AP Euro Notes Chapter 11

7/27/2019 AP Euro Notes Chapter 11

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Unit 2 Chapter 11 1/XXIChapter 11: The Age of Reformation Notes

The Reformation Elsewhere

Switzerland & France, almost simultaneous church reform movements

w/Germany, developed new churches

Cantons States

1. Varied religions (Catholic, Protestant) Two main preconditions of Swiss Reformation

1. Growth of national sentiment w/popular opposition to foreign mercenary

service2. Desire for church reform that had persisted in Switz since councils of

Constance (1414-1417)

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) leader of Swiss Reform

1. Credited Erasmus over Luther

2. Opposed sale of indulgences and religious superstitions

3. Petition for an end to religious celibacy (not marrying) and right for clergyto marry legally

4. Whatever lacked literal support in Scripture was to be neither believednor practiced.

Philip of Hesse (1504-1567) wanted to unite Swiss & German Protestants in

mutual defense pact

1. Marburg Colloquy (October 1529) Luther and Zwingli

2. Did not work well, two separate defense leagues created

Swiss Civil War Division between Protestant and Catholic

1. Protestant victory at Kappel (June 1529) forced Catholic states to break

from foreign alliances and recognize rights of Swiss Protestants

2. Zwingli wounded during battle & executed3. Treaty signed each canton had right to decide religion

4. Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) Zwinglis protg, new leader of SwissReformation, eventually merged w/Calvinism.

Anabaptists rejected infant baptism, only adult baptism, Greek for rebaptize

1. Luther & Zwingli retained infant baptism

2. Anabaptists extremely radical & individualistic

3. Conrad Grebel (1498-1526) started Anabaptism

Performed 1st adult rebaptism in Zurich, January 1525

4. Zwingli supported city government request for peaceful, gradual removal

of resented traditional religious practices opposite of Anabaptism rushfor perfection

5. Schleitheim Confession (1527) distinguished Anabaptists by pacifism

(rejection of war), refusal to swear oaths, non-participation in offices ofsecular government

6. Political officials saw the differences as a threat to social bonds, and

sedition (treason, agitation)

7. Anabaptists from all social classes mostly rural, agrarian class8. Rebaptism a capital offense in HRE (1529)

AP European History -MMX- Rev. B


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Unit 2 Chapter 11 2/XXI Munster, Germany (1534-1535) Anabaptist extremists take control

1. Jan Matthys of Haarlem & Jan Beukelsz of Leiden2. Forced Lutherans and Catholics to convert or emigrate

3. City blockaded by armies

4. Munster transformed into an Old Testament theocracy, full of charismaticleaders and polygamy (multiple marriages)

5. Protestant & Catholics retaliate6. Menno Simons (1496-1561) founder of Mennonites

Spiritualists isolated individuals, hated external, institutional religion, only

religious authority was the Spirit of God.

Antitrinitarians common sense, rational and ethical religion, opponents of

Calvinism, believed in original sin and predestination, defenders of religious

toleration

John Calvin (1509-1564) founder of Calvinism

Reform in Geneva revolted against resident prince-bishop in late 1520s, city

council took away his legal & political powers in 1527

1. May 21, 1536 city voted to adopt the Reformation

2. CalvinsInstitutes of the Christian Religion theological statement of theProtestant faith

Strasbourg model Genevan Church: 4 offices

1. 5 Pastors

2. Teachers and doctors

3. 12 elder laypeople

4. Deacons

True believers predestination is in the hands of God only

Geneva home to many exiled Protestants driven out France, England, and

Scotland (1555)

1. Europes only free city2. woman paradise

The Diet of Augsburg Charles V (1530)

1. Ordered all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism

2. Augsburg Confession Protestant beliefs triggered by the emperor atDiet of Augsburg

3. Luthers Schmalkaldic Articles Protestant confessions

4. HRE in war w/France and Turks

Reformation Elsewhere

1. Germany

Formed regional consistories, judicial bodies composed of

theologians & lawyers Educational reforms schools for girls

2. Denmark King Christian II (r. 1513-1523) Official state religion

3. Sweden King Gustavus Vasa (r. 1523-1560)

Supported by Swedish nobility

Embraced Lutheranism

Confiscated church property

Subjected clergy to royal authority at the Diet of Vesteras (1527)



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Unit 2 Chapter 11 3/XXI4. Poland

Lutherans, Anabaptists, Calvinists, Antitrinitarians

No central political authority

Model for religious pluralism and toleration (1550)

Reaction Against Protestants Charles V made efforts to make compromise

between Protestants and Catholics

1. Imperial armies destroyed Protestant Schmalkaldic League, captured JohnFrederick of Saxony & Philip of Hesse

2. Imperial law Protestants everywhere readopt old Catholic beliefs &

practices

3. Protestant leaders went into exile

The Peace of Augsburg

1. Maurice of Saxony switched to Lutherans

2. The Peace of Passau (August 1552) Charles V gave Lutherans religious

freedoms

3. The Peace of Augsburg (September 1555) division of Christendompermanent, established that the ruler of the land would determine its

religion4. The Peace of Augsburg didnt reach Calvinism and Anabaptism officially

& legally

5. Calvinists remained to try to secure rights to practice religion freely

6. Anabaptists backed off

The English Reformation Edward I (r. 1272-1307) rejected Pope Boniface VIII

1. Prevent secular tax of clergy

2. Rome rejected papal appointments in England3. William Tyndale (ca. 1492-1536)

Translated New Testament into English in Germany

4. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (ca. 1475-1530) Chief minister of King Henry

VIII (r. 1509-1547) & Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) Royal opposition to incipient English Protestantism

