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AP World History Units 5 and 6

THE MODERN ERA: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION

1750 C.E. TO 1900 C.E.

Name: _________________________________________________ Date: __________________________

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TABLE OF CONENTS

Period 5 Map 3

Period 5 Timeline 4

Rise of Democracy in England 5

The French Revolution 9

Napoleonic Era 12

Congress of Vienna 19

Nationalism 24

In Europe 26

Unification of Germany and Italy 27

Global Nationalism 31

Latin American Revolutions 32

Christianity in Latin America 34

Revolutions Compared 39

Urbanization 40

Industrial Revolution 41

Capitalism and Communism 45

Imperialism 49

In India 55

In Africa 58

In China 62

Boxer Rebellion 67

Meiji Restoration 69

Global Reforms and Responses 72

Global Migration Map 74

Global Migrations Project 75

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DEMOCRACY IN ENGLAND

Briefly define the following:

• MAGNA CARTA:

• ANGLICAN CHURCH:

• ACT OF SUPREMACY:

• ELIZABETHAN AGE:

• GUNPOWDER PLOT:

• GLORIOUS REVOLUTION:

• ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS:

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Magna Carta, 1215

• Chapter 1 “by this our present charter confirmed for us and our heirs forever that the English Church shall be free, and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties inviolate…”

• Chapter 12 “No scutage not aid shall be imposed on our kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom”

• Chapter 21 “Earls and barons shall not be amerced except through their peers, and only in accordance with the degree of the offense.”

• Chapter 38 “No bailiff for the future shall, upon his own unsupported complaint, put anyone to his "law", without credible witnesses brought for this purposes.”

• Chapter 39 “No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned or diseased or exiled or in any way destroyed… except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.”

• Chapter 40 “To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.” • Chapter 63 “we will and firmly order that the English Church be free, and that the men in our

kingdom have and hold all the aforesaid liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably, freely and quietly, fully and wholly, for themselves and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all respects and in all places forever…”

In what ways does the Magna Carta illustrate the principles of a constitutional monarchy that will later emerge in England?

England Joins the Age of Exploration under Elizabeth I

The Elizabethan Age was one of the most revolutionary times in English history, from the works of William Shakespeare, to Elizabeth’s refusal to marry, to the restoration of Protestantism across the nation enforced by the defeat of the Catholic Spanish Armada in the English Channel. However, perhaps the most important of these developments would be the beginning of large-scale English exploration. Elizabeth looks beyond Europe for opportunities to expand trade and increase the nation’s wealth. Her reign sees many voyages of discovery.

In 1580 Francis Drake becomes the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh sets up a colony of about 100 men on the east coast of North America, which he names Virginia after Elizabeth I, ‘the Virgin Queen,’ in which Jamestown, the first successful settlement would be established in 1607.

Beyond the New World England began to expand its colonial influence through the establishment of joint-stock companies including the Muscovy Company, enabling access to Russian Markets, and the British East India Company, which ousted the Dutch from control over the Asian spice trade in the Indian Ocean in 1600.

Why is Elizabethan England be characterized as a golden age? Provide three examples to support your response.

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The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)

The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic successor to the throne) history of Britain.

'Popery' meant more than just a fear or hatred of Catholics and the Catholic church. It reflected a widely-held belief in an elaborate conspiracy theory, that Catholics were actively plotting the overthrow of church and state. Public anxieties were raised by the issue of the royal succession. Charles II fathered no sons. This meant that the crown would pass to his brother, James, Duke of York, whose conversion to Catholicism had become public knowledge in 1673.

Charles’s hand in promoting Catholicism in England was strengthened further by an agreement with France reached in March 1681, by which the king received £385,000 over three years. With this financial support, and with public opinion turning against his critics, Charles was able to dissolve parliament on 28 March 1681.

Rebellion and revolt| James II’s authority appeared to be secure when he succeeded to the throne in February 1685. Initial support for the king ebbed away as it became clear that he wished to secure not only freedom of worship for Catholics, but also the removal of the Test and Corporation Acts so that they could occupy public

office. Unease at the king’s appointment of Catholic officers to the army forced him to prorogue parliament on 20 November 1685. In April 1687, James issued a declaration of indulgence, suspending any laws that limited

Catholics’ rights.

Revolution| The people supported the king’s protestant daughter and her Dutch husband, William, as

successors over the Catholic King James. When William successfully sailed from the Dutch Republic to England in 1688, despite many attempts by James and his navy to stop him. News of Prince WIlliam’s arrival had sparked off waves of anti-Catholic rioting in towns and cities across England. The civil unrest convinced James to leave London, which led him to capture and eventual exile.

After considerable pressure from William himself, parliament agreed that he would rule as joint monarch with Mary, rather than act merely as her consort, and on 13 February William and Mary formally accepted the throne. Before they were offered the crown, William and Mary were presented with a document called the

Declaration of Rights, now the English Bill of Rights, which affirmed a number of constitutional principles.

The English Bill of Rights| The English Bill of Rights was an act signed into law in 1689 by William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England after the overthrow of the Catholic King James II in the Glorious Revolution. The bill outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament, a body of elected representatives, power over the monarchy. Many experts regard the English Bill of Rights as the primary law that set the stage for a constitutional monarchy in England.

Excerpt from English Bill of Rights (1689) 1.That the … suspending the laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of Parliament is illegal … 4. That levying money [taxes] … without grant of parliament … is illegal. 5. It is the right of the subjects to petition the King … 6. That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law; 7. That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law; 8. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free; 9. That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament; 10. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;

Indicate if and where each right is in our Constitution:

1.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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REFLECT|

The Glorious Revolution ultimately established the supremacy of parliament over the British monarchy, but how did the deep-seated fear of 'popery' precipitate the events leading up to it?

Why is it significant that the English Bill of rights established a new Parliament with power over the Monarchy?

What factors motivated the authorship of the English Bill of Rights? Why is each factor important?

Many historians consider the English Bill of Rights to be the basis of the United States’ Constitution and included Bill of Rights? Do you agree with this conclusion? Why or Why not?

Describe the state of the government in other European monarchies at the time of the Glorious Revolution. Given this context, what is significant about the Glorious Revolution and subsequent evolution of democracy in England?

PREDICT|

How may the early evolution of democracy in England shape its imperial history? Explain.

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Problems in France

• Economic Troubles

o Deficit Spending

o Causes of Debt 1.

2.

3.

1. An Old Regime

What surprises you about this wealth-based version of the hierarchy?

What can you infer about the importance of wealth in France based on this model?

The Enlightenment

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THE ESTATES-GENERAL OF 1789

On August 8, 1788, King Louis XIV agreed to convene the Estates-General in May 1789. As part of the preparations for the Estates-General, cahiers de doléances (books of

grievances) were drawn up across France, listing the complaints of each of the orders. This process helped to generate an expectation of reform of some kind.

Long-Term Causes Short-term Causes

Storming of the Bastille:

Tennis Court Oath:

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National Assembly Radical Phase Directory Age of Napoleon

1789-1791 1792-1794 1795-1799 1799-1815

Important Terms Notes Reflection Questions (on documents)

Na

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sse

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen:

Constitution of 1791:

Ra

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ase

Republic: Jacobins: Reign of Terror:

Dire

cto

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Moderate:

Directory:

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THE AGE OF NAPOLEON

How does Napoleon’s rise to power represent a continuation of or an end to revolutionary ideals?

STEP 1| Document Analysis

November, 1799: Napoleon overthrows the Directory and declares himself

First Consul of France

Document 1: Napoleon Bonaparte, personal account, Napoleon’s Account of His Coup d’Etat (excerpt), November 10, 1799 (this document was released publically during Napoleon’s reign).

Historical Context From 1788-1789, Napoleon commanded French troops in Egypt to seize the land from the Ottoman Empire.

While in Egypt, Bonaparte tried to keep a close eye on European affairs, relying largely on newspapers and dispatches that arrived only irregularly. He was ordered back to Paris by the Directory who feared an invasion.

By the time he returned to Paris in October, the military situation had improved due to several French victories. The Republic was bankrupt, however, and the corrupt and inefficient Directory was more unpopular with the French public than ever.

Bonaparte was approached by one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, seeking his support for a coup to overthrow the French Constitution of 1795. On November 9th and 10th, troops led by Bonaparte seized control and dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a small number of representatives to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as first consul. This made him the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the Constitution of the Year X, which made him first consul for life.

Vocabulary coup d’etat- also known as coup, is a sudden, usually violent, overthrow of a government The Council of Elders- also known as the Council of Ancients, this was half of the elected officials that were a part of The Directory

Pre-Reading Questions

1. Who wrote this document?

2. When was it written?

3. What is the author’s purpose?

4. Who was the intended audience?

5. Considering the author and his perspective, what are the values and limits of this source?

On my return to Paris [from Egypt] I found division among all authorities, and agreement upon only one point, namely, that the Constitution was half destroyed and was unable to save liberty. All parties came to me, confided to me their designs, disclosed their secrets, and requested my support; I refused to be the man of a party.

The Council of Elders summoned me; I answered its appeal. A plan of general restoration had been

6. How does Napoleon describe the government when he returns to Paris?

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devised by men whom the nation has been accustomed to regard as the defenders of liberty, equality, and property; this plan required an examination, calm, free, exempt from all influence and all fear. Accordingly, the Council of Elders resolved upon the removal of the legislative Body to Saint-Cloud; it gave me the responsibility of disposing the force necessary for its independence. I believe it my duty to my fellow citizens, to the soldiers perishing in our armies, to the national glory acquired at the cost of their blood, to accept the command….

I presented myself at the Council of Five Hundred, alone, unarmed, my head uncovered, just as the Elders had received and applauded me; I came to remind the majority of its wishes, and to assure it of its power.

The stilettos [daggers] which menaced the deputies were instantly raised against their liberator; twenty assassins threw themselves upon me and aimed at my breast. The grenadiers of the Legislative Body whom I had left at the door of the hall ran forward, placed themselves between the assassins and myself. One of these brave grenadiers had his clothes pierced by a stiletto. They bore me out.

At the same moment cries of “Outlaw” were raised against the defender of the law. It was the fierce cry of assassins against the power destined to repress them.

They crowded around the president, uttering threats, arms in their hands they commanded him to outlaw me; I was informed of this: I ordered him to be rescued from their fury, and six grenadiers [soldiers] of the Legislative Body secured him. Immediately afterwards some grenadiers of the legislative body charged into the hall and cleared it.

The factions, intimidated, dispersed and fled. The majority, freed from their attacks, returned freely and peaceably into the meeting hall, listened to the proposals on behalf of public safety, deliberated, and prepared the salutary [beneficial] resolution which is to become the new and provisional law of the Republic.

Frenchmen, you will doubtless recognize in this conduct the zeal of a soldier of liberty, a citizen devoted to the Republic. Conservative, tutelary [serving as a protector], and liberal ideas have been restored to their rights through the dispersal of the rebels who oppressed the Councils.

STEWART, JOHN HALL, DOCUMENTARY SURVEY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1st, © 1951.

7. Napoleon wrote that many people wanted him to take action to fix the government. He responds “I refused to be the man of a party.” What do you think he meant by that? Why would he write that in this document?

8. According to Napoleon, who came up with the plan for the coup d’etat? How does he describe them? Why do you think he described them in that way?

