AP U.S. Gov’t & AP U.S. Gov’t & PoliticsPoliticsReviewReview

Prepare!Prepare!Don’t cram the night before, pace yourself!Don’t cram the night before, pace yourself!

Look over your materials.Look over your materials.

Focus on studying items you do not know.Focus on studying items you do not know.

The morning of….The morning of….

Wake up on time (even early)…be awake!Wake up on time (even early)…be awake!

Eat a healthy breakfastEat a healthy breakfast

Wear comfortable clothes & your lucky socks:)Wear comfortable clothes & your lucky socks:)

Bring at least two #2 pencils & a black pen for Bring at least two #2 pencils & a black pen for FRQsFRQs

Bring bottle of water (& snack for break).Bring bottle of water (& snack for break).

Review – AP Test CoverageReview – AP Test Coverage

I. Constitutional UnderpinningsI. Constitutional Underpinnings

+ Federalism = 5-15% + Federalism = 5-15%

II. Political Beliefs + Behaviors = 10-20%II. Political Beliefs + Behaviors = 10-20%

III. Pol Parties, SIGs + Mass Media = 10-III. Pol Parties, SIGs + Mass Media = 10-20%20%

IV. Institutions (3 Branches) = 35-45%IV. Institutions (3 Branches) = 35-45%

V. Public Policy = 5-15%V. Public Policy = 5-15%

VI. Civil Rights + Civil Liberties = 5-15%VI. Civil Rights + Civil Liberties = 5-15%

Exam BreakdownExam BreakdownI.I. 60 Multiple Choice questions 60 Multiple Choice questions

½ of total score – 45 mins½ of total score – 45 minsII.II. Essays – 4 free response in 100 minutes Essays – 4 free response in 100 minutes

Each essay is worth 1/8 of total score . . .Each essay is worth 1/8 of total score . . .Or a combined total of 50 % of total.Or a combined total of 50 % of total.

For example…For example…M/C = 60 points & Essay = 60 pointsM/C = 60 points & Essay = 60 pointsScoring could break down as: Scoring could break down as: 85-120 = 585-120 = 575-84 = 475-84 = 447-74 = 347-74 = 327-46= 2 ….27-46= 2 …. ~ These benchmarks can ~ These benchmarks can ↑ ↑

oror ↓ ↓depending on difficulty of depending on difficulty of

examexam

Exam TipsExam TipsGoal is to earn points!Goal is to earn points!Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice5 answers per question5 answers per question

Correct answer = 1 pointCorrect answer = 1 pointIncorrect answer = NO penaltyIncorrect answer = NO penalty

Rule: You might as well guess…even if you’re Rule: You might as well guess…even if you’re clueless.clueless.

Choose the best answer, some are good, but not the Choose the best answer, some are good, but not the best, go with your gut.best, go with your gut.

Could save the negative, “except” que. until endCould save the negative, “except” que. until endbut be sure to skip bubbles then.but be sure to skip bubbles then.

Free Response Questions (FRQs)Free Response Questions (FRQs)Write, write, write what you know! Write, write, write what you know! Explain using modern day examples if you can.Explain using modern day examples if you can.

I. Constitutional I. Constitutional UnderpinningsUnderpinnings

KNOW THE ARTICLES & AMENDMENTS!!!KNOW THE ARTICLES & AMENDMENTS!!!

What is the purpose of Politics?What is the purpose of Politics? Selects leadersSelects leaders

Leaders work w/in institutionsLeaders work w/in institutionsTo make. . .To make. . .Policy!Policy!

Democratic System, Power!Democratic System, Power!Popular Sovereignty – people controlPopular Sovereignty – people control

Separation of PowersSeparation of PowersChecks & BalancesChecks & BalancesFederalism = division of national, state & local gov’tsFederalism = division of national, state & local gov’tsMajority Rule with Minority RightsMajority Rule with Minority RightsWho really governs? Theories ~Who really governs? Theories ~Pluralism = many w/competition among groupsPluralism = many w/competition among groupsHyperpluralism = groups divide gov’tHyperpluralism = groups divide gov’tElitism/Class Theory = Big business rulesElitism/Class Theory = Big business rules

I. Constitutional I. Constitutional UnderpinningsUnderpinnings

11stst attempt at gov’t – Articles of Confederation, had weaknesses… attempt at gov’t – Articles of Confederation, had weaknesses…Shays’ RebellionShays’ RebellionLed to convention to revise resulting in…Led to convention to revise resulting in…Constitution of the U.S. - Debate over:Constitution of the U.S. - Debate over:- Representation! - Representation!

