AP Review Topics AP Review Topics 20122012

Topics requested by the classTopics requested by the class

Humanism– IntroHumanism– Intro

Petrarch = “father of Humanism”Petrarch = “father of Humanism” Form of scholarship– return to the Form of scholarship– return to the

classics of Greece and Rome, critical classics of Greece and Rome, critical historical scholarshiphistorical scholarship

Civic humanism– originates in Italian Civic humanism– originates in Italian city states, brings together humanism city states, brings together humanism with civic reformwith civic reform

Christian humanism– part of Northern Christian humanism– part of Northern Renaissance, brings together Renaissance, brings together humanism with Christian teachingshumanism with Christian teachings

Humanist EducationHumanist Education

Prepares someone for “life of action”Prepares someone for “life of action” Studies grammar, rhetoric, liberal arts, Studies grammar, rhetoric, liberal arts,

philosophy, poetry, politics, history, philosophy, poetry, politics, history, etc.etc.

Rejected scholasticismRejected scholasticism Castiglione’s Castiglione’s Book of the CourtierBook of the Courtier uses uses

humanist ideas to show how to be humanist ideas to show how to be successful at courtsuccessful at court

Florentine “Academy” revives the Florentine “Academy” revives the study of Platostudy of Plato

Christian HumanismChristian Humanism

Erasmus: “Prince of the Humanists”Erasmus: “Prince of the Humanists”– Spread ideas of classical authorsSpread ideas of classical authors– Praise of FollyPraise of Folly criticized ignorance of criticized ignorance of

churchchurch– Used knowledge of classical languages Used knowledge of classical languages

to improve understanding of Bibleto improve understanding of Bible Sir Thomas More: Sir Thomas More: UtopiaUtopia spread spread

ideas of reason and tolerance, ideas of reason and tolerance, against ignorance and superstition, against ignorance and superstition, but not anti-Christianbut not anti-Christian

Counter-Reformation- Counter-Reformation- Reformation First Reformation First (basics)(basics) 1517: Luther posts the 95 Theses1517: Luther posts the 95 Theses Protestant ideas spread throughout Protestant ideas spread throughout

German states and into Switzerland German states and into Switzerland (Zwingli)(Zwingli)

1520: Luther excommunicated (Leo X)1520: Luther excommunicated (Leo X) 1524-25: Peasant Revolt1524-25: Peasant Revolt 1534-35: Anabaptists rule Munster1534-35: Anabaptists rule Munster 1536: Calvin publishes 1536: Calvin publishes The Institutes of The Institutes of

the Christian Religionthe Christian Religion 1555: Peace of Augsburg1555: Peace of Augsburg

Council of Trent: Council of Trent: DoctrineDoctrine Began in 1545Began in 1545 Reaffirmed DoctrineReaffirmed Doctrine

– No compromise with ProtestantsNo compromise with Protestants– Sources for beliefs = Bible Sources for beliefs = Bible andand

traditionstraditions– Justification through faith Justification through faith andand good good

worksworks– Reaffirmed 7 sacramentsReaffirmed 7 sacraments– Reaffirmed veneration of relics/images, Reaffirmed veneration of relics/images,

purgatory, indulgencespurgatory, indulgences

Council of Trent: Council of Trent: Reforms Reforms Reforms of the Catholic ChurchReforms of the Catholic Church

– No absenteeism (archbishops and bishops No absenteeism (archbishops and bishops live in areas they served)live in areas they served)

– Simony (sale of church offices) outlawedSimony (sale of church offices) outlawed– Expansion of seminariesExpansion of seminaries– No indulgences in exchange for cashNo indulgences in exchange for cash– No fees to deliver sacramentsNo fees to deliver sacraments

Strengthened papal authorityStrengthened papal authority reforms reforms of Council not official without papal of Council not official without papal approval (1564– approved by Pius IV)approval (1564– approved by Pius IV)

Counter-Reformation: Counter-Reformation: JesuitsJesuits New religious orders in response to New religious orders in response to

ReformationReformation Society of Jesus = most influentialSociety of Jesus = most influential Started by Ignatius of LoyolaStarted by Ignatius of Loyola Supported:Supported:

– Poverty and chastityPoverty and chastity– Disciplined prayerDisciplined prayer– Military organizationMilitary organization– Strong educationStrong education– Missionary activity– converting people to Missionary activity– converting people to

Catholicism or getting them back from Catholicism or getting them back from ProtestantismProtestantism

Religious Wars: France Religious Wars: France IntroIntro Calvinism grew in France, particularly Calvinism grew in France, particularly

amongst nobilityamongst nobility Three decades of war between Three decades of war between

Catholics and HuguenotsCatholics and Huguenots Henry II died (1559), France dominated Henry II died (1559), France dominated

by widow, Catherine de’ Mediciby widow, Catherine de’ Medici Guise family led Catholic factionsGuise family led Catholic factions Bourbon family led Huguenots Bourbon family led Huguenots