9. In your own words, describe what happened when Napoleon attempted his coup d’etat.

10. Why do you think that Napoleon describes himself as a "soldier of liberty?”

11. What does Napoleon claim to have done by completing the coup?

12. How would a French citizen who took Napoleon at his word see him after reading this?

13. What was the purpose of this document?

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March, 1804: The Code Napoleon is issued

Document 2: The Code Napoleon (also the Napoleonic Code or the French Civil Code), March of 1804

Historical Context Bonaparte instituted several lasting reforms including centralized administration of the départements, higher education, a tax system, a central bank, law codes, and road and sewer systems. The Code was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, who held the office of second consul from 1799 to 1804; Bonaparte, however, participated actively in the sessions of the Conseil d'État (Council of State) that revised the drafts. His set of civil laws, the Napoleonic Code or Civil Code, has importance to this day in many countries.

Adapted from “Napoleon Bonaparte.” New World Encyclopedia.

Pre-Reading Questions 1. Who wrote this document? 2. When was it written?

3. What is the purpose of this document?

ARTICLE 1. 1. The laws are executory throughout the whole French territory, by virtue of the promulgation [formal declaration] thereof made by the First Consul. They shall be executed in every part of the republic, from the moment at which their promulgation can have been known. BOOK I: OF PERSONS. CHAPTER I: Of the Enjoyment of Civil Rights. 7. The exercise of civil rights is independent of the quality of citizen, which is only acquired and preserved conformably to the constitutional law. 8. Every Frenchman shall enjoy civil rights. TITLE II: OF PROPERTY. 544. Property is the right of enjoying and disposing of things in the most absolute manner, provided they are not used in a way prohibited by the laws or statutes. 545. No one can be compelled to give up his property, except for the public good, and for a just and previous indemnity [guarantee that they will not suffer a financial loss as a result].

Source: Code Napoleon, the French Civil

Code. Translated from the original and official edition, Published at Paris, 1804 by a barrister

of the Inner Temple.

4. Who is the “First Consul” referred to?

5. What does the phrase “quality of citizen” mean?

6. Which of the laws in the Code Napoleon represent a continuation of revolutionary ideals?

7. Does the act of creating a law code represent a continuation of or end to revolutionary ideals? Explain.

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December, 1804: Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France and reinstituted hereditary rule

Document 3: Jacques-Louis David, painting, Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine,1804 Historical Context In January 1804, Napoleon’s police uncovered an assassination plot against him, sponsored by the House of Bourbon (Louis XVI’s family). Bonaparte then used this incident to justify the re-creation of a hereditary monarchy and divine right in France, with himself as emperor, hoping that a House of Bourbon restoration would be impossible once the Bonapartist succession was declared in the constitution. He crowned himself emperor on December 2, 1804, at Notre Dame de Paris. After the Imperial regalia had been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon crowned himself before crowning his wife Joséphine as Empress.

Source: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY. from the NYS Social Studies ToolKit.

http://www.c3teachers.org/inquiries/frenchrev/

1. Identify and label the objects or people you see in the painting. 2. Describe the action in the painting 3. Explain the message that the painting conveys.

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Document 4: Napoleon Bonaparte, personal account delivered to the Legislative Body, Napoleon’s Account of the Internal Situation of France, December 31, 1804

Pre-Reading Questions 1. Who wrote this document? 2. When was it written? 3. Who was the intended audience?

The internal situation of France is today as calm as it has ever been in the most peaceful periods. There is no agitation to disturb the public tranquility, no suggestion of those crimes which recall the Revolution. Everywhere useful enterprises are in progress, and the general improvements, both public and private, attest the universal confidence and sense of security. …

It was clearly seen that for a great nation the only salvation lies in hereditary power [power based on family relation], which can alone assure a continuous political life which may endure for generations, even for centuries. …

After prolonged consideration, repeated conferences with the members of the Senate, discussion in the councils, and the suggestions of the most prudent [wise] advisers, a series of provisions [rules] was drawn up which regulate the succession to the imperial throne… The French people, by a free and independent expression, then manifested its desire that the imperial dignity should pass down in a direct line through the legitimate or adopted descendants of Napoleon Bonaparte, or through the legitimate descendants of Joseph Bonaparte, or of Louis Bonaparte.

From this moment Napoleon [speaking in third person] was, by the most unquestionable of titles, emperor of the French. No other act was necessary to sanction his right and consecrate [make official by a religious figure] his authority. But he wished to restore in France the ancient forms and recall those institutions which divinity itself seems to have inspired. He wished to impress the seal of religion itself upon the opening of his reign. The head of the Church [the Pope], in order to give the French a striking proof of his paternal affection, consented to officiate at this august [distinguished] ceremony. What deep and enduring impressions did this leave on the mind of Napoleon and in the memory of the nation! What thoughts for future races! What a subject of wonder for all Europe!

Copyright © Hanover Historical Texts Collection.

4. According to Napoleon, describe what life was like in France in 1804. 5. What change in the French government has Napoleon announced? Does this represent a continuation of the ideals of the French revolution, or an end to them?

6. Napoleon uses the phrase, “The French people, by a free and independent expression..” Why do you think he uses this language?

7. What “ancient form,” that was abolished earlier in the French Revolution does Napoleon refer to? 8. If you were a French citizen who supported the ideals of the revolution, how would you view Napoleon after reading this?

9. If you were a French citizen who suffered from the chaos caused by the revolution up to this point, how would you view Napoleon after reading this?

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STEP 2| Corroboration

The sources written by Napoleon provide important context about Napoleon’s reign. However, like all primary sources, there are limitations and historians need to corroborate selected pieces of evidence with other pieces of evidence to have a clearer understanding of Napoleon’s impact on France. Historians look at a variety of corroborating pieces of primary source evidence such as diary entries, letters, speeches, official government documents, and statistics.

If a historian wants to learn more about the reign of Napoleon, a corroborating piece of evidence would be...

If a historian wants to learn more about the reign of Napoleon, a corroborating piece of evidence would be...

If a historian wants to learn more about the reign of Napoleon, a corroborating piece of evidence would be...

________________________________

(primary source type)

This piece of evidence would describe

________________________________

(primary source type)

This piece of evidence would describe

________________________________

(primary source type)

This piece of evidence would describe

This corroborating piece of evidence would help a historian to better understand the reign of Napoleon because...

This corroborating piece of evidence would help a historian to better understand the reign of Napoleon because...

This corroborating piece of evidence would help a historian to better understand the reign of Napoleon because...

STEP 3| Review the documents you examined above and fill in the chart below with evidence of Napoleon’s actions and words that represented a continuation of or end to revolutionary ideals.

Supported the Continuation of Revolutionary Ideals Contributed to the End of Revolutionary Ideals

Ac

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Wo

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1803-1815: Napoleonic Wars and the Fall of Napoleon

Notes:

Between 1803 and 1812, Napoleon expanded the borders of France to include most of Europe during his most successful period as commander during what are called the Napoleonic Wars.

In 1812 Napoleon, who had conquered most of Europe, heard that the Russians were raising a large army and preparing for war. In response, Napoleon increased his troops to a massive force of 450,000-600,000 men. Despite advisors who warned against it, Napoleon invaded Russia.

Instead of fighting the French, the Russians retreated north into Russia. As they did so, they burned all of the crops and killed the livestock they passed so Napoleon’s troops would have nothing to eat as they marched in pursuit. At the same time, the cold and long Russian winter set in. Russia was too big and too far north (causing the harsh winter) for Napoleon to conquer. After four months of marching Napoleon turned back towards France in defeat with only 40,000 soldiers.

After his defeat in Russia, a coalition formed between Russia, Prussia, the United Kingdom (England), Spain, and Portugal. They defeated the French army at the Battle of Nations in October of 1813, then advanced through France occupying Paris in March of 1814. Napoleon was forced into exile on an island called Elba. He escaped after less than a year on the island, raised another army but that too was defeated.

In 1815, Napoleon was sentenced to exile for life on the remote island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic

Ocean.

What continuity in European History does Napoleon’s defeat represent?

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TURN THE CLOCK BACK TO 1789!

June, 1815: Congress of Vienna

After the troops of the coalition of countries that defeated Napoleon in 1814 arrived in Paris and forced a surrender, the French Senate invited

Louis XVI’s relative, Louis XVIII to take the throne. Louis XVIII had made several declarations while in exile from France stating that if he were to be the king of France that he would abide by the rules of constitution and not persecute those who followed Napoleon. France was a

Constitutional Monarchy as it was for a brief period before Louis XVI’s

death in first years of the French Revolution with less and less power for the monarch.

After Napoleon was defeated and exiled from Europe, representatives from the major countries in Europe – Britain, Austria, Prussia, France, Russia – met in Vienna to settle land ownership issues caused by Napoleon's brief empire and to redraw Europe’s political map.

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Goals

Metternich’s Agenda

Containment of France:

Restoring the Balance of Power in Europe:

Re-establishing Legitimate Monarchs:

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Treaty of Paris 1814

Two features of this treaty call for particular notice. (1) The territorial limits of France should be compared with those existing prior to 1789, those of various subsequent dates such as 1795 and 1810, and those which on different occasions during 1813 and 1814 were offered to Napoleon. (2) The stipulations relative to the congress which subsequently met at Vienna may be compared with those in the Treaty of Alliance between Great Britain and Russia and the arrangements effected by the Congress of Vienna. The negative features of the treaty may be profitably noticed.

A. Constitutional Statute. May 30, 1814.

In the Name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity.

1. His Majesty, the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his Allies on the one part, and His Majesty the King of France and Navarre on the other part, animated by an equal desire to terminate the long agitations of Europe, and the sufferings of Mankind, by a permanent Peace, founded upon a just repartition of force between its States, and containing in its Stipulations the pledge of its durability, and His Britannic Majesty, together with his Allies, being unwilling to require of France, now that, replaced under the paternal Government of Her Kings, she offers the assurance of security and stability to Europe, the conditions and guarantees which they had with regret demanded from her former Government, Their said Majesties have named Plenipotentiaries to discuss, settle, and sign a Treaty of Peace and Amity; namely,

2. There shall be from this day forward perpetual Peace and Friendship between His Britannic Majesty and his Allies on the one part, and His Majesty the King of France and Navarre on the other, their Heirs and Successors, their Dominions and Subjects, respectively.

3. The High Contracting Parties shall devote their best attention to maintain, not only between themselves, but, inasmuch as depends upon them, between all the States of Europe, that harmony and good understanding which are so necessary for their tranquility.

4. The Kingdom of France retains its limits entire, as they existed on the 1st of January, 1792. It shall further receive the increase of Territory comprised within tile line established by the following Article:

5. On the side of Belgium. Germany, and Italy, the Ancient Frontiers shall be re-established as they existed on the 1st of January, 1792, extending from tile North Sea, between Dunkirk and Nieuport to the Mediterranean between Cagnes and Nice, with the following modifications:

6. France on her part renounces all rights of Sovereignty, Suzerainty, etc., and of possession, over all the Countries, Districts, Towns, and places situated beyond the Frontier above described, the Principality of Monaco being replaced on the same footing on which it stood before the 1st of January, 1792.

7. The Allied Powers assure to France the possession of the Principality of Avignon, of the Comitat Venaissin, of the Comté of Montébliard, together with the several insulated Territories which formerly belonged to Germany, comprehended within the Frontier above described, whether they have been incorporated with France before or after the 1st of January, 1792.

