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AP 中文 課程與考試
简介
張 相 華 奧克蘭大學中文副教授
密西根州立大學語言學博士 AP Chinese Exam 閱卷組長
全美中文學校聯合總會 線上講座
本報告僅供參加講座的老師家長們參考用, 為尊重資料及圖片來源, 請勿自行轉發本報告, 謝謝!
AP CHINESE LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE: WHAT AND HOW
National Council of Association of Chinese Language Schools (NCACLS)
National Professional Development Webinar Series, November 13, 2016
Hsiang-Hua Melanie Chang
Oakland University
GOAL OF THIS TALK
1. WHAT
1.1. 概述AP中文課程及考試的內容與重要性，公私立大學如何看待AP考試成績
1.2 介紹AP中文考試規則、考試題型、評分標凖與方法
2. HOW
探討如何在平常教學之中，幫助學生提升中文能力及一些考試技巧
3
1.1 AP PROGRAM
AP Course and Exam1
1. Enable students to pursue college-level studies while in high school
2. Earn college credits, Advance Placement 3. Demonstrate mastery of college-level course work 4. Develop and apply knowledge and skills 5. Students who receive a score of 3 or higher on AP exams
are more successful academically in college and have higher graduation rates than non-AP students
4
AP CHINESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Comparable to completion of 2 years (250 hours of college-level instruction) 1
Level: Intermediate-High ~ Advanced-Low Intermediate-High2: Auto Inspector, Aviation Personnel, Missionary, Tour guide Advanced Low: Customer Service Agent, Social Worker, Claims Processor, K-12
Language Teacher, Police Officer, Maintenance Administrator, Billing Clerk, Legal Secretary, Legal Receptionist
Exam: 聽說讀寫(打) ~ 14,000 exam takers per year SAT II Chinese3
About 3~4 years high school classes Level: Novice ~ Intermediate Exam: 聽讀 ~ 71,000 exam takers per year
5
AP CHINESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Learning Objectives: 3 Communicative Modes
6 https://swcolt2011.wikispaces.com/; R 4
Interpersonal 溝通交流: Engage in spoken/written interpersonal communications
Interpretive 理解:
Comprehend information from a variety of audio/visual, written/print resources
Presentational表達: Plan and produce/present
spoken/written presentational communications
AP CHINESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
7 http://miscositas.com/
Perspectives (Meanings, attitudes, values, ideas)
Practices (Patterns of social interactions)
Products (Books, tools, foods, laws, music, games)
Develop students’ awareness and appreciate of contemporary and historical Chinese culture1
Cultures Framework5 = 3Ps
AP CHINESE EXAM Objectives and focus
8
R4
AP SCORES AND COLLEGE CREDITS
Princeton U. Stanford U. U. of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI)
Oakland U. (Rochester, MI)
Private, Research Private, Research Public, Research Public, Research
Ranking6 1 3 27 200~300 (Tier 2)
High School GPA7 3.87 3.95 3.87 3.4
Score 58 2 units 10 credits 4 credits 8 credits
Score 4 . . 4 credits 4 credits
Score 3 . . 4 credits 2 credits 9
1
1.2 AP CHINESE EXAM PRACTICE
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1. Exam Format
2. Sample Questions
3. Sample Response
4. Exam Practice Tips
5. Practice with a Released Exam
6. Free Response Questions and Scoring Guidelines
https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/apcourse/ap-chinese-language-and-culture/exam-practice
FORMAT
Around early May every year 2 hours and 15 minutes computerized exam: read text on
the screen, listen through a headset, type using the keyboard, and speak into a microphone.
