government politics political participation

single-issue groups policymaking system linkage inst

policy agenda policymaking insts democracy

majority rule minority rights pluralist theory

all the activities used by citizens to influence theselection of political leaders or the policies they

pursue

the process by which we select our governmentalleaders and what policies these leaders pursue

the institutions and processes through whichpolicies are made for a society

the political channels through which people'sconcerns become political issues on the policy

agenda

the process by which policy comes into beingand evolves over time. people's interest and

concerns create political issues for governmentpolicy makers. these issues shape policy, which

in turn impacts people, generating more interests,problems, and concerns

groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislikecompromise, and often draw membership from

people new to politics

A term used to describe a political system inwhich the people are said to rule, directly orindirectly. See also Direct or participatory

democracy; Representative democracy

the branches of government charged with takingaction on political issues

the issues that attract the serious attention ofpublic officials and other people actually

involved in politics at any given time

A theory of government and politicsemphasizing that politics is mainly a competition

among groups, each one pressing for its ownpreferred policies.

a principal of traditional democratic theory thatguarantees rights to those who do not belong

a fundamental principal of traditional democratictheory. in a democracy choosing among

alternatives require that the majority's desire berespected

elite and class theory hyperpluralism policy gridlock

individualism natural rights consent of the governed

limited government shays' rebellion factions

Connecticut comp writ of habeas corpus separation of powers

a condition that occurs when no coalition isstrong enough to form a majority and establish

policty

a cynical theory of government and politicscontending that groups are so strong that

government is weakened and pluralism has gonebad

a theory of government and politics contendingthat societies are divided along class lines and

that the upper class elite will rule

the idea that government derives its authority bysanction of the people

rights inherent in human beings, no dependent ongovernments, which include life, liberty, and

property. john locke

the belief that individuals should be left on theirown by the government; a prominent belief in

American political thought

According to James Madison, a group of peoplewho seek to influence public policy in ways

contrary to the public good. (Ch. 2) ■With selected items:

A series of attacks on courthouse by a smallband of farmers led by Revolutionary WarCaptain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure

proceedings. Historians consider this the laststraw against the Articles of Confederation.

the idea that certain restrictions should be placedon government to protects the natural rights

A feature of the Constitution that requires eachof the three branches of government-executive,

legislative, and judicial-to be relativelyindependent of the others so that one cannot

control the others. From this premise, Madisondeveloped his system of checks balances setting

power against power. (Montesquieu).

A court order requiring jailers to explain to ajudge why they are holding a prisoner in

custody. Link to: executive orders, “ImperialPresidency.”

the compromise reached at the const conventionthat established two houses of congress

republic federalists anti-federalists

Federalist papers Bill of rights equal rights amendment

Marbury v madison 1803 judicial review federalism

supremacy clause 10th amendment mcCulloch v maryland, 1819

Opponents of a strong central government whocampaigned against ratification of the

Constitution in favor of a confederation oflargely independent states. Antifederalists

successfully marshaled public support for afederal bill of rights. After ratification, they

formed a political party to support states' rights.See also Federalists (Ch. 2)

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the timethe states were contemplating its adoption. A

federalist favored a strong central government.

A form of government in which the people selectrepresentatives to govern them and make laws.

a constitutional amendment passed by congressin 1972 stating that "equality of rights under thelaw shall not be denied or abridged by the US orby any state on accound of sex." the amendment

failed to acquire the necessary support fromthree-fourths of the state legislatures

The first 10 amendments to the U.S.Constitution, drafted in response to some of theAnti-Federalist concerns. These amendments

define such basic liberties as freedom of religion,speech, and press and guarantee defendants’

rights.

A collection of 85 articles written by AlexanderHamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under

the name “Publius” to defend the Constitution indetail.

A way of organizing a nation so that two or morelevels of government have formal authority over

the same land and people. It is a system ofshared power between units of government.

First asserted in the 1803 Supreme Court case,Marbury v. Madison, it is the right of the Court

to determine the constitutionality ofcongressional laws and actions of the President.

Link to: Marbury v. Madison.