8. To secure the communications of the town of Geneva with other parts of the Swiss territory situated on the Lake, France consents that the road by Versoy shall be common to the two countries.*

9. The Navigation of the Rhine, from the point where it becomes navigable unto the sea, and vice versa, shall be free, so that it can be interdicted to no one: —and at the future Congress attention shall be paid to the establishment of the principles according to which the duties to be raised by the States bordering on the Rhine may be regulated, in the mode the most impartial and the most favourable to the commerce of all Nations.

10. The future Congress, with a view to facilitate the communication between Nations and continually to render them less strangers to each other, shall likewise examine and determine in what manner the above provisions can be extended to other Rivers which, in their course, separate or traverse different States.

11. Holland, placed tinder the sovereignty of the House of Orange, shall receive an increase of Territory. The title and exercise of that Sovereignty shall not in any case belong to a Prince wearing, or destined to wear, a Foreign Crown.

12. The States of Germany shall be independent, and united by a Federative Bond. 13. Switzerland, Independent, shall continue to govern herself. 14. Italy, beyond the limits of the countries which are to revert to Austria. shall be composed of Sovereign

States.

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15. The Island of Malta and its Dependencies shall belong in full right and Sovereignty to His Britannic Majesty.

16. His Britannic Majesty, stipulating for himself and his Allies, engages to restore to His Most Christian Majesty, within the term which shall be hereafter fixed, the Colonies, Fisheries Factories, and Establishments of every kind which were possessed by France on the 1st of January, 1792, in the Seas and on the Continents of America, Africa, and Asia; with the exception, however, of the Islands of Tobago and St. Lucia, and of the Isle of France and its Dependencies, especially Rodrigues and Les Séchelles, which several Colonies and possessions His Most Christian Majesty cedes in full right and Sovereignty to His Britannic Majesty, and also the portion of St. Domingo ceded to France by the Treaty of Basle, and which His Most Christian Majesty restores in full right and Sovereignty to His Catholic Majesty.

17. His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway, in virtue of the arrangements stipulated with the Allies, and in execution of the preceding Article, consents that the island of Guadaloupe be restored to His Most Christian Majesty, and gives up all the rights he may have acquired over that island.*

18. Her Most Faithful Majesty, in virtue of the arrangements stipulated with her Allies, and in execution of the VIIIth Article, engages to restore French Guiana as it existed on the 1st of January 1792, to His Most Christian Majesty, within the term hereafter fixed.

19. The renewal of the dispute which existed at that period on the subject of the frontier, being the effect of this stipulation, it is agreed that that dispute shall be terminated by a friendly arrangement between the two Courts, under the mediation of His Britannic Majesty.*

20. The places and forts in those colonies and settlements, which, by virtue of the VIIIth, IXth and Xth Articles, are to be restored to His Most Christian Majesty, shall be given up in the state in which they may be at the moment of the signature of the present Treaty.

21. His Britannic Majesty guarantees to the subjects of His Most Christian Majesty the same facilities, privileges, and protection, with respect to commerce, and the security of their persons and property within the limits of the British Sovereignty on the Continent of India, as are now, or shall be granted to the most favoured nations.

22. His Most Christian Majesty, on his part, having nothing more at heart than the perpetual duration of peace between the two Crowns of England and of France, and wishing to do his utmost to avoid anything which might affect their mutual good understanding, engages not to erect any fortifications in the establishments which are to be restored to him within the limits of the British sovereignty upon the Continent of India, and only to place in those establishments the number of troops necessary for the maintenance of the police.*

23. The French right of fishery upon the Great Bank of Newfoundland, upon the coasts of the island of that name, and of the adjacent islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, shall be replaced upon the footing on which it stood in 1792.*

24. Those colonies, factories and establishments which are to be restored to His Most Christian Majesty or his Allies in the Northern Seas, or in the Seas on the Continents of America and Africa, shall be given up within the 3 months, and those which are beyond the Cape of Good Hope within 6 months which follow the ratification of the present Treaty.*

25. The High Contracting Parties having, by the IVth Article of the Convention of the 23rd of April last, reserved to themselves the right of disposing, in the present Definitive Treaty of Peace, of the arsenals and ships of war, armed and unarmed, which may be found in the maritime places restored by the IInd Article of the said Convention, it is agreed that the said vessels and ships of war, armed and unarmed, together with the naval ordnance and naval stores, and all materials for building and equipment shall be divided between France and the countries where the said places are situated, in the proportion of two-thirds for France and on-third for the Power to whom the said places shall belong.

26. Antwerp shall for the future be solely a Commercial Port.* 27. The High Contracting Powers, desirous to bury in entire oblivion the dissensions which have agitated

Europe, declare and promise that no individual, of whatever rank or condition he may be, in the countries restored and ceded by the present Treaty, shall be prosecuted, disturbed, or molested in his person or property, under any pretext whatsoever, either on account of his conduct or political opinions, his attachment either to any of the Contracting Parties or to any Government which has

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ceased to exist, or for any other reason, except for debts contracted towards individuals, or acts posterior to the date of the present Treaty.*

28. The native inhabitants and aliens, of whatever nation and condition they may be, in those countries which are to change Sovereigns, as well in virtue of the present Treaty as of the subsequent arrangements to which it may give rise, shall be allowed a period of six years, reckoning from the exchange of the Ratifications, for the purpose of disposing of their property, if they think fit, whether acquired before or during the present War, and retiring to whatever country they may choose.*

29. The Allied Powers, desiring to offer His Most Christian Majesty a new proof of their anxiety to arrest, as far as in them lies, the bad consequences of the disastrous epoch fortunately terminated by the present Peace, renounce all the sums which their Governments claim from France, whether on account of contracts, supplies, or any other advances whatsoever to the French Government, during the different Wars which have taken place since 1792.

30. His Most Christian Majesty, on his part, renounces every claim which he might bring forward against the Allied Powers on the same grounds.*

31. The French Government engages to liquidate and pay all debts it may be found to owe in countries beyond its own territory, on account of contracts, or other formal engagements between individuals, or private establishments, and the French authorities, as well for supplies, as in satisfaction of legal engagements.*

32. The High Contracting Parties, immediately after the exchange of the Ratifications of the present Treaty, shall name Commissioners to direct and superintend the execution of the whole of the stipulations contained in the XVIIIth and XIXth Articles. These Commissioners shall undertake the examination of the claims referred to in the preceding Article, the liquidation of the sums claimed, and the consideration of the manner in which the French Government may propose to pay them.*

33. The debts which in their origin were specifically mortgaged upon the countries no longer belonging to France, or were contracted for the support of their internal administration, shall remain at the charge of the said countries.*

34. The French Government shall remain charged with the reimbursement of all sums paid by the subjects of said countries into French coffers, whether under the denomination of surety, deposit or consignment.*

35. National domains acquired for valuable considerations by French subjects in the late departments of Belgium, and of the let bank of the Rhine and the Alps, beyond the ancient limits of France, and which now cease to belong to her, shall be guaranteed to the purchasers.*

36. All the Powers engaged on either side in the present War, shall, within the space of two months, send Plenipotentiaries to Vienna, for the purpose of regulating, in General Congress, the arrangements which are to complete the provisions of the present Treaty.*

37. The present Treaty shall be ratified, and the Ratifications shall be exchanged within the period of 15 days, or sooner if possible.*

To what extent did this Congress Intensify growing problems in Europe?

Militarization

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

24

NATIONALISM

1. In 1815, what two empires existed in Europe?

2. The German Confederation was an association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress of Vienna coordinated the economies of separate German-speaking countries and replaced the former Holy Roman Empire. According to the map, how would the establishment of the German Confederation impact existing empires and states?

3. How many different states/kingdoms control sections of the Italian peninsula?

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1. What is the purpose of this map? 2. Based on both maps, which language(s) were spoken in France? Spain? Why do you think this was? 3. Which languages were spoken in the Austrian Empire? 4. Which languages were spoken in the Ottoman Empire?

5. Which states controlled land where people spoke German the most? 6. Which states controlled land where people spoke Italian the most?

7. Based on both maps, which areas are most likely to be pulled together by nationalism? Why?

8. Which states are most likely to be pulled apart by nationalism? Why?

26

NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of political and social upheaval in France and Europe, during which the French government, previously an absolute monarchy, underwent radical changes based on Enlightenment principles of republic, citizenship, and inalienable rights.

This revolution sparked five wars between the well-trained armies of Napoleonic France and neighbors including Prussia and Austria. From 1803 to 1814, Napoleon ruled over a large section of Europe. During that time he and the ideals of the French Revolution greatly affected the regions he controlled. The revolution’s nationalistic call for “liberty, equality, and fraternity” and a government ruled by the will of the French people, instead of a royal family with connections outside of France, inspired similar feelings in regions occupied by Napoleon’s troops.

In central Europe, for example, Napoleon created the German Confederation, an association of German speaking states that were previously part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, and the Austrian empire. Soon after Napoleon was defeated the German Confederation was dismantled. At the Congress of

Vienna (1815) the major European powers decided to given the land back to Prussia and the Austrian Empire, but the idea of unity for German speaking people remained.

The French Revolution and Napoleon affected people living on the Italian peninsula as well. Napoleon ruled the entire area as the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. His reign inspired nationalistic feelings in the Italians. As happened to the German Confederation, the Kingdom of Italy was broken up after Napoleon’s defeat. The representatives at the Congress of Vienna divided Italy up into small independent governments and gave the Austrian Empire control of Northern Italy. Austrian Chancellor Franz Metternich, an influential diplomat at the Congress of Vienna, stated that the word Italy was nothing more than "a geographic expression."

Though Napoleon was defeated, the nationalism that he and the French Revolution inspired lingered in German and Italian speaking regions, threatening the Austrian Empire.

What effects did the French Revolution and Napoleon have on German- and Italian- speaking Europeans?

Cacophony in 1848 (notes)

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German Unification (1861-1871)

By the mid-1800s, Prussia had been a force in politics in Northern Europe for centuries. Like most of Europe, it was conquered by Napoleon in the early 1800s and was a part of the coalition of countries who defeated him in 1814.

In 1861, King Wilhelm I, a supporter of German unity, came to power. In 1862, he appointed Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) the new Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck became known for his style of diplomacy known as realpolitik. Realpolitik is also known as “pragmatism” and is a way of making political decisions based on being practical instead of based on ideals.

To that end, Bismarck argued that Germany could only unify through a foreign policy called “blood and iron,” meaning through war and military strength.

In 1863–64, disputes between Prussia and Denmark grew over ownership of an area called Schleswig on their borders. The dispute led to war, in the course of which Prussia, joined by Austria, defeated Denmark. Denmark was forced to give up Schleswig and another German-speaking area called Holstein. In the aftermath, the management of the two areas caused growing tensions between Austria and Prussia, which ultimately led to the Austro-Prussian War (1866). The Prussians were victorious and as a result, by 1871, Prussia, led by King Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck, was in control of most of the German speaking land in central Europe

King Wilhelm I and Bismarck then looked to the German-speaking lands to the west. They went to war against France in the Franco-

Prussian War (1870-71). The Germans invaded Paris, captured Emperor Napoleon III, and won the war. France ceded [gave over] what became known as Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.

During the Siege of Paris, the German princes assembled in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King Wilhelm I as the "German Emperor" on January 18, 1871. The German Empire was thus founded, and Bismarck, again, served as Chancellor. It was dubbed the "Little German" solution, since Austria was not included.