Display — Traditional, Simplified, or toggle between the
two Input — Microsoft Pinyin IME (MSPY), or Microsoft New
Phonetic IME (Zhuyin Fuhao = Bopomofo)
11 R9
FORMAT
12
Section I: Multiple Choice 80 minutes
Part A 聽 Listening (Interpretive) 30-35 questions 50% Exam Score
20 minutes
60 minutes Part B 讀 Reading (Interpretive) 35-40 questions
Section II: Free Response 45 minutes
Part A
寫 Writing (Presentational ) Narrate a story suggested by a series of pictures
1 prompt
50% Exam Score
15 minutes
寫 Writing (Interpersonal) Read and answer an email message
1 prompt 15 minutes
Part B
說 Speaking (Interpersonal) Respond to a series of thematically linked questions as part of a simulated conversation
6 prompts 20 seconds for each response
說 Speaking (Presentational) Deliver a 2-minute presentation on a given aspect of Chinese culture
1 prompt 2 minutes to respond R9 R1
MULTIPLE CHOICE - LISTENING
13 R1
MULTIPLE CHOICE - LISTENING
Announcement Conversation Instructions Message Report
14 R1
MULTIPLE CHOICE - READING
15
•Advertisement •Article • Brochure • Email • Letter •Note • Poster • Sign • Story
R1
FREE RESPONSE – WRITING 1 OF 2 Story Narration
16 R10
FREE RESPONSE – WRITING 2 OF 2 Email Response
17 R10
FREE RESPONSE – SPEAKING 1 of 2
Conversation Six 20-second responses [Audio] You will have a conversation with Li Tong, your new Chinese friend who recently moved to your hometown, about leisure activities. 1. [Audio] 你在這裏住了多久了？這兒的天氣怎麼樣？ [Tone] (20 seconds) 2. [Audio] 夏天的時候，你最常做的活動是什麼？為什麼？ [Tone] (20 seconds) 3. [Audio] 請你給我介紹一個附近最好玩的地方。 [Tone] (20 seconds) 4. [Audio]週末的時候你喜歡跟朋友還是跟家人出去玩兒？為什麼？ [Tone] (20 seconds) 5. [Audio]每個星期六，你從早到晚都做些什麼？ [Tone] (20 seconds) 6. [Audio] 下個星期天請你來我家吃飯。你想吃什麼口味的中國菜？ [Tone] (20 seconds) Audio prompt and transcript available here: https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/apcourse/ap-chinese-language-and-culture/exam-practice
18 R10
FREE RESPONSE – SPEAKING 2 of 2
Cultural Presentation 2-minute presentation
[Audio] Choose ONE traditional Chinese concept or value (respect for elders and teachers, guanxi, saving face, modesty, social harmony, etc.). In your presentation, describe this traditional concept or value and explain its significance.
[Audio] You have four minutes to prepare your presentation. (4 minutes) [Audio] You have two minutes to record your presentation. [Tone] (2 minutes)
Audio prompt and transcript available here: https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/apcourse/ap-chinese-language-and-culture/exam-practice 19
R10
FREE RESPONSE SCORING Rubrics-based and holistic assessment of students’ responses
20
Score
6 Excellent Demonstrates excellence
5 Very Good Suggests excellence
4 Good Demonstrates competence
3 Adequate Suggests competence
2 Weak Suggests lack of competence
1 Very Weak Demonstrates lack of competence
0 Unacceptable Contains nothing that earns credit
Task completion
Response to the prompts, organization
and text type
Delivery
Pace Pronunciation,
register
Language
Use
Vocabulary and
grammatical structure
R4
FREE RESPONSE Conversation Scoring Guideline
21 R11
FREE RESPONSE Conversation Scoring Guideline
22 R11
For each response, Exam Readers assign scores: 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
AP Final Scores: 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
2. DEVELOPING OUR STUDENTS 對於華裔學生: 1. 聽說讀寫的能力從小開始就力求均衡發展, 加強較弱部分 2. 華裔學生日常聽說會話問題不大, 但段落長度的聽說讀寫就可