Religious Wars: FranceReligious Wars: France Warfare between sides began in 1562, Warfare between sides began in 1562,

uneasy peace in 1570uneasy peace in 1570 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day

Massacre renewed fightingMassacre renewed fighting War of War of the Three Henrysthe Three Henrys

Henry of Navarre= King Henry IV (r. Henry of Navarre= King Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)1589-1610)– Made peace between warring factionsMade peace between warring factions– ““Paris is worth a mass.”Paris is worth a mass.”– Edict of Nantes (1598)Edict of Nantes (1598)

Religious Wars: SpainReligious Wars: SpainNetherlandsNetherlands Philip II controlled Spain, Spanish Empire, Philip II controlled Spain, Spanish Empire,

Netherlands, Burgundy, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Netherlands, Burgundy, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, islands in W. Mediterraneanislands in W. Mediterranean

Dutch revolted against foreign ruleDutch revolted against foreign rule– Upset about Catholicism (many Calvinist) and Spanish Upset about Catholicism (many Calvinist) and Spanish

taxationtaxation Duke of Alva sent to control NetherlandsDuke of Alva sent to control Netherlands

rebellion continuedrebellion continued Spanish rule restored in SouthSpanish rule restored in South Northern provinces formed Union of Utrecht Northern provinces formed Union of Utrecht

(1579), William of Orange (the Silent) led(1579), William of Orange (the Silent) led Independence struggle continues, truce in 1609, Independence struggle continues, truce in 1609,

independence recognized 1648independence recognized 1648

Religious Wars: Spain Religious Wars: Spain vs. Englandvs. England Spanish/ English alliance ended with Spanish/ English alliance ended with

Mary’s deathMary’s death Philip wanted to conquer England Philip wanted to conquer England

and free it from Protestant controland free it from Protestant control 1588: launched the Spanish Armada1588: launched the Spanish Armada Huge loss for SpainHuge loss for Spain hurt Spanish hurt Spanish

prestige, step in Spain’s declineprestige, step in Spain’s decline

Religious Wars: 30 Religious Wars: 30 Years War Years War (background)(background) Peace of Augsburg only Peace of Augsburg only

recognized Lutheranism or recognized Lutheranism or CatholicismCatholicism

Calvinists wanted rightsCalvinists wanted rights Fighting begins in Hapsburg Fighting begins in Hapsburg

ruled, Bohemiaruled, Bohemia

Religious Wars: 30 Religious Wars: 30 Years War, Bohemian Years War, Bohemian PhasePhase Bohemian Calvinists worried about Bohemian Calvinists worried about

Ferdinand’s (Hapsburg, HRE) election as Ferdinand’s (Hapsburg, HRE) election as king of Bohemiaking of Bohemia

Defenestration of Prague (1618)– Catholic Defenestration of Prague (1618)– Catholic members of royal council thrown out members of royal council thrown out windowwindow

Rebels took control of Prague, demanded Rebels took control of Prague, demanded Ferdinand out, got help from the Ferdinand out, got help from the PalatinatePalatinate

Catholic victoryCatholic victory w/ help from Bavaria, w/ help from Bavaria, Palatinate put under Catholic controlPalatinate put under Catholic control

Religious Wars: 30 Religious Wars: 30 Years War, Danish Years War, Danish PhasePhase King Christian IV of Denmark and King Christian IV of Denmark and

Holstein (Lutheran) intervened Holstein (Lutheran) intervened against Ferdinand IIagainst Ferdinand II

Catholic Victory: w/ help of Catholic Victory: w/ help of Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein Denmark was defeated and Denmark was defeated and pushed out of German affairspushed out of German affairs

Religious Wars: 30 Religious Wars: 30 Years War, Swedish Years War, Swedish PhasePhase King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

invaded Germany.invaded Germany. France comes in too against France comes in too against

HapsburgsHapsburgs Early Swedish victoriesEarly Swedish victories Wallenstein Wallenstein

defeated but Adolphus killed (1632)defeated but Adolphus killed (1632) Forces exhausted, Treaty of Prague Forces exhausted, Treaty of Prague

signedsigned strengthened Hapsburgs strengthened Hapsburgs (Catholic Victory)(Catholic Victory)

Religious Wars: 30 Religious Wars: 30 Years War, French Years War, French PhasePhase France (Cardinal Richelieu) wanted France (Cardinal Richelieu) wanted

to weaken Hapsburgsto weaken Hapsburgs gets gets directly involved in wardirectly involved in war

Eventually France/Protestants wonEventually France/Protestants won France occupied BavariaFrance occupied Bavaria Peace negotiations began 1641.Peace negotiations began 1641. Protestant/French victoryProtestant/French victory

Religious Wars: Peace Religious Wars: Peace of Westphalia (1648)of Westphalia (1648) Territory gained for France, Sweden, Territory gained for France, Sweden,

