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Anatomy andPhysiology of Nose
and ParanasalSinuses
Prepared by : Nurul Syazwani Binti Ramli
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Anatomy ofNose
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External Nose
Pyramidal in shape (root up & basedownward)
Consists ofosteocartilaginous
framework covered by muscles andskin.
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External Nose
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External Nose
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External Nose
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Internal Nose
Divided into right and left nasal
cavities Communicates with:
Exterior: through naris (nostril
Nasopharynx: through post. nasal aperture(choana)
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Internal Nose
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Internal Nose
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Internal Nose
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InternalNose
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Lining Membrane of InternalNose
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Mucose membrane
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Blood Supply of Nose
Nasal septum : Internal carotid :
Anteriorethmoid
Posteriorethmoid
External carotid :
Sphenopalatine
Greaterpalatine
Superior labial
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Blood Supply of Nose
Lateral wall : Internal carotid : Anterior ethmoid
Posterior ethmoid
External carotid :
Sphenopalatine Greater palatine
Anterior superiordental
(infraorbital )
Facial artery
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Littles Area (PlexusKiesselbach)
Anterior inferior nasal septum
Anastomoses from :
Anterior ethmoid
Superior labial
Sphenopalatine
Greater palatine
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Plexus Kiesselbach
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Nerve Supply of Nose Olfactory nerve :
Carry sense of smell andsupply olfactory regionof nose
Arranged into 10-12nerves which passthrough the cribriformplate and end in the
olfactory bulb Nerves of common
sensation :
Anterior ethmoidalnerve
Sphenopalatineganglion
Infraorbital nerve
Greater palatinenerve
Autonomic : Parasympathetic greater
superficial petrosal vidiansphenopalatine ganglion
Sympathetic upper 2 thoracicsuperior cervical gangglion
deep petrosal nerve joinparasympathetic to form vidian
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Lymphatic Drainage
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Physiology of Nose
Functions of the nose:
1) Respiration
2) Air conditioning of the inspired air3) Protection of Lower Airway
4) Vocal resonance
5) Nasal reflex functions
6) Olfaction
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RESPIRATION
Nose = natural pathway forbreathing
INSPIRATION: air thru middle
part of nose btwn turbinates andnasal septum. Very little air passesthru inferior meatus or olfactoryregion.
EXPIRATION : same but entire aircurrent is not expelled directly thrunares friction at limen nasiconverts it into eddies under coverof inferior and middle turbinates
and this ventilates the
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AIR CONDITIONING OFINSPIRED AIR
air-conditioner for lungs:
a) Filtration and Purification :
v nasal vibrissae filters larger particles (3m)
v Finer particles adhere to the mucus over surface of
mucous membrane (0.5-3.0m)
v Smaller than 0.5m can pass thru nose into lower
airways without difficulty
b) Temperature control : mucous membrane (region of
middle and inferior turbinates and adjacent parts of the
septum) is highly vascular with cavernous venous spaces
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PROTECTION OF LOWERAIRWAY
a) Mucociliary mechanism:v Rich in goblet cells, secretory glands both mucous and
serous)
v Form a cont. sheet called mucous blanket whichconsist ofsuperficial mucus layer and deeper serouslayer that floating on top of cilia which constantlybeating to carry it towards nasopharynx = conveyerbelt
a) Enzymes and Immunoglobulins: (in nasal secretion)-
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VOCAL RESONANCE
Resonating chamber for certain consonant in
speech.
In phonating nasal consonants ( M/ N/ NG ),sound
passes thru nasopharyngeal isthmus and is
emitted thru the nose.
When blocked, speech becomes denasal.
Eg:- M/ N/ NG are uttered as B/ D/ G respectively
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NASAL REFLEXES
Nasal Mucosa reflex receptors closely related to
gastrointestinal and pulmonary functions.
Examples:
- irritation of nasal mucosa cause sneezing
- smell of palatable food reflex secretion of saliva and gastric
juice.
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OLFACTION
Sense of smell: Animal :- give warning of
environmental danger
Man :- for pleasure and enjoying thetaste of food
Olfactory region :
upper one-third of lateral Wall corresponding part of nasal septum
roof of nasal cavity
Disorder of smell:
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Paranasal Sinuses
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Paranasal Sinuses
The paranasal sinuses are air-containing cavities found in theinterior of the maxilla, frontal,
sphenoid, and ethmoid bonesThey are lined with mucoperiosteum
and filled with air
They communicate with the nasalcavity through relatively smallapertures
The maxillary and ethmoid sinuses
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Maxillary Sinus
pyramidal in shape
located within the body of themaxilla behind the skin of the cheek
Roofis formed by the floor of theorbit, and the floor is related to theroots of the molars, premolars andcanine teeth
The maxillary sinus opens into themiddle meatus of the nose throughthe hiatus semilunaris
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Frontal Sinuses
The two frontal sinuses are containedwithin the frontal bone
They are separated from each otherby a thin bony septum
Each sinus is roughly triangular,
extending upward above the medialend of the eyebrow and backwardinto the medial part of the roof of theorbit
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Sphenoidal Sinuses
The two sphenoidal sinuses lie withinthe body of the sphenoid bone
Each sinus opens into thesphenoethmoidal recess above the
superior concha
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Ethmoid Sinuses
The ethmoidal sinuses are thinwalled air cavities within the ethmoid
bone between the nose and the orbitThe number varies from 3 to 18.
Divided into anterior, middle, and
posterior.They are separated from the orbit by
a thin plate of bone(lamina
papyracea) so that infection can
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Ethmoid Sinuses
The anterior sinuses open into theinfundibulum
The middle sinusesopen into themiddle meatus, on or above the bulla
ethmoidalis
The posterior sinusesopen into the
superior meatus
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Physiology of Paranasal
Sinuses
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Ventilation of Sinuses
Takes place through their ostia.
Inspiration:-
air current causes (ve) pressure innose.
Varies from -6mm to -200mm of H2O,depend on force of inspiration.
Expiration:-
(+ve) pressure created in nose and setsup eddies which ventilate the sinuses
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Drainage of Mucus
The mucus produced by the mucousmembrane is moved into the meatus
of the nose by very active ciliaryaction of the columnar cells
Drainage of the mucus is also
achieved by the siphon actioncreated during the blowing of thenose
F ti f P l
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Functions of ParanasalSinuses
Provide resonance to voice
reduce weight of the skull (lighten
skull bones) Air-conditioning of inspired air by
providing large surface area over
which the air is humidified andwarmed
Act as thermal insulators to protect
the delicate structures in the orbit
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Thank you