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AP® Human Geography - Unit 3: Cultural Geography
Part 2: Language
Copyright © 2013 - All rights reserved - Daniel L. Eiland
AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board which was not involved in the
production of and does not endorse this presentation.
Intro to Culture *
• Concepts of Culture
• Schools of Thought
• Cultural Hearths
• Cultural Diffusion
• Acculturation
• Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
• Cultural Differences
Popular and Folk Culture *
• Folk Culture
• Popular Culture
• Cultural Landscapes and Identity
Language
• Intro to Language
• Language families, Languages, and dialects.
• Language Barriers
• Toponymy
* You can find part one of AP® Human Geography: Unit 3 at http://tinyurl.com/aphug3-2. Part 3 will be available soon!
Unit 3:
Part 2 Outlin
e
Intro to Language
Indo-European
The English Language
Part 1: Intro to Language
Language
Introduction to
Language
Linguistic Geography
Categorizing
Language
Section A: What is Language
Language is a system of communication that uses signs, gestures, marks, or
vocal sounds to communicate thoughts, feelings, and ideas.
What is the purpose of language?
Gives us the ability to communicate.
Allows us to teach new skills.
Provides us tools to transmit culture.
Create a context-sentence using the following words:
Language, Diffusion, Culture
Is this Language?
Is this Language?
Is this Language?
How do languages differ?
Differences In
Language
Writing Directio
n
Alphabets
Allowable
Sounds
Grammar
Section B: Linguistic Geography
What is Linguistic Geography?
Linguistic Geography is the study of speech areas and their local variations.
Interesting Facts about Language:
There are an estimated 7,100 languages spoken in the world.
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the mother tongue or second
language of about half of the world's population
Approximately 80% of languages are spoken by less than 100,000 people.
Approximately 50 languages are only spoken by one person.
How do we track the history of language?
Spatial Interaction between speakers break down causing new words to develop. British/Americans
Language breaks into dialects and then into new tongues.
Language Divergence
Two languages become one because of close spatial interaction.
This can also cause Language extinction
Language Convergen
ce
We track languages by looking at language divergence and
convergence.
•Albanian: kryq•Aromanian: crutse•Catalan: creu•Dalmatian: crauc•English: crux, crucial•French: croix•Galician: cruz•German: Kreuz•Italian: croce
•Occitan: crotz•Old Portuguese: cruz•Portuguese: cruz•Romanian: cruce•Romansch: crusch, crousch•Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi•Serbo-Croatian: krȋž / кри̑@ж•Spanish: cruz•Venetian: cróxe
Latin: Crux
We can tell what languages played part in the development of others.
Section C: Categorizing Language
How do we categorize languages?
Language Fa
milies
• Languages with a shared, but fairly distant origin.
Languages
• Culturally Defined.• Standard Languages are those recognized by people for
use in schools, government, media, and general use.
Dialects
• Regional Variants of a Standard Language.
What does the map above reveal about the diffusion of language?
Language families by speakers.
Language Family Approx. # of Speakers % of Pop1. Indo-European 2.562 billion 44.78%2. Sino-Tibetan 1.276 billion 22.28%3. Niger-Congo 358 million 6.26%4. Afro-Asiatic 340 million 5.93%5. Austronesian 312 million 5.45%6. Dravidian 222 million 3.87%7. Altaic 145 million 2.53%8. Japanese 123 million 2.16%9. Austro-Asiatic 101 million 1.77%10. Tai-Kadai 78 million 1.37%
List the following languages in order of greatest to least based on number of native speakers:
Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish,
Standard German
Commonly spoken languages by native speakers.
Language % of Pop1. Mandarin Chinese 12.44%2. Spanish 4.85%3. English 4.83%4. Arabic 3.25%5. Hindi 2.68%6. Bengali 2.66%7. Portuguese 2.62%8. Russian 2.12%9. Japanese 1.8%10. Standard German 1.33%
Part 2: Indo-European
Indo Europea
n
What is Indo
European
The Indo-
Iranian Branch
The Europea
n Branch
Section A: What is Indo European?
Indo-European is
the language
family spoken by 46% of the
world’s population.
Where did Indo-European originate?
Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis
Sedentary Farmer
Hypothesis
Developed by Colin Renfew
Also called the “Renfew
Hypothesis”
Indo-European started in the
Fertile Crescent.
Language diffused peacefully
through agricultural trade.
Kurgan MigrationNomadic Warrior Thesis
Developed by Marinja Gimbutas
Also called the “Conquest Theory”
Indo-European began in the vicinity of
Russia.
Kurgan Warriors brought the language
with them as they conquered other
areas.
