AP Biology

CellsAP BiologyMonday, Sept. 23rdLearning Target: Students will recall their knowledge of cells and understand why cells are small.Go Over Test.Brain Storm Everything you remember about cells.Prep for lab on Wednesday Part 1 Diffusion and Osmosis

Tuesday, Sept. 24thLearning Target: Students will understand the relationship between cell volume, surface area, rates of diffusion and cell efficiencyWhy are cells so small?Differences between the categories of cells.Compare and Contrast Different Types of Cells.Prep for Cell Surface to Volume Lab.Lab Part 1Write up in Notebook Cell Size

In graph one as surface area volume rate.In graph 2 as the length of the side the surface to volume ratio Based on the data table what conclusions can you make about surface area and volume.

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Cells

Terms:CytosolNucleoidCell WallPlasma Membrane Endoplasmic ReticulumCentral VacouleChromosomesChloroplastsMitochondriaRibosomesGolgi ApparatusCentrosomeNucleusNucleolusCytoskeletonCytoplasm

Wednesday, Sept. 25thLearning Target: Students will understand the relationship between cell volume, surface area, rates of diffusion and cell efficiencyComplete: Surface Area to Volume Lab Lab Part 1Write up in Notebook Due: Friday, Sept. 27thStudents will investigate the relationship of among surface area, volume, and the rate of diffusion by designing an experiment with the use of agar gells.Table of Contents: Cell Size and Diffusion RatesTitleIntroduction: Brief statement of purpose, background knowledge of the concepts, and hypothesis. (less the 100 words)Materials and Procedures: Brief explanation of what you will do and what you will use.Results/ Data Collection and Analysis: Data Tables, Graph with title, X and Y Labeled.Conclusions and Discussion: Results summarized, Errors identified, compare to hypothesis, conclusions stated, suggestions for improvementQuestions: What are questions for further investigation? What new questions arise?

Questions to AddressWhich surface area-to-volume ratio gave the fastest diffusion rate?Which surface area-to-volume ratio had the greatest diffusion depth?How might a cells shape influence the rate of diffusion?What factors affect the rate of diffusion and how can these be tested?Sample DataCell DimensionsSurface AreaVolumeSurface Area to Volume RatioRate of diffusion (Show Calculations)

Percent of Discoloration after 10 min.

Thursday Sept. 26thLearning Target: Students will understand the relationship of cell size and diffusion rates. Students will be able explain the endosymbiotic theory and the evidence for it.Go over Lab Endosymbiosis

Thought QuestionsWhy are prokaryotic cells so much smaller than eukaryotic cells?Which type of cell was first on the planet? Why? What was the order of cellular diversity?Which type of cell has been more successful in terms of evolution, survival and populating the planet?How did we evolve from prokaryotic life into eukaryotic life?Define and draw your interpretation of the evolution from prokaryotic life to eukaryotic life.Define the evidence we have for this process?What three main categories of life does it create?Pgs. Biology in Focus 484 - Red Book 529, 541

Endosymbiosis

What we know:Prokaryotic Life originates between 3.5 to 3.9 billion years agoChemiosmotic Mechanism of ATP SynthesisUse Molecular Hydrogen, Methane Hydrogen Sulfide for energyVERY DIFFERENT BUT THE SAME

What we know:Prokaryotes evolve from chemiosmotic mechanisms to photosynthesisCreates a Oxygen rich atmosphere.BAD and GOOD

Eukaryotic Life 2.7 BYACytoskeleton Big DealEvolutionary Advantages to folding of membranes?

