AP Human Geography Definitions

7/25/2019 AP Human Geography Definitions

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I. Geography Nature & PerspectivesSequent occupance:The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to thecumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact withtheir surroundings.

Cultural landscape: Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group. This is the essence of how humans interact withnature.

Arithmetic density: The total number of people divided by the total land area. This is what most people think of as density;how many people per area of land.

Physiological density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. This isimportant because it relates to how much land is being used by how many people.

earth: The region from which innovative ideas originate. This relates to the important concept of the spreading of ideas fromone area to another (diffusion).

!i""usion: The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

#elocation di""usion: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another. !" spread of#$%& from 'ew ork, alifornia, * Florida.

$%pansion di""usion: The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process. This can happen in + ways"

ierarchical di""usion: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places(!" hiphop-rap music)

Contagious di""usion: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. (!" ideasplaced on the internet)

Stimulus di""usion: the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails todiffuse. (!" * #pple competition, p/0)

A'solute distance:!act measurement of the physical space between two places.

#elative distance:#ppro!imate measurement of the physical space between two places.

!istri'ution: The arrangement of something across arth1s surface.

$nvironmental determinism:# 23th and early 40thcentury approach to the study of geography that argued that the general

laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. 5eography was therefore the study o f how thephysical environment caused human activities.

A'solute location: osition on arth1s surface using the coordinate system of longitude (that runs from 'orth to &outh ole)and latitude (that runs parallel to the e6uator).

#elative location:osition on arth1s surface relative to other features. (!" 7y house is west of +3/).

Site:The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant (For more on &ite * &ituation, seep.28).

AP uman Geography (oca'ulary )istsCompiled by Martha Sharma, Hilton Head

Completed by WHS-APHG Block 1

200-0!


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Situation: The location of a place relative to other places. (For more on &ite * &ituation, see p.28).

Space *ime CompressionThe reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result ofimproved communications and transportation system.

+riction o" !istanceis based on the notion that distanceusually re6uires some amount of effort,money,and-orenergy toovercome. 9ecause of this :friction,: spatial interactions will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; 6uantity ofinteraction will decline with distance.

!istance !ecayThe diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance fromits origin. Typically, the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact. (lectronicdevices such as the internet and email have aided in eliminating barriers to interaction between people who are far from eachother.

Net,or-sdefined by 7anuel astells as a set of interconnected nodes without a center.

ConnectivityThe relationships among people and obects across the barrier of space. 5eographers are concerned with thevarious means by which connections occur.

Accessi'ilityThe degree of ease with which it is possible to reach certain location from other locations. #ccessibility variesfrom place to place and can be measured.

Space


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II. Population /igration & !ispersionAge !istri'ution" (opulation pyramid) is two backtoback bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showingfemales in a particular population in fiveyear age groups. This is important because you can tell from the age distributionimportant characteristic of a country, whether high guest worker population, they ust had a war or a deadly disease and more.

Carry capacity"This is the population level that can be supported, given the 6uantity of food, habitat, water and other life

infrastructure present. This is important because it tells how many people an area will be able to support.

Cohort" opulation of various age categories in an agese! population pyramids. This is important because this can tell whatstate this country it is whether in &tage + or &tage > in the demographic transition model.

!emographic equation"The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in apopulation. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helpsto determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.

!emographic momentum" this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because oftheir young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in thedemographic transition model.

!emographic regions" ape ?erde is in &tage 4 (@igh 5rowth), hile is in &tage + (7oderate 5rowth), and %enmark is in&tage / (Aow 5rowth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of thedemographic transition.

!emographic *ransition model" @as > steps. &tage 2 is low growth, &tage 4 is @igh 5rowth, &tage + is 7oderate 5rowth,and &tage / is Aow 5rowth and &tage > although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negativepopulation group. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformedfrom a less developed country to a more developed country.

!ependency ratio" The number of people who are too you or too old to work compared to the number of people in theirproductive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For e!ample the largerpopulation of dependents, the greater financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot.

!i""usion o" "ertility control:The diffusion of fertility control is spread throughout the world. $n the B.& it1s below 4.2 inmuch of #frica it is above /, if &outh #merica is between 4 and +, in urope it is below 4.2, in hina and


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0curve" This is when the proection population show e!ponential growth; sometimes shape as a curve. This is importantbecause if the population grows e!ponential our resource use will go up e!ponential and so will our use as well as a greaterdemand for food and more.