Timeline of German Unification

1861 King Wilhelm I of Prussia comes to power

1862 Wilhelm I appoints Otto

von Bismarck Minister-President of Prussia

1864 Danish War

1866 Austro-Prussian War

1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War

January 18, 1871

German Empire is proclaimed, unifying Germany

1. Who were the two leaders of Prussia that led the unification of Germany?

2. Describe Otto von Bismarck’s policy called realpolitik. How was realpolitik different from the way Maximilien Robespierre led during the French Revolution? 3. According to Bismarck’s “blood and iron” policy, how was Prussia going to unite the German-speaking people? 4. Which countries did Prussia go to war with to gain control of the German speaking areas in Europe?

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Italian Unification (1849-1878)

Timeline of Italian Unification

1849 Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of Sardinia

1852 Count Cavour becomes prime minister of Piedmont

1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi’s invasion of the Two Sicilies

March 17,

1861 Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed

1866 Italy annexes Venetia

1870 Italy annexes Rome, uniting

all of the Italian peninsula

After Napoleon I’s empire crumbled, the representatives at the Congress of Vienna decided to award most of northern Italy to the Austrian Empire and to grant authority to several monarchs throughout the Italian peninsula, instead of unifying them. Despite the Austrian Empire’s attempts to suppress it, nationalistic fervor [passion] inspired by the French Revolution took hold of the Italians.

Revolutionary groups formed in Italy and tried to organize the people into revolt. Giuseppe Mazzini, who was later known as “the soul” of Italian unification, was a part of one of the most influential groups, known as the Carbonari, that created a secret organization called Young Italy in 1831. In southern Italy, another member of the Carbonari, a general named Giuseppe Garibaldi gathered nationalistic volunteers called red shirts to fight with him against the Austrian Empire and those Italian monarchs who did want to unify Italy. Between 1814 and 1849, the rebellions started by nationalist organizations like those led by Mazzini and Garibaldi were stamped down by local forces or Austrian troops. As a result, both Mazzini and Garibaldi were exiled for their revolutionary actions. They returned when leaders in northern Italy started a campaign that eventually brought Italy together.

In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II, a supporter of Italian unification, became the King of Sardinia in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Camillo di Cavour, an experienced and savvy diplomat, became Emmanuel’s president of the Council of Ministers in 1852. Emmanuel and Cavour, with the help of Napoleon III of France, used Piedmontese and French troops to successfully pushed the Austrians out of Northern and Central Italy, expanding the Kingdom of Sardinia to a large amount of the Italian peninsula by 1859.

Garibaldi, who had returned to Italy to aid in the unification, was convinced by Cavour in May of 1860 to concentrate his forces on Sicily where recent rebellions demonstrated that there was support for their cause. Garibaldi and about a thousand red shirts conquered Sicily in three days. Garibaldi went on to attack several other cities and invaded Naples, gaining support from the inhabitants and becoming a national hero in the process.

To finally defeat the Neapolitan army, Garibaldi needed help from the Sardinian army. Under Victor Emmanuel’s command the Sardinian army marched south, defeating the Papal states, and coming to Garibaldi’s aid. Garibaldi gave over his command to Emmanuel and they defeated the king of Naples. Only Rome and Venetia remained. On February 18, 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first Italian Parliament in Turin. On March 17 1861, the Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel II King

of Italy.

Three months later, Cavour, having seen his life's work nearly complete, died. When he was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said: "Italy is made. All is safe. By 1871, both Venetia and Rome came under the control of the Italian government. Venetia was won because the Italians sided with the Prussians in the Prusso-Austrian War in 1866 and Rome was taken by force when French troops left the city to defend France against Prussia in 1870.

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RECALL

1. Identify and describe the four most important leaders of Italian unification.

2. Which countries/empires did the Italians have to confront to gain control of the Italian peninsula?

REFLECT

3. What is the significance of establishing Rome as the capital of Italy?

4. What parallels can be drawn between the means of unification employed in Italy and Germany?

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Reflection

Map of Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815.

Map of Europe in 1914.

1. Based on the maps above, identify three changes in Europe between 1815 and 1914.

2. Based on the maps above, which two states lost the most land in the hundred years after 1815?

3. How do you think this affected those two states?

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GLOBAL NATIONALISM

Imperial Nationalism| The relationship between imperialism and nationalism has often been portrayed by theorists of nationalism and post-colonial discourse theorists as antagonistic. Anti-democratic, aggressive empires impose their will on subject peoples who, in response, form nationalist movements in opposition to this imperialism. These movements, it is claimed, assert the nation’s right to self-determination and independence. Whilst this was undoubtedly the case in a number of anti-colonial movements, examples can be found that refute the apparently antagonistic relationship between nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism does not always advocate independence from states or empires. Imperialism can be a vehicle for a national mission or can strengthen minority nations. In certain contexts, these two antithetical concepts can be reconciled.

Task| Use the sources provided to confirm or refute this author’s claim:

Historical Context and Demographics

Vision for Nation (Unification or Dissolution)

Ideological Basis (Religious or Political)

Nationalist Revolts/ Movements

Ph

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pin

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Ott

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Lib

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LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS FOR INDEPENDENCE

Task| Complete the following using clips from class and the stations around the room.

Role in the Colony Cause for Revolution Outcome of Revolution Political/ Ideological Influences

Sim

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Bo

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Mig

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Jose

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Sa

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Choose 2 to compare below:

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An Exception to the Rule

Brazil entered nationhood with considerably less strife and bloodshed than did the Spanish-speaking nations of the New World; however, the transition was not entirely peaceful. José Joaquim da Silva Xavier, popularly known as Tiradentes (“Tooth Puller”), instigated in 1789 the first rebellion against the Portuguese, who defeated his forces, executed him, and unwittingly made him a national hero in his martyrdom.

The French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars deeply affected Brazil, although the main events of those conflicts unfolded across the Atlantic. In 1807 Napoleon I invaded Portugal, a British ally, largely to tighten the European blockade of Great Britain. The Portuguese prince regent Dom João (later King John VI [João VI]) decided to take refuge in Brazil, making it the only colony to serve as the seat of government for its mother country. The prince, the royal family, and a horde of nobles and functionaries left Portugal on November 29, 1807, under the protection of the British fleet. After several delays, they arrived at Rio de Janeiro on March 7, 1808.

The colonists, convinced that a new era had dawned for Brazil, warmly welcomed Dom João, who promptly decreed a number of reforms. He abolished the Portuguese commercial monopoly on Brazilian trade, opened all harbours to the commerce of friendly nations (mainly Great Britain), and repealed laws that had prohibited Brazilian manufacturing.

Dom João installed in Rio de Janeiro his ministry and Council of State, Supreme Court, exchequer and royal treasury, Royal Mint, royal printing office, and the Bank of Brazil. He also founded a royal library, a military academy, and medical and law schools. His decree of December 16, 1815, designated the Portuguese dominions the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, thus making Brazil coequal with Portugal. Dom João’s mother died in 1816, whereupon he ascended to the throne.

Most Portuguese desired John VI’s return after the French withdrawal, but he remained away as Iberian troubles mounted. The king finally became preoccupied with the situation when radical revolts erupted in Lisbon and Oporto in 1820. On April 22, 1821, he appointed his son Dom Pedro regent and two days later sailed for Lisbon.

Dom Pedro faced a difficult political situation: antagonism was growing between the Portuguese and Brazilians, republican propagandists were gaining greater influence, and the Cortes (parliament) of Lisbon instituted a series of shortsighted policies. The majority in the Cortes favoured restoring Brazil to its formerly dependent colonial status, and the parliament began repealing most of the reforms introduced by John VI. The Cortes then ordered Dom Pedro to return to Europe, fearing that he might head an independence movement.

These acts aroused great indignation in Brazil. Dom Pedro responded by defying the Cortes with a speech known as the “Fico” (“I Am Staying”), and most Brazilians supported his decision. In January 1822 he formed a ministry headed by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, a distinguished Paulista scholar later known as the Patriarch of Independence because he proved a tower of strength to the young regent during the first uncertain months of independence. On June 3 Dom Pedro convoked a legislative and constituent assembly, and on September 7, on the plain of Ipiranga, near the city of São Paulo, he proclaimed the independence of Brazil; he was crowned emperor on December 1. The United States officially recognized the new nation in 1824, and the Portuguese acknowledged Brazilian independence the following year, whereupon other European monarchies established diplomatic relations.

1. Why would revolution in Brazil have been more peaceful than in Spanish holdings in Latin America?

2. What impact would the loss of Brazil have had on the Portuguese economy?

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CHRISTIANITY IN LATIN AMERICA TASK| Using documents 1-7 and your knowledge of history, address the following prompt:

Evaluate the extent to which Christianity changed societies in Latin America in the period 1500–1800.

Notes around the Documents (14pts, 2 pts per document):

Complete BRIEF left- and right- side notes around each document. Include bottom-side notes only where evidence beyond the documents is clear and appropriate. You should spend no more than 20 minutes reading and annotating the documents.

Grouping the Documents (6 points, 3 points per group):

Once you are finished reading all documents, please create two groups using the chart below:

Describe the Cause/Effect

Change/Continuity 1:

Change/Continuity 2:

Documents

Evidence from

Documents

Evidence from Outside Knowledge

Document should be lightly annotated

Right Side Notes:

Significance of the source’s SOAPSTone (Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Subject, and Tone)

Bottom Side Notes:

Relevant outside information

Left Side Notes:

Indicate how this document addresses the prompt to help

GROUP the documents

35

36

37

38

39

COMPARING 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS

Task| Use the sources provided to complete your row below, then proceed to your assigned corner

Purpose Enlightenment Influence Impact on Nation

De

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ratio

n o

f In

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De

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Citiz

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Sim

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Jam

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Tou

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L Lo

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40

41

INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGINS IN ENGLAND

Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines.

A number of factors contributed to Britain’s role as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. For one, it had great deposits of coal and iron ore, which proved essential for industrialization. Additionally, Britain was a politically stable society, as well as the world’s leading colonial power, which meant its colonies could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as a marketplace for manufactured goods.

As demand for British goods increased, merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production, which led to the rise of mechanization and the factory system.

List three reasons that Britain was able to support the birth of the Industrial Revolution. Document A| Dr. Ward

1. Why is Dr. Ward being interviewed by the House of Lords Committee?

2. What does he mean when he refers to factories as “nurseries of disease and vice”?

3. What evidence does Dr. Ward use to back his claim that factories were unhealthy and unsafe for children?

Document B| Dr. Holme

1. How is the source information for this document similar to and different from document A?

2. What evidence does Dr. Holme use to back his claim about the health of children in factories? Do you think this is convincing evidence?

3. Why might it matter that Mr. Pooley asked Dr. Holme to examine the children at his factory?

42

4. Which document, A or B, do you think is more trustworthy? Why? Document C| John Birley

1. What type of document is this? When was it written?

2. How old was John Birley when this account was published?

3. Which document, A or B, does this account more closely match? How?

4. Why did John Birley not tell the truth about life working in the mill to the inspectors? Document D| Edward Baines

1. Who wrote this article? When was it written?

2. Why did Baines write this article?

3. What does he mean in the second paragraph, when he states, “But abuse is the exception not the rule”?

4. What is Baines’ main point in the final paragraph?

5. Which document, A or B, does this account more closely match? How?

6. Who do you think is a more trustworthy source, Birley or Baines? Why?

43

Shift in European Economy Social Inequality World Gets “Smaller”

Shifting from a feudal system to capitalism:

Laissez-Faire Economics:

Anti-capitalist movements:

A new middle class emerges:

Social Darwinism:

Cult of Domesticity:

New technologies:

Trade:

Shifting global powers:

Was the industrial revolution a direct result of new technology? If not, what other factors contributed to this wave of global

change during the 1700s and 1800s?