Figure 4.16MitochondrionMitochondrionNonphotosyntheticeukaryotePhotosynthetic eukaryoteAt leastone cellChloroplastEngulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryoteNucleusNuclearenvelopeEndoplasmicreticulumAncestor ofeukaryotic cells(host cell)Engulfing of oxygen-using nonphotosyntheticprokaryote, whichbecomes a mitochondrion21Figure 4.16 The endosymbiont theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cellsEndosymbiosis Evidence:Mitochondria and Plastids (chloroplasts)Enzymes and Transports systems same as modern prokaryotesReplicates by binary fission same as prokaryotesContain their own DNA (Plasmids same as prokaryotes)Contain their own ribosomes to make their own proteins

Three Distinct Lineages

Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotic)Domain Bacteria (Prokaryotic) - NormalDomain Archea (Prokaryotic) EXTREMOPHILESThermophiles TEMP.Halophiles SALTMethanogens USE Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen gas to make energy creates methane gas sewage treatment, guts

Friday, Sept. 27th Learning Target; Students will be able to identify and explain the functions of the various structures that make up the endomembrane system.Reading CheckTurn in Lab Notebookshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKW4F0Nu-UY

Discussion: Endomembrane SystemWrite a Narration for the video.Must include the following structures with their functions. Typed Due: TuesdayCytoskeleton, Cell membrane, plasma membrane, microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, motor proteins, mitochondria, nucleus, nuclear pores, nuclear envelopes, Endomembrane system, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Cis face, Trans face, Vesicle, exocytosis, Smooth ER, Rough ER, extracellular matrix, transport vesicles, motor protein, glycoproteins, mitochondria, centrosomes.

Figure 4.15-1Rough ERNucleusSmooth ERPlasmamembrane26Figure 4.15-1 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system (step 1)

Figure 4.15-2PlasmamembraneRough ERcis GolgiNucleusSmooth ERtrans Golgi27Figure 4.15-2 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system (step 2)

Figure 4.15-3PlasmamembraneRough ERcis GolgiNucleusSmooth ERtrans Golgi28Figure 4.15-3 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system (step 3)

Figure 4.13LysosomeLysosomes: AutophagyPeroxisomeMitochondrionVesicleDigestionMitochondrionfragmentPeroxisomefragmentVesicle containing twodamaged organelles1 m30Figure 4.13 Lysosomes: autophagyCompare and contrast the roles of smooth ER with rough ER. What type of cells would expect to find the two different types.A protein that functions in the ER but requires modification in the Golgi apparatus before it caqn achieve function. Describe the proteins path through the cell, starting with the mRNA molecule that specifies the protein.Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts with regard to structure and function.

Tuesday, Oct. 1stObjective: Students will understand the basic structure and function of the cytoskeleton, cell wall, extracellular matrix, cellular junctions and the cell membrane.task card.Discussion Cell MembraneTable 6.1 The Structure and Function of the Cytoskeleton

Write a Haiku poem that describe the cytoskeleton. Remember Haikus are 5, 7, 5 syllable poems.

Figure 6.28 Plant cell walls

Central vacuoleof cell PlasmamembraneSecondarycell wallPrimarycell wallMiddleLamella(Pectin)1 mCentralvacuoleof cell PlasmodesmataFigure 6.29 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell

proteoglycan

Collagen fibers.Fibronectin

PlasmamembraneEXTRACELLULAR FLUIDMicro-filamentsCYTOPLASMIntegrinsPolysaccharidemoleculeCarbo-hydratesProteoglycanmoleculeCoreproteinIntegrinFigure 6.31 Exploring Intercellular Junctions in Animal Tissues

Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cellsTight junction0.5 m1 mSpacebetweencellsPlasma membranesof adjacent cellsExtracellularmatrixGap junctionTight junctions0.1 mIntermediatefilamentsDesmosomeGapjunctionsAt tight junctions, the membranes ofneighboring cells are very tightly pressedagainst each other, bound together byspecific proteins (purple). Forming continu-ous seals around the cells, tight junctionsprevent leakage of extracellular fluid acrossa layer of epithelial cells.

