Liberalism

Born of the Enlightenment with it's emphases onliberty. Liberals supported parliaments,

constitutions, toleration, Adam Smith economicsand opposed war since it disrupted business.

Liberals did not support democracy out ofconcern that the common people gain too much

power.

Nationalsim

Begins with cultural unity and turns into political reality aspatriots seek to defend their cultural identity. Early

nationalism was largely an anti-French sentiment as nationsunified in opposition to Napoleon. Nationalism was taken for

granted in Spain, Britain and France but in Italy and theGermanies and Austria, nationalism would have to be

taught to the people by intellectuals.

George Hegel

German philosopher who believed that history wasevolutionary. He compared history to the turning of that

pages in a book with today's history being the sum total ofall previous history. Change in history was explained in his"Dialectic." He explains that there are three ingredients to

the people by intellectuals. Thesis, Antithesis, andSynthesis.

ThesisOne component of George Hegel's ideasillustrated in his "Dialectic." It explains the

present set of circumstances.

Antithesis

One component of George Hegel's ideasillustrated in his "Dialectic." An opposite state ofaffairs that exists in the same time and space asthe thesis. The result is conflict that will result in

change.

Synthesis

One component of George Hegel's ideasillustrated in his "Dialectic." The result of the

struggle between thesis and antithesis results inchange. It can be positive or negative, productive

or destructive.

French Utopian Socialism

Believed in planned economics and the equalopportunity for all citizens. They sought to reducethe gap between the very rich and the very poor.

Private property should be abolished.

Saint Simon

Believed that a planned economy would bring improvedconditions for the poor. Believed that great public workswould end unemployment. Sought a "great captain of

industry" to lead their economic dream. Later, they wouldsee Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as their great captain as heredesigned the city of Paris and oversaw the digging of the

Suez Canal.

Louis Blanc

Believed the state should set up government-backedworkshops and factories to guarantee employment. Hischace came to put his theories to work in the provisional

government following the revolution of 1848 only to find thatthe workshops competed directly with private industry andwere therefore unworkable. His workshop idea did attractthe most desperate elements of French society to Paris.

Frederick Engles Prussian socialist who wrote "On the Condition ofthe Working Class in England."

Romanticism

The opposite of reason. Loves the classifiableand mysterious. Depends more on emotions

than reason. Desires the unattainable. Stressesindividualism and condemns materialism. Sees

nature as a source of inspiration and sees historyas the key to understanding the universe.

Romantic Music

Rejects well-defined structure in an effort to findmaximum range and emotional intensity.

Romantic composers include List andBeethoven.

Tory Party Favored the British Aristocracy and opposedliberalism. Dominated the House of Common.

Corn Laws

After 1815, plentiful and cheap grain was againavailable from the continent. The House of

Commons passed the Corn Law prohibiting theimportation of continental grain in order to keep

prices high for their own benefit.

Whig PartyMore a party of the peoe/ Opposed consevaticeprograms like the Corn Laws and called for the

reform of parliament.

English Reform Both Whigs and Tories supported reform inmining and industry.

The Ten Hours Act (1847) Limited the workday for women and youngpeople to ten hours.

Irish Potato Famine

Crop failures in 1846, 1848 and 1851 resulted inthe deaths of over a million Irish citizens. Manyemigrated to America. The famine finally forced

an end to the Corn Laws.

The French Revolution of 1830

Charles I, who succeeded Louis XVIII, revokedthe Constitutional Charter of 1814 which had

protected the people against royal absolutism.Barricades go up in the streets of Paris and

Charles X flees to England. He will be replacedby King Louis Phillip who does little more thanprotect the right of the rich upper middle class.

The French Revolution of 1848

The refusal of Louis Phillips to enact electoral reform led tothe erection of barricades in Paris Feb. of 1848. Louis

Phillipe fled to Britain and a provisional government was setup to form a republic. Louis Blanc attempted to set up his

workshop idea but succeeded in attracting the mostdesperate elements to the city of Paris. Class warfare

breaks out in June.

The Bloody June DaysJune 24-26, 1848. Class warfare breaks out in

Paris resulting in the deaths of 10,000. The revoltis put down by the national guard.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Nephew of Napoleon I and candidate forpresident in 1848. Wins by a large number dueto name recognition. A socialist who believedthat the government was responsible for the

welfare of the people. Dedicated to strengtheningthe economy of France.