Plans failed: Virginia (feds), New Jersey (states)Plans failed: Virginia (feds), New Jersey (states)Great Compromise – Connecticut = Great Compromise – Connecticut = Bicameral legislature, 2 Senators per state &Bicameral legislature, 2 Senators per state &Reps according to populationReps according to population

- Slavery - South wanted all males counted; 3/5 compromise- Slavery - South wanted all males counted; 3/5 compromise- Suffrage – Who can vote?- Suffrage – Who can vote?- Economics - Congress shall rule + build infrastructure - Economics - Congress shall rule + build infrastructure

(Post offices to taxation- Article I)(Post offices to taxation- Article I)- Lack of individual rights … - Lack of individual rights …

(except habeas corpus, bills of attainder, ex post facto etc.)(except habeas corpus, bills of attainder, ex post facto etc.) Led to BILL OF RIGHTS! Led to BILL OF RIGHTS!

Anti-Federalists argued for additionAnti-Federalists argued for addition

I. Constitutional I. Constitutional UnderpinningsUnderpinnings

Ratification of Ratification of Constitution of the U.S. Constitution of the U.S. Federalists v. Anti-Federalists- Needed all states, unanimous under Articles of

Confederation

Amendments under Constitution – know processProposal (National level, 2/3 Congress) & Proposal (National level, 2/3 Congress) & Ratification (3/4 states)Ratification (3/4 states)

FederalismFederalism

Decentralization of gov’t. -- Decentralization of gov’t. -- a “sharing of the wealth” + gov’t power. a “sharing of the wealth” + gov’t power. Delegated powers = FedsDelegated powers = FedsReserved = StatesReserved = StatesINHERENTINHERENT – –all gov’ts possess these powers. . .immigrationall gov’ts possess these powers. . .immigrationExpressedExpressed – – Stated specifically . . .i.e. Congress makes laws Stated specifically . . .i.e. Congress makes laws ImpliedImplied Makes expressed powers work…i.e. Congress Makes expressed powers work…i.e. Congress

establishes a civil service system to hire establishes a civil service system to hire federal workers, military draft in order to raise federal workers, military draft in order to raise army army

Concurrent POWERSConcurrent POWERS shared power. i.e. education, taxationshared power. i.e. education, taxation

Reserved POWERSReserved POWERS states rule - welfare, local education, local gov’tsstates rule - welfare, local education, local gov’ts

Who shall rule in conflict between feds & states?Who shall rule in conflict between feds & states?Where in the Constitution…Where in the Constitution…

Federal: Art VI- Supremacy Clause Federal: Art VI- Supremacy Clause Implied powers of national gov’t upheld with Implied powers of national gov’t upheld with McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland. Helped establish Article I’s… . Helped establish Article I’s… Necessary and Proper Clause - Necessary and Proper Clause - ““elastic clause” that gave the Congress power to enact elastic clause” that gave the Congress power to enact policies policies

Commerce power - Commerce power - Gibbons v. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden . Interstate + . Interstate + internat’l commerce . Congress rules! internat’l commerce . Congress rules!

States: Not stated in Constitution…reserved to states = States: Not stated in Constitution…reserved to states = 1010thth Amendment Amendment

Dual to Cooperative to Regulatory Dual to Cooperative to Regulatory

FederalismFederalism Grant-In-Aid - Grant-In-Aid -

one level of gov’t pays for another level’s one level of gov’t pays for another level’s project project

Categorical grantsCategorical grants – –

$$ for specific projects w/ strings attached$$ for specific projects w/ strings attached

Formula grantFormula grant- Do you meet the formula. i.e. - Do you meet the formula. i.e. public housing, employment programspublic housing, employment programs

Block grantBlock grant – funds/$ for general area – funds/$ for general area

MandatesMandates – –

Feds dictate specific guidelines. . .if don’t comply, Feds dictate specific guidelines. . .if don’t comply, penalized or lose the funding. . .penalized or lose the funding. . .