/aladaption" This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it hasbecome less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Chich shows as the worldchanges so do the things surrounding it.

/althus1 *homas" Cas one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the developmentof food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of oure!ponentially growing population.

/ortality" There are two useful ways to measure mortality; infant mortality rate and life e!pectancy. The $7< reflect acountry1s health care system and life e!pectancy measures the average number of years a baby can e!pect to live. This isimportant because you can use a countries mortality rate to determine important features about a country.

Natality" (rude 9irth


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Population pro3ectionpredicts the future population of an area or the world.

Help% predict +&t&re problem% 'ith pop&lation %&ch a% oerpop&lation or &nder pop&lation o+ a certain race or

ethnicity

Population pyramidpopulation displayed by age and gender on a bar graph

Shape i% determined primarily by cr&de birth rate Sho'% a#e di%trib&tion and %e. ratio

#ate o" natural increasethe percentage by which a population grows in a year.

9


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Cyclic movementtrends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle

!istance !ecay Chen contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them.

+orced /igration eople removed from there countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster,and government. (

Gravity /odel redicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area andinversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Internal /igrationermanent movement within a particular country.

Intervening 2pportunity #n environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.

/igration Patterns:

Intercontinentalermanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent.

Interregional ermanent movement from one region of the country to another.

#ural4r'an ermanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.

/igratory /ovement

Periodic /ovement

Personal Space

Place 4tility

PushPull +actors Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.


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Cultural core6periphery pattern: The coreperiphery idea that the core houses main economic power of region and theoutlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties

Cultural $cology: The geographic study of human environmental relationships

Cultural Identity: =nes belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect

Cultural )andscape: The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape

Cultural #ealm:

Culture: The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people1s distincttradition.

Culture #egion:

+ormal 74ni"orm8: #n area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristicsCoreenter of economic activityPeriphery=utlying region of economic activity

+unctional 7Nodal8:


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off as a thnic


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#eincarnation: The idea of reincarnation is that after this life you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or ahuman life. &o basically what you do in this life will affect what your ne!t life is like. This is commonly practiced by the9uddhists and the @indus. This is important to @5 because these two religions are very important in the world.

#eligion 7groups1 places8: =ne group is universalizing religions. These are hristianity, $slam, and 9uddhism. #ll of thesehave different branches. There1s also ethnic religions, such as, @induism, %aoism, and onfucianism. These religions arespread out throughout the world. This affects @5 because all regions throughout the world have a general religion.

#eligious architectural styles:These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For e!ample, hristians havealways made temples, and 9uddhists have always made a lot of religious statues. This is important to @5 because these stylesaffected most of the future styles for other civilizations.

#eligious Con"lictthis is the conflicts between religions. =ne of these is $sraelalestine. This consists of


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9order )andscape" There are two types, e!clusionary and inclusionary. !clusionary is meant to keep people out, such asthe border between the B.&. and 7e!ico. $nclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the B.&.anadaborder.

9oundary disputes" onflicts over the location, size, and e!tent of borders between nations. There is conflict over where

e!actly the border is between the B.&. and 7e!ico, especially along the


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$%clusive $conomic 5one" #n !clusive conomic Kone (K) is a sea zone over which a state has special rights over thee!ploration and use of marine resources. The country that controls the K has rights to the fishing, whaling, etc., as well asthe raw material resources.

$lectoral regions" lectoral regions are the different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.

$nclave6e%clave" #n enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or whollylying within the boundaries of another country (Aesotho). #n e!clave is a country which is geographically separated from themain part by surrounding alien territory (#zerbaian).

$thnic con"lict" #n ethnic conflict is a war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over naturalresources. thnic conflict often includes genocide. $t can also be caused by boundary disputes.

$uropean 4nion" The uropean Bnion (B) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 4J democratic member statesof urope. The BHs activities cover most areas of public policy, from economic policy to foreign affairs, defense, agricultureand trade. The uropean Bnion is the largest political and economic entity on the uropean continent, with around >00 millionpeople and an estimated 5% of B&L2+./ trillion.

+ederal" Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governingrepresentative head. Federalism is the system in which the power to govern is shared between the national * state

governments.

+or,ard capital" # forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategicreasons. # forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. #n e!ample would be9rasMlia.

+rontier" # frontier is a zone where no state e!ercises complete political control. $t is usually uninhabited or sparselyinhabited. $t separates countries where a boundary cannot be found. # current e!ample can be found between &audi #rabia andemen.