Revolution in Austria (1848)

Barricades go up in March in Vienna. Liberals demand aconstitution. Metternich flees to Britain but the king stays inthe city and promises a constitution and other reforms. The

army finally comes out in support of the king and therevolution is crushed. Hungary gains greater autonomy. Thevarious national minorities, especially the Slavic minorities,

choose not to disintegrate the empire (Austro-Slavism).

Francis Joseph

Barely 18 years old, is named the emperor ofAustria with the intention of breaking the

promises made by Ferdinand under pressure ofthe barricades of the revolution.

The Revolution in Prussia (1848)

Barricades in the streets of Berlin prompt thePrussian king to promise reformed and a

constitution. The revolution fails almost as soonas it had started.

The Frankfurt Assembly

Liberal Germans meet to design a united Germany. Theyhad no authority to do so and were made up of mostlyintellectuals and businessmen. The Prussian army wasrequested to provide security for the assembly. Great

debate over the definition of Germany. Austria withdrawsfrom the assembly offers the crown of the new Germany to

Frederick William of Prussia who rejects it as "a crownoffered from the gutter."

Industry and the Growth of Cities

Congestion, filth, and disease were urbanconditions that existed even before the IndustrialRevolution. Lack of transportation and sanitary

codes contributed to the problem.

Jeremy Bentham

English socialist who promoted the idea thatproviding the greatest good for the greatestnumber was the key to the improvement of

society.

Chadwick Promoted the idea of running water and sewersto cleanse the filth from the cities.

Louis PasteurIdentified germs as the cause of disease and thisrealization led to the development of vaccines to

control disease.

Joseph Lister Developed the concept that wounds should besterilized using antiseptics. Creator of Listerine.

Mortality Rates Declined rapidly due to the work of Lister andPasteur.

Urban Planning

Improved living condition by opening up the cityand providing parks, street lighting, and clearingout slums. Broad straight boulevards opened up

and connected with city centers. Sewers andaqueducts were improved. Street cars allowedworkers to live away from the city center this

reducing crowding.

"Romantic Love"

Finally triumphs over economic considerations inthe working classes while economic

considerations remained important to the middleclass. Divorce still rare.

Role of Women

Less work outside the home as women becamefull-time mothers and homemakers. Women

were excluded from good jobs and were legallyinferior. Wives had no legal identity. Women

were excluded from the professions and kept outof universities.

Women/home

Control of domestic affairs actually increased.Women controlled the household, money, and

made all major domestic decisions. Strongemotional ties between mothers and children,

husbands and wives developed.

Child RearingMore breast feeding, less abandonment, greater

emotional ties. Fathers very demanding andstern.

Decline in birthrateIntended to insure that each child could havemore advantages. A conscious choice never

anticipated by Thomas Malthus.

Parental Controls

Parents believed that their own emotional traitswere passed on to their children and therefore

felt responsible for any abnormality in theirchildren. Parents strictly guided their childrens

behavior.

Practical ScienceTheoretical discoveries led to practical benefits in

areas like chemistry and electricity. Scientificachievements led to increased faith in progress.

Social Science The scientific study of society. Intended todetermine the general laws of society.

Auguste Comte Identified the final stage of knowledge to bescience or Positive Method.

PositivismThe theory that scientists could design a

harmonic and disciplined society along scientificlines and ruled by experts.

EvolutionNot a new idea. Long accepted as the way all

things develop: small changes as dictated by thenew changing environment.

Charles Darwin

British scientistst who theorized that allorganisms change over time in response toNatural Selection which happens thought astruggle that allows only the Survival of the

Fittest.

Social Darwanism

The application of "Natural Selection" to humanaffairs. Only the fittest survive and shouldsucceed. This applies to business, sports,

culture.

RealismReplaces romanticism with the cold, harsh viewthat heredity and environment determine human

behavior. Science in all areas is exalted.

The Constitutional Charter of 1814Designed to protect the French from royal

absolutism and aristocratic privilege. Louis XVIIIagreed to constitutional monarchy.