44

NEW ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

I, Pencil| Capitalism told through the manufacturing of a pencil

What is Leonard E. Read’s perspective on government’s role in the economy?

How could the government get involved in the process depicted in the video? What would be the impact of that involvement?

Why might some people want the government to get involved?

Calls for Laissez Faire Economics

Calls for Government Reform

Utilitarianism:

Utopianism:

Liberalism:

45

CAPITALISM

Adam Smith devoted special thought to the nature of early capitalist society and the principles that made it work. In 1776 he published a lengthy book entitled An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, a vastly influential work that championed free, unregulated markets and capitalist enterprise as the principal ingredients of prosperity. Smith’s optimism about capitalism sprang from his conviction that society as a whole benefits when individuals pursue their own economic interests and trade on a free market.

Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment

for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the

society, which he has in view. . . .

As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value, every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the

society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part

of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.

What is the species of domestic industry which his capital can employ, and of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, every individual, it is evident, can, in his local situation, judge much better than any statesman or lawgiver can do for him. The statesman, who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume an

authority which could safely be trusted, not only to no single person, but to no council or

senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who had folly and presumption enough to fancy himself fit to exercise it.

To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any

particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must, in almost all cases, be either a useless or a hurtful regulation. If the produce of domestic can be brought there as cheap as that of foreign

industry, the regulation is evidently useless. If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful. It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost

him more to make than to buy. The tailor does not attempt to make his own shoes, but buys them of the shoemaker. The shoemaker does not attempt to make his own clothes, but employs a tailor. The farmer attempts to make neither the one nor the other, but employs those different artificers. All of them find it for their interest to employ their whole industry in a

way in which they have some advantage over their neighbours, and to purchase with a part

of its produce, or, what is the same thing, with the price of a part of it, whatever else they have occasion for.

REFLECT| To what extent do you, from your assigned perspective, think Adam Smith’s analysis reflected the experiences of his own times, and to what extent did they represent continuities in world history?

Put the bolded phrases in your own words:

46

MARXISM

What does the cartoon to the right portray about class relationships in the industrial age? What makes this dynamic different from what was happening at the dawn of the French Revolution?

CONTEXT| The notion of communism dates back to ancient Greece, where it was associated with a myth concerning the golden age of humanity, when society lived in full harmony. Plato (in The Republic) and other ancient political theorists advocated a kind of communal living, which is viewed as a form of communism. It is Karl Marx, however, with the assistance of Friedrich Engels, who is most often credited with providing the most popularized expression of communism. As expressed in the Communist Manifesto (1848), their theory of communism is underpinned by antecedent philosophical arguments about the history of humankind that include the dialectical and historical materialism of Georg Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach and others who expressed views on socialism and communism prior to and during the beginning of the European socialist movements of the 1840s. Marx’s view of communism was influenced by a long and established tradition of “utopian” socialists, but he embraced a “scientific” approach that added a new twist to existing thought. Moreover Marx and Engels referred to communism as scientific socialism.

Socialism, as a political theory, developed during the European working-class rebellions, when the predicament of workers was viewed against the backdrop of the prevailing liberal logic of the day. Its point of departure, according to the political scientist Alfred Meyer, was the assertion that the ideals associated with the American and French Revolutions—namely liberty, equality, fraternity, and the right to a human existence—had been aborted. Thus the promise of these revolutions could be fulfilled only when political rights were consonant with social and economic equality, which necessitated wiping out the differences between rich and poor. Drawing from this and earlier philosophical arguments and movements, Marx and Engels embarked on an attempt to further develop the theory.

Marx viewed communism as the highest stage of socialism and the history of humankind as imbued with struggles between the capitalist class (the owners of capital) and the working class (proletariats). His theory, as articulated in the Communist Manifesto, viewed the movement of society toward communism as a scientific fact.

47

COMMUNIST MANIFESTO| Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1848)

A SPECTRE is haunting Europe—the spectre of Communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre; Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.

Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?

Two things result from this fact.

I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power.

II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.

To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London, and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.

The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.

Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian (Greece), lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.

In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold graduation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the middle ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.

The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society, has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.

Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature; it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.

In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things. In all these movements they bring to the front, as the leading question in

each, the property question, no matter what its degree of development at the time. Finally, they labor

everywhere for the union and agreement of the democratic parties of all countries. The Communists

disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men

of all countries, unite!

1. Why do Marx and Engels include a history of class struggles in their Manifesto? 2. Describe Marx and Engels’ vision for revolution. What will these “revolutionary movements” look like?

3. What role does class consciousness play in Marx and Engels’ Revolution? 4. What has contributed to the inevitability of Marx and Engels’ Revolution?

48

PIECES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Illustrative Example Broader Changes Broader Continuities

P Egyptian Cotton

I Railroads

E Environmental Hazards

C Entertaining a New Middle Class

E Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

S Cult of Domesticity

49

THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

Defining Imperialism:

WHERE IN THE WORLD IS IMPERIALISM HAPPENING?

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM

New Technology

50

Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden In patience to abide To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit And work another’s gain Take up the White Man’s burden— And reap his old reward:

The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, “Our loved Egyptian night?” Take up the White Man’s burden- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood

Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers!

Source: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”

1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”?

2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”?

3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it?

51

Pile on the Poor Man’s Burden— Drive out the beastly breed; Go bind his sons in exile To serve your pride and greed; To wait in heavy harness, Upon your rich and grand; The common working peoples, The serfs of every land. Pile on the Poor Man’s Burden— His patience will abide; He’ll veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride. By pious cant and humbug You’ll show his pathway plain, To work for another’s profit And suffer on in pain. Pile on the Poor Man’s Burden— Your savage wars increase, Give him his full of Famine, Nor bid his sickness cease. And when your goal is nearest Your glory’s dearly bought, For the Poor Man in his fury, May bring your pride to naught. Pile on the Poor Man’s Burden— Your Monopolistic rings Shall crush the serf and sweeper Like iron rule of kings. Your joys he shall not enter, Nor pleasant roads shall tread; He’ll make them with his living, And mar them with his dead. Pile on the Poor Man’s Burden— The day of reckoning’s near— He will call aloud on Freedom, And Freedom’s God shall hear. He will try you in the balance; He will deal out justice true: For the Poor Man with his burden Weighs more with God than you. Lift off the Poor Man’s Burden— My Country, grand and great— The Orient has no treasures To buy a Christian state, Our souls brook not oppression; Our needs—if read aright— Call not for wide possession. But Freedom’s sacred light.

What are your new impressions of imperialism? How would you define imperialism in your own words?

1. How did this author respond to the “White Man’s Burden?”

o Did he also see the “White Man’s Burden” as an important issue, or did other problems in the western world outweigh it?

o What other issues was he concerned about?

2. In your own words, what is the poor man’s burden?

3. Which audience/ group of people was this author trying to

appeal to?

Source: George McNeill, “The Poor Man’s Burden,” American Federationist (March 1899).

52

OLD IMPERIALISM VS. NEW IMPERIALISM

Old Imperialism (1450-1650) New Imperialism (1870-1914)

Ec

on

om

ic C

au

ses • “God, Glory, and Gold”

• Sought precious metals and goods • they could not produce

o Asia—luxury goods o America—cash crops/land o Africa—labor, ivory

• Sought new routes to Asia

• Cheap, certain raw materials—metals, vegetable oils, dyes, cotton, hemp

• Colonies functioned as markets for manufactured goods

• Large profits with minimum risks • Military bases and materials • Outlet for surplus population

Religion • Primarily Roman Catholic missionary zeal • As much Protestant missionary activity as

Catholic

Re

gio

n

• Africa—coastal • Asia—coastal, islands

• Americas—primary focus for colonization

• Sub-Saharan Africa divided up • South and southeast Asia colonized

• Spheres of influence—Asia

Tec

h.

• Improved Maritime Technology • Cannon

• Muskets • Writing

• Vaccination • Machine gun

• Railroad and Steamboat • Telegraph

Mo

tive

s

• Africa and Asia—more commercial • empire • Explored for new trade routes • Americas more a land empire • Founded settlements and established rule

• Africa and Asia—land empires • Pushed social reforms and western education • Spread blessings of Western culture • Nationalism • Glory (place in the sun)

Ad

min

istr

atio

n

• Profit over empire • Dutch and British East India Companies—

monopolies through trading posts • British—established permanent colonies with

limited self-rule • Spain—subjected conquered people to

system of forced labor • Not interested in territorial acquisitions and

war, though they did occur

• Smaller colonial areas • British—relied on indirect rule

• Other powers ruled directly through • paternalism and assimilation • Not result of coherent planning • With telegraph, more control from mother

country • More racism and ystematic segregation • Social snobbery/ Social Darwinism

Ed

uc

atio

n

Po

licie

s

• State-supported in Java and India • Jesuits • missionaries

• Africa—not state education; left to • Missionaries; higher ed. not promoted • Asia—More access to higher ed. • Superiority of Western learning and culture

stressed; ultimately • provoked anti-colonial resistance and

nationalism

Sta

tes • 1500s—Portugal & Spain

• 1600s—France, Britain, & Netherlands • Great Britain dominant • Also France, Germany, USA, Italy, Belgium,

and Russia

Co

nq

ue

st • Military conquest of native peoples • Concessions

• Spheres of influence • Protectorates • Colonies

Re

sist

an

ce

to

C

olo

nia

l Ru

le • Revolts against Spanish rule in the Americas

• The Kingdom of Kongo resisted the slave trade, so Portugal conquered it, making it the colony of Angola

• Revolt against Portuguese rule in Southeast Asia

• Algerians and East Africans failed in resistance attempts

• Sepoy Mutiny • Boxer Rebellion • Meiji Restoration • Widespread Industrialization and reform

53

Imp

ac

t o

f C

olo

niz

atio

n

• Negative— o Death of natives from war and

European diseases o Breakdown of traditions

• Positive—

o Global exchange of food items and livestock

• Negative— o Death of natives from war and diseases o Economic exploitation o Arbitrary political divisions o Breakdown of traditions

• Positive— o Reduced local warfare o Unification o Modernization o Raised standards of living

Re

aso

n f

or

En

d

• Nations lost interest because: • Napoleonic Wars • Nationalistic movements • Industrial development • Cost of colonies outweighed benefits

• World War I • Native uprisings • Cost of colonies outweighed benefits – profit

over empire

Never a single, simple process, western imperialism evolved over a 400-year period from 1450 to 1914. New Imperialism is the mature stage of western expansion

1. Both periods were shaped by an elite political control. 2. Colonial government in both periods legitimized their authoritarian, non-representative methods

with claims of progress and maintenance of order. 3. Export-oriented development functioned to integrate the colony into the world economy. 4. Sharp social/racial divisions were maintained.

i. Ex: Mexico and Indonesia—a multi-racial/plural society, strict class lines ii. Ex: South Africa—sharp racial divisions (European/African)

5. Paternalist, racist colonial culture increased inequalities while ignoring needed social reforms 6. Gender divisions of labor intensified 7. Systems of exploitation and indebtedness were imposed. 8. Precedents of administrations, legal and educational systems (British India, French Senegal, Dutch

Java) continued to be used. 9. Recruitment of one group against another (favored minorities like Christian converts, or western

educated youths) was used for civil service or police.