Geopolitics" 5eopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to international politics.$t e!amines the political and strategic significance of geography, where geography is defined in terms of the location, size, andresources of places.

Gerrymander" 5errymandering is the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the politicalparty in power. The process is usually used to turn Ntoo close to callO states into a party1s favor.

Glo'al commons" 5lobal commons is that which no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life. #global common contains an infinite potential with regard to the understanding and advancement of the biology and society ofall life. (Forests, oceans, land mass and cultural identity)

eartland6rimland" @eartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a countryor to a culture.


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Agri'usiness" ommercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the foodprocessing industry, usuallythrough ownership by large corporations. $t influences how things are grown and what people eatAgricultural Industrialiation" The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors e!t. 7akes it a lot faster for farmers to yield cropAgricultural landscape" The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields. ffects how much yield one gets from their plants.Agricultural location model"Agricultural 2rigins" Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them

and use for there own use. arl &auer points out vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. @e alsopoints out that vegetative planting likely was originated in & #sia and seed agriculture originated in C. $ndia, '.hina and thiopia.

Cithout the development of agriculture we would still have a relatively small and likely uneducated populationAgriculture" The deliberate effort to modify a portion of arth1s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising oflivestock for subsistence or economic gain.

$t has influenced the growth of areas and human societyAnimal !omestication" %omestication of animals for selling or using byproducts.

@elped us obtain meat with out having to go out and kill our food right before dinner.Aquaculture" The cultivation of a6uatic organisms especially for food #llowed us to use the sea and its abundant sources of food for our benefit9iorevolution" The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies. &ee reasoning for below term9iotechnology" Bsing living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops.

@as helped the farmers grow a more bountiful harvest through the using of pesticides e!t.

Collective "arm"Commercial Agriculture 7intensive1 e%tensive8" #griculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. #llowed people to move away from farms fueled industrial revolutionCore6Periphery" The areas in the world that include 7%s are called the core and the area of the world that contains theA%s is referred to as the periphery.

Crop #otation" The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid e!hausting the soil. Takes up large areas of land but keeps land usable for future generationsCultivation regions"


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$nfluences the development of some regions faster than others!ou'le Cropping" @arvesting twice a year from the same land an cause agricultural e!haustion making people move away from the land$conomic activity 7primary1 secondary1 tertiary1 quaternary1 quinary)" Primary" $nvolves obs like lumber and mining Secondary" 7anufacturing products and assembling raw materials

*ertiary" The service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities uaternary" uinary" #ll of these obs are necessary in the world$nvironmental /odi"ications 7pesticides1 soil erosion1 deserti"ication8" The destruction of the environment for the purpose

of farming. (Bsing pesticides that drain in to the water and soil and pollute them overuse of land causing the desertlike conditions of desertification (dust bowl).

%oing harm to the environment through pesticides and causing desertification have horrible long term effect onhumans and their future.

$%tensive su'sistence agriculture 7shi"ting cultivation1 nomadic herding6pastoralism)"Shi"ting Cultivation" Bse many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple years then left fallow for a

relatively long time. Nomadic herding6pastorilism"9ased on herding domesticated animals

ffect the way that some in the world to live and were they fall in demographic transition

$%tractive Industry"

+arm crises"

+arming" see agriculture.+eedlot" a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market ssential to how we live and eat today necessity for most people1s diets

+irst agricultural revolution" #round I000 9.. when humans first domesticated plants and animals.This allowed for future generations to grow larger because they no longer we ust a hunter gatherer society

+ishingP The techni6ue, occupation, or diversion of catching fish. Fishing provides a food source and employment to society.

+ood ChainP # series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which inturn feeds a still larger one, etc.

+orestryP The science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. Trees provide building materials and fuel to society.Glo'alied AgricultureP %iffusion of agriculture across the globe.

Green #evolutionP


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ratio between farmers and arable land is so high, most of the work is done by the family by hand or by animal with processesrefined over thousands of years.

IntertillageP Tillage between rows of crops of plants.

)ivestoc- #anchingP commercial grazing of livestock over an e!tensive area. racticed is semiarid or arid land, wherevegetation is too sparse or the soil to too poor to support crops. rominent in later 23thcentury in the #merican Cest; ranchersfree roamed throughout the Cest, until the B.&. government began selling land to farmers who outlined their farms with barbedwire, forcing the ranchers to establish large ranches to allow their cattle to graze.

