Chapter 13: Paths to Constitutionalism and Absolutism (pgs. 417-442) Name: Alex Lee Date: October 14, 2011

Period: 2

I.) Two Models of European Political Development (pgs. 418-419)-Military organization, weapons, and tactics sharply increased the cost of warfare.-Monarchs sought new sources to finance the growing costs of traditional sources of revenues that were inadequate.-Monarchies that achieved absolute rule built a secure financial base which was not deeply dependent on the support of estates, diets, or assemblies of nobles. The French were more successful in doing this than the English.-French had an absolute monarchy, while England had a parliamentary monarchy. These monarchies shaped a subsequent political development in Europe. -England monarchs threatened local political interests and economic wellbeing of the wealthy. However, the nobility effectively resisted the threats. -King Louis XIV had made the French nobility dependent on his goodwill and his patronage. In return King Louis supported local influence and placed them in a firm social hierarchy.-Louis accepted the authority of the noble-dominated Parlement and accepted to exercise considerable authority over local administration and taxation.-religious factors also affected the political destinies of England and France.-Puritanism was a strong protestant religious movement in England that actively opposed the Stuart Monarchy. It represented a nonpolitical force that sought at first limit and eventually overturned the English monarchy. -Unlike England King Louis XIV crushed all protestant movements in France.-The Holy Roman Empire supported Louis XIV because they saw religious uniformity enforced by the monarchy working on their advantage.-England’s Parliament possessed a political institution that had long bargained with the monarch over political issues. Parliament rarely met which made it a weak institution, but it was expected to consult from time to time.-Members of the Parliament were consisted of nobility and gentry who had experienced organizing and speaking, writing legislation, and criticizing royal policies. England had a legal and political tradition based on concepts of liberty to which members of Parliament and their supporters throughout the country could and did appeal in their conflict with the monarchy. -France laced a similarly strong tradition of broad liberties, representation, and bargaining between the monarchy and other national institutions. They lacked an institutional base from which to operate and a tradition of meetings during which the necessary political skills might have been developed.-France prospered under Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin, which led to the reign of King Louis XIV. However, England had trouble with the four Stuart monarchs of England.-Both England and France, the nobility and large landowners stood at the top of social hierarchy and sought to protect their privileges and local interests. English nobles distrusted the Stuart monarchs and protected their concerns and limit the power of the monarchy to interfere with live on the local level.-The French nobility under Louis XIV eventually concluded that the best way to secure its own interests was to support his monarchy. Louis achieved this by giving many forms of patronage, and he protected their tax exemptions, their wealth, and their local social standing.

II.) Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England (pgs. 420-423)A.) James I (pgs.420-421)-James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth as James I. James had a difficult situation because Elizabeth was widely popular and known throughout England, but James was rarely known by the citizens, also he had inherited a large debt and a divided church. James I was a divine rights king, while Elizabeth was a limited monarch.-He expected to rule with a minimum of consultation beyond his own royal court. James only consulted parliament when they met to discuss income. This limited their importance and their importance of Parliament to the king.-Puritans within the Church of England had hoped that James’s experience with the Scottish Presbyterian church and his own Protestant upbringing would incline him to favor their efforts to further the reformation of the English church.-Puritans sought to eliminate elaborate religious ceremonies and replace the hierarchical episcopal system of church governance with a more representative Presbyterian form like that of the Calvinist churches on the Continent.-In 1604 the Puritans confronted James I asking for demands and changes within the Church of England, but James ignored the demands of the Puritans.-A major benefit from King James was the translation of the Bible into English.

-James believed that recreation and sports were innocent activities and good for his people, and believed that Puritans narrowness discouraged Roman Catholics from converting to the Church of England. He issued the Book of Sports, which permitted games on Sunday for people who attended Church of England services. However, the clergy and citizens rejected his issues.-With all the changes James were making, many dissenters left England and moved to Cape Cod Bay and Massachusetts Bay.-The colonists could not go far enough in England and that only in America could they worship freely and organize a truly reformed church.-James became a center of scandal and corruption because he used favorites, and sold peerages and titles to the highest bidders.-The nobility were angered by this because it lessened the importance of their title.-James rushed English troops to aid the Protestants in Germany at the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War.

