Lecture 1 Introduction• Overview

• Course outline/schedule

• Chapter 13 – polymers

Course Overview

• Keypads – be sure to do a 'first post' to chemboard!• Grading:

– In-class stuff (mostly keypads) 20 %– CAPA 20 %– 3 exams (15%, 15%, 10% of total grade)

• 10 Feb, 15 March, 21 April– Final (comprehensive – entire year) 20 %

• Extra credit – Seminar reports up to 5 pts each– Contribute to in-class grade– As many as you like, but no better than 20 % of total

Chemistry – the whole year on one page• Last semester

– Basic atomic theory– Stoichiometry, balancing reactions– Thermodynamics (intro)– Light, spectroscopy– Electrons, orbitals, quantum numbers– Bonding, molecular shapes and orbitals– Intermolecular interactions, phases– Solutions, colligative properties

• This semester– Polymers– Thermodynamics (revisited), enthalpy and entropy– Kinetics, reaction mechanisms– Equilibria– Acids, bases, and buffers– Redox reactions and electrochemistry– Nuclear chemistry– Coordination chemistry

Polymers

• Medium to huge molecules– Made by repeating many (poly) small units (mers)

• Enable the huge variety of life & modern materials– Difficult to overestimate $$ importance of polymers– Essentially all biological reactions and structures are

polymers

Making Polymers

• We will deal entirely with organic polymers (C-based)• Key to making polymers is controlling chemical reactions• Functional groups are key sites of reactivity

– Basically anything that is not a C-C single bond– Sites of typical reactions– Used to classify organic compounds– Serve as a basis for naming compounds

Alcohols• Alcohols are organic compounds whose functional group

is the hydroxyl group (or -OH) bonded to a tetrahedral carbon (i.e., four single bonds).

C OC

The hydroxyl functional group

H HH H

H HThe chemical formula is usually written C2H5OH

Thiols• A thiol is just like an alcohol except the O has been

replaced by S

C SC

The thiolfunctional group

H HH H

H H

• Classified depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the -C-OH

CH3- C - OH

H

HPrimary (1°)

CH3 - C - OH

H

CH3

Secondary (2°)CH3 - C - OH

CH3

CH3

Tertiary (3°)

Classification of Alcohols

This classification scheme is generally used for all functional groups.

Amines

• The functional group of an amine is an amino group - a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two or three carbon atoms

H - N - R

H

: H - N - R

R : R - N - R

R

:

H - N - H

H

:

Ammonia – not an amine

1°, 2°, and 3° amines

Aldehydes and Ketones

• Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group, C=O• In an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is terminal - bonded to

a hydrogen, a -CHO group• In a ketone, the carbonyl group is internal - bonded

between two carbon atoms

H - C - C - C - H H - C - C - C - H

H H O

H H

H HO

H H

propanaldehyde

(an aldehyde)

acetone

(a ketone)

Carboxylic acid

• Organic acids contain a carboxyl group… -COOH• It’s a combination of a carbonyl (C=O) and a

hydroxyl (-OH) group• carbonyl + hydroxyl = carboxyl

• The carboxyl group always terminates a chain of carbon atoms

- C -

O=

-OH - C - OH

O=

CH3 - CH2 - C - OH

O= propanoic acid

For Friday

• We’ll talk about polymerization reactions and types of polymers

• Read chapter 13• Start on CAPA (due Monday)

• Go to seminar (yes already this week!)