ask his mother for extra pocket money only when she is in a good mood.
Paul's behaviour is an example of:
A. shaping B. stimulus generalisation
C. unconditioned stimulus D. stimulus discrimination
Paul has learnt to ask his mother for extra pocket money only when she is in a good mood.
Paul's behaviour is an example of:
A. shaping B. stimulus generalisation
C. unconditioned stimulus D. stimulus discrimination
Consequences that strengthen responses due to escape from or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli are ____________ reinforcers
A. negative B. positive
C. primary D. secondary
Consequences that strengthen responses due to escape from or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli are ____________ reinforcers
A. negative B. positive
C. primary D. secondary
Jarrod’s dog tries to dig in his indoor pot plants and often knocks them over. Each time the dog knocks over a plant Jarrod locks the dog in the laundry for a few minutes. The consequence for the dog, which is applied by Jarrod, is a ______________ because he is trying to __________________
A. punishment; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring
B. punishment; increase the likelihood of a response occurring
C. negative reinforcement; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring
D. negative reinforcement; increase the likelihood of a response occurring
Jarrod’s dog tries to dig in his indoor pot plants and often knocks them over. Each time the dog knocks over a plant Jarrod locks the dog in the laundry for a few minutes. The consequence for the dog, which is applied by Jarrod, is a ______________ because he is trying to __________________
A. punishment; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring
B. punishment; increase the likelihood of a response occurring
C. negative reinforcement; decrease the likelihood of a response occurring
D. negative reinforcement; increase the likelihood of a response occurring
Which of the following statements about the use of punishment as a reinforcement technique is correct?
A. punishment has no effect on behaviour
B. punishment may inadvertently act as a reinforcer
C. punishment decreases the frequency of desirable behaviours
D. punishment decreases the likelihood of avoidance behaviour
Which of the following statements about the use of punishment as a reinforcement technique is correct?
A. punishment has no effect on behaviour
B. punishment may inadvertently act as a reinforcer
C. punishment decreases the frequency of desirable behaviours
D. punishment decreases the likelihood of avoidance behaviour
Behaviours acquired by the _____________ schedule of reinforcement are learned quickly and maintain a maximal rate of responding
A.fixed ratio B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio D. variable interval
Behaviours acquired by the _____________ schedule of reinforcement are learned quickly and maintain a maximal rate of responding
A.fixed ratio B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio D. variable interval
A soft-drink vending machine operates on a ____________ reinforcement schedule, while a gaming machine operates on a _____________ reinforcement schedule
A.variable ratio; fixed interval B. fixed ratio; variable interval
C. partial; continuous D. continuous; partial
A soft-drink vending machine operates on a ____________ reinforcement schedule, while a gaming machine operates on a _____________ reinforcement schedule
A.variable ratio; fixed interval B. fixed ratio; variable interval
C. partial; continuous D. continuous; partial
Punishment …
A. Aims to remove desirable behaviours without necessarily replacing them with undesirable ones
B. can lead to aggressive behaviour
C. should not be administered consistently and immediately for maximum effect
D. does not lead to the reduction of undesirable behaviours
Punishment …
A. Aims to remove desirable behaviours without necessarily replacing them with undesirable ones
B. can lead to aggressive behaviour
C. should not be administered consistently and immediately for maximum effect
D. does not lead to the reduction of undesirable behaviours
In many of Skinner's original experiments, which schedule of reinforcement led to the most
rapid acquisition of learned behaviour?
A.continuous reinforcement schedule
B. continuous punishment schedule
C. fixed interval schedule D. variable ratio schedule
In many of Skinner's original experiments, which schedule of reinforcement led to the most
rapid acquisition of learned behaviour?
A.continuous reinforcement schedule
B. continuous punishment schedule
C. fixed interval schedule D. variable ratio schedule
Many of Skinner's original experiments used:
A.an operant conditioning chamber
B. a Pavlovian conditioning laboratory
C. children D. cats in puzzle boxes
Many of Skinner's original experiments used:
A.an operant conditioning chamber
B. a Pavlovian conditioning laboratory
C. children D. cats in puzzle boxes
In Skinner's original experiments, behaviour that
had been conditioned by which type of schedule was found to
be the most difficult to extinguish?
A.punishment schedule B. fixed schedule
C. continuous reinforcement schedule
D. variable schedule
In Skinner's original experiments, behaviour that
had been conditioned by which type of schedule was found to
be the most difficult to extinguish?
A.punishment schedule B. fixed schedule
C. continuous reinforcement schedule
D. variable schedule
Which type of learning is seen as discouraging bad behaviour instead of encouraging positive
behaviour?
A.positive reinforcement B. modelling
C. negative reinforcement D. punishment
Which type of learning is seen as discouraging bad behaviour instead of encouraging positive
behaviour?
A.positive reinforcement B. modelling
C. negative reinforcement D. punishment
In classical conditioning, the learned response is _________________ , while in operant conditioning the learned response is __________________ .
A.voluntary; reflexive B. spontaneous; involuntary
C. reflexive; voluntary D. involuntary; reflexive
In classical conditioning, the learned response is _________________ , while in operant conditioning the learned response is __________________ .
A.voluntary; reflexive B. spontaneous; involuntary
C. reflexive; voluntary D. involuntary; reflexive
Andrew wants to train his daughter Piper to say the word 'butter'. In the beginning he rewards Piper for saying 'bu', then Andrew starts to reward Piper for saying 'bud', and then 'budder'. Finally after a series of these steps Piper consistently says 'butter'.Piper has been trained using the behaviour principle of
A.classical conditioning B. negative reinforcement
C. extinction D. shaping
Andrew wants to train his daughter Piper to say the word 'butter'. In the beginning he rewards Piper for saying 'bu', then Andrew starts to reward Piper for saying 'bud', and then 'budder'. Finally after a series of these steps Piper consistently says 'butter'.Piper has been trained using the behaviour principle of
A.classical conditioning B. negative reinforcement
C. extinction D. shaping
The word 'operant' in Skinner's operant conditioning refers to
A.the environment in which an organism is conditioned
B. the process by which an organism learns to discriminate between different types of reinforcers
C. an organism's response or behaviour that acts on the environment and leads to some sort of outcome
D. the positive or negative outcome of an organism's behaviour
The word 'operant' in Skinner's operant conditioning refers to
A.the environment in which an organism is conditioned
B. the process by which an organism learns to discriminate between different types of reinforcers
C. an organism's response or behaviour that acts on the environment and leads to some sort of outcome
D. the positive or negative outcome of an organism's behaviour
Which schedule of reinforcement results in the slowest acquisition of behaviour?
A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio D. variable interval
Which schedule of reinforcement results in the slowest acquisition of behaviour?
A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio D. variable interval
Behaviours learned through classical conditioning, when compared with behaviours learned through operant conditioning, are more likely to be
A. deliberate B. goal directed
C. unintentional D. conscious
Behaviours learned through classical conditioning, when compared with behaviours learned through operant conditioning, are more likely to be
A. deliberate B. goal directed
C. unintentional D. conscious