i.e. Disability Act, Clean Airi.e. Disability Act, Clean Air

Unfunded mandatesUnfunded mandates - laws w/o funding - laws w/o funding

Political CulturePolitical CultureHow does one determine the socialization of How does one determine the socialization of

the American constituent?the American constituent?WHO establishes our political value WHO establishes our political value

system...system...Who sets the agenda?Who sets the agenda?SIGS, SIGS, Political institutions, Political institutions, Media “The New Parent”, Media “The New Parent”, family, family, Social Economic Stratification (SES) as one Social Economic Stratification (SES) as one

grows older.grows older.

America’s DemographicsAmerica’s Demographics: Who are : Who are we?we?

Census - every 10 years.Census - every 10 years.Minority/majority is influencing the great Minority/majority is influencing the great

melting pot – melting pot – By 2050 - Whites will be only 52% of By 2050 - Whites will be only 52% of

society society Who is the largest minority?Who is the largest minority?HispanicsHispanics

What What ActAct requires employers to document requires employers to document the citizenship of employees or face the citizenship of employees or face fines?fines? Simpson/MazzoliSimpson/Mazzoli, 1986, 1986

How has the shifting of America from Frost How has the shifting of America from Frost Belt to Sun Belt: SW, SE and Texas Belt to Sun Belt: SW, SE and Texas dramatic population increases, 20% dramatic population increases, 20% growth rates, while North has 5% growth growth rates, while North has 5% growth impacted the American political scene? impacted the American political scene?

Congress + reapportionment; Congress + reapportionment; Red + Blue states . . .Red + Blue states . . .

GRAY POWER - Baby boomers graying GRAY POWER - Baby boomers graying rapidly. How has this impacted the rapidly. How has this impacted the political landscape?political landscape?

They wish to collect their $5 trillion in They wish to collect their $5 trillion in Social Security benefits! -- Social Security benefits! --

Their SIGS possess clout – i.e. AARPTheir SIGS possess clout – i.e. AARP

How does one gauge America’s How does one gauge America’s pulse?pulse?POLLING! POLLING!

- the more “random” the better. . .- the more “random” the better. . .everyone has a chance of being selectedeveryone has a chance of being selected

How do Polls assist politicians?How do Polls assist politicians?- detect public preferences- detect public preferencesBandwagonBandwagon effects. . . effects. . .jump on board. . .instead of doing what’s rightjump on board. . .instead of doing what’s right

What is an Exit poll ?What is an Exit poll ?- question voters after they vote - question voters after they vote

Problems…can control elections, east closing before west Problems…can control elections, east closing before west coastcoast

Liberals v. ConservativesLiberals v. Conservatives

Rational Choice theory states . .Centrist policies Rational Choice theory states . .Centrist policies usually win. . .don’t drift far from moderate usually win. . .don’t drift far from moderate proposals.proposals.

Many voters have moved to middle ---Many voters have moved to middle --- a Dealignment of Party Identificationa Dealignment of Party Identification

Reagan era shift to the right,Reagan era shift to the right,Clinton era shift to the left, Clinton era shift to the left, then to the middle. . .then to the middle. . .Bush era shift to the rightBush era shift to the rightPolitically. . .what is this called?Politically. . .what is this called?

Re-alignment of political ideologyRe-alignment of political ideology

Political participation: The many forms--Political participation: The many forms--How? How? - Voting. Only 50% vote in nat’l elections. - Voting. Only 50% vote in nat’l elections. Voters see a lack of Voters see a lack of political efficacypolitical efficacy = not = not

being able to politically “effect” society being able to politically “effect” society through the political process. through the political process.

- Join SIGS- Join SIGS- Give $$$$ to SIGS thru PACS- Give $$$$ to SIGS thru PACS- Become a political elite- Become a political elite- Contacting gov’t officials on a regular basis- Contacting gov’t officials on a regular basis- Working on a campaign- Working on a campaign- civil disobedience- civil disobedience- Violence- Violence

Who participates more?Who participates more? higher SES participate more. . . and get higher SES participate more. . . and get more!more!