Desmosomes (also called anchoringjunctions) function like rivets, fastening cellstogether into strong sheets. Intermediatefilaments made of sturdy keratin proteinsanchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.Gap junctions (also called communicatingjunctions) provide cytoplasmic channels fromone cell to an adjacent cell. Gap junctions consist of special membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars,amino acids, and other small molecules maypass. Gap junctions are necessary for commu-nication between cells in many types of tissues,including heart muscle and animal embryos.TIGHT JUNCTIONSDESMOSOMESGAP JUNCTIONSCompare different aspects of cell structureWhat structures best reveal evolutionary unity?Provide examples f diversity related to specialized modifications.Recreate the diagram on your whiteboard label as much as you possibly can with structure and function.Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

The term fluid mosaic model is often used to describe the cell membrane what is meant by this term and list and what factors contribute to its fluidity? Be specific to the role of cholesterolDescribe three ways in which molecules can move across a cell membrane.

Unsaturated PhospholipidsIncrease fluidityCholesterolTemperature bufferIntegral Proteins?

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

Wednesday, Oct. 2ndObjective: Students will understand the fundamental processes that drive movement across the cell membrane.DiscussionLab Prep.

Active vs. Passive Transport (Concentration Gradient)

Passive Transport No energy, High To Low Conc.DiffusionWhat types of molecules? Why?Things that affect the rate of diffusion

Why differentiate between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?What are the characteristics of the proteins? Why are they necessary?

Osmosis: Diffusion of Water (Aquaporins)

Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic

OsmosisWhat about plants and prokaryotic cells in fresh water environments?

Cell Wall = Pressure

Water Potential = waters ability to moveAlways from high to low water potential.Pressure is positive (Increases waters ability to move)Solute Potential Always negativeMore solute water less likely to move

Hypotonic (Cell Wall) = Water moves in until pressure builds up to equalize water potential = cell doesnt lyse.

Thursday, Oct. 3rdLearning Target: Students will understand how water moves across cell membranes.Lab: Diffussion and OsmosisPotato Challenge Water Potential Potatoes cannot be left over a weekendFormal Lab: Due Tues. Oct. 8thFriday, Oct. 4thLearning Target: Students will understand how water moves across cell membranes.Complete lab.Monday Oct. 7thLearning Target: Students will understand how water moves across cell membranes.Finish Lab Write Up.Tuesday, Oct. 8thObjective: Students will be able to compare and contrast active and passive transport. Lab DueTask CardsDiscussionProton PumpCotransport

Bulk TransportEndocytosisExocytosis

Sodium Potassium PumpActive TransportElectrochemical gradient

Sodium Potassium PumpActive TransportElectrochemical gradient

Wednesday, Oct. 9thObjective: Students will understand the how cells communicate. How doesSarin Gas WorkRead: How Caffeine Works.Focus: What is going on in your brain in the absence of Sarin?What is going in your brain and body in the presence of Sarin?Group:Diagram the answer to both of the above questions.Discussion: How Cells communicate.The Signal Transduction Pathwayhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjfYQMW_nek

PartnerIdentify the three stages of cell communication the signal transduction pathway.ReceptionLigand Molecule that binds to another molecule, generally a larger one.

Intracellular ReceptorsReceptors in Cytoplasm or Nuclear membraneMust pass through the cell membraneSmall Non polar molecules (steroids)Sentence stem:The steroid and which results in

Three Types of Membrane ReceptorsG-Protein Linked ReceptorsReceptor Tyrosine KinaseLigand Gated Ion ChannelG-Protein Linked ReceptorsThe ligand which the cellular response.

Receptor Tyrosine KinaseThe signal Molecule which The cellular response.

Ligand Gated Ion ChannelThe neurotransmitter which causes

Transduction PathwaysProtein Kinases: Enzyme that transfers phosphate group from ATP to a protein.Second MessengersCyclic AMPCalcium

Phosphorylation Cascade

Phosphorylation CascadeA phosphorylation cascade is like a because

Second Messenger c-AMPAdenylyl CyclasePhosphodiesterase

Second Messenger c-AMPExplain

ResponseControl Amplification Specificity of Cell Signaling

Response Specificity of Cell Signaling

Friday, Oct. 11thLearning Target: Students will understand the purpose and mechanism of cellular reproduction and its connection to disease.Discussion

What is the purpose of reproduction?Is all reproduction accomplished the same way?Questions For You!