10. Europeans tended to concentrate in urban areas or provincial towns. Old Imperialism:

54

NEW IMPERIALISM

55

IMPERIALISM IN INDIA

Context:

1500 BCE 1757

British economic interests in India began in the 1600s, when the British East India Company set up trading posts

in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. At first, India’s ruling Mughal Dynasty kept European traders under control.

By 1707, however, the Mughal Empire was collapsing. Dozens of small states broke away from Mughal control.

In 1757, Robert Clive led East India Company troops in a decisive victory over the Indian forces that were allied

with the French. From this point forward the East India Company was the leading power within India.

The area controlled by the East India Company grew over time. Eventually it governed an area that included

northern Bangladesh, most of southern India and nearly all the territory along the Ganges River in the North.

Officially, the British government regulated the East India Company’s efforts both in London and India. Until the

beginning of the 19th century, the company ruled India with little interference from the British government. The

company had its own army, led by British officers and staffed by sepoys, or Indian soldiers. The governor of

Bombay referred to the sepoy army as “a delicate and dangerous machine, which a little mismanagement

may easily turn against us.”

1. How did the East India Company gain control of India?

2. Who are the sepoys?

3. Why do you believe the Indians would be willing to fight as soldiers for a British company?

The East India Company:

Industrialization:

Effects of Imperialism on India:

Positive Negative

India becomes

Sepoy Mutiny

56

Task| Use the sources provided to complete the chart below:

British Perspective Indian Perspective Recorded History Discrepancies U

se o

f R

ifle

s

Hin

du

Cu

ltu

re

En

glis

h R

ule

in In

dia

Are

th

ese

so

urc

es

rep

rese

nta

tive

of

the

na

tio

n a

s a

wh

ole

?

57

A Historical Perspective, by historian Joseph Coohill (Excerpted from Original)

There were many causes of the Indian Rebellion. The traditional explanation of the offensive rifle

cartridges causing the initial outbreak of mutiny is only part of the story. Many native infantryman (sepoys)

believed that these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat. The

sepoys were required to bit open the cartridges, and would come into direct contact with the cow and

pig grease, which was insulting to Hindus and Muslims respectively. But the cartridges were only the

catalyst for a revolt that was based on long standing grievances.

Sepoys in the East India Company had seen their pay (and therefore their status) decline in recent years,

and many felt that the new officers serving in the Company army since the 1840s did not have the same

respect and sympathy for sepoys that had been a hallmark of the previous generation of Company

officers. Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of India (1847-56) introduced the so-called Doctrine of Lapse,

a formula which allowed the East India Company to extend its control into Indian territory when a native

ruler died without what the Company considered a legitimate heir. Indian tradition held that adopted

children had the same inheritance rights as birth children. But the Company did not recognize adopted

heirs. In Oudh, the application of the Doctrine was considered a final outrage of British conquest. Oudh

was such a rich and historic part of India that this seizure was seen as a cultural insult. The outbreak of

hostilities in the army would not have spread so quickly or gained much-needed local support had not the

sepoys’ grievances been echoed by discontent in many parts of Bengal, both rural and urban.

Source: Joseph Coohill, “Indian Voices from the 1857 Rebellion,” History Today, 2007.

REFLECT|

1. In what ways are documents A and B valuable to our study of the Sepoy Mutiny?

2. In what ways are documents C and D valuable to our study of the Sepoy Mutiny?

3. Which of these documents do you think provides the most reliable information regarding the rebellion?

Why?

4. What perspective are we missing from this set of documents? Why might there be few accounts from

this perspective? Why might an account from this perspective be valuable?

5. Synthesizing all sources, what caused the Sepoy Mutiny? Explain.

58

THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

During the centuries following the European arrival in the Americas, the world has undergone drastic

changes as nations, peoples, religions, and economies have both integrated and disintegrated. The New World

has now been conquered with a newly independent United States of America, Spanish and Portuguese

colonies across Latin America and British colonies in Canada. The last remaining “unexplored” region was the

interior of Africa, but with the financial support of King Leopold II, Henry Morton Stanley has removed the last

terra incognita from the map.

In order to avoid the colonial warfare that plagued the New World and Asia, you have been called

together by Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of Germany, to formalize the division of Africa amongst the

European powers. This General Act of the Berlin Conference seeks to create substantive boundaries between

these nations that reflect the economic and political interests of its member states.

Today you will represent your nation and these very interests to carve up Africa and bring them into the

modern, European world!

PART 1| NATIONAL DELEGATE ASSEMBLY

• Within your assigned groups, read the background briefing of your given country and the conference itself.

Using this information and the colored map handouts, identify the division of Africa that would best meet

your colonial interests on your own map. You may color or write in country names.

• Create a proposal to bring with you to Berlin.

• Select a delegate to represent your nation at the Berlin Conference.

PART 2| NEGOTIATIONS AT THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

• During this meeting you should:

o Negotiate in your country’s best interest

o Prevent other countries from getting too powerful

o Create informal negotiating alliances to come to a consensus

• Following the rules drawn up in Berlin, your selected delegate will, when called upon, use his/her allotted

string to claim portions of the African continent as planned, explaining your reasoning.

• During the negotiations, all delegates will color their maps accordingly

REFLECT

1. How closely does our map reflect that of what really happened? Why?

2. Why did certain countries take the areas that they took?

3. What enabled certain countries to take more land than others?

4. What might have happened to the people who were living in the areas that were divided up among the

European nations?

5. How could this division have impacted the balance of power amongst European powers?

59

PROPOSAL CONFERENCE

60

RESISTENCE TO IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA Notes:

PREDICT| Where would you anticipate Europeans to encounter the most conflict, and with whom?

61

Imperial Wars in Africa| Use the sources around the room to complete the diagram below:

Historical Context: Why and how were Europeans attempting to imperialize Africa in the 19th century?

Battle of Adwa

Ethiopian

History

Causes

Tactics

Effects

Boer War

Boer

History

Causes

Tactics

Effects

Zulu War

Zulu

History

Causes

Tactics

Effects

62

IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

Annotate the cartoon below:

What does this cartoon tell you about Western perceptions of the Chinese?

63

“The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment”

Two things happened in the eighteenth century that made it

difficult for England to balance its trade with the East. First,

the British became a nation of tea drinkers and the demand

for Chinese tea rose astronomically. It is estimated that the

average London worker spent five percent of his or her total

household budget on tea. Second, northern Chinese

merchants began to ship Chinese cotton from the interior to

the south to compete with the Indian cotton that Britain had

used to help pay for its tea consumption habits. To prevent a

trade imbalance, the British tried to sell more of their own

products to China, but there was not much demand for

heavy woolen fabrics in a country accustomed to either

cotton padding or silk. The only solution was to increase the

amount of Indian goods to pay for these Chinese luxuries,

and increasingly in the seventeenth and eighteenth

centuries the item provided to China was Bengal opium.

With greater opium supplies had naturally come an increase

in demand and usage throughout the country, in spite of

repeated prohibitions by the Chinese government and

officials. The British did all they could to increase the trade:

They bribed officials, helped the Chinese work out elaborate

smuggling schemes to get the opium into China's interior,

and distributed free samples of the drug to innocent victims.

The cost to China was enormous. The drug weakened a large percentage of the population (some estimate

that 10 percent of the population regularly used opium by the late nineteenth century), and silver began to

flow out of the country to pay for the opium. Many of the economic problems China faced later were either

directly or indirectly traced to the opium trade. The government debated about whether to legalize the drug

through a government monopoly like that on salt, hoping to barter Chinese goods in return for opium. But since

the Chinese were fully aware of the harms of addiction, in 1838 the emperor decided to send one of his most

able officials, Lin Tse-hsu (Lin Zexu, 1785-1850), to Canton (Guangzhou) to do whatever necessary to end the

traffic forever.

Lin was able to put his first two proposals into effect easily. Addicts were rounded up, forcibly treated, and

taken off the habit, and domestic drug dealers were harshly punished. His third objective — to confiscate

foreign stores and force foreign merchants to sign pledges of good conduct, agreeing never to trade in opium

and to be punished by Chinese law if ever found in violation — eventually brought war. Opinion in England was

divided: Some British did indeed feel morally uneasy about the trade, but they were overruled by those who

wanted to increase England's China trade and teach the arrogant Chinese a good lesson. Western military

weapons, including percussion lock muskets, heavy artillery, and paddlewheel gunboats, were far superior to

China's. Britain's troops had recently been toughened in the Napoleonic wars, and Britain could muster

garrisons, warships, and provisions from its nearby colonies in Southeast Asia and India. The result was a disaster

for the Chinese. By the summer of 1842 British ships were victorious and were even preparing to shell the old

capital, Nanking (Nanjing), in central China. The emperor therefore had no choice but to accept the British

demands and sign a peace agreement. This agreement, the first of the "unequal treaties," opened China to the

West and marked the beginning of Western exploitation of the nation.

1. What was the source of the conflict between China and Britain?

2. Was China actually colonized as a result of the Opium Wars? What did imperialism look like in China?

3. How did the Opium Wars create foreign influence in China?

64

A Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria

Context| Lin Zexu (1785-1850) was the Chinese Commissioner in Canton whose actions

precipitated the Opium Wars (1839-1842). Although opium was used in China for centuries, it

was not until the opening of the tea trade to Dutch and British merchants that China was

able to import large quantities of the drug. By the early nineteenth century opium was the

principal product that the English East India Company traded in China and opium addiction

was becoming a widespread social problem. When the emperor's own son died of an

overdose, he decided to put an end to the trade. Lin Zexu was sent to Canton, the chief

trading port of the East India Company, with instructions to negotiate an end to the

importation of opium into China. The English merchants were uncooperative, so he seized

their stores of opium. This led to immediate military action. The Chinese were decisively

defeated and had to cede to a humiliating treaty that legalized the opium trade. As a result

commissioner Lin was dismissed from office and sent into exile.

Lin Zexu's "Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria" was written before the outbreak of the Opium

Wars. It was a remarkably frank document, especially given the usual highly stylized

language of Chinese diplomacy. There remains some question whether Queen Victoria ever

read the letter.

The kings of your honorable country by a tradition handed down from generation to

generation have always been noted for their politeness and submissiveness. We have read

your successive tributary memorials saying, "In general our countrymen who go to trade in

China have always received His Majesty the Emperor's gracious treatment and equal

justice." and so on. Privately we are delighted with the way in which the honorable rulers of

your country deeply understand the grand principles and are grateful for the Celestial

grace. For this reason, the Celestial Court in soothing those from afar has redoubled its polite

and kind treatment. The profit from trade has been enjoyed by them continuously for two

hundred years. This is the source from which your country has become known for its wealth.

But after a long period of commercial intercourse, there appear among the crowd of

barbarians both good persons and bad, unevenly. Consequently, there are those who

smuggle opium to seduce the Chinese people and so cause the spread of the poison to all

provinces. Such persons who only care to profit themselves, and disregard their harm to

others, are not tolerated by the laws of heaven and are unanimously hated by human

beings. His Majesty the Emperor, upon hearing of this, is in a towering rage. He has especially

sent me, his commissioner, to come to Kwangtung [Guangdong], and together with the

governor-general and governor jointly to investigate and settle this matter.