King Henry VIII defended the seven sacraments against Luther

Henry and Catherine of Aragon

1. Married Anne Boleyn (January 1533)

2. Wosley failed to secure 1st annulment

The Reformation Parliament

1. Passed legislations that placed rules on clergy2. Whenever fundamental changes are made in religion, the monarch must

consult with and work through Parliament

3. Henry made head of church (January 1531)

4. Published grievances against church (1532)5. Submission of the Clergy (1532) placed canon law under royal control

and the clergy under royal jurisdiction

6. Ended all payments by English clergy and laity to Rome & gave Henryjurisdiction over ecclesiastical appointments

7. The Act of Succession (1534) Anne Boleyns children legit heirs to

throne



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Unit 2 Chapter 11 4/XXI8. Act of Supremacy - Declared Henry the only supreme head in earth of

the Church of England

9. Thomas More and John Fisher executed for refusing to accept the Act of

Supremacy and Succession

Wives of Henry VIII

1. Anne Boleyn executed for treason and adultery

2. Boleyns daughter Elizabeth declared illegitimate by Henry3. 3rd wife Jane Seymour (d. 1537) after giving birth to Edward VI

4. 4th wife Anne of Cleves5. 5th wife Catherine Howard beheaded for adultery in 1542

6. 6th wife Catherine Parr humanist and reformer

Henrys Religious Conservatism

1. 10 Articles of 1536 made mild concessions to Protestant tenets

2. Forbade English clergy to marry

3. 6 Articles of 1539 reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharisticcup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private

Masses, ordered the continuation of oral confession

4. Henry died 1547, succeeded by Edward VI (10 years old) Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

1. Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset (1547-1550)2. Henrys 6 Articles repealed, clerical marriage and communion with cup

sanctioned

3. Chantries places for dead dissolved4. The Act of Uniformity (Book of Common Prayer, Thomas Cranmer

imposed on all English churches)

5. Images and altars removed from churches (1550)6. The Second act of Uniformity (1552) revisedBook of Common Prayer

and imposed on all English churches

Moderate Protestant doctrine

Justification by faith and supremacy of Holy Scripture, denied

transubstantiation, only two sacraments

Mary I (1553-1558) restored Catholic doctrine

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) lasting religious settlement

Catholic Reform

1. Popes in 1500s tried to change laws and institutions of church

2. The Theatines (1524) groom devout and reform-minded leaders at

higher levels of church hierarchy3. Bishop Gian Pietro Carafa (Pope Paul IV, r.1555-1559)

4. Opposite of Capuchins

5. Return to the original ideals of Saint Francis, more popular among theordinary people

6. The Somaschi and the Barnabites (1520-1530) repaired the moral,

spiritual, and physical damage to the people in post-war Italy7. Ursulines (1535) Italy & France, religious education of girls for all

social classes

8. Oratorians (1575) clerics promoted religious literature and church music

The Jesuits (1540) Organized by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)



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Unit 2 Chapter 11 5/XXI1. 15,000 members spread throughout the world2. Ignatius wrote the Spiritual Exercises mental & emotional exercises to

teach absolute spiritual self-mastery over feelings and shape behavior,

create new religious self with study and practice

3. Perfect discipline and self-control essential to obedience4. Enthusiasm and mysticism, loyalty to church

5. Helped counter the Reformation

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

1. Charles V forced Pope Paul III (r.1534-1549) to call general council toreassert church doctrine

Caspar Contarini (1483-1542, chair, leading liberal theologian)

Contarini critical of fiscal practices and simony of papal Curia2. Council finally met in the imperial city of Trent, N. Italy (1545)

3 sessions over 18 years

1545-1547, 1551-1552, 1562-1563 (4 popes)

Trent strictly under popes control with high Italian prelates

Limited voting to high clergy

More than of council fathers were Italian Internal church discipline

Curtail selling of church offices and religious goods

Clergy in Europe had specific requirements

Seminary in every diocese to train priests

3. Traditional Scholastic education

Clergy

Salvation and good works

Tradition

Seven sacraments

Transubstantiation

Withholding the Eucharistic cup from laity

Clerical celibacy

Purgatory

Veneration of saints, relics, and sacred images

Indulgences4. Favored Saint Thomas Aquinas more church authority

Jansenists medieval Augustinian tradition

5. New Legislation takes hold over time, parish life revived under better

trained clergy

Social Significance

Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist work within reigning political

Scholars believe reformers were cautious and changed late medieval society

very little and encouraged acceptance of sociopolitical status quo

Protestant cities had clergy and religion everywhere

1. Threats of excommunication2. Monastaries and nunneries were influential



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Unit 2 Chapter 11 6/XXI3. Saints were displayed everywhere4. Clergy exempt from taxation

5. Rich got richer, poor got poorer

6. Clergy decreased in number, holidays shrank

7. Clergy allowed to marry

Education

1. Protestant reformers in Germany, France, and England were humanists2. Opposition to Scholasticism, believed in unity of wisdom

3. Spiritual Exercises to be read under authoritative scholastic theologians

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) The praeceptor of Germany

1. Reform curriculum on the humanist model at University of Wittenberg

Literary Imagination in Transition religious values debated, embraced, and

rejected

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) Rejection of Idealism

1. Catholic teachings

2. Aggressive piety of Spanish rulers3. Novels and plays

Heroic Honor and reputation

4. Strengths and weaknesses of traditional religious idealism

5. Self educated

6. Don Quixote

Knight to prove himself worthy

William Shakespeare Dramatist and playwright

1. Politics and government

2. The Kings Men3. Thomas Kyd & Christopher Marlowe

4. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo & Juliet

5. Universal human themes


Documents

AP Euro Notes Chapter 11