Mass MediaMass Media1st amendment provides incentive to report the “News” 1st amendment provides incentive to report the “News”

which is . . . . which is . . . . a timely occurrence that “informs the public”. a timely occurrence that “informs the public”.

- Often Politicians “make” news to get on news.- Often Politicians “make” news to get on news.

““Spin Masters/Doctors”? Spin Masters/Doctors”? Person hired specifically to promote the image of the Person hired specifically to promote the image of the candidate! candidate!

Competition in the medias has forced them to be more Competition in the medias has forced them to be more aggressive & “bend” the journalistic rules of using aggressive & “bend” the journalistic rules of using reliable sources reliable sources

- “Sound bites” and great images prevail!- “Sound bites” and great images prevail!

Special Interest Groups - SIGSSpecial Interest Groups - SIGS InfluenceInfluence gov’t at all levels, all branches. gov’t at all levels, all branches.

Political parties differ because goals are to win office & Political parties differ because goals are to win office & “make” policy, not just influence“make” policy, not just influence

How do SIGs influence?How do SIGs influence?- Provide data to Gov’t + agencies- Provide data to Gov’t + agencies- Draft legislation…- Draft legislation…

via the Iron Triangle (issue) network = SIGS, Gov’t agencies, via the Iron Triangle (issue) network = SIGS, Gov’t agencies, Congressional subcommitteesCongressional subcommittees

- Lawsuits (- Lawsuits (amicus curiaeamicus curiae = friend of the court), class action = friend of the court), class action cases cases

- education- education- Watchdogs of gov’t. . . - Watchdogs of gov’t. . . - Lobbyists- “hired guns or political persuaders, whose job is - Lobbyists- “hired guns or political persuaders, whose job is

to promote the SIGS interests via pressure (garnering votes, to promote the SIGS interests via pressure (garnering votes, $$$)$$$)

Influencing policymakingInfluencing policymaking

$$$$ - As of 1974, corporations and unions cannot $$$$ - As of 1974, corporations and unions cannot directly fund political campaigns… NOW corps can!directly fund political campaigns… NOW corps can!

BUT Political Action Committees (PACS) , the political BUT Political Action Committees (PACS) , the political arm of SIGS, can fund candidates’ campaignsarm of SIGS, can fund candidates’ campaigns

What type of money?What type of money?Hard $$$ NOT Soft! (illegal – McCain-Feingold, 2002) Hard $$$ NOT Soft! (illegal – McCain-Feingold, 2002) Or via. . .527’sOr via. . .527’s

Buckley v. ValeoBuckley v. Valeo - extended campaign spending to “indirect” - extended campaign spending to “indirect” financing (TV ads)financing (TV ads)

See Federal Election Commission (FEC) Campaign See Federal Election Commission (FEC) Campaign RulesRules

Political PartiesPolitical PartiesTwo-party system – Two-party system – Historically - Federalists v. Anti-FederalistsHistorically - Federalists v. Anti-FederalistsEvolved…Democrats v. RepublicansEvolved…Democrats v. Republicans3rd parties have popped up…3rd parties have popped up…

some cry ‘spoil’ elections (Nader, Perot)some cry ‘spoil’ elections (Nader, Perot)Ideological, Single issue, Economic protest, SplinterIdeological, Single issue, Economic protest, Splinter

Parties:Parties:Select candidates via nominationSelect candidates via nominationRun campaignsRun campaignsEstablish an imageEstablish an imageArticulate policiesArticulate policiesCoordinate policymakingCoordinate policymakingCompete for votesCompete for votes

Party Machines Party Machines Each state manages its own operation - a Each state manages its own operation - a

decentralizeddecentralized and fragmented system. and fragmented system. - Patronage dominated - the good boy/girl club. - Patronage dominated - the good boy/girl club.

Party regulars can become gov’t appointees… Party regulars can become gov’t appointees… now civil service system makes it competitive.now civil service system makes it competitive.

- Finding the right candidates takes parties through - Finding the right candidates takes parties through “grass roots” democracy all the way through “grass roots” democracy all the way through campaigns until election day.campaigns until election day.

It seems to last foooooooor evvvvverrrrr! It seems to last foooooooor evvvvverrrrr!