All those people in China who sell opium or smoke opium should receive the death penalty.

We trace the crime of those barbarians who through the years have been selling opium,

then the deep harm they have wrought and the great profit they have usurped should

fundamentally justify their execution according to law. We take into to consideration,

however, the fact that the various barbarians have still known how to repent their crimes and

return to their allegiance to us by taking the 20,183 chests of opium from their storeships and

petitioning us, through their consular officer [superintendent of trade], Elliot, to receive it. It

has been entirely destroyed and this has been faithfully reported to the Throne in several

memorials by this commissioner and his colleagues.

Fortunately, we have received a specially extended favor Born His Majesty the Emperor, who

considers that for those who voluntarily surrender there are still some circumstances to

palliate their crime, and so for the time being he has magnanimously excused them from

punishment. But as for those who again violate the opium prohibition, it is difficult for the law

to pardon them repeatedly. Having established new regulations, we presume that the ruler

of your honorable country, who takes delight in our culture and whose disposition is inclined

towards us, must be able to instruct the various barbarians to observe the law with care. It is

only necessary to explain to them the advantages and advantages and then they will know

that the legal code of the Celestial Court must be absolutely obeyed with awe.

Put the bolded

phrases in your

own words:

65

We find your country is sixty or seventy thousand li [three li make one mile, ordinarily] from

China Yet there are barbarian ships that strive to come here for trade for the purpose of

making a great profit. The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians. That is to say, the

great profit made by barbarians is all taken from the rightful share of China. By what right do

they then in return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? Even though the

barbarians may not necessarily intend to do us harm, yet in coveting profit to an extreme,

they have no regard for injuring others. Let us ask, where is your conscience? I have heard

that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm

caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own

country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries -- how

much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing

which is not beneficial to people: they are of benefit when eaten, or of benefit when used,

or of benefit when resold: all are beneficial. Is there a single article from China which has

done any harm to foreign countries? Take tea and rhubarb, for example; the foreign

countries cannot get along for a single day without them. If China cuts off these benefits with

no sympathy for those who are to suffer, then what can the barbarians rely upon to keep

themselves alive? Moreover the woolens, camlets, and longells [i.e., textiles] of foreign

countries cannot be woven unless they obtain Chinese silk. If China, again, cuts off this

beneficial export, what profit can the barbarians expect to make? As for other foodstuffs,

beginning with candy, ginger, cinnamon, and so forth, and articles for use, beginning with

silk, satin, chinaware, and so on, all the things that must be had by foreign countries are

innumerable. On the other hand, articles coming from the outside to China can only be used

as toys. We can take them or get along without them. Since they are not needed by China,

what difficulty would there be if we closed our the frontier and stopped the trade?

Nevertheless, our Celestial Court lets tea, silk, and other goods be shipped without limit and

circulated everywhere without begrudging it in the slightest. This is for no other reason but to

share the benefit with the people of the whole world. The goods from China carried away by

your country not only supply your own consumption and use, but also can be divided up

and sold to other countries, producing a triple profit. Even if you do not sell opium, you still

have this threefold profit. How can you bear to go further, selling products injurious to others

in order to fulfill your insatiable desire?

Suppose there were people from another country who carried opium for sale to England and

seduced your people into buying and smoking it; certainly your honorable ruler would

deeply hate it and be bitterly aroused. We have heard heretofore that your honorable ruler

is kind and benevolent. Naturally you would not wish to give unto others what you yourself do

not want. We have also heard that the ships coming to Canton have all had regulations

promulgated and given to them in which it is stated that it is not permitted to carry

contraband goods. This indicates that the administrative orders of your honorable rule have

been originally strict and clear. Only because the trading ships are numerous, heretofore

perhaps they have not been examined with care. Now after this communication has been

dispatched and you have clearly understood the strictness of the prohibitory laws of the

Celestial Court, certainly you will not let your subjects dare again to violate the law.

We have further learned that in London, the capital of your honorable rule, and in Scotland,

Ireland, and other places, originally no opium has been produced. Only in several places of

India under your control such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Benares, and Malwa has

opium been planted from hill to hill, and ponds have been opened for its manufacture. For

months and years work is continued in order to accumulate the poison. The obnoxious odor

ascends, irritating heaven and frightening the spirits. Indeed you, O King, can eradicate the

opium plant in these places, hoe over the fields entirely, and sow in its stead the five grains

[millet, barley, wheat, etc.]. Anyone who dares again attempt to plant and manufacture

opium should be severely punished. This will really be a great, benevolent government policy

that will increase the common weal and get rid of evil. For this, Heaven must support you

and the spirits must bring you good fortune, prolonging your old age and extending your

descendants. All will depend on this act.

As for the barbarian merchants who come to China, their food and drink and habitation, all

received by the gracious favor of our Celestial Court. Their accumulated wealth is all benefit

given with pleasure by our Celestial Court. They spend rather few days in their own country

Put the bolded

phrases in your

own words:

66

but more time in Canton. To digest clearly the legal penalties as an aid to instruction has

been a valid principle in all ages. Suppose a man of another country comes to England to

trade, he still has to obey the English laws; how much more should he obey in China the laws

of the Celestial Dynasty?

Now we have set up regulations governing the Chinese people. He who sells opium shall

receive the death penalty and he who smokes it also the death penalty. Now consider this: if

the barbarians do not bring opium, then how can the Chinese people resell it, and how can

they smoke it? The fact is that the wicked barbarians beguile the Chinese people into a

death trap. How then can we grant life only to these barbarians? He who takes the life of

even one person still has to atone for it with his own life; yet is the harm done by opium

limited to the taking of one life only? Therefore in the new regulations, in regard to those

barbarians who bring opium to China, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation.

This is what is called getting rid a harmful thing on behalf of mankind.

Moreover we have found that in the middle of the second month of this year [April 9] Consul

[Superintendent] Elliot of your nation, because the opium prohibition law was very stern and

severe, petitioned for an extension of the time limit. He requested an extension of five months

for India and its adjacent harbors and related territories, and ten months for England proper,

after which they would act in conformity with the new regulations. Now we, the

commissioner and others, have memorialized and have received the extraordinary Celestial

grace of His Majesty the Emperor, who has redoubled his consideration and compassion. All

those who from the period of the coming one year (from England) or six months (from India)

bring opium to China by mistake, but who voluntarily confess and completely surrender their

opium, shall be exempt from their punishment. After this limit of time, if there are still those

who bring opium to China then they will plainly have committed a willful violation and shall

at once be executed according to law, with absolutely no clemency or pardon. This may be

called the height of kindness and the perfection of justice.

Our Celestial Dynasty rules over and supervises the myriad states, and surely possesses

unfathomable spiritual dignity. Yet the Emperor cannot bear to execute people without

having first tried to reform them by instruction. Therefore he especially promulgates these

fixed regulations. The barbarian merchants of your country, if they wish to do business for a

prolonged period, are required to obey our statues respectfully and to cut off permanently

the source of opium. They must by no means try to test the effectiveness of the law with their

lives. May you, O King, check your wicked and sift your wicked people before they come to

China, in order to guarantee the peace of your nation, to show further the sincerity of your

politeness and submissiveness, and to let the two countries enjoy together the blessings of

peace. How fortunate, how fortunate indeed! After receiving this dispatch will you

immediately give us a prompt reply regarding the details and circumstances of your cutting

off the opium traffic. Be sure not to put this off. The above is what has to be communicated.

TASK| Answer the following based on your role:

1. What is the tone of this correspondence?

2. What changes would you suggest that the emperor make to more effectively avoid conflict with the

British?

OUTPUT| In your groups, create a meme to summarize Lin Zexu’s message.

Put the bolded phrases in your

own words:

67

THE BOXER REBELLION

Fei Ch'i-hao’s (a Chinese Christian) account of the Boxer Rebellion – 1900

The people of Shansi are naturally timid and gentle, not given to making disturbances, being

the most peaceable people in China. So our Shansi Christians were hopeful for themselves,

even when the reports from the coast grew more alarming. But there was one thing which

caused us deep apprehension, and that was the fact that the wicked, cruel Yu Hsien, the

hater of foreigners, was the newly appointed Governor of Shansi. He had previously promoted

the Boxer movement in Shantung, and had persuaded the Empress Dowager that the Boxers

had supernatural powers and were true patriots.

Early in June my college friend K'ung Hsiang Hsi came back from T'ungchou for his vacation,

reporting that the state of affairs there and at Peking was growing worse, that the local

officials were powerless against the Boxers, and that the Boxers, armed with swords, were

constantly threatening Christians scattered in the country.

From this time we had no communication with Tientsin or Peking. All travellers were searched,

and if discovered bearing foreign letters they were killed. So though several times messengers

were started out to carry our letters to the coast, they were turned back by the Boxers before

they had gone far. It was not long before the Boxers, like a pestilence, had spread all over

Shansi. School had not closed yet in Fen Chou Fu, but as the feeling of alarm deepened,

fathers came to take their boys home, and school was dismissed before the end of June….

The wicked Governor, Yü Hsien, scattered proclamations broadcast. These stated that the

foreign religions overthrew morality and inflamed men to do evil, so now gods and men were

stirred up against them, and Heaven's legions had been sent to exterminate the foreign devils.

Moreover there were the Boxers, faithful to their sovereign, loyal to their country, determined to

unite in wiping out the foreign religion. He also offered a reward to all who killed foreigners,

either titles or office or money. When the highest official in the province took such a stand in

favor of the Boxers, what could inferior officials do? People and officials bowed to his will, and

all who enlisted as Boxers were in high favor. It was a time of license and anarchy, when not

only Christians were killed, but hundreds of others against whom individual Boxers had a

grudge.

Crowds of people kept passing our mission gate to see what might be happening, for the city

was full of rumors.

"The foreigners have all fled."

"Many foreigners from other places have gathered here."

"A great cannon has been mounted at the mission gate." "The foreigners have hired men to poison wells, and to smear gates with blood."

I was staying in the compound with the Prices, inside the west gate of the city, and Mr. and

Mrs. Atwater, with their children, Bertha and Celia, lived near the east gate. On the 28th of

June all day long a mob of one or two hundred roughs, with crowds of boys, stood at the gate

of the Atwater place, shouting:

"Kill the foreigners, loot the houses."

1. How were the people of China torn by Christian influence in China?

2. What sparked the Boxer Rebellion?

3. Were the Boxers justified in their actions? Why or Why not?

Notes:

68

A Modern Perspective on the Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion erupted in China in late 1899 and really reached a peak in the early part

of 1900. The Boxers came from the north of China. They were largely peasants. About 70

percent of all the Boxers were peasants, it seems like. And they particularly were concerned

about the westernization of their land. They targeted western railroad entrepreneurs. They

targeted foreign missionaries. The Boxers actually had, as many Chinese had, great doubts

about railroads. They weren't sure that they wanted railroads and one of the reasons they did

not want railroads is because they identified railroads with westernization and they weren't sure

they wanted westernization. As a consequence, by the early part of 1900, the Boxers have

killed a number of foreign missionaries. They are beginning to kill engineers, foreign engineers,

foreign business people, and they begin to move out of the north and in the spring of 1900 this

mass movement this mass Chinese revolutionary movement is targeting Beijing, the capital of

China, and particularly the foreign compound in Beijing where all of the foreign diplomats and

many of the foreign business people live and in the early summer of 1900 they lay siege to this

foreign compound. And everyone understands that if this siege succeed, that they are

probably going to massacre all of the foreigners that they can get their hands on….