/ar-et GardeningP The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to localconsumers. %istinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season.Aabor is done manually

/editerranean AgricultureP Farming in the land surrounding the 7editerranean &ea (&outhern urope, 'orth #frica, andCestern #sia), also in lands with similar climates (alifornia, central hile, &outhwestern &outh #frica, and &outhwestern#ustralia). &ea winds provide moisture and moderate winter; land is hilly with mountains fre6uently plunging directly into sea.5rowing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops are the main crops, while animals are grown under transhumance P kept oncoastal plains in winter and moved to hills in the summer.

/ineral +uelsP 'atural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources.

/iningP !traction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the arth, usually from an ore body, vein, or coalseam. #ny material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially, is mined (mining in a wider sensethen including e!traction of petroleum, natural gas, and water).

Planned $conomyPconomic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation ofgoods and services. ommonly used in which state or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisionsabout their use and about the distribution of income. !ample" conomy of the &oviet Bnion, in the I01s and 301s governmentpresiding over planned economies began deregulating and moving toward market basted economies by introducing marketforces to determine pricing, distribution, and production. Today most economies are market or mi!ed economies, e!cept thosein uba or 'orth Gorea.

#ene,a'leP nergy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depletedwhen used by people. &olar energy, hydroelectric, geothermal, fusion and wind, are the most widely used.

Non#ene,a'leP nergy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed. The three main fossil fuels(petroleum, natural gas, and coal) plus nuclear energy are the most widely used, mostly because they are more cost efficient.

#ural SettlementP &parsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Aive in villages, hamlets on farms, or inother isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, naturalgas or tourism.

!ispersedPharacterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside otherfarmers in the area.

NucleatedP a number of families live in close pro!imity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection ofhouses and farm buildings.

9uilding /aterialP houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area.(illage +orm

Sauer1 Carl 2.P defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. # combination of culturalfeatures such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such asclimate and vegetation. Nulture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.O

Second Agricultural #evolutionP recursor to $ndustrial


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especially with the nclosure #ct, which consolidated land in 5reat 9ritain. otatoes and corn diffused from #merica1s tourope, and other resources followed from colonial possessions to urope.

SpecialiationP Third level of cities (behind Corld ities, and ommand and ontrol enters), offer a narrow and highlyspecialized variety of services. Typically specialize in management, research and development of a specific industry (motorvehicles in %etroit), or are centers of government and education, notably state capitals that also have a maor university(#lbany, Aansing, 7adison, or


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*ruc- +armP ommercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a 7iddle nglish word meaningbartering or the e!change of commodities. redominant in &outheastern B.&.#, because of the long growing season and humidclimate, accessibility to large markets of 'ew ork, hiladelphian, and Cashington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits andvegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostlyto large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and largescale operations that take full advantageof machines at every stage of the growing process.

(on *hunen1 0ohann einrichP 2I48, 'orthern 5ermany. Chen choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares twocosts; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. $dentifies a crop that can be sold for more than theland cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop.

#lso found that specific crops were grown in varying rings around city. 7arketoriented gardens and milk producersin first ring, because of e!pense of transportation and perishability. $n the ne!t rings wood lots used for construction and fuel,because it is a heavy industry with high transportation costs. 'e!t rings are used for various crops or pasture, with theoutermost ring devoted to animal grazing. ?on Thunen1s theory disregards site or human factors.

(I. Industrialiation & !evelopment

Agricultural la'or "orceis the number of people who work in agriculture. This is important because a large value indicates

that the country is likely an A% dependent on agriculture, while a small value indicates that there are fewer people working inagriculture, meaning that the agriculture is more efficient.

Calorie consumptionas a percentage of daily re6uirement is an important inde! of development. eople in 7%s generallyconsume more than 2+0Q of their daily re6uirements, but most people in A%s barely get enough to sustain themselves. Theproblem is worst in #frica, where most people do not eat enough.

The Coreperiphery modeldescribes the pattern of distribution of the 7%s and A%s. Chen the earth is viewed from the'orth ole, the 7%s are clustered near the center of the map while the A%s are near the edges.

Cultural Convergence is the change in culture that occurs as diffusion of ideas and technology increases. #n e!ample is theculture of A%s becoming more like that of their former colonial power (an 7%).

!ependency theorystates that A%s tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 2> orover 8/ to the number in the labor force.