Supreme Court decision that established theprinciple of judicial review

a supreme court decision that established thesupremacy of the nation gov over state govs

the powers not dlegated to the us by the constnor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to

the states respectively, or to the people

articl 6 of the constitution, which makes theconstitution, national laws, and treaties supremeover state laws when the national gov is acting

within its constitutional limits

enumerated powers implied powers elastic clause

gibbons v ogden 1824 full faith and credit clause extradition

privileges and immunities dual federalism cooperative federalism

fiscal federalism categorical grants project grants

article 1 section 8 last paragraph, authorizescongress to pass all laws necessary and proper to

carry out the enumerated powers

powers of the federal government that go beyondthose enumerated in the constituition. the

constitution states that congress has the power tomake all laws necessary and proper for carrying

into exectution. article 1

powers of the federal government that arespecifically addressed in the constitution for

congresst, article 1 section 8

a legal process whereby an alleged criminaloffender is surrendered by the officials of one

state to officials of the state in which the crime isalleged to have been committed

A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of theConstitution requiring each state to recognize theofficial documents and civil judgments rendered

by the courts of other states.

a landmark case in which the supreme courtinterpreted very broadly the elastic clause of the

constitution giving congress the power toregulate interstate commerce

a system of government in which powers andpolicty assignments are shared between states

and the national government

A system of government in which both the statesand the national government remain supremewithin their own spheres, each responsible for

some policies. Also called “layer cakefederalism.” Link to: conservatism.

a clause guaranteeing citizens of each state mostof the privileges of citizens of other states

federal categorical grants given for a specificpurpose and awarded on the basis of the merits

of application

Federal grants that can be used only for specificpurposes, or “categories,” of state and local

spending. They come with strings attached, suchas nondiscrimination provisions. Compare to

block grants.

the pattern of spending, taxing, and providinggrants in the federal system; it is the cornerstoneof the national government's relations with state

and local governments

formula grants block grants mandate

cross-over sanction cross-cutting requirements public opinion

demography census melting pot

minority majority political culture reapportionment

Rules imposed by the federal government on thestates as conditions for obtaining federal grantsor requirements that the states pay the costs ofcertain nationally defined programs. (Ch. 3)

Federal grants given more or less automaticallyto states or communities to support broad

programs in areas such as communitydevelopment and social services. Link to:

devolution; Republican revolution of the 1990s.

federal categorical grants distributed accordingto a formula specified in legislation or in an

administrative regulation

the opinion of the publicwhen a condion on one federal grant is extended

to all activities supported by federal funds

when the federal government uses federal grantdollars in one program to influence state and

local policty in another

the mixing of culturesa valuable tool for understaning demographic

changes. required every 10 yearsthe science of human population change

the proces of reallocating seats in the House ofReps every 10 years based of the census

A broadly shared way of thinking about politicaland economic life that reflects fundamentalassumptions about how government should

operate. It is distinct from political ideology,which refers to a more or less consistent set ofviews about the policies government ought to

follow. Up to a point people sharing a commonpolitical culture can disagree about ideology. See

also Political ideology (Ch. 4)

the emergence of a non white majority

sample Random sample random digit dialing

exit polls pollitical ideology gender gap

civil disobedience salad bowl bandwagon effect

political party party identification party machines

the technique used to take a sample that is asscarce as possible

A sample selected in such a way that anymember of the population being surveyed (Ch.e.g., all adults or voters) has an equal chance of

being interviewed. (Ch. 5)

a rlatively small proportion of people who arechosen in a survey

Differences in the political views and votingbehavior of men and women. (Ch. 5)

A sample selected in such a way that anymember of the population being surveyed (Ch.e.g., all adults or voters) has an equal chance of

being interviewed. (Ch. 5)

public opinion surveys used by major medialpllsters to predict electoral winners

an effect caused by the exit poll in whichundecided voters turnout to support the candidate

who is leading in the pollsthe diverstiy of th us

a form of political participation that reflects aconscious decision to break a law believed to be

immoral and to suffer the consequences

a type of political party organization that relieshavily on material inducements, such as

partonage

a citizen's slef-proclaimed preference for oneparty or the other

A group that seeks to elect candidates to publicoffice by supplying them with a label--a "partyidentification"--by which they are known to the

electorate. (Ch. 7)

ticket-splitting partonage primary election

closed primary open primary blanket primary

national convention national committee natl chairperson

coalation party eras critical elcetion

An election prior to the general election in whichvoters select the candidates who will run on each

party's ticket. Before presidential elections, apresidential primary is held to select delegates tothe presidential nominating conventions of themajor parties. See also Closed primary; Open

primary (Ch. 8)

one of the key inducements used by partymachines. A partonage job, promotion, or

contract is one that is given for political reasons

Voting for candidates of different parties forvarious offices in the same election. For

example, voting for a Republican for senator anda Democrat for president. See also Straight ticket

(Ch. 7)

A primary election that permits all voters,regardless of party, to choose candidates. ADemocratic voter, for example, can vote in a

blanket primary for both Democratic andRepublican candidates for nomination. (Ch. 8)

A primary election that permits voters to chooseon election day the primary in which they wishto vote. They may vote for candidates of onlyone party. See also Blanket primary; Closed

primary; Primary election (Ch. 8)

A primary election limited to registered partymembers. Prevents members of other parties

from crossing over to influence the nominationof an opposing party's candidate. See also Open

primary; Primary election (Ch. 8)

A paid, full-time manager of a party's day-to-daywork who is elected by the national committee.