B.) Charles I (pg. 423)-Charles I succeeded James I after he died in 1624. During the war with Spain members of Parliament could not support the war because of the distrust within Buckingham. Charles resorted to extreme measures by levying new tariffs and duties and attempted to collect discontinued taxes. He forced people to loan the government money and if they didn’t he would imprison them.-With all the illegal taxes that Charles I were collecting, parliament requested the king to sign the Petition of Right. It required that henceforth there should be no forced loans or taxation without the consent of Parliament, that no freeman should be imprisoned without due cause and that troops should not be billeted in private homes. Charles signed the Petition to get funds for the war, but Charles never kept his word.

1.) Years of Personal Rule (pgs. 423-424)-Charles’s chief minister, Buckingham, was assassinated in an open dispute, and did not resolve the hostility between the king and Parliament. -Parliament stated that levying taxes without the consent of the Church was treason.-Popery was meant for Charles’s High-Church policies that favored powerful bishops, elaborate liturgy, and personal religious observance and devotion rather than preaching favored by the puritans. With the statements by Parliament, Louis dissolved the Parliament and did not meet again till 1640.-With little resources left, Charles was forced to make peace with Spain and France.-Charles gained suspicion with the people of England by being friendly with Roman Catholic powers, supporting Arminians, and favoring elaborate high-church practices. -Thomas Wentworth instituted thorough that gave absolute power on the king without the consent of Parliament.-Charles issued ship taxes and other neglected taxes to fund his wars.-The selling of noble positions reduced the local influence and social standings of other nobles.

2.) The Long Parliament (pgs. 424-425)-The Long Parliament resented and financial or religious policies by the king.-The House of Commons impeached and executed both Archbishop Laud and Strafford. After, Parliament abolished the Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission.-Parliament had made levying taxes without the consent of Parliament became illegal, and made it mandatory to have meetings with Parliament every three years.-Presbyterians and Independents wanted the complete abolition of the episcopal system and the Book of Common Prayer. With different views of the English government, Parliament was determined to preserve the English church in its current form.-With a war with Scotland, Parliament did not trust the financial aid and the army, so Parliament became commander-in-chief

3.) Eruption of Civil War (pgs. 425-427) -During the division in the Parliament Charles sought out to reassert his power by arresting Pym and the other leaders. However the Parliament had forewarned him and he managed to escape.-When Parliament heard that Charles was raising an army of his own, the House of Commons had passed the Militia Ordinance that allowed Parliament to raise their own army. -Parliament and the King fought over the control of the Government.

-Cavaliers were supporters of Charles, and Roundheads were supporters of Parliament. The main division factor was because of religion.

B.) Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic-The alliance with Scotland and the reorganization of the parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell were two factors that led to the victory of the Parliament against King Charles I.-Oliver Cromwell favored neither the episcopal system of the king nor the pure Presbyterian system of the Solemn League and Covenant. He allowed a toleration of an established majority of the church, and he permitted Protestant dissenters to worship outside of the church.-The alliance won the Battle of Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby.-The Rump Parliament is where Colonel Thomas banned the Presbyterians from the Parliament, and only fifty members remained. The Rump Parliament showed their power by publically executing Charles as a public criminal and thereafter abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Anglican Church.-After the Stuart Monarchy, England became a Puritan republic with Cromwell dominating the government. Cromwell tuned out to be a military dictator who had no experience in politics. His ruling proved to be no more effective that Charles. He challenged to devise a political structure to replace that of monarch and Parliament.-When Cromwell died in 1658, negotiations between leaders brought back Charles II (son of Charles I) and restoring the Stuart Monarchy.

C.) Charles II and the Restoration of The Monarchy (pgs. 427-429-Unlike Charles I, Charles II restored England to the status quo. He favored a policy of religious toleration and wanted to allow all those outside the Church of England, Catholics as well as Puritans, to worship freely so long as they remained loyal to the throne.-However, in Parliament they did not believe patriotism and religion could be separated and issued the Clarendon Code which excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from the religious and political life of the nation. These laws stressed strict adherence to the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-Nine Articles, and demanded oats of allegiance to the Church of England.-Charles ship laws struck Dutch dominance in the shipping industry. Charles also attempted to tighten his grasp on the rich English colonies in North America and the Caribbean.-Since England and France were both in war with Holland they signed an alliance against the Dutch in the Treaty of Dover. During this treaty Charles pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism. Charles issued the Declaration of Indulgence that suspended all laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant nonconformists, but the Parliament did not provide grants of money for the war until Charles rescinded the measure.-The Parliament passed the Test Act, which required all officials of the crown, civil, and military, to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation. The Test Act was aimed toward James the duke of York, Charles’s brother because he was a devoted Catholic and the heir to the English throne.-The Popish Plot was where Parliament thought that Charles wife was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king so James could assume the throne. Several men were tried and executed, and ended up excluding James from the throne.-Charles turned to increase custom duties and the assistance of Louis XIV for extra income.