!evelopmentis the improvement in material conditions of a place as a result of diffusion of technology and knowledge. Thisis important because it is a main goal for most of the planet1s regions and development will help solve many problems.

$nergy consumptionis an inde! of development. 7%s tend to consume much more energy per capita than do A%s. Thiswill be important in the future because as A%s begin to industrialize, there will be a great strain on the world1s energy supply.

+oreign direct investmentis investment in the economies of A%s by transnational corporations based in 7%s. @owever,all countries are not recipients of this investment. 9razil, hina and 7e!ico were the A%s that received most of theinvestment.

Genderis an important developmental factor. # great difference in development between the genders is found primarily inA%s, especially in the 7iddle ast. %ifferences e!ist primarily in income and in literacy rate.

Gross domestic productis the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a given country. The value variesgreatly between 7%s and A%s and is one of the best indicators of development. Fast growth of 5% is a maor goal of allcountries.

Gross national productis similar to 5% e!cept that includes income that people earn abroad.


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The uman !evelopment Inde%is an aggregate inde! of development, which takes into account economic, social anddemographic factors, using 5%, literacy and education, and life e!pectancy.

)evels o" developmentthat countries are classified into include 7%s (more developed countries) and A%s (less developedcountries).

/easures o" developmentare used to distinguish A%s from 7%s. They include 5%, literacy rate, life e!pectancy, caloricintake, etc.

Neocolonialismrefers to the economic control that 7%s are sometimes believed to have over A%s. Through organizationssuch as the $7F, the 7%s are able to dictate precisely what A%s economic policies are, or are able to use their economicsubsidies to put A%s industries out of business.

The Physical uality o" )i"einde! is another development inde!. $t is based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and lifee!pectancy at age one.

Purchasing po,er parityis an inde! of income related to 5%. Bnlike 5% however, takes into account pricedifferences between countries. Bsually goods in A%s are priced lower, so this makes the difference between A%s and7%s less.

>.>. #osto,developed the N&tages of 5rowthO model of economic development.

*echnology gap The difference in technologies used and-or developed in two companies, countries, ethnic groups, etc., whereone is more advanced than the other. $mportant because it helps to e!plain the differences between 7%s and A%s.

*echnology trans"er process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilities developed under federal research and

development funding are utilized to fulfill public and private needs

- Important because it allows for knowledge to be utilized for various needs instead of being confined to a certain sector.

*hird >orld countries in the developing world independent of their political status (developing countries) $mportant because it is a classification to e!plain differences between the countries of the world.

>orld Systems *heory refers to perspective that seeks to e!plain the dynamics of the Ncapitalist world economyO as a Ntotalsocial systemO $mportant because e!plains the power hierarchy in which powerful and wealthy "core" societies dominate and exploit weak

and poor peripheral societies.

9id rent theory refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the 9% increases $mportant because it provides an e!planation as to the spatial distribution of urban areas.

Assem'ly line production6+ordism industrial arrangement of machines, e6uipment, and workers for continuous flow ofwork pieces in mass production operations, each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible $mportant because it allowed for goods to be produced at a rate comparable to the demand for many of those products, madefor more efficient manufacturing industries.

Air pollution concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air, human causes include mainlymotor vehicles, industry, and power plants $mportant because it can damage property and adversely affect the health of people, other animals, and plants.

Agglomeration economies refers to benefits or advantages (savings, cost reductions, etc.) resulting from the spatial clusteringof activities and-or people $mportant because

Acid rain tiny droplets of sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere that dissolve in water and return to arth1s surface $mportant because it has damaged lakes, killing fish and plants.


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?Stages o" Gro,th@ /odel linear theory of development that developed countries go through a common pattern of structuralchange (2Traditional &ociety, 4Transitional &tage, +Take =ff, /%rive to 7aturity, >@igh 7ass onsumption) $mportant because it e!plains the development e!perience of Cestern countries and is a general model for many others.#osto,1 >. >. economist, developed the N&tages of 5rowthO model in the late 23>0s $mportant because he developed the model that is fre6uently referred to.Aluminum industryB.&. companies are the largest single producer with plants in +> states producing about L+3.2 billion inproducts and e!ports. B.&. supply is comprised of three sources, primary, imports and recycled $mportant because it is a large industry that is important in transportation, packaging and building and construction.

(II. Cities & 4r'an )and 4se

AgglomerationP a built up area consisting of central city and its surrounding suburbs(similar to the term Nurbanized areaO, shows the e!tent of a city1s influence)

9arriadasP a neighborhood, usually a slum or lower class

(many of the Aatin #merican cities have these outside the central city)

9idrent *heoryP e!plains that the price-demand for land increases closer to the 9%(e!plains the concentric zone model and why different levels of development arelocated at certain distances from the central city)

9loc-'ustingP the process of white families selling their homes because of fears that blacks would move in and lower theproperty value

(e!plains the white flight of the 23>01s and the growth of suburbs)

C9!P stands for central business district, location of skyscrapers and companies(would always be the center of the + urban models, many people commute, fewactually live there)

Census *ractP these are govt. designated areas in cities that each have S>,000 people,they often times correspond to neighborhoods(data in census tracts is used to analyze urban patterns such as gentrification orwhite flight)

CentralityP the strength of dominance of an urban center over its surrounding area,larger than the 7 or agglomeration(Twin ities centrality e!tends up into northern 7', over into '%, &%, andwestern C$)

CentraliationP the movement of people, capital, services, and govt. into the central city(opposite of suburban sprawl, happened to cities before CC$$ and is happening now)

Christaller1 >alterP he created the entral lace Theory, which e!plains how services aredistributed and why there are distinct patterns in this distribution(central place theory involves market area-hinterland and the threshold, which is theminimum number of customers needed to keep the business running)

CityP centralized area with a mayor and local government, usually bigger than a town(cities started in the 5reek-


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Colonial CityP cities founded by colonial powers, such as 7e!ico ity by the &panish(these often contain plazas, large atholic cathedrals, and historic architecture, mostof these are in Aatin #merica and in &outhern #sia, in $ndia)

CommercialiationP the process of the increasing importance of business(advertisements in cities, development leans toward services)

Concentric 5one /odel created by .C. 9urgess, city grows outwards from a central area(9% in middle, then zone of transition, then zone of workers1 homes, then zone ofresidences, then commuter1s zone)

Counterur'aniationP a net migration from urban to rural areas(this only happens in very developed areas in 'orth #merica and Cestern urope)

!ecentraliation the process of dispersing decisionmaking outwards from the center of authority(Ce learned about how nation states break up and form their own political clouts)

!eindustrialiation process of social and economic change caused by removal of industry.(Ce learned about how 7%s moved on after the 2I00s.)

$arly Cities ities of the ancient world (+>00 to 2400) (Ce learned about how agriculture and language began in this era.

$conomic 'ase ommunities collection of basic industry (Ce learned about ob sectors)

$dge city# new concentration of business in suburban areas consisting of suburbs (Celearned about urban sprawl.)

$merging cities ity currently without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate (learned about cities that aregrowing at a fast rate)

$mployment structure graph showing how primary secondary and tertiary sector obs are separated.

$ntrepot Trading center where goods are e!ported and imported without cost. (Ce learned about centers of trade.)

$thnic neigh'orhood# neighborhood with distinctive ethnic composition (Ce learned about segregation of cities into ethnicbackgrounds.)

+avela # shantytown or slum, especially in 9razil (Ce learned about the slum conditions faced by Aatin #merican countries.

+emaleheaded household # household dominated by a woman (Ce learned about how 7%s have different familystructure.)

+estival landscapea landscape of cultural festivities (Ce learned about the culture.)

Gate,ay Citya settlement which acts as a link between two areas. (Ce learned about primate cities, which are similar.)

Gender a person1s se! (Ce learned about differences that occur as a result of gender.)

Gentri"ication process in which low cost neighborhoods are renovated by middle class to increase property values. (Celearned about the positives and negatives of this process.)

Ghetto # usually poor section of a city inhabited primarily by people of the same race, religion, or social background. (Celearned about the worst parts of cities.)

Glo'aliation %evelopment of worldwide patterns of economic relationships (we learned about he future impact this willhave.


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Clean Air Act: The name given to a series of air6uality improvement laws and their amendments passed in the Bnited&tates beginning in 238+.

Critical mineral: # mineral necessary for defense of the Bnited &tates and available partly in #merica or partly fromfriendly nations.

ydrothermal mineraliation: # process of concentration of metallic ores caused by hightemperature geochemicalprocesses in underground waters.

)a, o" the Sea *reaty: # treaty establishing urisdiction over marine resources in coastal and deepsea areas.

Placer deposit: # deposit of a mineral formed by a concentration of heavy minerals in flowing water, such as by a streamor waves.

#ecycling:

Documents

AP Human Geography Definitions