The outcome of the Boxer Rebellion is in a short term the Western imperial powers won and

beat back the Boxers and massacred a number of the Boxers. In the long term, we can now

see that it was the beginning of the Chinese Revolution, that the Chinese saw this as something

that they would have to organize themselves to defend against. If you go to Beijing now, this is

not called the Boxer Rebellion. What happened in 1900 is called the Foreign Intervention. And

the Chinese are very quick to tell you that one of the reasons for the Chinese Revolution and

the anti-foreignism in the Chinese Revolution that erupted within the next 20 years in China was

in large part the result of the foreign brutalities, the foreign missionaries, the foreign industrial

entrepreneurs who moved into China in the wake of the Boxers and who essentially tried to act

as if nothing had happened. Quite clearly, something very profound had happened in China.

What had happened had been that the Chinese for the first time had been able to organize

themselves in a way and on a military level to drive back foreign influences. In the end they

didn't succeed, but they had shown that it could be done. And, as a result, the Boxer Rebellion

now is looked at as the beginning of this long Chinese Revolution that finally climaxed in 1949.

1. What perspective does this historian offer about why the Boxers revolted in the first place?

2. What does he recognize as the long-term impact of the Boxer Rebellion?

3. What does this historian want readers to remember the Boxers as?

IN REVIEW|

1750 1900

Notes:

69

MEIJI RESTORATION

CLOSED COUNTRY EDICT OF 1635

1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.

2. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be

executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to

the higher authority.

3. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death.

5. Any informer revealing the whereabouts of the followers of the priests must be rewarded accordingly. If

anyone reveals the whereabouts of a high ranking priest, he must be given one hundred pieces of-silver. For

those of lower ranks, depending on the deed, the reward must be set accordingly.

7. If there are any Southern Barbarians who propagate the teachings of the priests, or otherwise commit crimes,

they may be incarcerated in the prison. . . .

EXCLUSION OF THE PORTUGUESE, 1639

1. The matter relating to the proscription of Christianity is known [to the Portuguese]. However, heretofore they

have secretly transported those who are going to propagate that religion.

2. If those who believe in that religion band together in an attempt to do evil things, they must be subjected to

punishment.

3. While those who believe in the preaching of the priests are in hiding, there are incidents in which chat

country [Portugal] has sent gifts to them for their sustenance.

UNTIL…

On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy sailed into Tôkyô harbor. Perry, on behalf

of the U.S. government, forced Japan to enter into trade with the United States and demanded a treaty

permitting trade and the opening of Japanese ports to U.S. merchant ships.

Tokugawa Shogunate Meiji Era Major Changes Continuities

S

P

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70

The Meiji Constitution, 1868 (Excerpts)

Article 2. The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by Imperial male descendants, according to the

provisions of the Imperial House Law.

Article 4. The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty (rule), and

exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution.

Article 5. The Emperor exercises the legislative power with the consent of the Imperial Diet (Diet = general

assembly).

Article 11. The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy.

Article 12. The Emperor determines the organization and peace standing of the Army and Navy.

Article 13. The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties.

CHAPTER II – RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SUBJECTS

Article 19. Japanese subjects may, according to qualifications determined in laws or ordinances, be

appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally.

Article 20. Japanese subjects are to serve in the Army or Navy, according to the provisions of law.

Article 21. Japanese subjects are subjected to paying taxes, according to the provisions of law.

Article 23. No Japanese subject shall be arrested, detained, tried or punished, unless according to law.

Article 24. No Japanese subject shall be deprived of his right of being tried by [lawful] judges

Article 25. Except in the cases provided for in the law, the house of no Japanese subject shall be entered

or searched without his consent.

Article 26. Except in the cases mentioned in the law, the secrecy (privacy) of the letters of every Japanese

subject shall remain inviolate.

Article 28. Japanese subjects shall … enjoy freedom of religious belief.

Article 29. Japanese subjects shall, within the limits of law, enjoy the liberty of speech, writing, publication,

public meetings and associations.

CHAPTER III – THE IMPERIAL DIET (Legislative General Assembly)

Article 37. Every law requires the consent of the Imperial Diet. (limits the power of the Emporer)

Article 38. Both Houses shall vote upon projects of law submitted to it by the Government, and may

respectively initiate projects of law.

Article 59. Trials and judgments of a Court shall be conducted publicly. When, however, there exists any

fear, that such publicity may be prejudicial to peace and order, or to the maintenance of public morality,

the public trial may be suspended by provisions of law or by the decision of the Court of Law.

1. Why did the Japanese people need a new constitution? What was the goal of the Meiji

Constitution?

2. Why was it important that Japan began to adapt more democratic ideals in the Industrial Age?

House of Peers | House of Representatives | Emperor Court of

| | | Law

Nominated by | Elected by the People | Commander|

Emperor | | in Chief | | |

Makes the Laws | |

71

JAPANESE IMPERIALISM

Russo-Japanese War – 1903-05| Japan’s victory

over China in the Sino-Japanese War changed

the world’s balance of power. Russia and

Japan emerged as the two major powers, and

enemies, in East Asia. The two countries soon

went to war over Manchuria. In 1903, Japan

offered to recognize Russia’s rights to

Manchuria if the Russians would agree to stay

out of Korea. But the Russians refused.

In February of 1904, Japan launched a surprise

attack on Russian ships anchored off the coast

of Manchuria. In the resulting Russo-Japanese

War, Japan drove Russian troops out of Korea

and captured most of Russia’s Pacific fleet. It

also destroyed Russia’s Baltic fleet, which had

sailed around Africa to participate in the war.

In 1905, Japan and Russia began peace

negotiations. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt

helped draft the treaty, which the two nations

signed on a ship off the coast of Portsmouth,

New Hampshire. This agreement, the Treaty of

Portsmouth, gave Japan the captured

territories. It also forced Russia to withdraw from

Manchuria and stay out of Korea.

Sino-Japanese War – 1894-95|As a result of the

Meiji Restoration and the rapid industrialization

of Japan, the Japanese needed to acquire resources. The Japanese first turned their sights on their neighbor

Korea. In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade. China also considered Korea to

be important both as a trading partner and a military outpost. Recognizing their similar interests in Korea,

Japan and China signed a hands-off agreement. In 1885, both countries pledged that they would not send

their armies to Korea.

In June 1894, however, China broke that agreement. Rebellions had broken out against Korea’s king. He

asked China for military help in putting down the rebellions. Chinese troops marched into Korea. Japan

protested and sent its own troops to Korea to fight the Chinese. The Sino-Japanese War lasted just a few

months. In that time, Japan drove the Chinese out of Korea, destroying the Chinese navy, and gained a

foothold in Manchuria. In 1895, China and Japan signed a peace treaty which gave Japan its first colonies.

Korea, Taiwan and the surrounding islands became Japanese colonies.

War Events Surrounding Conflict Results of Conflict

Sino-

Japanese

War

Russo-

Japanese

War

72

REFORM AND REACTION IN THE 19TH CENTRURY

Problems Reforms Reactions to Reforms

Ro

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no

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73

Changes Continuities R

om

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ov/C

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74

GLOBAL MIGRATION PROJECT

KEY CONCEPT 5.4: GLOBAL MIGRATIONS

INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMPERIALISM, & THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL CAPITALIST ECONOMY INCREASED THE AMOUNT OF MIGRATION IN THIS ERA.

JAPANESE

RUSSIANS

ITALIANS

CHINESE

INDIANS

IRISH

EUROPEANS

LEBANESE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

SIBERIA

CAUSES POPULATION GROWTH o Improved Food Production o Improved Medicine

IMPROVED TRANSPORT

o Trains, Autos, Steamboat

MIGRANTS

MANUAL LABORERS & SKILLED PROFESSIONALS WHO MIGRATE IN SEARCH

OF WORK

WHY RELOCATE? o Free will (Choice) o COERCED LABOR Slavery Indentured Servitude

• Especially Indian & Chinese

Convict Labor o TEMPORARY Seasonal (Crops) Return Home after

• Examples: o Japan, Lebanon, Italy

OUTCOMES GENDER o Migrants tended to be male o Women remained home

filling in for the absent males

ETHNIC ENCLAVES o Areas where migrants grouped in new

areas o Transplant their culture to the enclave o Ex. “Little Italy”; “Chinatown”,

“Germantown”

ANTI-IMMIGRANT POLICIES o Governmental prejudice against the

migrants o Tried to regulate the #s of immigrants o Ex. Chinese Exclusion, White Australia

We will examine the following examples of

forced and voluntary migration from the

Modern Era to analyze broader push and pull

factors and the PIECES of global migration

during the period of 1750-1915:

Forced Migration:

• British convicts to Australia

• Indian and Chinese Indentured

Servitude

• Urbanization in Russia

Voluntary Migration:

• Italians to Argentina

• Japanese to Brazil

• Lebanese to the United States

75

TASK| Each group will describe the push

and pull factors and the PIECES of its

assigned migration in a music video,

documentary film, children’s story book,

board game, comic book, or other

creative platform during on MARCH 2nd-

3rd. The steps are as follows:

1. Each group member will choose a

different PIECES theme and

conduct research to find causes

and effects of his/her assigned

migration relevant to that theme.

Use the thematic questions to the

left to direct your research. You

may compile you research in any

manner that you wish. Please keep

track of your sources, as you will be

required to cite them in MLA format

on a works cited page, submitted

with your presentation.

2. On MARCH 26th, your research will

be checked in class as part of your

assessment grade.

3. Each group will synthesize all

research to develop a creative

presentation to explain the push

and pull factors and SPICE impacts

of their assigned migration to the

class. Students should be able to

complete the chart on p. 77 based

on your presentation.

4. After viewing all presentations, we

will have a Migrations Seminar on

MARCH 13TH. Questions for the

seminar will be prepared on p. 78.

Your research, presentation, class notes

(p. 77), seminar prep (p. 78), and seminar

participation will constitute a 100-point

assessment. Rubrics for the presentation

and the seminar will be provided.

76

77

Push Pull S impacts P impacts I impacts C impacts E impacts Fo

rce

d

Ind

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d

Se

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de

British

co

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to

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to

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Un

ite

d S

tate

s

78

MIGRATIONS SEMINAR GUIDE

How and why did migration patterns change in the Modern Era? To what extent did migrants’

cultures and practices assimilate with those of existing societies?

Your Task:

Using your notes and your knowledge of history, create a list of questions using the guide below, with

the goal of sparking discussion during tomorrow’s seminar.

Clarifying Questions: Simple questions of fact; used to clarify the dilemma and provide the

information participants need to better understand the text and classmates’ ideas.

1.

2.

Conceptual Questions: questions about the themes of the text; used to identify and develop “big

ideas.” The overarching concepts for this seminar are Nationalism, Industrialization, Imperialism.

1. Theme:

Question:

2. Theme:

Question:

Open-Ended Questions: questions without a known or definite answer; used to explore topics more

deeply and prompt classmates to share their own interpretations of evidence in the text.

1. Topic:

Question:

2. Topic:

Question:

SPICE Questions: prompt you classmates to connect ideas from the text/topic to the five themes of

world history!

1. Topic:

Question:

2. Topic:

Question: