The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

Overview of Various Themes from the Year 500 to c. 1850s

“Throughout European history, the cultural tastes of one age have often seemed unsatisfactory to the next”

Middle Ages (500-1500)Background: Climate Change (Little Ice Age) leads to Great Famine/ “Seven Lean

Years” (1315- 1322) The Social Consequences: abandonment of homesteads, entire villages of Low Countries

and Scottish-English border lands were abandoned as well leading to overwhelming amounts of Vagabonds, some sought out work in towns thus postponing marriages, leads to population decline (Famine, Disease, Decline of Offspring)

Blamed/ focused their anger on the Rich, Speculations, and the Jewish population (Money Lenders)

Poisoning the Wells- a plot by the Jewish and their agents (lepers) to kill the Christians

Trade internally and externally ruined, decline in wool (England’s sheep catch infection 1318) thus Flemish/Italian/Hanseatic weavers cannot work (thousands laid off) Unemployment turns people to crime GOVERNMENT CANNOT HELP

Quick Summary: Black Death, Hundred Years War (England/France <Joan of Arc>), Challenges to the Church (Great Schism, Babylonian Captivity, Execution of Jan Hus)

Money and society had been organized for war and men of wealth spent their money on military gear

ART STYLESHumanism

-Themes: Feudalism, Roman Catholic Church, Crusades, Battle of the Hastings-Characteristics: Elicits fear, Guilt, Piety-Areas of Influence: Italy, Constantinople, Roman Catholic Church, Monasteries-Description: Religious, Iconic, Monasteries

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

ARCHITECTURE STYLESROMANESQUE (11TH AND 12TH CENTURY) «   NORMAN   » IN ENGLAND

Influenced: Byzantine Empire Architecture, plus modern techniques, first influential style after the fall of the Roman Empire, “from Rome” (coined long after) because of the similarities,

Technique: Roman barrel vault and Roman Arch -Characterized: semi-circular arches, proportioned, order, “solid/robust”, vaults (key

difference between Greek, they did not use arches and vaults) Strong sense of Portion and Order

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

(St. Vitale, Italy) Charlemagne's palace complex influenced the architecture of much of Western Europe, leading to the development of the Romanesque style.

Charlemagne- middle ages, 1st ruler to reunite W. Europe since Roman EmpireContext- During a time of increasing religious fervor, noticeable rise in the tradition of

pilgrimages to the shrines of patron saints. To accommodate these pilgrims, churches became larger, and tended to be cross-like in shape, allowing more people to view sacred relics put on display in the centre of the two arms of the cross

GOTHIC (13 TH -16 TH CENTURY) Influenced by: Romanesque art, compared to the Germanic groups (two groups

Visigoths/Ostogoths). These people were the key to the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which leads to the emergence of Medieval Europe,

Early Gothic High Gothic International Gothic-Themes: Focus on God and his glorification, End of the Religious Crusades,

PRIMARILY A FORM OF PUBLIC CHRISTIAN ART EXCLUSIVELYTwo main forms: Rayonnant Gothic Architecture (c.1200-1350) and the later

Flamboyant Gothic Architecture-Characteristics: Flying Buttress, Dark Monastic Buildings, Pointed arches-Areas of Influence: Developed in France, then spread throughout Europe-Description: Dark (light?), Detailed, Perpendicular architecture, Spacious

(created airy structures that aided in making high structures with proper light)Best Example: Notre Dame

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

Italian Renaissance (14 th -16 th Century) The period is a revolution and rebirth in a way of thinking in the southern half of Europe,

while the northern half condemned itself to war. Patrician Merchants, Popes/Clergy, Bankers, and Princes spent fortunes to patron these

arts to depict their wealth (individuals instead of corporate groups, printing press 1448, families such as the de’Medici ménage rise to power (merchants/popes) as do the Strozzi (banking) -> PATRONAGE IS POWER (glorify themselves and their families) patrons varied from ordering specific subjects to overseeing the work of the artists of architect very closely even suggesting themes and styles and giving criticism demanding changes while the work was in progress

Money was more focused for embellished necessities such as food, and for luxuries like gold dishes, embroidered tablecloths, wall tapestries, new paintings on canvas, jewelry, slaves, and sculptures to adorn their homes

-Took place in areas-Themes: Individualism, Worldly Experiences-Characteristics: Classicism, Perspective, Human Figures, Myths-Areas of Influence: Venice, Florence, Rome-Artists: Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, Bellini, Brunelleschi-Description: “Man is the measure” secular individual

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

Northern Renaissance (14 th -16 th ) *CAME MUCH LATER* -Themes: Salvation, Religious piety-Characteristics: Movable (triptych), produced copies by the printing

press, family members of the patron in religious settings-Areas of Influence: Flanders, Netherlands, basically Eastern Europe, -Artists: Durer, Bosch, Van Eyck, Brueghel, Grunewald, Holbein-Description: Religious, Christian Humanism HUGE emphasis on Daily,

Peasant life, usually showed peasants carrying out pious simple life,-Example: Peter Brugal “Haymaking”

protorenissanice

Purpose of Humanism

More dignified and worthy humans, explore the capability of people sort of secular

Openly rebellious about the individuals leading the church, individualize became “smarter than the church,

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

classical traditions, reform the church, perfect the church

Art Subjects

Paintings, deities, for wealthy and powerful people, painted them with the historical scenes, anatomy, classical g-r,

Carved wood, marble, gum, sculptures, people, secular, simpler portraits, regular people, ex. Innocent greed,

Artistic Styles

Greco-Roman, (arches and pillars, religious drawings, both mono and polytheistic) anatomy, portion, perspective, distorted anatomical proportions, boldness, muscles, prefect body

HOW REAL DOES THIS LOOK!?! More gothic looking, medieval seeming, detailed and brighter, as real as you can get it

Oil Based or Fresco

Perfect for this kind, Pieter Brughal

(ITALIAN RENISSANCE)

The terrain isn’t good for this kind of art

(NORTHERN RENISSANCE)

Baroque (1545-1715) protestant reformation“odd-shaped, imperfect pearl”, Marked as one of the HIGH points of the Western

Culture, desire of the Catholic Church in Rome (as annunciated at the Council of Trent, 1545-63) to reassert itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation, Catholic Emperors and monarchs across Europe had an important stake in the Catholic Church's success, hence a large number of architectural designs, paintings and sculptures were commissioned by the Royal Courts of Spain, France, and elsewhere, Holland had far less religious content, and instead was designed essentially to appeal to the growing aspirations of the merchant and middle classes.

tenebrism (dark shadows, drastic difference between dark and light), chiaroscuro ( 3 Dimensional), imparto (thick)

Religious Grandeur, Greater Realism, Easle Art, -Themes: “Return” to the Catholic Church and the power of monarchs, Council of Trent,

Monarch, forced nature of Mannerism, REFLECTED THE RELIGIOUS TENSIONS OF THE AGE,

-Characteristics: Mystery, Dramatization, Bold (and BIG!), SPECTACLES and ILLUSIONS

-Areas of Influence: Spain, Rome, Middleclass Dutch-Artists: Caravaggio, Bernini, Bruegel, Bosch, Velasquez-Description: …“Attractive” Catholic Reformation, overblown, unbalanced stylePALACE OF VERSILLES

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

Rococo “Late Baroque” (1720-1780 ) Enlightenment Race is created thought about, science revolution (great progression Andrea Vesali

anatomy, and other progressions in Medicine, and Chemistry. And some not so great ones by others…cough*Isaac Newton*cough), philosophes, salons, public sphere Paris is the hub, “I think therefore I am”, Realization that people from all over have different religious views, Montesquieu- checks and balances, Psychology- John Locke (tabula rasa) Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan), new ruling styles such as Enlightened Absolutism, HASKALAH (Jewish enlightenment)-Themes: Extravagance, Wealth-Characteristics: Appeal to royals and nobles, Light, Ornate interiors, Soft pastels, Sentimental-Areas of Influence: France, Austria, Versailles-Artist: Fragonard, Boucher, Watteau-Description: Frivolous, Ornate, Self-Indulgence, Starry Eyed Lovers, Hovering Cupids

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

Neoclassicism (18 th Century) enlightenment Inspiration is drawn from the Classical eras, people like Raphael act as a conduit for a

renewed interest in harmony, simplicity, and proportion, an interest that gained momentum as the new science of archaeology brought forth spectacular remnants of a buried world of great beauty.-Themes: Return to Classical Antiquity, Reviving Lost Civilizations, PAINTING HISTORY-Characteristics: Formal, Imperial style, imitation of Greek and Roman Art, WEIGHTLESSNESS-Areas of Influence: France (Napoleon), Classical stories-Artists: David, Ingres

-Description: Napoleon, Greece/Roman Imperial, self-sacrifice, devotion to duty, honesty, and stoic austerity.

Romanticism (1780-1848) industrial revolution-Theme: Emotion, Passion, Revolution-Characteristics: Passionate, Dark color, Return to Nature-Areas of Influence: France, England, Spain-Artists: Goya, Constable, Delacroix, Turner, Géricault

The Humanities of Europe c. 500- 1850 Lexie Funderlich Pd. 1 Mr. Hill

-Description: Emotional, Loss of Youth, Mysterious, Passion