How does one come across a potential party elite? How does one come across a potential party elite? Be a party regular! and hold a public office at some Be a party regular! and hold a public office at some

level - US Congressperson or state Governor etc.level - US Congressperson or state Governor etc.

Running for PresidentRunning for PresidentPreliminary elections:Preliminary elections:- Caucuses – vote on candidates w/i party & finds - Caucuses – vote on candidates w/i party & finds

delegates for the next level and also begins delegates for the next level and also begins platform developmentplatform developmentFirst caucus? IOWAFirst caucus? IOWA

- Primaries – polling place/electoral event where - Primaries – polling place/electoral event where electorate in state votes on candidates (endorses),electorate in state votes on candidates (endorses),

Closed – only party affiliates Closed – only party affiliates Open – all eligible can participateOpen – all eligible can participateBlanket – all parties on one ballot Blanket – all parties on one ballot

# of delegates determine winner at national # of delegates determine winner at national conventionconvention

Electoral College & Electing Electoral College & Electing PresidentPresident

Review Electoral College process!Review Electoral College process!

Bush v. GoreBush v. Gore US Supreme Ct ruled recount was US Supreme Ct ruled recount was legal, BUT the same procedure had to be used legal, BUT the same procedure had to be used in ALL counties, not only those in question. . . in ALL counties, not only those in question. . . AND there was not enough time to accomplish AND there was not enough time to accomplish that mission before December 12, when the that mission before December 12, when the electoral college was to meet. . .soooooo Bush electoral college was to meet. . .soooooo Bush won Florida and w/ 271 electoral votes to won Florida and w/ 271 electoral votes to Gore’s 269. . .Gore’s 269. . .

---Only the 4th time the winner of the popular ---Only the 4th time the winner of the popular vote lost an election! vote lost an election!

Getting Citizen’s to VoteGetting Citizen’s to VoteSuffrage an issue in three amendments: Suffrage an issue in three amendments: 1515thth (black men), 19 (black men), 19thth (women) , 26 (women) , 26thth (18 yr. (18 yr.

olds) olds) MN leads in voter turnout but still…MN leads in voter turnout but still…Low turnout for youth, uneducated etc.Low turnout for youth, uneducated etc.

Who votes?Who votes?- Educated !Educated ! - Older - Older - High SES- High SES- Gender - Females higher- Gender - Females higher- Married - Married - Union membership - Union membership

Who doesn’t or can’t vote?Who doesn’t or can’t vote?

1.1. Not old enoughNot old enough

2.2. AliensAliens

3.3. FelonsFelons

4.4. Too busyToo busy

5.5. Lack political efficacyLack political efficacy

6.6. Not registeredNot registered

Article I – Legislative BranchArticle I – Legislative BranchBicameral Congress – House of Reps & SenateBicameral Congress – House of Reps & Senate

Review ComparisonReview Comparison

Legislate! = Make laws, public policyLegislate! = Make laws, public policyHouse initiates revenue/$ billsHouse initiates revenue/$ bills

Holds purse stringsHolds purse stringsOversight – Regulate exec agenciesOversight – Regulate exec agencies

Art.1 sect 8, clauses 1-17 expressed powers…Art.1 sect 8, clauses 1-17 expressed powers…18+ implied powers from Necessary & Proper18+ implied powers from Necessary & Proper

- Congress as a career? Incumbent election rate high…- Congress as a career? Incumbent election rate high…House districts safer than Senate seatsHouse districts safer than Senate seats

Know different types of committees: Know different types of committees: standing, select, joint, conferencestanding, select, joint, conference

House of RepresentativesHouse of RepresentativesProtecting the Masses Protecting the Masses Who is the traffic cop on legislation? Who is the traffic cop on legislation?