能產生問題 (字認得不多; 記述文很好, 論說文較弱; “話多”不一定“話好”…), 對於一些傳統或現代相關的中國文化社會知識有時可能沒有非華裔學生懂得多, 原因可能是非華裔學生自知沒有中文背景反而更主動學習, 例
華裔學生: 知道花木蘭, 毛澤東, 孫中山; 功夫熊貓 非華裔學生: 還知道周公, 李白, 杜甫, 武則天; 活著, 一個不能少, 十面埋伏, 非誠勿擾
23
DEVELOPING OUR STUDENTS 對於華裔學生: 3. 在家: 父母可以陪孩子看中文電影電視, 討論其內容, 在日常生活中
以輕鬆心情討論時事, 如美國台灣總統選舉, 大陸高鐵, 一胎化, 世界人口老化少子化,台中美教育生活環境食物文化比較,等等, 有助學習運用中高級語言詞彙, 培養觀察思考能力。
例: “你覺得…怎麼樣?” “為什麼?” “如果是你, 你會…? 目的不是辯出對錯或正確答案, 是以開放的心多聽多表達。
24 http://r2.ykimg.com/; https://s.yimg.com/; https://eyeseenews.com
DEVELOPING OUR STUDENTS
對於華裔學生: 4. 在中文學校: 老師運用既有資源, 規劃可行 有效的課程及教案 - 一般中文學校到十年級畢業 - 從十年級開始, 作文及其他書寫作業可改用打字 - 可規劃十一年級進深課程幫助掌握AP (中高)程度的語言 文化能
力, 例: 一學期 聽10篇文章/報導 讀1本書(例: 中級聊齋, 成語故事) 10 篇短講 (2-30個題目供選,只准兩三個人挑同一題目,全班可聽到不同題目內容) 寫/打 5篇看圖說話, 5篇電郵 (不要全班同一題目, 這樣全班可學到不同題目內容)
25
中級讀本: 例 畫兒上的美人 The Lady in the Painting , ISBN-13: 978-0300125160 中國鬼故事 Chinese Ghost Stories, ISBN-10: 978-9620718885 (我讓我的美國學生自行閱讀+網上小考。對一些華裔學生可能難度不夠。) Book images: amazon.com
USEFUL BOOKS AND PRACTICE TESTS
26 R12
AP CHINESE TEACHER COMMUNITY https://apcommunity.collegeboard.org/web/apchinese
Create a free account
Join the AP Chinese Teacher Community
27
How to become an AP Reader
Apply online:
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/professional_development/232447.html?excmpid=MTG2-ED-11-ewo
BACKWARD DESIGN
一般教學慣用的程序： 1. 課本內容 2. 與課文有關的練習活動 (常是一句話, 幾句話, 少練習段落長度內容(需有內容有組織/連結)) 3. 作業練習 4. 測驗考試 “反向教學設計”的迷思： 1. 測驗考試, 作業練習 2. 與課文有關的練習活動 3. 授課內容 ? ? ? 考試導向教學? 當然不是!!
28 R4
BACKWARD DESIGN
29 Image: http://educationaltechnology.net
教學的三個順序:
1. 決定學習目標
2. 檢驗學習結果
3. 設計教學內容
R4
DESIRED RESULT
30 R10
R1
DESIRED RESULT
First Step: Identify desired goals
1. Students will “narrate” the story to a “friend”.
2. Students will give a beginning, a middle and an end in the story.
3. Students will use at least three “transition words” in the story.
4. Students will use “connection words”.
31 R4
FREE RESPONSE – WRITING
32 R10 R4
BACKWARD DESIGN - PURPOSE
1. What is your end goal for each unit?
2. What do they need to know?
3. What do you want your students to DO with the language?
33 R4
BACKWARD DESIGN – PURPOSE Classroom Strategies: Reading & Listening Reading with a purpose Think about when you read
something…there is a purpose or reason behind it; why you are going to read it:
1.Text message; Email 2.News 3.Novel 4.Magazine Think about your classroom…
What are your pre-reading and post-reading strategies ?
Listening with a purpose Same thing about
listening….there is usually a purpose or reason behind it:
1. Voice message 2. Transportation announcement 3. Radio broadcast 4. School intercom
announcement What are your pre-listening and
post-listening strategies?
34
Connect new information with prior knowledge Provide guided questions R4
BACKWARD DESIGN – PURPOSE Classroom Strategies: Writing
35
Writing with a purpose See the trend… students need
a reason to do something; a purpose:
1.Text message reply 2.Email reply 3.Letter 4.Invitation At the beginning of the
semester, give them a template to follow- model for them so the students know what to do.
Image: http://mdlmaster.learnnet.net/
R4
BACKWARD DESIGN – PURPOSE Classroom Strategies: Speaking
36
Speaking with a purpose 1. Conversation with peers 2. Introductions 3. Directions 4. Ordering food 5. Making plans 6. Descriptions Get students speaking in Chinese, even if it is not 100% correct!
(Non-Chinese words don’t earn any credits in exams.) Make them feel comfortable expressing themselves in class.