Section B: The Indo-Iranian Branch
Indo-Irania
n
Indic:
Hindi 15 Others
Iranian Farsi
Pashto
Kurdish
The Iranian Languages
Green - FarsiPurple – PashtoTurquoise – KurdishRed – LurishYellow - Baloch
The Indian Languages
Hypothesize: Why would people in the same country speak so many different languages?
What is Linguistic Fragmentation?
Linguistic Fragmentation occurs when people in a
country speak many different languages. This is often caused by physical or cultural barriers.
Papua, New Guinea has over 850 languages making it the most
linguistically diverse place on earth.
Predict: How would people in a linguistically diverse country have a central government?
Many countries that experience linguistic fragmentation also have an official
language. India’s official language is English.
What is an official language?
An official language is the language used by the
government when making laws, reports, public objects,
money, and stamps.
Why would India’s official language be English?
Example: New Zealand’s Official Language is only
spoken by 5% of the Population
An official language is not always the majority language of an area.
Example:Switzerland has Four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch
Some countries have more than one official language.
Section B: The European Branch
Romance Languag
esFrench
Spanish
Italian
Romanian
Portuguese
Germanic
Languages
English,
German,
Danish,
Norwegian
Swedish
Slavic Languag
esRussian
Polish
Czech
Ukrainian
Slovenian
Serbo-Croatian
Basque is a language isolate.
What is a language isolate?
A language isolate is a language that is not related to any other language around it.
They are like a language family of only one language.
Part 3: The English Language
The English
Language
The Origins
of English
Diffusion of
English
American English
English as a
Global Lingua Franca
Toponymy
Section A: The Origins of English
Review: What language family and language branch is English a part of?
The Origins of the English Language
English
Germanic Tribes
Latin
Old Norse
Norman French
Celtic Tribes
Where did English come from?
Old English• 450CE-1100CE
Middle English• 1100CE – 1470-CE
Modern English• 1470CE – 1650CE
The Lord’s Prayer in Old English
Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum;Si þin nama gehalgodto becume þin ricegewurþe ðin willaon eorðan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todægand forgyf us ure gyltasswa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendumand ne gelæd þu us on costnungeac alys us of yfele soþlice
Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene: gyue to us this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce; and forgyue to us oure dettis, as we forgyuen to oure gettouris; and lede us not in to temptacioun, but delyuere us fro yuel.
The Lord’s Prayer in Middle English
Section B: The Diffusion of English
Map of Great Britain and its Colonies
Connect: What types of diffusion may explain the movement of English from place to place.
Explain.
Britain
British Colonies
United States
United States Annexes
(Philippines)
The Diffusion of English
Hypothesize: Does English sound the same wherever it is spoken?
The English Language: Dialects
What is a dialect?
A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by
distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Section C: American English
Differences between British and American English
• Different because settlers in America encountered new objects, animals, etcetera.
• New animals, for example, were given Native American Names.• As new inventions appeared they received different names.
Vocabulary
• Spelling diverged from a strong national American Identity. • Webster, an American dictionary publisher had an American agenda
Spelling
• Largely explained by distance and time.
Pronunciation
Engage: How does the English language differ within the United States?
What is an isogloss?
An isogloss is a geographic boundary line delimiting the
area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.
Isoglosses in the United States
East Coast
Isoglosses
Northern
MidlandsSouthern
Predict: How has Mass Media and the Internet affected the English language?
Section D: English as a Global Lingua Franca
What is a Lingua Franca?
A Lingua Franca is a language systematically used to make
communication possible between people not sharing
an original language.
Predict: What systems of communication are largely dominated by English?
Systems that Use English
The Internet
ESLGlobal Commerce
Countries with English as their official or dominant language.
Many areas do not learn full English but a Pidgin.
What is a pidgin?
A Pidgin is a simplified version of a language.
Debate: Would text-speak be considered a Pidgin?
A pidgin that becomes the major language of a people is
called a creole language.
Section D: Toponymy
What is toponymy?
Toponymy is the study of place names. It can often show us historical concepts long after the event has happened or
person has died.
Toponyms can show us:
• The History of a Place– Colonization• Most Brazilian Toponyms are Portuguese• French Toponyms in Louisiana
• The Culture of a People– George Washington Bridge, – Martin Luther King Blvd, – Jacksonville, Florida
Descriptive Toponyms -
The Rocky Mountains
Associative Toponyms -
Pensacola Beach, Florida
Commemorative Toponyms -
New York City, New York
Manufactured Toponyms -
Truth and Consequences, New Mexico
Incident Toponyms -
Battle Creek, Michigan
Possessive Toponyms -
Johnson City, Texas
End of Unit 3: Part 2