House Rules Committee controls the flow of bills - House Rules Committee controls the flow of bills - establishes a “rule” for each bill which schedules it establishes a “rule” for each bill which schedules it

Leadership – Who is at the top?Leadership – Who is at the top?Speaker – Speaker – John Boehner - only office mandated by the ConstitutionJohn Boehner - only office mandated by the Constitution- Presides over the House; Pres. Succession – 3rd- Presides over the House; Pres. Succession – 3rd- Influences committee member assignments- Influences committee member assignments- Appoints Rules Committee members- Appoints Rules Committee members- Influences bill assignments to Committee- Influences bill assignments to CommitteeWho are the other House leaders?Who are the other House leaders?Majority leaderMajority leaderMinority leaderMinority leaderParty whipsParty whipsCommittee chairpersonsCommittee chairpersons

SenateSenate100 members – more prestigious100 members – more prestigious

Less rules on floor in debate, filibusterLess rules on floor in debate, filibuster

Leadership:Leadership:

- Vice President - President of the Senate- Vice President - President of the Senate

he can break a tie votehe can break a tie vote

- Majority Leader - selected by party. - Majority Leader - selected by party.

- Minority Leader - Minority Leader

- Party Whips- Party Whips

Bill to LAWBill to LAWI. I. Introduction by you, legislator, president, bureaucracy. .. Introduction by you, legislator, president, bureaucracy. .. II. II. Speaker or Senate Majority leader titles it + numbers it.Speaker or Senate Majority leader titles it + numbers it.III.III. Committee action - Committee action -

Subcommittee - schedule hearings, revise it, approve it, kill itSubcommittee - schedule hearings, revise it, approve it, kill itCommittee schedules hearings, revise it, approve it, kill itCommittee schedules hearings, revise it, approve it, kill it

IV.IV. Floor ActionFloor ActionAmendments can be addedAmendments can be addeda. Committee of the Whole, 100 or more members can debate a. Committee of the Whole, 100 or more members can debate bills. No “riders” can be added. . .bills. No “riders” can be added. . .b. Quorum call – b. Quorum call – 218 House members needed to vote. . .majority passes 218 House members needed to vote. . .majority passes legislationlegislationc. Senate can add What to legislation? ridersc. Senate can add What to legislation? riders

V. V. If Senate and/or House amend/revise, Bill goes to:If Senate and/or House amend/revise, Bill goes to: Conference committeeConference committee

VI.VI. Full House + Full Senate vote on conference committee version Full House + Full Senate vote on conference committee version -- --

VII.VII. To President for signature or his vetoTo President for signature or his veto

Passing Legislation? Passing Legislation? Factors…Factors…

1. Appeasing the “Chief Legislator” = 1. Appeasing the “Chief Legislator” = PresidentPresident

2. Party influence - 50% of the time legislators 2. Party influence - 50% of the time legislators will vote party line. . . House partisanship is will vote party line. . . House partisanship is stronger than the Senate.stronger than the Senate.

3. Who do legislators attempt to please?3. Who do legislators attempt to please?Constituency support - legislators are seen Constituency support - legislators are seen as “trustees” (trusted to decide on own as “trustees” (trusted to decide on own merit) and instructed delegates = politicos merit) and instructed delegates = politicos (decisions based on constituents’ wants) (decisions based on constituents’ wants)

4. Who else do Legislators appease?4. Who else do Legislators appease?SIGS + lobbyistsSIGS + lobbyists

Federal $$$$ TreeFederal $$$$ Tree

Budget = Budget = annual assessment of gov’t expenditures + annual assessment of gov’t expenditures +

assetsassets

Gov’t collects $/taxes & spends it via Gov’t collects $/taxes & spends it via expenditures.expenditures.

If tax allocations are higher = If tax allocations are higher = surplussurplus

If expenses are higher = dIf expenses are higher = deficiteficit

>>> Add them up it’s national >>> Add them up it’s national debtdebt,,

Trillions $ shortfall. . .of which 10% of the current Trillions $ shortfall. . .of which 10% of the current budget pays JUST the INTEREST!budget pays JUST the INTEREST!

Federal incomeFederal income::#1 source = Income tax – which #1 source = Income tax – which

Amendment:Amendment:1616thth power to tax people via the IRS – power to tax people via the IRS – 50%50%

Corporate tax- 10%Corporate tax- 10%Social Insurance – FICA Social Insurance – FICA (Fed Insurance (Fed Insurance

Contributions Act, Social Sec. Medicare)Contributions Act, Social Sec. Medicare) - 33% - 33%Borrowing - Debt load Borrowing - Debt load

shifts burden to future tax payers… shifts burden to future tax payers… Provokes thoughts of a “balanced Provokes thoughts of a “balanced budget amendment” w/ certain budget amendment” w/ certain provisions. provisions.

