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8/2/2019 APA Style Fitz
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APA STYLE
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APA STYLE
rules or guidelines observed toensure clear, consistent
presentation of the printedword
concerns uniform use of
punctuations andabbreviations, construction oftables, selection of headings
and citation of references and
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSIN MANUSCRIPT
PREPARATION1. Paper
8 X 11, heavy whitebond paper
2. Typeface
12-pt Times New Roman 12-pt Courier New
12-pt Sans Serif
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSIN MANUSCRIPT
PREPARATION3. Spacing
double space;
single spacefor table titlesand headings, figurecaptions, references,footnotes and long
quotations. Triple- or quadruple-
spacing after chapter titles,before major subheadings,
before footnotes, andbefore and after tables in the
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSIN MANUSCRIPT
PREPARATION4. Margins 1 left margin, 1 top, bottom, and right
margins
5. Pagination
number all pages, except the artwork forfigure and major chapters
preliminary pages usually carry lowercaseroman numerals
Introduction (Chapter I) Arabic numerals
page numbers continue throughout thea endixGENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSIN MANUSCRIPT
PREPARATION6. Figures, Tables, and
Footnotes
short tables may appearon a page with some text
long tables and each figure
are placed on a separatepage immediately after thepage on which the table orfigure is first mentioned
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSIN MANUSCRIPT
PREPARATION Figures and figure captions
Figure number is italics; text of thecaption is not italicized; capitalize
only the first word and any propernouns; figure captions are typedbelow; Minimum size 8 pt,maximum size 14 pt
Paragraphs and Indentations
First line of every paragraph andthe first line of every footnote
Bibliography has a hanging indent
format (first line is set flush leftand the subsequent lines are
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS INMANUSCRIPT PREPARATION
7. Uppercase and Lowercaseletters
8. Headings
CENTERED UPPERCASEHEADING
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase
andLowercase Side Heading
Indented, italicized,uppercase only the first wordand proper noun, paragraph
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STYLE1) Period used in initials of names (R. A.
Santos); abbreviation for UnitedStates when used as an adjective(U.S. Navy); latin abbreviations(a.m., cf., i.e., vs.), and referenceabbreviations (Vol. 1, 3rd ed., p.
10) No periods for abbreviations of
state names (NY, NH, NC),acronyms (APA, WB, IQ), and
metric and nonmetricmeasurement abbreviations cm
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EDITING STYLE
2) Comma
used between elements in a series ofthree or more items; before and and or
Ex: Imus, Bacoor, or IndangIn a study conducted by Sandoval,
Campos, and Reyes (2005) . . .
to set off a nonessential or nonrestrictive
clause, that is, if removed would leavethe grammatical structure and meaningof the sentence intact.
Ex. Ex-President Estrada, the 13thPresident of the Philippines, was
accused of plunder.
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EDITING STYLE
Do not use comma
before an essential or restrictiveclause
Ex. These were the infrastructures thatwere especially built in tourism.
between the two parts of a compoundpredicate
Ex. The results contradicted Valeriosfindings and indicated that the effect wasnot significant.
to separate parts of a measurement
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EDITING STYLE
3) Semicolon
to separate two independentclauses that are not joinedby a conjunction
Ex. The freshmen studentsincurred higher expenditures;
the sophomore incurredlower expenditures
to separate elements in aseries that already containcommas
Ex. The order of pilot testing was
Silang, Imus, Bacoor; or
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EDITING STYLE
4) Colon
used between agrammatically completeintroductory clause (onethat could stand as asentence) and a final
phrase or clause thatillustrates, extends, oramplifies the precedingthought.
Ex. There are two sources ofpollution: the point sources
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EDITING STYLE
If the clause following the colonis a complete sentence, itbegins with a capital letter.
Ex. The result was worth noting:The Philippines is the
leading exporter of banana
in the world.Do not use a colon after anintroduction that is not acomplete sentence.
Ex. The formula is Y = a + bX
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EDITING STYLE
5) Dash
to indicate only asudden interruption inthe continuity of asentence.
Ex. The respondents50members, 40nonmemberswere
considered separately.
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6) em dash (two hyphens)
to set off an element added to
amplify from the main clause;no space before and after
Ex. Students--undergraduateand graduate- -are
exempted.