D.) James II and Renewed Fears of a Catholic England (pg. 429)-James II took over after Charles’s I death in 1685. He alienated the Parliament by insisting on the repeal of the Test Act, but when Parliament refused, he dissolved Parliament and proceeded to appoint Catholics in officer positions. He also issued the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended all religious tests and permitted free worship.-James’s actions represented a direct royal attack on local power and authority of nobles, landowners, the church, and other corporate bodies. He challenged all manners of social privileges and influence. He went after an absolute monarchy, and the English people feared he planned to imitate the religious intolerance of Louis XIV.-When James’s wife gave birth to a male, the English were furious because they had hoped that his protestant daughter could take the throne after James died. Mary (James’s daughter) was married to William II of Orange who opposed to Louis XIV’s imperial designs.

E.) The “Glorious Revolution” (pgs. 429-430)-William arrived in England to take over the monarchy, but without any effort Louis fled to France for the protection of Louis XIV, and William was accepted by the English people. William was not the only ruler, the Parliament made William and Mary co-monarchs. This was called the Glorious Revolution because there was no bloodshed.

-William and Mary recognized the Bill of Rights that limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes. It also made England’s monarchs to be subjected to law and would rule by the consent of Parliament, which had to be called every three years, and it excluded Roman Catholics from taking the English throne.-The Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, it stated that the English crown will go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if none of the Children of Queen of Anne.-The Glorious Revolution established a framework of government by and for the governed. It established in England a permanent check on monarchial power by the classes represented in parliament.

III.) Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France (pg. 430)-Louis XIV subjected his subjects at home to “one king, one law, one faith. Louis idea was to make the monarchy the most important and powerful political institution in France while also assuring the nobles and other wealthy groups of their social standing and political and social influence on the local level. Louis made it clear to all concerned that he was the senior partner in the relationship between him and the nobles. Louis controlled an absolute monarchy in France

A.) Henry IV and Sully (pg. 431)-Henry IV (also known as Henry of Navarre) took the throne after the French wars of religion. He targeted the provincial governors and the regional parlements, and the powerful Parlement of Paris.-Intendants were royal civil servants during the reign of Louis XIII. They subjected privileges of groups to stricter supervision, implementing the king’s will with some success in the provinces.-The duke of Sully was Henry’s finance minister, he established government monopolies on gunpowder, mines, and salt. He introduced the royal corvee, a labor tax that created a nation force of drafted workers who were employed to improve roads and facilitate internal travel. He dreamed of organizing the whole of Europe politically and commercially into a kind of common market.

B.) Louis XIII and Richelieu (pgs. 431-432)-Henry IV was assassinated in 1610, and Henry’s son Louis XIII was forced to take the throne at nine years old. Since Louis was too young to rule, his mother Marie de Medicis took over governing. Marie did not have the experience to deal with the government and signed a ten-year mutual defense pact with Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau. The treaty also arranged a marriage between Louis and the Spanish princess.-Cardinal Richelieu was the king’s chief adviser. He sought to make France the supreme European power. He was responsible for French success in the first half of the seventeenth century. He was determined to contain Spanish power and influence, even when that meant aiding and abetting Protestant Europe.-The Treaty of Westphalia ended hostilities in the Holy Roman Empire and it helped France have substantial gains in land and political influence. The Treaty of the Pyrenees sealed peace with Spain.-Richelieu steeped up the campaign against separatist provincial governors and parlements. He stressed the importance that there was one law, that of the king, and that no one could stand above it. Anybody who disobeyed were imprisoned and executed. Richelieu started the campaign against the Huguenots. Armies conquered Huguenot cities. The subsequent Peace of Alais truncated the Edict of Nantes by denying Protestant the right to maintain garrisoned cities, separate political organizations, and independent law courts. This prevented the earlier implementation of the policy of extreme intolerance that marked the reign of Louis XIV.-Richelieu employed the arts and the printing press to defend his actions and to indoctrinate the French people in the meaning of raison d’etat (“reason of state”).