(Ch. 7)

A committee of delegates from each state andterritory that runs party affairs between national

conventions. (Ch. 7)

A meeting of party delegates elected in stateprimaries, caucuses, or conventions that is held

every four years. Its primary purpose is tonominate presidential and vice-presidential

candidates and to ratify a campaign platform.(Ch. 7)

"EARTHQUAKE" where new issues emerge,new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority

party is often displaced by the minority party

historical periods in which a majority of voterscling to the part in power, which tends to win

majority

An alliance among different interest groups(factions) or parties to achieve some politicalgoal. An example is the coalition sometimes

formed between Republicans and conservativeDemocrats. (Ch. 2)

new deal coalation party dealignment party neutrality

winner take all system proportional representation responsible partty model

nomination national partry convention caucus

presidential primaries mcgovern-fraser commission superdelgates

a term used to describe the fact that manyamericans are indifferent toward two major

political parties

the graudal disengagement of people andpoliticians from strict party id. In the past 30 yrs,

more americans are clling themselveindependents and splitting ballots

a coalition forged by the democrats whodominated american politics from the 1930s to

the 1960s. its basic elements were the urbanwrking class, ethnic groups, catholics and jews

a view favored by some political scientists abouthow parties should work. according to the

model, parties should offer clear choices to thevoters, who can then use those choices as cues to

their own preferernces of candidates. once inoffice, parties would carry out their campaign

promises

an electoral system used throughout most ofeurope that awards legislative seats to political

parties in proportion to the number of votes wonin an election

an electoral system in which legislative seats areawarded only to the candidates who comes in

first in their constituencies

An association of members of Congress createdto advocate a political ideology or a regional,

ethnic, or economic interest. (Ch. 7, 11)

A meeting of party delegates elected in stateprimaries, caucuses, or conventions that is held

every four years. Its primary purpose is tonominate presidential and vice-presidential

candidates and to ratify a campaign platform.(Ch. 7)

a political party's offical endorsement of acandidate. generally, success in the primary

elections brings momentum, money and mediaattention, which ultimately helps a candidate win

the nomination from their party

Party leaders and elected officials who becomedelegates to the national convention withouthaving to run in primaries or caucuses. Party

rules determine the percentage of delegate seatsreserved for party officials. (Ch. 7)

a commission formed in 1968 democraticconvention in response to demands for reform by

minority groups and others who sought betterrepresentations

elections in which voters in a state vote for acandidate (or delegates pledged their support tohim or her). most of these delegates who attend

the national party convention are chosen thisway

frontloading national primary regional primaries

party platform direct mail Federal election campaign act of 74

FEC soft money PAC

selective perception bipartisan campaign reform act of 02 527

a proposal by critics of the caucuses and prezprimaries to replace these electoral methods with

a series of primaries held in each geographicregion.

a proposal by critics of the caucuses and prezprimaries, which who would replace these

electoral methods with a nationwide primaryheld early in the election year

the recent tendency of states to hold primariesearly in the calender in order to capitalize on

media attention. this topic will be big in 07-08 asstates tinker their election laws in order to jockey

for media postion

a law passed for reforming campaign financethat created the fec, provided public financingfor primaries and general elections, imited prez

campaign spending, required disclosure, andattempted to limit contributions

a simple and highly effective method of raisingmoney for a candidate or cause. it involves

sending info and requests for money to peoplewhose names appear on a list who have recently

supported the party

a political party's statement of its goals andplicies for the next four years. the platform,

crafted at the national convention, often apperasas a mission statement

A committee set up by and representing acorporation, labor union, or special-interest

group that raises and spends campaigncontributions on behalf of one or more

candidates or causes. (Ch. 8)

