AP Exam Review C

Ms. RamosAlta Loma High School

Gilded Age

IndustrialismPolitics

Urbanization

1875 1925• Largely rural• No electricity, telephones,

etc.• Immigration largely

German, Irish and English• Railroads dominated

industry• Beginning of unionism• Little mass entertainment• Few suburbs: most people

lived in cities Nearly all educated professionals WASPs laissez faire beliefs

• large number of black male voters women did not vote

• years of great unrest: 1877, 1886

• Largely urban• Electricity• ―New Immigration‖ –E. & S.

Europe• Finance capitalists dominated;

automobiles• Wall Street dominated world

banking Large-scale unionism and political influence Mass entertainment

• Middle & Upper class lived in suburbs More diversity among professionals progressivism (esp. in city and state govt‘s) few black male voters

• full suffrage• great unrest: 1919

Causes of 2 nd Industrial Revolution

• Republican Agenda of Civil War– Abolitionism

– Pacific Railway Act (most important cause for industrial growth)

– Homestead Act– Morrill Tariff

– Morrill Land Grant Act– National Banking Act

Industrialization

• By 1890s, U.S. became the most powerful economy in the world

• 2nd Industrialization characterized by: railroads, oil, steel, electricity, and banking (ROSE)

• Railroad industry stimulated other industries: steel, coal, oil, finance, etc.

• Creation of trusts• Gospel of Wealth & Carnegie• Herbert Spencer &Social Darwinism• Horatio Alger & rags to riches.‖• Government Regulation

Impact of the 2nd Industrial Revolution on Society

• ROSE: Railroad, Oil, Steel, Electricity• Urbanization– New Immigrants from

southern and eastern Europe • Corruption in politics • Social Darwinism & Social Gospel• Rise of union movement• Increase of socialism popularity• Populist Movement

Gilded Age Politics

• Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction • Corruption• Reformers • Major Issues

– 1870s: money issue

– 1880s: Tariff issue – 1890s: money issue

• Depressions

Culture in Industrial Age

• Literature• Critics of society• Journalism• Philosophy• Victorian middle class values

Unionization in Gilded Age1865-1900

• 3 Big Unions– National Labor Union, 1866

– Knights of Labor • cooperative socialist commonwealth • Haymarket Square Bombing

– American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Samuel Gompers• skilled workers

Unionization in Gilded Age1865-1900

• 3 Big Union Strikes– Great Railroad Strike, 1877

– Homestead Steel Strike, 1890 – Pullman Strike, 1894

– ***Anthracite coal strike,1902: T. R seeks fair settlement between owners & workers

Reaction

• Supreme Court– Lochner v. New York, 1905 – Muller v. Oregon, 1908 *** Brandeis Brief

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1913• Increased popularity of socialism among

unskilled workers • 6,000 strikes during World War I (due to

inflation)• 1919: Red Scare

Urbanization in Gilded Age

• Industrial jobs• New jobs for women• Department stores• New immigration• Revivals• Social Gospel• Skyscrapers

Impact of “New Immigration ”

• southern and eastern Europe • Political machines • Social Gospel• Settlement House Movement • Nativists• Support of large business• Viewed as a threat by organized labor

New South: Economics

• Henry Grady to challenge industrialize and modernize

• Obstacles: rural, capital, tech• Gains• Cotton Industry• Gains

New South: Politics

• AA remain at mercy of whites• Democratic party in control• Civil Rights Act of 1875 (had outlawed

segregation in public places) was overturned by the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases, 1883

• Plessy v. Ferguson • Populist party as a rival of the Democratic

party

The West

• Impact of the transcontinental railroad– Indian Wars– Dawes Severalty Act, 1887– Westward movement– 1890, Superintendent of the Census declares

there is no longer a discernable frontier line– 3 western frontiers: farming, mining, cattle

• Farm as a factory • Farmer leads to increased political activity

Farmers Become Political

• Grange• Regulation of interstate trade• Farmer’s Alliance• Populist Party

Populists Agenda

• Silver • Graduated income tax• Gov‘t ownership of railroads• Initiative, Referendum & Recall• Direct election of Senators• Extension of credit to farmers

• ***Segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans in the 1890s due to fears by white southern Democrats of African American participation in Populist politics.