C.) Young Louis XIV and Mazarin (pg. 432)-Richelieu’s legacy was a strong resentment of the monarchy among the French nobility and wealthy commercial group.-Louis XIII died in 1643 and Louis XIV took the throne at five years old. Similarly to the situation with Louis XII, Louis XIV’s mother, Anne of Austria, placed the reins of government in the hands of Cardinal Mazarin. His views were similar of Richelieu. -During Mazarin’s rule a series of rebellions, known as the Fronde, occurred during 1649 and 1652. These were segments of the nobility and townspeople sought to reverse the drift toward absolute monarchy and to preserve local autonomy. -Mazarin imprisoned influential wives of princes for treason, and when he released the wives he and Louis XIV went into exile. They returned in 1652 when the ruling of the nobility failed.-The Fronde convinced many that a rule of a strong king was preferable to that of many regional powers ruling.

IV.) The Years of Louis XIV’s Personal Rule (pgs. 432-433)

-When Mazarin died, Louis XIV gained personal control over the government. He did not appoint no single chief minister which made revolting a hard task for many.-Louis had become a master of propaganda and the creation of a political image. He never missed an opportunity to impress it on the French people.-Louis made sure the French nobles and other major social groups would benefit from the growth of his own authority, he limited the influence of noble institutions on the monarchy. The crown would rarely enact economic regulations without consulting local opinion. He set out to anchor his rule in the principle of the divine right of kings, to domesticate the French nobility by binding them to the court rituals of Versailles, and to crush religious dissent.

A.) King by Divine Right (pg. 433)-It was maxim of French law and popular opinion that “the king of France is emperor in his realm” and the king’s wish the law of the land. Louis XIV defended absolute royal authority on the grounds of divine right.-Jacques-Benigne Bossuet was Louis’s devout tutor on royal authority. He taught Louis the concept of “divine right of kings.” He supported this theory by examples of Old Testament rulers divinely appointed by, and answerable only to God. Only God could judge a pope, so Bossuet argued that none save God could judge the King. With this Louis XIV’s declared “L’etat, c’est moi” (I am the state).

B.) Versailles (pgs. 433-434)-Louis used the physical setting of his royal court to exert political control. He used the palace of Versailles to organize life at court around his own daily routine. He encouraged nobles to approach him directly, and help him with intimate moments. Rare intimacy between the nobles and the king were moments were nobles could whisper their special requests in his ear.-Louis XIV married the Spanish Infanta Marie Terese for political reasons, and when Maria died he arranged a secret marriage to marry Madame de Maintenon.-Barred by law from high government positions, the ritual and play nobles busy and dependent, so they had little time to plot revolt against the king. They spent days gambling, hunting, riding, or strolling about the lush gardens of Versailles.-Louis supported France’s traditional social structure and the social privileges of the nobility.

C.) Suppression of the Jansenists (pg. 434)-King Louis XIV believed that political unity and stability required religious conformity, his first move to impose this was against the Roman Catholic Jansenists.-Henry IV allowed Jesuits to stay in France by swearing an oath of allegiance to the king, he limited the number of new colleges they could open, and he required them to have special licenses for public events. However, the Jesuits rapidly monopolized the education of the upper classes, and their devout students promoted the religious reforms and doctrine of the Council of Trent throughout France.-Jasenism is the belief that original sin had so corrupted humankind that individuals could do nothing good nor secure their own salvation without divine grace. They particularly opposed Jesuit teachings about free will.-Antoine Arnauld published a book titled On Frequent Communion in which he criticized the Jesuits for confessional practices that permitted the easy redress of almost any sin.-Pope Innocent X declared many Jasenist works heretical. -Pascal objected to Jesuit moral theology not only as being lax and shallow, but also because he felt its rationalism failed to do full justice to the religious experience.-Louis passed the papal bull Ad Sacram Sedem that banned Jansenism in France, and also closed down the Port-Royal community. This caused many Jasenists to retract their views or go underground.-Banning Jansenism eliminated the best hope for bringing peaceful religious unity to France.