Funds solicited from individuals, corporations,and unions that are spent on party activities, such

as voter-registration campaigns and votingdrives, rather than on behalf of a specific

candidate. These funds need not be reported tothe Federal Election Commission. (Ch. 8)

a six member bipartisan agency that administerscampaign finance laws

an advertisement or advocacy group trying toinfluence elections through voter mobilization

and the spending of unlimited dollars inindependent expenditures

campaign finance regulations that double theamounts specified by FECA while trying to

eliminate soft money contributions. itinadvertently created another loophole for 527s

Paying attention only to those parts of anewspaper or broadcast story with which oneagrees. Studies suggest that this is how people

view political ads on television. (Ch. 10)

legitimacy referendum initiative petition

suffrage political efficacy civic duty

voter registration moter voter act mandate theory of elections

policy voting electoral college retrospective voteing

a process permitted in some states hwerebyvoters may put proposed changes in the state

constitution to a vote if sufficient signatures areobtained on petitions calling for such a

referendum

The practice of submitting a law to a popularvote at election time. The law may be proposedby a voter's initiative or by the legislature. See

also Initiative (Ch. 3)

Political authority conferred by law, publicopinion, or constitution. (Ch. 1)

the belief that in order to support democraticgovernment, a citizen should actively participate

in politics

A citizen's belief that he or she can understandand influence political affairs. This sense is

divided into two parts--internal efficacy(confidence in a citizen's own abilities to

understand and take part in political affairs) andexternal efficacy (a belief that the system will

respond to a citizen's demands). (Ch. 4)

the legal right to vote, amendment 15 andwomen amendment 19 and people over 18

amendment 26

the idea that the winning candidate has amandate from people to carry out his oer her

platforms and politics. politicians like the theorybetter than political scientists do

passed in 1993 this act went into effet for the 96election. it requires states to permit people to

register to vote at the same time they apply fortheir driver's license

system adopted by the states that requires votersto register well in advance of election a day

Voting for or against the candidate or party inoffice because one likes or dislikes how thingshave gone in the recent past. (Ch. Retrospective

means "backward-looking.") See alsoProspective voting (Ch. 8)

providing for the selection of the president byelectors chosen by the state parties. candidatewho win the popular vote in each state receiveall of that state's electoral votes. the candidate

recieving 270 wins

electoral choices that are made on the basis ofthe voters policy preferences and on the basis of

where the candidates stand on policy issures

bush v gore 2000 recall election print media

broadcast media chains narrowcasting

trial balloons sound bites talking head

interest group pluralist theory elite theory

media on paperthe power of the people at the state or local levelto recall an elected official, or remove them from

office following the election

an extremely controversial us supreme courtruling that stopped a manual recount of ballots inflorida, thereby awarding florida's elctoral votes

to bush

mt, espn, cspan, cnn, msnbcby 1994 more than 80% of america's dailypapers were controlled by natl and regional

chainsfox, abc, nbc, broadcasting to a wide range

a shot of person's face talking diretly to thecamera, not appealing, news won't show it very

long

short video clips about a candidate, lackinginformation

an intertional new lead for the purpose ofassessing the political reaction

a theory that societies are divided along classlines and than an upper-class elite will rule,

regardless of the formal niceties of governmentalorganization

a theory emphasizing that politics is mainnly acompetitiona mong groups, each one pressing for

its own preferred policies

An organization of people sharing a commoninterest or goal that seeks to influence the

making of public policy. (Ch. 9)

hyperluralist theory subgovernments (iron triangle) free-rider problem

olson's law of large groups selective benefits single-issue groups

lobbying electioneering PAC

amicus curiae briefs class action lawsuits cohesiveness

the problem faced by unions and other groups donot join because they can benefit from the groups

activities without joining

a term to describe the relationship betweeninterest group leaders interested in a particular

policy, the government agency in charge ofadministrating that policy, and the members ofcongressional committees and subcommittees

handling that policy

a theory that groups are so strong thatgovernment is weakened

groups that have narrow interests, ex: nragoods that a group can restrict to those who pay

their annual dues

the larger the group the further it will fall shortof providing an optimal amount of collective

good

A committee set up by and representing acorporation, labor union, or special-interest

group that raises and spends campaigncontributions on behalf of one or more

candidates or causes. (Ch. 8)

direct group of involvement in the eletoralproces. groups can helf fund campaigns, provide

testimony, and get members to work forcandidates

An interest group organized to influencegovernment decisions, especially legislation. Tolobby is to attempt to influence such decisions. A

lobbyist is a person attempting to influencegovernment decisions on behalf of the group.