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?What is a genome?What is a chromosome? And What it is it made of?What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes?Why do somatic cells have chromosomes in pairs and gametes dont?If a cell is going to undergo asexual reproduction what must happen to its chromosomes first?

Vocabulary Practice

Why is there a purple and blue chromosome?Why is there to halves to each chromosome? What are they called? The circle in the middle is a ____________ and it

Asexual reproduction requires cells to do what with their genome?During asexual reproduction their genome isThis results in cells that areQuestions for you!Cell CycleInterpret

Group: Draw the phases of mitosis and describe each phase in one sentence.What board and notebookObjective: Students will understand the overall purpose of mitosis in cell division and the different phases of mitosis.Discussion: Purpose and Stages of MitosisLab: Counting Phases / Determining TimeMonday, Oct. 14thProphaseChromosomesMitotic SpindlePrometaphase / MetaphaseChromosomesMitotic Spindle / Kinetochore

AnaphaseChromosomesMicrotubulesTelophaseCytokinesis

Number of CellsPercent of Total Cells CountedTime in Each StageField 1Field 2Field 3TotalInterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseTotal Cells Counted Mitosis

Using on onion root tip identify cells in the different stages of the cell cycle.2. Count at least two full fields of view. If you have not counted 200 cells, then count a third field of view.3. Calculate the estimated time spent in each phase. It takes24 hours (or 1,440 minutes) for onion root-tip cells to complete the cell cycle.

Percent of cells in stage X 1,440 minutes = ___________ minutes of cell cycle spent in stage.

Questions:Would the percentage of cells in mitosis be the same for all of the tissues in a plant?Using the same basic techniques predict how cancerous cells would be different?

Objective: Students will understand the control mechanisms of the cell cycle.Discussion: Cell Cycle ControlTest.Tuesday Oct. 15thCheck points and G0Control of the cell cycle is like a becauseThe checkpoints represent becauseIf a cell passes the G1 check point it will go on to divide.If not it stays in G0

How Check points workPlayers:CDK (Cyclin Dependent Kinases)Kinases activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them.CDK activity is dependent on another protein cyclin.Cyclin Proteins whose concentration fluctuates throughout the life of the cell.MPF Maturation promoting factor or mitosis promoting factor

Starting at G1 cyclin concentration and thenAs cyclin concentration MPF activityConcentration of cyclin rises, activates MPF (CDK complex) Cell goes through mitosis signal transduction pathway

Concentration of cyclin vs. MPF activity

MPF activity is controlled byMPF will stimulate the cell to go through mitosis (signal transduction pathway)

G2 check point

Based on the G2 checkpoint hypothesize on two mutations that might cause cancer.Cancer cells

Based on the G2 checkpoint hypothesize on two mutations that might cause cancer.Cancer cells

Oncogene: Mutation that causes cyclin concentration to stay elevatedTumor Suppressing genes dont activate to degrade cyclinCancer Connection

Test: Wednesday Oct. 16th and 21st

Monday, Sept. 26thObjective: Students will Complete osmosis lab Lab: Diffusion and Osmosis.Potato:Diagram of your lab set up.Data table.Molarity of the potato How did you determine it? Graph?!?!Tuesday, Sept. 28th Objective: Students will be able to explain the data from their lab.Collect Data % differences on board Class average.Explain the results from your potato lab.Discussion The cell membrane.

Test: Friday Sept. 30thWednesday, Sept. 28thObjective: Students will understand the structure and function of the cell membrane.Turn in Lab (One per group)Data TablesGraphAnalysis ParagraphTask Card DiscussionTest: Test: Wednesday, Oct. 6thFigure 6.20 The cytoskeleton

Microtubule0.25 mMicrofilamentsHypertonic Solution = More solute in solution; less solute in cell = Higher water potential in cellHypotonic Solution = Less solute in solution; more solute in cell = Higher water potential outside of cell.Isotonic = All is even