Impulses for Am Imperialism

• Desire for new markets and raw materials • Expand or explode • Desire to compete with Europe for

overseas empires – Alfred Thayer Mahan

• Yellow Journalism• Desire to enforce the Monroe Doctrine

American Imperialism• Pan-Americanism • Samoan Crisis, 1889• Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895-96 • Hawaii • Spanish American War, 1898 (Splendid

Little War): US gets Hawaii, Philippines, PuertoRico, Guam– Teller Amendment– Platt Amendment

American Imperialism

• Open Door Policy (1899)• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe

Doctrine (Big Stick Policy) • Panama

– Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty– Gunboat Diplomacy

• Dollar Diplomacy: President Taft• Wilson: ―Moral Diplomacy

Relations w/ Japan

• Gentleman’s Agreement—S.F. School Board agrees to teach Japanese children; Japan agrees to reduce Japanese immigration to U.S.

• Great White Fleet, 1907

• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)—U.S. & Japan agreed to uphold Open Door in China

• Lansing Ishii Agreement (1917)—U.S. & Japan again reiterated Open Door; aimed at keeping Germans from dominating region during WWI.

PROGRESSIVE ERA1889-1920

• Socialism (anti)• Political machines

(anti)• Trusts (anti)• Child Labor (anti)• Conservation• Voting reform

• Working/living conditions Consumer protection

• Women‘s suffrage• Federal Reserve

System• Prohibition of Alcohol• Income Tax

(progressive/graduated)

Muckrakers after 1900

• Magazines: McClure‘s, Cosmopolitan, Collier‘s, Everybody‘s

• Upton Sinclair -- The Jungle• Ray Stannard Baker -- Following the Color Line

– Attacked the subjugation of America‘s 9 million blacks, & their illiteracy

• Frank Norris -- The Octopus and The Pit – Saga of the stranglehold of the railroad and corrupt politicians on

California wheat ranchers.

• Theodore Dreisler: The Financier and The Titan– Pessimistic novels focused on the economic hardships faced by

the poorest and most exploited Americans.

Progressive Movement

• society can be improved scientifically • Anti-Political machines • Political Changes

– city manager system, Australian ballot, initiative, referendum, recall, direct election of senators, direct primary

• Anti-Trusts • Living conditions • Women‘s suffrage

Progressive Movement

• Prohibition of Alcohol – Orgs, 18th Amendment, Volstead Act

• Labor reform – *** child labor laws

• Consumer protection – Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act

• Conservation

• Economic Reform • Education

Robert La Follette ’s ―Wisconsin Experiment

• Direct election of Senators• Initiative• Referendum • Recall• Gov‘t regulation of public utilities• Civil service reform• Income tax• Direct primary

Theodore Roosevelt: 3 ―Cs

• Corporations regulated– Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), Northern Securities Co.

case (1902),– Hepburn Act (1906), Dept. of Commerce and Labor,

Bureau of Corporations

• Consumer Protection– Meat Inspection Act, 1906; Pure Food and Drug Act,

1906

• Conservation– Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902; national parks

Woodrow Wilson: 3 ―Ts

• opposed to ―triple wall of privilege‖–Tariffs–Tbank monopoly–Trusts

WORLD WAR I

• America was officially neutral during much of the war

• Causes of US entry

• Wilsonian idealism was used to sell the war to Americans

• Fourteen Points

• Mobilization• Dissent

• Treaty of Versailles

WWI’s Impact on American Society

• 19th Amendment• Prohibition• Great Migration• Inflation• Red Scare• Farmers: prosperity- depression• Creditor nation• Democrat/Wilson defeat

1920s- Americanism

• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) values (strongly nativist)

• Red Scare- Palmer Raids• Anti-immigration/anti-foreignism

– Immigration laws– Sacco & Vanzetti– KKK

• Anti-modernism- Scopes Trial• Anti-wet/prohibition

1920s- Economic Boom

• Business seen almost like a religion • Ford & assembly Line• Taylorism• Buying on credit & consumerism• New industries• White collar jobs

1920s- Sexual Revolution

• Sigmund Freud • Alice Paul & ERA • Margaret Sanger• Flappers • More women working

1920s- Culture

• Jazz Age– Louis Armstrong

– Duke Ellington

• Harlem Renaissance• Marcus Garvey• Lost Generation • Icons: Charles Lindbergh, Babe Ruth

1920s- Conservative Politics

• Harding, Coolidge and Hoover • HALT: Higher tariffs, Anti-labor, Laissez

faire, Trickle-down economics • Federal gov‘t not responsible for helping

ordinary citizens (state and local gov‘tresponsibility)

• Harding scandals