(Ch. 9)

a unified sense of purpose among all of themembers; the single most important goal for any

interest group

A case brought into court by a person on behalfof not only himself or herself but all other

persons in the country under similarcircumstances. For example, in Brown v. Boardof Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme

Court decided that not only Linda Brown but allothers similarly situated had the right to attend alocal public school of their choice without regard

to race. (Ch. 14)

A Latin term meaning "a friend of the court."Refers to interested groups or individuals, notdirectly involved in a suit, who may file legal

briefs or make oral arguments in support of oneside. (Ch. 14)

incumbents casework pork barrel

bicameral legislature house rules committee filibuster

speaker of the house whips standing committee

joint committees conference committee select committee

Legislation that gives tangible benefits (Ch.highways, dams, post offices) to constituents inseveral districts or states in the hope of winning

their votes in return. (Ch. 11)

activities of members of congress that helpconstituents as individuals cut through

bureucratic regulations to get what they want

The person currently in office. (Ch. 8) (the onedj didn't know)

An attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate bytalking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate

from taking action on the bill. (Ch. 11)

committee that reviews all bills that come out ofcommittee before they enter the full house for

debate

lawmaking body made up of two chambers orparts. The U.S. Congress is a bicameral

legislature composed of the Senate and theHouse of Representatives. (Ch. 11)

Permanently established legislative committeesthat consider and are responsible for legislationwithin a certain subject area. Examples are the

House Ways and Means Committee and theSenate Judiciary Committee. See also Select

committees; Joint committees (Ch. 11)

A senator or representative who helps the partyleader stay informed about what party members

are thinking, rounds up members when importantvotes are to be taken, and attempts to keep a nosecount on how the voting on controversial issues

is likely to go. (Ch. 11)

constitutionally mandated position chosen by themajority party in the house; first in command in

the house of reps, second in the line of prezsuccession

Congressional committees appointed for alimited time and purpose. See also Standing

committees; Joint committees (Ch. 11)

committees formed from each house to reconcilethe language of a bill as it emerges from the

house and the senate

Committees on which both representatives andsenators serve. An especially important kind ofjoint committee is the conference committee,

made up of representatives and senatorsappointed to resolve differences in the Senate

and House versions of the same piece oflegislation before final passage. See also

Standing committees (Ch. 11)

legislative overshight committee chair seniority system

bill Cloture: Omnibus legislation:

Reciprocity: Junket:” Gerrymandering

Shaw v. Reno, 1993US Term Limits, Inc. vs

Thornton, 1995:“Safe seat:”

a rule for choosing committee chairs that hasslowly been replaced since the 70s

postion in congress that has the most importantinfluence on the congressional agenda;

scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointingsubcommittees and managing bills. they were

once chosen strictly based on the senioritysystem, now they are mostly determined by the

party in power

congressional monitoring of the bureaucracy andits administration of policy; performed mainly

through hearings.

Nickname given to miscellaneous, all-inclusivespending bills. Link to: pork barrel; incumbency.

The vote (requiring 60 members present) to enda filibuster.

A proposed law (also referred to as “legislation”)that must be formally introduced by a member of

the House or Senate. Most bills actually die inthe committee process, but those that make it

through committee and debate have the chanceto become law with presidential approval. Link

to: House Rules Committee; pigeonhole;filibuster.

Strategic redistricting performed by the majorityparty of the state legislature after the census.Gerrymandering seeks to gain a geographic

advantage for one party. Link to: safe seat; Shawv. Reno, 1993.

Name given to congressional trips (for legislativebusiness…or not) at the expense of

taxpayers or interest groups and corporations

The tradition in Congress of trading votes; alsocalled “logrolling.”

Nickname for a seat of Congress that is wellprotected by incumbency. Link to:

gerrymandering; Shaw v. Reno, 1993; US TermLimits Inc vs. Thornton.

.S. Supreme Court case striking down term limitsfor incumbents.

.S. Supreme Court case that banned racialgerrymandering.

“Power of the purse:” Gerrymandering Shaw v. Reno, 1993

US Term Limits, Inc. vsThornton, 1995:

“Safe seat:” “Power of the purse:”

Congressional Budget Office General Accounting Office Congressional Research Service:

Twenty-second Amendment Impeachment Watergate

.S. Supreme Court case that banned racialgerrymandering.

Strategic redistricting performed by the majorityparty of the state legislature after the census.Gerrymandering seeks to gain a geographic

advantage for one party. Link to: safe seat; Shawv. Reno, 1993.

