AP WORLD HISTORYAP WORLD HISTORY

1750 - 1900

An Era of Incredible Change

• The Industrial Revolution (with increasing urbanization as a result)

• The Atlantic Revolutions• Imperialism• Capitalism and Socialism• Latin American Revolutions• Abolition of Slavery

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION• Began in Britain in the late

1700’s (18th century)• Spread to the U.S. and Germany

and the rest of Europe after that• Began with money from colonies

and was brought on by the 2nd Agricultural Revolution which increased crop yields and allowed more people to move to cities to find work in factories

• The Enclosure System also contributed to urbanization (small farmers lost land to wealthy landowners and moved to cities looking for work)

INDUSTRIALIZATION BRINGS INNOVATION

• To improve textile manufacturing and shipping, key inventions were made in the 1700’s and early 1800’s:– The Spinning Jenny – The Flying Shuttle– The Cotton Gin– The Steam Engine

AND THE “SECOND” INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BROUGHT…

• The telegraph • The telephone• The light bulb• The internal

combustion engine• The radio• The airplane

– All of these inventions came in the late 19th century

FACTORIES AND ASSEMBLY LINESFACTORIES AND ASSEMBLY LINES

• Made manufacturing more efficient and thus increased profits

• Created jobs for people but these jobs were often very labor intensive and done in poor conditions

• Women and children worked alongside men – Women had to do double duty as moms and workers– Children as young as six worked 16 hour days in deplorable

conditions

PHILOSOPHICAL RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION• A middle class develops in Europe as a result of

Industrialization• People in favor of industrial productivity and profits

maintained that Laissez Faire Capitalism (Adam Smith) was the best way to achieve economic stability and growth– Adam Smith taught that the government should

stay out of the economy and let it regulate itself with the laws of supply and demand• The Wealth of Nations (1776)

• Some people opposed to exploitation of cheap labor believed that Socialism was right– Karl Marx taught that the proletariat would

eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie and that would lead to Communism once all resources had been redistributed equally• The Communist Manifesto (1848)

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Rapid urbanization (factory jobs were in cities)– Rough living conditions in crowded cities

• Industrialized nations were the strongest and took advantage of non-industrialized nations– Remember the Berlin Conference in Africa and the Opium

Wars/Spheres of Influence in China???• Middle class is born and even more specialization of labor

develops

GENDER ISSUESCHANGES•Poor women had to work in factories and still take care of family needs•Wealthy women stayed home and had less power outside the home in industrial age•Middle Class women became involved in reform movements (abolition, suffrage)

CONTINUITIES•Women still had family responsibilities•Society still very patriarchal

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE• Women were leaders in the

abolition movement to end slavery

• Women were leaders in other movements as well (temperance, child labor, etc.)

• These leadership roles prepare women to fight for their political rights (voting = suffrage)

• The right to vote came after long battles in Britain and the U.S. (right around World War I)

SOCIAL DARWINISMSOCIAL DARWINISM

• Many European and American people took Darwin’s theory of evolution and “survival of the fittest” and applied it to humans

• Belief that advances and conquest surely meant that the white man was superior to all other races, making subjugation and/or extermination of inferior races the natural thing to do

• Some used Social Darwinism to inspire missionary efforts, educational efforts, etc. while others used the theory as justification for everything from slavery to genocide (Nazi Germany in WWII)

• During this time period, Europeans and Americans colonize and attempt to “civilize” huge areas of Africa, Asia, and Oceania– The “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM• England defeated France to take over land in North America and

India in the 18th century• The Raj began as the British East India Company took over trading

ports (mercantilism)• Eventually the British government claimed India as a colony and ruled

it for almost 100 years• England took raw materials (such as cotton) out of India and shipped

it to England to manufacture textiles and then sold those textiles to the world, including to India!

• #Profit! • Indians benefitted little from colonialism, but Britain became even

more wealthy and powerful as a result of their Indian colony• The Sepoy Rebellion was an attempt at Indian nationalism and

independence in the mid-1800’s but it failed to overthrow the Raj; however, Indian nationalism will only get stronger over the next century and paves the way for Mohandas K. Gandhi

MIGRATIONS DURING THIS PERIOD

• Many people moved during this era

– European migration to the Americas

– Chinese and Japanese migration to the U.S. and parts of Latin America too

– Slavery ending in the 19th century meant a need for workers in Cuba for example (Chinese coolies)

– African migration to Europe (colonialism brain drain)

– Indians to Africa and the Americas

– REASON: For Work or better living conditions

THE BEGINNING OF NATIONALISM• Previous state structures:

decentralized, feudal system monarchies

• From the 1200’s forward, central authority becomes the norm in Europe with a monarch and the nobility in charge (Great Britain and the Magna Carta)

• French Revolution in late 18th century fueled French nationalism, seen later under Napoleon and conquests

• Loyalty to the state, a national consciousness emerges

• Nationalism, however, is seen as a threat to empires (Ottoman, Russian, Austrian) because these were diverse empires with different groups within

You Say You Want a You Say You Want a Revolution?Revolution?

• American Revolution 1776-1783

• French Revolution 1789-1799

• Haitian Revolution 1793-1802

• Latin American Revolutions 1820-1848

• Meiji Restoration in Japan 1867

• Mexican Revolution 1910-1920

Latin American Revolutions

• Inspired by American, French Revolutions & the Enlightenment• Resentment over Spanish colonial policy and Peninsulares’ power

led Creoles to lead the revolutionary cause• Mexico: Father Hidalgo, Morelos, Iturbide• S. America: Simon Bolivar, Jose de san Martin• Brazil: peaceful break from Portugal• Haiti: slave revolt led by Toussaint L’ouverture• Post-independence struggles: lack of industrialization and wealth

inequalities will make these nations struggle for stability and will cause them to be vulnerable to foreign domination of industries (railroads, factories)

WESTERN HEGEMONY• The powerful core states of Europe and the U.S. will

become dominant in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in the 18th and 19th centuries

• Spain and Portugal are declining as Britain, France, Holland, and the U.S. gain strength (Germany will come along and be a real force in the late 19th century)

• Imperialism going strong for the core states, gaining resources and markets from the periphery states they dominate (think Britain/India relationship and U.S./Japan)

IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISMIMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM• Imperialism: powerful nations

extend control over less-powerful nations

• Colonialism: powerful nations conquer and settle in less-powerful nations

• Control can be direct (British Raj in India) or indirect (American railroads in Argentina)

• Nationalism in Europe and the U.S. helped spur on more imperialism (don’t want to lose out to England if you are France)

• Industrial Revolution increased Imperialism (needed raw materials and open markets for your own manufactured products)

• Imposition of culture, values, and religious systems on the colonized people

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM (continued)

• China represented another key market for European domination

• After the failed Macartney Mission of 1793, Britain shipped tons of opium into China during the 1800’s and got Qing Dynasty China hooked; a weakened China was no match for British forces and the Treaty of Nanking opened up China to trade (spheres of influence) and foreign domination

• Open Door Policy (U.S. domination)

• Boxer Rebellion attempted to stop foreign domination but it failed, and the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911

JAPAN IN THE 19JAPAN IN THE 19thth CENTURY CENTURY

• From the 1600’s on, Japan had chosen the path of isolation, fearing too much western influence would damage them

• In 1854, they were surprised by the “black ships” of Admiral Perry as the U.S. demanded trading privileges with the Japanese in the Treaty of Kanagawa

• Frightened into action, the Japanese got organized and changed greatly as a result:– Centralized government (ended Shogunate)– Actively sought western help in industrialization and modernization to

become a dominating power instead of the one being dominated (like China)– Built up their military too, fighting successful wars against Russia and China– The Meiji Restorations ended Japanese seclusion but saved them from foreign

domination in the long run

Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa, 1884-1885

• European powers met to divide up Africa for themselves

• If you could control it, you could have it

• Interested in resources and markets for products

• Major players included Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Germany

• Led to colonization of the whole continent and control of Africa for the next 80 years

• Slavery, although officially outlawed, was still the norm in many colonies (Belgian King Leopold’s Congo Free State)

China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire: A Case Study in

Responses to Imperialism• China refused to acknowledge western threats and paid

dearly for not innovating to meet the challenge (Opium Wars, Treaty of Nanking, and Spheres of Influence followed by collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911

• Japan was scared straight in 1854 by Admiral Perry’s black ships, and the Meiji Restoration brought centralized government and industrialization to Japan, making it a new world power by the 20th century

• The Ottomans waited too long to reform, but did try to westernize/modernize with the Tanzimat Reforms and the Young Turk Movement; in the end it was too little too late as they lost World War I and saw the empire collapse and get divided up among European powers Britain and France

Egypt, East Africa, and Southern Africa: Responses to

Imperialism • Egypt tried to modernize while still part of the Ottoman Empire under leadership of Muhammad Ali, but Europeans do not allow Egyptians to gain control of their own land and defeat them and took the Suez Canal away from Egyptian control

• Ethiopia is a success story of African resistance as the leader Menelik II helped fight off Italy’s attempt at colonizing Ethiopia

• Zulus in Southern Africa fight European settlement; but superior British army and weapons defeat the Zulu and later diamond and gold discoveries bring even more European settlements

• South Africa created in 1910 (Apartheid government)