Top Three Federal Expenditures:Top Three Federal Expenditures:

Social Service state - income security costs for Social Service state - income security costs for the elderly, the poor, and the needy- Social the elderly, the poor, and the needy- Social Security Act 1935, Medicare 1965, 1/3 of Security Act 1935, Medicare 1965, 1/3 of federal budgetfederal budget

National DefenseNational Defense

Interest on the Debt Interest on the Debt

Congress established reforms to improve budget Congress established reforms to improve budget process --1974 Actprocess --1974 Act

- Fixed budget calendar- Fixed budget calendar

- budget committee- budget committee

- Congressional Budget Office, CBO- Congressional Budget Office, CBO

Article II – Executive BranchArticle II – Executive BranchPresident + Bureaucracy President + Bureaucracy

- Roles of Pres: Commander in Chief, Head of - Roles of Pres: Commander in Chief, Head of State, Chief Legislator etc.State, Chief Legislator etc.

Administration includes Administration includes CabinetCabinet = heads of 15 = heads of 15 exec depts. that traditionally meet & adviseexec depts. that traditionally meet & advise

Also…Executive Office of the Presidency (EOP – Also…Executive Office of the Presidency (EOP – White House Office, VP, OMB etc.)White House Office, VP, OMB etc.)

Iron Triangle …Iron Triangle …

how policy is really made how policy is really made →→

Article III – Judicial BranchArticle III – Judicial BranchFederal law + courtsFederal law + courtsFed justices selected by Pres w/ 2/3 Senate Fed justices selected by Pres w/ 2/3 Senate

approvalapprovalJudge must meet ‘litmus’ test, ideological purityJudge must meet ‘litmus’ test, ideological purity

Jurisdiction:Jurisdiction:Original – trial court w/juries Original – trial court w/juries

(3% rulings, rest plea bargained)(3% rulings, rest plea bargained)Appellate – appeals, review earlier trial Appellate – appeals, review earlier trial

Supreme Court – 9 justices including Chief Just.Supreme Court – 9 justices including Chief Just.- Mostly appellate court (limited orig. juris)Mostly appellate court (limited orig. juris)- Mostly constitutional issues, civil liberties, 14Mostly constitutional issues, civil liberties, 14thth

amendment amendment

What gives Courts their power over Leg + Executive decisions?What gives Courts their power over Leg + Executive decisions?Judicial reviewJudicial review gives fed courts power to “hear” federal gives fed courts power to “hear” federal

questions and overrule Leg + Exec branches -- overturned questions and overrule Leg + Exec branches -- overturned 100 rulings 100 rulings

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison,, 1803 provided right of Judicial Review 1803 provided right of Judicial Review

Rule of 4Rule of 4writ of certiorariwrit of certiorari - - Certificate from SC requesting a case be sent up. Certificate from SC requesting a case be sent up.

writ of mandamuswrit of mandamus – – Court demands ACTIONCourt demands ACTION

writ of habeas corpuswrit of habeas corpus – – Authorities/Jailers must explain why holding a suspect. Authorities/Jailers must explain why holding a suspect.

Solicitor General Solicitor General assists in Appellate ct case load possibilitiesassists in Appellate ct case load possibilities

Opinions: majority (ruling), dissenting, concurringOpinions: majority (ruling), dissenting, concurringPrecedent = previous rulingsPrecedent = previous rulings

Stare DecisisStare Decisis – ruling with precedent – ruling with precedent

Court HistoryCourt HistoryFirst Trimester - Developmental issuesFirst Trimester - Developmental issuesi.e. i.e. Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison – – McCulloch v. McCulloch v.

MarylandMaryland = Nat’l bank + Necessary + = Nat’l bank + Necessary + proper clause (implied powers) proper clause (implied powers)

Barrons v. Baltimore Barrons v. Baltimore – ruled Bill of Rights – ruled Bill of Rights did not apply to states, later overturned did not apply to states, later overturned with 14with 14thth amendment & application of amendment & application of due process clause to apply Bill of Rights due process clause to apply Bill of Rights to states = to states = selective incorporationselective incorporation

2nd Trimester - Economic issues2nd Trimester - Economic issuesLast Trimester – Social issues…Last Trimester – Social issues…

Most liberal court?Most liberal court?