Phrase describing Congress’ budgetappropriations power, one of the most powerful

methods of legislative oversight.

Phrase describing Congress’ budgetappropriations power, one of the most powerful

methods of legislative oversight.

Nickname for a seat of Congress that is wellprotected by incumbency. Link to:

gerrymandering; Shaw v. Reno, 1993; US TermLimits Inc vs. Thornton.

.S. Supreme Court case striking down term limitsfor incumbents.

Non-partisan congressional agency that providesresearch for members and staff of Congress.

Non-partisan congressional agency that performsaudits of the executive branch thereby helping

with legislative oversight. Link to: iron triangle;“power of the purse.”

Non-partisan congressional agency responsiblefor analyzing the president’s proposed budget.

Link to: OMB; Congressional Budget andImpoundment Control Act, 1974.

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in atthe Democratic National Committee

headquarters in 1972 and the subsequentcover-up of White House involvement, leadingto the eventual resignation of President Nixon

under the threat of impeachment. Link to:EVERYTHING!

The political equivalent of an indictment incriminal law, prescribed by the Constitution.

Impeachable offenses include “treason, bribery,or other high crimes and misdemeanors.”

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limitspresidents to two terms of office

Twenty-fifth Amendment CabinetOffice of Management

and Budget (OMB)

Veto Pocket Veto War Powers Act

Legislative Veto INS v. Chadha, 1983 U.S. v. Nixon, 1974

ImpoundmentBudget and Impoundment

Control Act, 1974Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

An office that grew out of the Bureau of theBudget, created in 1921, consisting of a handful

of political appointee and hundreds of skilledprofessionals. The OMB performs both

managerial and budgetary functions. See alsoCongressional Budget Office.

A group of presidential advisors not mentionedin the Constitution, although every president has

had one. Today the cabinet is composed of 14secretaries and the Attorney General.

Passed in 1951, this amendment permits the vicepresident to become acting president if both the

vice president and the president’s cabinetdetermine that the president is disabled. Theamendment also outlines how a recuperated

president can reclaim the job.

A law passed in 1973 in reactions to Americanfighting in Vietnam and Cambodia, requiring

president’s to consult with Congress wheneverpossible prior to using military force and to

withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congressdeclares war or grants an extension. Most viewthe law as powerless as it currently stands. Link

to: legislative veto; INS v. Chadha, 1983.

A veto taking place when Congress adjournswithin 10 days of submitting a bill to the

president, who simply lets it die by neithersigning nor vetoing it.

The constitutional power of the president to senda bill back to Congress with reasons for rejectingit. The president must veto the entire bill even if

he dislikes a small portion of it. A two-thirdsvote in each house can override a veto.

U.S. Supreme Court case defining executiveprivilege and limiting the president’s use of it in

cases of national security.

U.S. Supreme Court case striking down thelegislative veto on account of its violation of the

separation of powers.

The ability of Congress to override a presidentialdecision. Although the War Powers Resolutionasserts this authority, there is reason to believe

that, if challenged the Supreme Court would findthis legislative veto in violation of the doctrine of

separation of powers. Link to: INS v. Chadha,1983.

U.S. Supreme Court case upholding theconstitutionality of internment camps for

Japanese Americans. Link to: Executive Order

Legislation creating the Congressional BudgetOffice and requiring congressional approval for

the president’s use of impoundment.

A presidential effort to temporarily orpermanently block the flow of funds that

Congress has already approved. Link to: Budgetand Impoundment Control Act, 1974

Clinton v. N.Y.C., 1998 Budget Deficit

Expenditures Revenues Income tax

Sixteenth Amendment Federal debt Incrementalism

Uncontrollable expenditures Entitlements Patronage

An excess of federal expenditures over federalrevenues

A policy document allocating burdens (taxes)and benefits (expenditures).

U.S. Supreme Court case that strikes down theline-item veto, passed by Congress only two

years earlier

Shares of individual wages and corporaterevenues collected by the government. TheSixteenth Amendment explicitly authorizedCongress to levy a tax on income. See also

Internal Revenue Service.

The financial resources of the federalgovernment. The individual income tax andSocial Security tax are two major sources of

revenue.

Federal spending of revenues. Major areas ofsuch spending are social services and the

military.

The belief that the best predictor of this year’sbudget is last year’s budget, plus a little bit more(an increment). According to Aaron Wildavsky,

“Most of the budget is a product of previousdecisions.”

All the money borrowed by the federalgovernment over the years and still outstanding.

Today the federal debt is about $5.6 trillion.

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an

income tax.

A job, promotion, or contract given for politicalreasons rather than on merit alone. One of thekey inducements among corrupt urban party

machines of the past. Link to: Pendleton CivilService Act, merit principle.

Policies for which Congress has obligated itselfto pay X-level of benefits to Y number ofrecipients. Social Security benefits are an

example.

Expenditures that are determined not by a fixedamount of money appropriated by Congress butby how many eligible beneficiaries that are for a

program or by previous obligations of thegovernment.

Pendleton Civil■Service Act

Merit principle Hatch Act

Bureaucracy Independent Regulatory Agency Policy Implementation

Regulation Deregulation Administrative) discretion

Red tape Voting Rights Act 1965Title IX of the

Education Act of 1972:

A federal law prohibiting government employeesfrom active participation in partisan politicsduring work hours. Link to: electioneering.

The idea that hiring should be based on entranceexams and promotion ratings to produce

administration by people with talent and skill.Link to: Pendleton Civil Service Act.

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civilservice so that hiring and promotion would be

based on merit rather than on patronage. Link to:merit principle.

The stage of policymaking between theestablishment of a policy and the consequences

of the policy for the people whom it affects.Implementation involves translating the goalsand objectives of a policy into an operating,

ongoing program.

A government agency responsible for somesector of the economy, making and enforcing

rules to protect the public interest. It also judgesdisputes over these rules. Examples include the

SEC, FCC, FTC, FEC. Link to: regulation,deregulation, conservatism, liberalism,

federalism.

The authority structure of the executive branch.After Congress makes a law, the executivebureaucracy, headed by the President, is

responsible for executing/carrying out/enforcingthat law. Link to: iron triangle, merit principle,

administrative discretion.

The authority of bureaucratic administrators(“street-level bureaucrats”) to choose fromvarious responses to a given problem; to be

flexible. This power is what often leads to poorimplementation and legislative oversight.

The lifting of restrictions on business, industry,and professional activities for which governmentrules had been established and that bureaucracies

had been created to administer. Link to:conservatism, devolution, dual federalism.

The use of governmental authority to control orchange some practice in the private sector.

Regulations pervade the daily lives of people andinstitutions. Link to: cooperative federalism,

categorical grants, liberalism.

Major civil rights legislation that banneddiscrimination in education. It appears in thischapter as an example of ineffective policy

implementation; unclear goals open toinconsistent interpretation.

Major civil rights legislation that banneddiscrimination in voting. It appears in thischapter as an example of effective policyimplementation; clear, specific goals with

measurable results.

Derogatory nickname for regulations imposed bythe bureaucracy. Link to: regulation;

bureaucracy.

Standing Original jurisdiction Appellate jurisdiction

District courts Courts of Appeallate Courts of Appeal

Senatorial courtesy Solicitor General Opinion

Precedent Original intent Judicial implementation

The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases broughtto them on appeal from lower courts. These

courts do not review the factual record, only thelegal issues involved.

The jurisdiction of the courts that hear a casefirst, usually in a trial. These are the courts thatdetermine the facts about a case. Link to: Fifth

Amendment; due process.

The requirement that plaintiffs have a seriousinterest in a case; depending on whether theyhave sustained a direct injury. Link to: writ of

certiorari; “rule of four.”

The “highest court in the land,” ensuringuniformity in interpreting national laws,

resolving conflicts among states, andmaintaining national supremacy in law. The

Supreme Court has the power to set “precedent,”that is, to make decisions that carry the force oflaw for future generations. Link to: the long andnasty list of Supreme Court cases that you willmemorize for the rest of your miserable lives.

Appellate courts empowered to review all finaldecisions of district courts, except in

rare cases. In addition, they also hear appeals toorders of many federal regulatory

agencies.

The 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction.They are the only federal courts in which trialsare held and in which juries may be impaneled.

Link to: Sixth Amendment

A presidential appointee in the Department ofJustice responsible for choosing and arguing

cases before the Supreme Court on behalf of theU.S. government.

A presidential appointee in the Department ofJustice responsible for choosing and arguing

cases before the Supreme Court on behalf of theU.S. government.

An unwritten tradition whereby nominations forstate-level federal judicial posts are

not confirmed if they are opposed by a senatorfrom the state in which the nominee

will serve.

The process of remanding decisions to the lowercourts to be enforced, and thereby

converted into actual policy. Link to: Brown v.Board of Education (II), 1955.