BrandenburgBrandenburg Independence of Netherlands and Independence of Netherlands and

SwitzerlandSwitzerland German states can make own treaties German states can make own treaties

and alliancesand alliances Recognition for CalvinistsRecognition for Calvinists Fragmented the HREFragmented the HRE Isolated Spanish HapsburgsIsolated Spanish Hapsburgs France turning into major powerFrance turning into major power

PhilosophesPhilosophes

Critics of the Old RegimeCritics of the Old Regime new ideas on government, new ideas on government,

economics, religioneconomics, religion Proposed ways to improve human Proposed ways to improve human

condition and reform societycondition and reform society Believed in supremacy of Believed in supremacy of reasonreason Reason could reveal natural lawsReason could reveal natural laws Believed in progressBelieved in progress

Philosophes: Philosophes: FoundationsFoundations HobbesHobbes “social contract” “social contract” LockeLocke social contract, natural social contract, natural

rights, rights, tabula rasatabula rasa

Philosophes: VoltairePhilosophes: Voltaire

Most well-known philosopheMost well-known philosophe Supported:Supported:

– Enlightened DespotismEnlightened Despotism– Deism: rational approach to Deism: rational approach to

ChristianityChristianity– ToleranceTolerance

Philosophes: RousseauPhilosophes: Rousseau

More radical thinkerMore radical thinker Natural educationNatural education learn from learn from

direct experiencedirect experience Social ContractSocial Contract

– ““All men are born free, but All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains”everywhere they are in chains”

– Government should be formed Government should be formed based on the general willbased on the general will

Philosophes: Philosophes: MontesquieuMontesquieu No ideal political system No ideal political system

(situation varies from place to (situation varies from place to place)place)

Admired British systemAdmired British system Separation of powers between Separation of powers between

branches of government with a branches of government with a checks and balance systemchecks and balance system

Philosophes: BeccariaPhilosophes: Beccaria

Essay on Crimes and PunishmentsEssay on Crimes and Punishments Law and justice should conform to Law and justice should conform to

the laws of naturethe laws of nature Against torture and death penaltyAgainst torture and death penalty Supported quick justiceSupported quick justice Punishment should work to Punishment should work to

rehabilitate criminalrehabilitate criminal

Philosophes: Philosophes: EconomicsEconomics PhysiocratsPhysiocrats

– Laissez-faireLaissez-faire– Land = source of wealth (not gold and Land = source of wealth (not gold and

silver)silver)– Only tax should be on landOnly tax should be on land

Adam SmithAdam Smith– Laissez-faireLaissez-faire– Mercantilism interferes with natural lawsMercantilism interferes with natural laws– Economic self-interest should regulate Economic self-interest should regulate

economyeconomy

French Revolution: French Revolution: CausesCauses Old RegimeOld Regime Financial and Administration problemsFinancial and Administration problems

– Debt, inefficient bureaucracyDebt, inefficient bureaucracy NobilityNobility

– Reasserting authorityReasserting authority Failed attempts to tax nobility and Failed attempts to tax nobility and

reform govt spendingreform govt spending King called the Estates General in 1789 King called the Estates General in 1789

(hadn’t met since 1614) to get approval (hadn’t met since 1614) to get approval of new taxesof new taxes

French Revolution: French Revolution: Estates GeneralEstates General Representatives from each estate with Representatives from each estate with

demands (demands (cahierscahiers)) Nobles (2Nobles (2ndnd estate) want increased power estate) want increased power Third Estate wants abolition of privileges Third Estate wants abolition of privileges

of 1of 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd estates estates King wants $, and wants to vote by estateKing wants $, and wants to vote by estate 33rdrd estate refused (wanted voting by estate refused (wanted voting by

head)head) June 17, 1789 they declared June 17, 1789 they declared themselves the National Assembly: themselves the National Assembly: Revolution BeginsRevolution Begins

French Revolution: 1French Revolution: 1stst Phase (moderate)Phase (moderate) Tennis Court Oath: vow to write a constitutionTennis Court Oath: vow to write a constitution King ordered 1King ordered 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd estates to join Assembly, estates to join Assembly,

but rumors of mercaneries comingbut rumors of mercaneries coming Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) Great Fear– peasants begin supporting revolutionGreat Fear– peasants begin supporting revolution August 4: Old Regime abolishedAugust 4: Old Regime abolished Declaration of Rights of Man Declaration of Rights of Man Fall 1789: increased violence (Women’s march) and Fall 1789: increased violence (Women’s march) and

more radical clubs formingmore radical clubs forming 1790: Decreased power/$ for church, Civil 1790: Decreased power/$ for church, Civil

Constitution of the ClergyConstitution of the Clergy Constitution of 1791: limited constitutional Constitution of 1791: limited constitutional

monarchymonarchy