D.) Government Geared for Warfare (pg. 435)-France had a largely subsistence economy, and its cities enjoyed only limited commercial prosperity, but it did not achieve the economic strength of a modern industrial economy. During the 1660’s France was superior to any other European nation in administrative bureaucracy, armed forces, and national unity. Louis’s goal was to achieve secure international boundaries for France. He concerned to secure its northern borders along the Spanish Netherlands, the France-Comte, Alsace, and Lorraine from which foreign armies could easily invade France.-Louis’s ambitions raised problems by disputed succession to the throne in other states. His pursuit of French interests threatened and terrified neighboring states and led them to form coalitions against France.1.) Colbert and the French Economy (pgs.435-436)

-Jean-Baptiste Colbert was controller general of finances and Louis’s most brilliant minister, created the economic base Louis needed to finance his wars. He worked to centralize the French economy with the same rigor that Louis had worked to centralize the French Government, he also tried to organize much economic activity under state supervision and through tariffs, carefully regulated the flow of imports and exports.-He worked around the tight regimen of work and ideology, and he simplified the administrative bureaucracy, abolished unnecessary positions, and reduced the number of tax-exempt nobles.-He increased the taille, a direct tax on the peasantry and major source of royal income.-Mercantilism was a type of close government control of the economy. It aimed to maximize foreign exports and internal reserves of bullion. It helped France transform into a major commercial power with foreign bases in Africa, in India, and in the Americas.

2.) Louvois, Vauban, and the French Military (pg. 436)-Louvois created King Louis’s strong army of about a quarter million, he helped minister Louis’s war as a superior military tactician. Before Louvois the French army was disorganized. Louvois instituted good salaries and improved discipline, making soldiering a respectable profession. He limited military commissions and introduced a system of promotion by merit, bringing dedicated fighters into the ranks. -Intendants were the King’s ubiquitous civil servants, and they monitored conduct at all levels.-Vauban was a military engineer. He perfected the arts of fortifying and besieging towns. He devised the system of trench warfare and developed the concept of defensive frontiers that remained basic to military tactics.

E.) Louis’s Early Wars (pg. 436)

1.) The War of Devolution (pgs. 436-437)-The War of Devolution was Louis’s first great foreign war. It fought over Louis’s claim to the Spanish Belgian provinces through his wife, Marie-Therese. However, according to the terms of the treaty of Pyrenees, Marie had renounced her claim to the Spanish succession on condition that a 500,000 –crown dowry be paid to Louis, which was not met. When Philip IV died he left no lands for Marie and left all his lands to his sickly song Charles II. Louis had a legal argument on his side, which gave the war its name. He maintained that in certain regions of Brabant and Flanders property “devolved” to the children of a first marriage rather than to those of a second.-With these claims Marie had a higher claim than Charles II to these regions.-To stop France from gaining lands in Spain, England, Sweden, and the United Provinces of Holland formed the Triple Alliance. They managed to force Louis into peace under the terms in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It stated that Louis has control over certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands.

2.) Invasion of the Netherlands (pg. 437)-The Treaty of Dover confirmed an alliance with England and France against the Dutch; because of this the Triple Alliance crumbled without a strong force.-With England by Louis’s side, Louis planned to invade Netherland once again, but failed. This helped Louis realize that he would have no hope on acquiring land in the Spanish Netherlands, and his dreams of European hegemony.-Louis’s invasion of the United Provinces in 1672 brought the downfall of the Dutch statesmen Jan and Cornelius De Witt, and he replaced them with Prince of Orange (later King William III of England).-Orange was almost the exact opposite of Louis. He united the HRE, Spain, Loraine, and Brandenburg in an alliance against Louis. With this Louis lost his ablest generals, Turenne and Conde, but he gained control over the Mediterranean in the victory over the Dutch fleet.-The Peace of Nijmwegen ended hostilities of this second war.

F.) Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (pg. 437)-Louis made his second major move to assure religious conformity. The French Catholic Church denounced Calvinists as heretical and treasonous and supported their persecution as both pious and patriotic. Louis launched a methodical campaign against the Huguenots in a determined effort to unify France religiously, banning them from government office and excluding them from such professions as printing and medicine.-Louis finally revoked the Edict of Nantes, as a result, protestant churches and schools were closed. This act was the worst decision Louis had made because Europe saw him as the next Philip II, and so England, Germany, Holland, the New world, and a quarter million French people resisted against Louis.