A view that the Constitution should beinterpreted according to the original intent of theFramers. This intent is mainly expressed in the

convention debate notes as well as the FederalistPapers. Link to: conservative; strict-construction.

How similar cases have been decided in the past.Link to: stare decisis.

Judicial restraint Judicial activism Writ of certiorari:

Rule of Four Vetting “Paper trail:”

“Doctrine of stare decisis:” Bill of Rights Bill of Rights

Cruel Unusual Punishment Eighth Amendment Establishment Clause

A formal document from the U.S. SupremeCourt that calls up a case from the lower courts.

Link to: standing

A judicial philosophy that advocates bold policydecisions to correct social and political

problems. Link to: liberalism;loose-construction; Rehnquist Court?

A judicial philosophy in which judges playminimal policymaking roles. Link to: original

intent; conservative; strict-construction.

A nickname given to a federal judge’s record ofjudicial rulings. This becomes relevant during

the vetting process in the Senate. Link to: MiguelEstrada; filibuster.

A term describing the senatorial screeningprocess for all presidential appointees.

Minimum number of justices that must be inagreement to grant the writ of

certiorari.

Legal and constitutional protections againstgovernment infringement of political liberties

and criminal rights.

The first ten amendments to the Constitution.Link to: incorporation doctrine

From the latin for “let the decision stand” thisdoctrine holds that judicial

precedent has the force of law. Strict supportersof this doctrine don’t like to see judges “legislatefrom the bench” and steer away from establishedprecedent. Today, Supreme Court nominees are

often asked about their stance regarding thisdoctrine.

First Amendment prohibits the government fromestablishing a religion; is the basis for separation

of church and state.

Forbids “cruel unusual punishment”, although itdoes not define the phrase.

Eighth Amendment prohibits such punishment

Exclusionary Rule Fifth Amendment First Amendment

Fourteenth Amendment Free Exercise Clause Incorporation Doctrine

Libel Plea Bargaining Prior Restraint

Probable Cause Right to Privacy Self-incrimination

Establishes freedom of religion, press, speech,and assembly

Prohibits government from forcing individuals totestify against themselves

Prohibits the government from includingillegally obtained evidence in a trial

Legal concept under which the Supreme Courthas “nationalized” the Bill of Rights by making

most of its provisions applicable to the statesthrough the Fourteenth Amendment

Government is prohibited in the FirstAmendment from interfering in the practice of

religion.

Prohibits states from denying equal protection ofthe laws

Government instrument to prevent material frombeing published

An actual bargain struck between the defendant’slawyer and the prosecutor to the effect that thedefendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime (or

fewer crimes) in exchange for the state’s promisenot to prosecute the defendant for more serious

(or additional) crimes

Publication of false or malicious statements thatdamage someone’s reputation.

Testifying against oneself; forced confessionA contrived right from unstated liberties in the

Bill of RightsPolice must have a good reason to arrest or

search someone

Sixth Amendment Unreasonable Searches Seizures Affirmative Action

Americans w/ Disabilities Act Civil Rights Civil Rights Act of 1964

Equal Protection of the Laws Equal Rights Amendment Fifteenth Amendment

Fourteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendment Poll Taxes

A policy designed to give special considerationto those previously discriminated against

Obtaining evidence without a good reason

Designed to protect individuals accused ofcrimes; includes the right to counsel, the right toconfront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and

public trial.

Forbids discrimination in publicaccommodations and facilities.

Extending citizenship rights to those previouslydenied them

Passed in 1990; strengthened protections ofindividuals with disabilities by requiringemployers and public facilities to make

“reasonable accommodations” and prohibitingemployment discrimination against people with

disabilities.

Provides the right to vote for African AmericansProvided by the Fourteenth Amendment

mandating that all people be protected by thelaw. Link to: incorporation doctrine

Provided by the Fourteenth Amendmentmandating that all people be protected by the

law. Link to: incorporation doctrine

Taxes levied on the right to vote designed todisenfranchise poor blacks.

Provided women with the right to voteProhibits states from denying equal protection of

the laws.

Suffrage Thirteenth Amendment Twenty-fourth Amendment

Voting Right Act of 1965 White Primary

Prohibited poll taxes in federal elections Abolished slavery and involuntary servitudeThe legal right to vote. Link to: Amendments 15,

19, and 26

Practice where only whites could vote inprimaries

A policy designed to reduce the barriers tovoting for those suffering discrimination.