Use authentic visuals (photos, props, menu, books, videos) to
get students speaking!
R4
CONCLUDING REMARKS
最重要的目標: To develop Chinese Language and Culture proficiency,
including knowledge and skills - Connect students to college success - Contribute to college credits - Contribute to career opportunities and success - Contribute to the overall enrichment of life
語言最重要的功能: To complete a certain task (with adequate content) in
limited time 課堂: 教材 vs “教師” (活)
37
CONCLUDING REMARKS
My experience as an AP Exam Reader & Scoring Leader Tips for Free Reponses questions (speaking and writing) - 切題 切忌答非所問或 跑題。語言是工具,使用語言需達到溝通表達的目的。問
“哪裡” “怎麼樣” “為甚麼”一開始就要回答問題, 有地點, 有描述, 有原因 (例, 說出 “因為”) 。
- 儘量回答, 多說一點 兩三句話切題了得分了(adequate), 但只能看出懂題目能作答, 無法看出語言能力好(good or excellent response)。老師只能根據學生所說所寫給分, 沒說出沒寫出的沒辦法給分。
- 通順, 言之有物 一段話, 一篇短文短講需有多個句子組成, 除了能切題, 能認真回答, 有內容, 也要儘量善用連接詞使文句通順 “因為所以” “但是” “而且”“有人說, 但我覺得, 他也 …” “總而言之” 。若有能力使用高年級詞彙, 成語等更好。
- 回答完整 (≠完美)
38
REFERENCES: 1. College Board. 2015. “Chinese Language and Culture Course Description.” https://secure-
media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap-chinese-course-description.pdf / [Accessed 11/10/2016] 2. “Oral Proficiency Levels in the Work World.” https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/ pdfs/TLE_pdf/OralProficiencyWorkplacePoster.pdf/ [Accessed 11/13/2016] 3. 許笑濃老師. “如何準備SAT 中文測驗” 全美中文學校聯合總會(NCACLS) 網路課程講座. 9/11/2016. 4. Podbilski and Wong. 2015. “AP Chinese Language and Culture: Pre-AP Instructional Strategies and
Written Presentational Tasks.” Presentation given at The 2015 National Chinese Language Conference (NCLC). 4/16-18/2015.
5. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). 2015. World-readiness standards for learning languages. ISBN: 978-0-9896532-9-9
6. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/ [Accessed 11/11/2016] 7. http://www.collegesimply.com/colleges/new-jersey/princeton-university/admission/;
http://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/2015; https://admissions.umich.edu/apply/freshmen-applicants/student-profile; http://www.oakland.edu/futurestudents/prospective-students/freshmen/ [Accessed 11/11/2016]
8. http://www.princeton.edu/pub/ap/table/ (No information for Chinese, Foreign Language policy used); https://registrar.stanford.edu/students/transfer-credit-and-advanced-placement/advanced-placement/ap-credit-chart (Information for Chinese); https://admissions.umich.edu/apply/freshmen-applicants/ap-ib-credit#LSA (No information for Chinese, German Language policy used); www.oakland.edu/registrar/collegecredit/ (Information for Chinese) [Accessed 11/13/2016]
9. https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/apcourse/ap-chinese-language-and-culture/about-the-exam/ [Accessed 11/11/2016]
10. “AP Chinese Language and Culture 2012 Free-Response Questions.” https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap-student/pdf/chinese/ap-2012-chinese-free-response-questions.pdf [Accessed 11/11/2016]
11. “Scoring Guideline.” https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap-student/pdf/chinese/ap-2012-chinese-language-scoring-guidelines.pdf/ [Accessed 11/13/2016]
12. 唐美筱老師. Tang, Mei-hisao. 2015. “How to help non-heritage students prepare for AP “ Presentation given at The 2015 Chinese Language Association of Michigan (CLAM) Conference. 11/7/2015.
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附錄 Appendix 3 Communicative Modes - Examples
Discuss with your friend about your weekend plans. Interpersonal
Communicate with your friends via text or email. Interpersonal
Watch a travel video and jot down places of interest. Interpretive
Read advertisements on walls, in buses, on trains. Interpretive
Prepare a poster about your favorite sport. Presentational
Promote a candidate, product, or a point of view on a controversial issue. Presentational