G.) Louis’s Later Wars (pg. 437)

1.) The League of Augsburg and the Nine Years’ War (pgs. 437-439)-After the treaty of Nijmwegen, Louis maintained his army at full strength and restlessly propped beyond his perimeters. He conquers Strasbourg again.-The League of Ausburg was created to resist French expansion into Germany. Its members consisted of England, Spain, Sweden, the united Provinces, and the electorates of Bavaria, Saxony, and the palatinate. This was called the Nine Years War. Also England and France struggled for control of North America, which became known as King William’s War.-The Peace of Ryswick made William of Orange the victor.2.) War of the Spanish Succession: Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt (pgs. 441-442)-Louis thrived on a partial success, and made another attempt to secure and expand French interests against Habsburg influence.-When Charles II died, both Louis and emperor Leopold had claims to the Spanish inheritance through their grandsons. However, it seems as Leopold’s grandson would take the inheritance because of Marie-Therese had renounced her right to the Spanish inheritance in the Treaty of the Pyrenees. -It ended up with Philip of Anjou (Louis’s grandson) because Charles II left his inheritance to Philip. Philip of Anjou took the Spanish throne and became Philip V of Spain.-England, Holland, and the HRE formed the Grand Alliance to counter Louis from gaining more power throughout Europe, and sought to preserve the balance of power throughout Europe.-This struggle for the balance of power became known as the War of the Spanish Succession. France went to war with inadequate finances, a poorly equipped army, and mediocre generals, but England had advanced weaponry (such as the flintlock rifles, paper cartridges, and ring bayonets) and superior tactics.-Famine, revolts, and uncollectible taxes tor France apart and forced France to make peace in 1709. The terms for peace included a demand that he transfer all Spanish possession to the emperor’s grandson Charles and remove Philip V from Madrid. Louis could not bring himself up to accept these terms and ended up with the Treaty of Rastatt. This confirmed Philip V as king of Spain, bug gave Gibraltar to England, and it won Louis’s recognition of the right of the House of Hanover to accede to the English throne.-Philip V could not consolidate his internal power and protect Spanish overseas trade. His wife used his power to secure thrones for their two sons in Italy.-After Philip, Charles III gave Spain a monarch concerned with efficient domestic and imperial administration and internal improvement.

H.) Louis XIV’s Legacy (pg. 442)-Throughout Louis’s rule he left a mixed legacy in Europe. His wars had brought death and destruction to France, with economic problems that will last the nobility a lifetime to control.However his reign laid the groundwork for a new French Empire by expanding trade into Asian and colonizing north America.

Chapter 13 Vocabulary

DIRECTIONS: Define Each Term, Each Term MUST HAVE 2-3 SENTENCES EACH. Include as many of the following elements in your definitions: EXPLAIN the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY.

1. “Popery”2. Fronde3. Cardinal Richelieu4. Roundheads5. Jacques Benique Bossuet6. Puritans7. Jansenists8. Mercantilism9. Cardinal Mazarin10.Jean Colbert11.“Glorious Revolution”12.Petition of Right13.Long Parliament

14.New Model Army15.War of Devolution

CHAPTER 13 REVIEW QUESTIONS (FRQ’S) FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS: Read and answer all aspects of each review question(s) listed below. Each question’s answer MUST HAVE 6 – 8 SENTENCES EACH. Include as many of the following elements in your answers: EXPLAIN the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY. Treat each review question as a short answer essay (FRQ).

1. Why did England and France develop differently in the 17th century? How did the personalities of their rulers affect each nation’s political institutions?

-

2. Why did the English king and Parliament quarrel in the 1640’s? Was king or Parliament more to blame? What role did religion play in the conflict?

-

3. What was the Glorious Revolution and why did it take place? What kind of settlement emerged from the revolution?

-

4. How did absolutism develop in France? What policies of Henry IV and Louis XIII were essential in creating absolute monarchy?

-

5. Why How did Louis XIV consolidate his monarchy? What limits were their on his authority? What was Louis’s religious policy?

-

6. What were the aims of Louis XIV’s foreign policy? Were they realistic? To what extent did he initiate wars and to what extent did he react to events outside France?

-