AP World HistorySEPTEMBER 3, 2015

Warm Up – September 3, 2015 During the classical period, Africa:

A. Was cut off from global trade patternsB. Repelled Christian missionary effortsC. Lost contact with classical civilizationsD. Saw new technology used in trans-Saharan travelE. Saw the arrival of Buddhist missionaries

Agenda◦ Warm Up◦ Quiz tomorrow over Chapters 2 and 3◦ Classical India◦ Mauryan/Gupta Organizer

Don’t forget! ◦ Reading – Chapter 4 (Reading Guide due Friday, September 4th)

Essential Question

How do we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of classical civilizations?

AP World HistoryChapter 3CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION INDIA

Aryan Civilization◦ Indo European people who migrated across Europe and Asia.

◦No Archeological record of early Aryans.◦Priests called Vedas kept oral stories that were passed down for generations.

◦The Vedas oral histories were written down around 1500 B.C.E

Aryan Society◦Aryans loved fighting, drinking, and playing dice.◦They broke their society into four groups, which would become the caste system.

Aryan Religious Beliefs◦Aryans were polytheistic:

◦ Indra = God of Thunder, War= Weapon Thunderbolt.◦ Varuna = God of Order.◦ Agni = God of Fire = Messenger.◦ Brahman = God of all things.◦ Mystics = People who seek spiritual things.◦ Rajahs = Elected warrior leaders.

Nomads to Farmers The Aryans began to settle in villages then cities.

By 500 B.C.E many Rajahs (kings) controlled a new civilization of both Aryans and natives.

Written language of Sanskrit began to appear.

Literature Mahabharata is considered India’s greatest epic poem.

◦ Five royal brothers fight one battle that lasts 18 days and concept of just war is introduced.

In the epic Ramayana, The hero Rama must rescue Sita his beautiful bride from the demon king Ravana.◦ Rama = ideal king.◦ Sita = ideal women.

Chandragupta, Maurya Empire◦The first leader who conquered northern India.◦The empire was maintained by a well organized Bureaucracy.

◦The government built roads, harbors, collected taxes, and had royal courts.

Asoka◦ The most honored Maurya emperor.◦ He conquered the Deccan region at the cost of 100,000 lives.◦ He then converted to Buddhism and stopped all conquest.◦ He built stone pillars announcing peace and prosperity and

helped unite a divided people.

Advances Literature.

◦ Fables, and folk tales in the Sanskrit language

◦ Most famous play was Shakuntala.

Art.◦ Murals or wall paintings, vivid.

Physicians.◦ Plastic surgery.◦ Vaccination of people against

small pox.

Math. ◦ Concept of Zero.◦ Decimal system based on 10.

Gupta Empire Established Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire

◦Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north India in A.D. 320

◦Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture

◦His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest

Gupta Empire Established Daily Life in India

◦ Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together◦ Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male◦ Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy

taxes◦ Unlike Mauryans who controlled trade and industry, Guptas left

people free to pursue wealth and business. Prosperity exceeded Mauryan era.

Fall of Gupta Empire India suffered a series of invasions. Cost of fighting wars drained treasury Infighting broke out in royal family leading to weak successors to the throne, provincial leaders began revolting.

Invasions continued – eventually the empire collapsed into a number of small independent kingdoms who warred with one another…trend

Many Gods or One◦ Hinduism has no founder but grew out of many cultures and people.◦ One of the worlds most complex religions.◦ “God is one, but wise people know it by many names.”◦ Brahman is the one god but people worship him as thousands of

different gods.

Hindu Beliefs Reincarnation

◦ Rebirth of the soul.◦ Can be reborn up or down in the cast system.

Gurus◦ Great knowledge leads people as a teacher.

Mystics◦ Religious leaders

Varuna God of the Sky

Hindu Sacred Texts Bhagavad-Gita.

◦Teaches duty over personal desires and ambitions.

The Goal of Life Every person on earth has a atman or Brahman. The goal is to achieve moksha or union with your Brahman.

◦ You must free yourself of selfish desires.◦ It may take several lives to obtain.◦ Reincarnation is the rebirth of the soul.

Karma and Dharma◦ Karma deals with all actions in this life that affect his or her

status in the next life.◦ All existence is ranked. Humans are at the top then comes

animals, plants, and rocks.◦ Dharma is the duties that each class of people must

accomplish to progress.

Opposition to the Brahmins Some people rejected traditional Hinduism for a more extreme form.

Early Life The early life of Gautama was spent in a palace surrounded by luxury. Prince Gautama married and had a son. Gautama was sheltered by his father who did not want him to become a traveling holy man.

The Search Gautama was riding one day and came across a dead man, a sick person, and an old man.

He left his family to find a place without suffering. “why is their so much suffering in life?”

He sat under a tree for 48 days pondering the mystery of life. he answered the question, his name changed to Buddha. “the enlightened one.”

Nirvana and Moksha.

Four Noble Truths All life is filled with pain and suffering. The cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life. The cure for suffering is to overcome desire. Overcome desire by following the Eightfold Path.

Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Both Buddhism and Hinduism believe in the cycle of rebirth. Buddhism grew out of Hinduism. Both stress non-violence.

Buddhist Sacred Texts The Tripitaka or “Three Baskets of Wisdom”◦“Overcome evil with good.”◦“Overcome the liar with truth.”

Two Sects of Buddhism◦Theravada: Followed the original teachings of Buddha closely.

◦Mahayana: Worship Buddha even though Buddha taught the people not to worship him.

◦Afterlife with many heavens and hells.

Decline of Buddhism in India◦Hinduism eventually absorbed some Buddhist ideas.◦Hinduism added Buddha to their long list of Gods.◦Muslim armies destroyed the few remaining Buddhist centers of learning in the North.

Priest Morning Rituals

The Upanishads The Upanishads are philosophical texts considered to be an early source of Hindu religion. More than 200 are known. All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition.

Economy and Society◦ Patriarchal◦ Arranged marriages◦ Companionate

◦Textiles◦ Iron working◦Steel◦Long-distance trade◦Indian Influence◦Spread via trade◦Buddhism

China and IndiaCHINA

Art – Restrained Society –

◦ Flexible classes◦ Large peasant classes◦ Patriarchal

INDIA

Art - Indian sensuality Society –

◦ Rigid classes◦ Large peasant classes◦ Patriarchal