AP European History 1450-2001

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AP European History1450-2001




are needed to see this picture. We will cover:I. Intellectual & Cultural History

Literature & ArtReligionSecualrizationIsmsElite vs. popular culture

II. Political & Diplomatic History

The Modern Nation-StateEurope & the wider worldMass politicsReforms & revolutions

III. Social & Economic History

UrbanizationSocial classesIndustrializationGlobalization











-The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300-1450

-European Society in the Age of the Renaissance, 1350-1550

-Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500-1600

-European Exploration and Conquest, 1450-1650

-Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe (ca 1589-1715)

-Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe to 1740

-Toward a New World-view, 1540-1789

-The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century

-The Changing Life of the People-The Revolution in Politics, 1775-1815

In The Following Time Periods:

-The Revolution in Energy and Industry (ca. 1780-1860)

-Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815-1850

-Life in the Emerging Urban Society in the Nineteenth Century

-The Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914-The West and the World, 1815-

1914-The Great Break: War and

Revolution, 1914-1919-The Age of Anxiety (ca. 1900-1940)-Dictatorships and the Second World

War, 1919-1945-Cold War Conflicts and Social- Revolution, Rebuilding, and New

Challenges: 1985 to the Present

TimeEpochs:

Prehistory - before 3500 BC Ancient Age - 3500 BC -500 BC Classical Age - 500 BC - 500 AD Middle Ages - 500 AD - 1500 AD Modern Age - 1500 AD - Now

Century labeling1-99AD= 1st century100-199= 2nd century…14th century=1300s15C = 1400s, etc.



Europe in the Late Middle Ages

up to 1450

I. Prelude to DisasterA. Little Ice Age- 1300-1450

- Europe colder, wetter, crops ruined

B. Great Famine- 1315-1322- disease, higher prices, deaths

C. Typhoid Fever Outbreak- 1316- deaths of people, livestock

D. Results: abandonment of villages, more homeless, widening gap in farming classes

E. Government Answers ?1. France- 1314-1328- no speculation, no export of

grain, Jews blamed and punished- hard to enforce2. England- Edward II- 1307-1327- Parliament set

price controls, no speculation, attempt to import grain- hard to enforce, black market runs rampant

II. THE BLACK DEATH- 1347-1350A. Pathology- boil (bubo) on glands- neck, armpit, thigh,

then black splotches, then spit blood, then dieB. Spread

1331- China1340s Black Sea (maybe the Mongols brought it), Oct 1347- Messina, then Sicily, then Italy, then Europe

C. Causes- overcrowding, rats, fleas, poor sanitation, etc.D. Care- no cure- bloodletting, strong herbs, noises,

homemade medicine, cryptograms (letter & number combinations), religious zeal, flagellants, blame the Jews

E. Effects- kills 1/3 of Europe’s pop., breakdown of gov’t, church authority, cures overpopulation, inflation

III. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)A. Background:

1. 1259- Treaty of Paris- English king is French vassal for Aquitaine

2. 1328- French king dies w/ no heir, Edward III (E) king claims French crown over Philip IV

3. Flanders- home of wool trade- French duchy, but English wool

B. War to 14291. French support Scottish raids into England2. Battle of Crecy 1346- English longbows and cannon3. Poitiers 1356- French king captured, ransomed4. Agincourt 1415- Henry V (E) wins outnumbered 10:1

C. End of War1. Orleans 1429- Joan of Arc shows up, English withdraw,

Charles VII crowned2. Joan captured, sold to English, burned @ stake in 14313. English pressure on king forces him to withdraw- 1453

D. Consequences1. France destroyed, heavy taxes,

trade problems, no national assembly

2. England- breakdown of order, taxes on wool, heavy losses, Parliament gains power

3. Cannon = nationalism







IV. Church Instability

A. Babylonian Captivity 1309-1376- Popes live in France- Rome suffers, Popes in luxury

B. Pope Gregory XI brings court to Rome, dies

C. Urban VI (1378-1389)- Italian, forces reform

D. cardinals meet, excommunicate Urban, elect Clement VII who sets up in France

E. Great Schism- 2 popes until 1417



F. Seeds of the Reformation1. Conciliarists- reform with representative

assemblies, constitutional monarchy church2. Confraternities- groups of laypeople

a) Imitation of Christ- Thomas Kempis- Christ as example, simple living, Scriptural guidance

3. Marsiglio of Padua- Defensor Pacis (1324)-a) Church subordinate to state, no jurisdiction, no

propertyb) Authority in general council of laymen & priests

4. John Wyclif and the Lollards- 1330-1384a) Only Bible source for belief, read it themselves, church

no property, women can preach

5. Jan Hus- 1369-1415a) Preached in Czech, no indulgences, Lollardry,

everyone receives bread & wine @ Eucharistb) Hus arrested, tried, burned, nobles rejected decision





G. End of Schism (?)

1. 1409- Council @ Pisa- of both colleges of cardinals meet, depose both Popes, elect a new one, nobody resigns= threefold schism

2. Council of Constance-1414-1418- called by German emperor

a) End schism- depose all 3, pick Martin Vb) End heresy- kill Husc) Reform church

3. Martin V (1417-1431)a. Dissolve council, no reform of church practices,

concentrates on Italy

V. Popular RevoltsA. Peasant Revolts

1. Flanders- 1323- peasants unhappy with French taxes, burn castles- crushed by French army

2. France- 1358- Jacquerie (unhappy peasants) after plague, famine, taxes revolt, killing nobles- nobles unite, put down revolt

3. England- 1381- social immobility+ raids from France+ John Ball+ insert problem here= revolt, Wat Tyler & leaders tricked by Richard II, killed, BUT serfdom disappears slowly

B. Urban Revolts1. Florence- 1378- ciompi- propertyless workers2. Seville, Barcelona, Lubeck, Brunswick, etc.

C. Guild-driven unrest1. Guilds limit production, some people want to expand

production2. Some limit membership, journeymen form secret, illegal

guilds3. Women were slowly excluded as membership became

fraternity ad honor-based

VI. Vernacular (national language) Literature

A. Dante Alighieri- Divine Comedy (1310)- in Italian, about contemporary themes, Hell, Purgatory, Paradise

B. Giovanni Boccaccio- the Decameron (1353)- People esaping the plague tell stories about real life

C. Geoffrey Chaucer- Canterbury Tales (1387)- collection of stories told on a pilgrimage- shows regular people and emotions

D. Rise in lay literacy- regular people can read

VI. Other stuff

A. Fur-collar crime- knights and nobles rob and extort poor, kidnap rich- no money after 100 yrs war- leads to popularity of Robin Hood

B. Ethnic tensions1. Legal issues- people were subject to laws of where

they came2. Ireland (owned by UK) are “unfree”- no rights,

Statute of Kilkenny (1366) attempt to abolish Irish culture

3. Same for Slavs, Mudejars, etc. for different countries

4. Led to emphasis on blood- not language, customs, etc.











Documents

AP European History 1450-2001