Warren Court set “liberal precedents in Warren Court set “liberal precedents in education, civil liberties, re-education, civil liberties, re-apportionment, 1960’sapportionment, 1960’s

Burger Court - a Minnesotan selected by Burger Court - a Minnesotan selected by Nixon was more conservative although Nixon was more conservative although it set precedent w/ Roe v. Wade. it set precedent w/ Roe v. Wade.

Rehnquist Court - limited rights established Rehnquist Court - limited rights established by Warren Ct, not reversed; affirmative by Warren Ct, not reversed; affirmative action policies severely scrutinizedaction policies severely scrutinized

Civil LibertiesCivil Liberties

Individual legal and constitutional Individual legal and constitutional protections from government protections from government

Found in… Found in…

The The Bill of RightsBill of Rights (1-10) (1-10)

11stst - Freedom of Expression (religious, - Freedom of Expression (religious, press, speech, assembly, petition)press, speech, assembly, petition)

Privacy – (3-4)Privacy – (3-4)

Defendant’s rights (5-8)Defendant’s rights (5-8)

Other rights (2,5,9-10)Other rights (2,5,9-10)

SC overturned SC overturned Barrons v. BaltimoreBarrons v. Baltimore & ruled in & ruled in 1925 that states must follow SOME 1st 1925 that states must follow SOME 1st Amendment rights Amendment rights Gitlow v. New YorkGitlow v. New York

Incorporation doctrineIncorporation doctrine - States have slowly - States have slowly come under the Bill of Rights. come under the Bill of Rights.

Door is now open for Bill of Rights enforcement:Door is now open for Bill of Rights enforcement:

Have all the amendments been incorporated?Have all the amendments been incorporated?

No, 1,3,4,5,6,8 have been, 2,7,9,10 have not…No, 1,3,4,5,6,8 have been, 2,7,9,10 have not…

Selective incorporationSelective incorporation

Restrictions on 1Restrictions on 1stst Amendments?Amendments?

Unprotected speech include: obscenity, Unprotected speech include: obscenity, defamatory speech, pornography, defamatory speech, pornography, fighting words, seditious speech. fighting words, seditious speech.

The Press now includes cable, faxes, e-The Press now includes cable, faxes, e-mailsmails

Freedom of assembly restrictions: Freedom of assembly restrictions: lawful + nonviolent; order maintained by lawful + nonviolent; order maintained by

time, place, manner; precise, fairly time, place, manner; precise, fairly administered and content neutral.administered and content neutral.

NO private property trespassing!NO private property trespassing!

Review Landmark Review Landmark Cases! Cases!

Categorized Sheet ---Categorized Sheet ---

Civil Rights Civil Rights

Gov’t does not discriminate against us…Gov’t does not discriminate against us…

Gov’t protects us from interference by Gov’t protects us from interference by private individuals. private individuals.

Framers referred to these rights as Framers referred to these rights as

““NATURAL RIGHTS”, rights of all people to NATURAL RIGHTS”, rights of all people to dignity and worth.dignity and worth.

Today they are called Today they are called HUMAN RIGHTS.HUMAN RIGHTS.

Is the opposite of affirmative action . . . Is the opposite of affirmative action . . . Discrimination? - denying access. Discrimination? - denying access.

1st mention of equality is 1st mention of equality is

14th Amendment14th Amendment - All will have “equal - All will have “equal protection” unless there is a “compelling protection” unless there is a “compelling public interest” to discriminate. public interest” to discriminate.

1414thth states ALL persons citizens – states ALL persons citizens –

Two clauses = equal protection & due Two clauses = equal protection & due process process

Suffrage & Civil Rights – Suffrage & Civil Rights –

Review minority groups’ struggleReview minority groups’ struggle

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

Poll taxes (24th Amendment), Poll taxes (24th Amendment),

White primaries, gerrymandered White primaries, gerrymandered districts, districts,

all were thrown out.all were thrown out.

There is a lot more but…..There is a lot more but…..

That’s all folks!That’s all folks!

GOOD LUCKGOOD LUCK