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EDITING STYLE
7) Quotation Marks
to introduce a word or phrase used as anironic comment, as slang, or as an invented
or coined expression (no quotation marksafter the initial usage)
Ex. Ex-President Estrada was accused as thebiggest
jueteng lord in the country. to enclose quotations in text
Ex. Dizon (2003) found that the ill-gottenwealth of Ex-
President Marcos amounted to US$50
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EDITING STYLE
8) Parenthesis
to set off reference citations and page numberin text
Ex. Reyes (2001) and Santos (2002) reported that.. . .
(p. 245).
to introduce an abbreviation,
Ex. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to enclose statistical values,
Ex. (p < .05)
Do not use parenthesis to enclose materialwithin other parenthesis
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EDITING STYLE
9) Slash
to separate numeratorfrom the denominator( e.g. X/Y)
to cite a republished workin text .
Ex. Reyes (1996/2000)
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10)Brackets
used to enclose material insertedin a quotation by some person
other than the original author.
Ex. Boserup (1999) stressed thatmans influence on the
quality of the environmentdepends on the damage hedoes [alteration in a cultural system]and the effort
devoted to undoing that damage.
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EDITING STYLE
If a complete sentence ends with aparenthesis, the period follows theclosing parenthesis.
Ex. The Philippine agriculture ischaracterized by a
relative scarcity of land (in relation topeople).
If a complete sentence is enclosed in aparenthesis, the period is placed insidethe closing parenthesis.
Ex. (The Philippine agriculture is characterized
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EDITING STYLE
11) Seriation
To show seriation within aparagraph or sentence uselowercase letters inparentheses.
Ex. The three principal thrusts are(a) institute a new program, (b)strengthen support services, and (c)Increase saving rates.
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EDITING STYLE
To indicate seriation of separateparagraphs (e.g., itemizedrecommendations or procedures)number each paragraph with an
Arabic numeral followed by aperiod.
Ex. The following immediate
recommendations are:1. Launch a massive rural
infrastructure programs in thepoorest regions.
2. Immediate land reform programin oorest areas.
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EDITING STYLECONT.
12. Quotations
Short quotations (fewer
than 40 words) shouldbe incorporated into thetext and enclosed bydouble quotation marks.
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Ex. Propst (1996),
professional or registerednurses (RNs) nowadayslack in effectivecommunication practicesthat could affect therecovery and well-being ofthe patients.
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Long quotations (40 or
more words) noquotation marks toenclose block quotations
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Ex. Cruz (2003) found
the following: Manydeveloping countrieshave depended on
export promotion as aroad to economicdevelopment for many
reasons . . .
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13. Ellipsis points used to indicate omitted
materialType three periods with a
space before and after
each period to indicate anomission within a sentence.
Type four periods to
indicate an omission
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Ex.
The core of Nursing is thenurse-client relationshipwherein the nurse establishesand maintains the key to thisrelationship by using his/herknowledge and skills contributes to the clients
health and well being.
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14) Spelling
Merriam-WebstersCollegiate Dictionary standard spelling
reference for APA Ex. aging, canceled,
appendix- appendixes,
matrix-matrices
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15. Hyphenation
Compound words maytake forms as (a) twoseparate words, (b) ahyphenated word, or (c)one unbroken, solidword
Ex. follow up, follow-up,
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Permanent compound
compound words foundin the dictionary
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Do not hyphenate
a compound including an
adverb ending in ly(e.g.widely used, randomlyassigned)
a compound including acomparative or superlativeadjective
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foreign phrases used asadjectives or adverbs
Ex. a priori, ad hoc, fed adlib but ad-lib feeding
common fractions usedas nouns
Ex. one third of theparticipants
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Prefixes that do notrequire hyphens
after, anti, bi, co,counter, equi, extra,
infra, inter, intra, macro,mid, mini, multi, non,over, post, pre, pro, re,
semi, socio, sub, un,
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Prefixed words that requirehyphens
an abbreviation (e.g. pre-WW II), a number (e.g.post-1960), capitalized
(e.g. pro-Arroyo) all self- compounds,
whether adjectives or
nouns
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words that could bemisunderstood
Ex. re-pair (pair again), re-form(form again), un-ionized
words in which the prefix endsand the base word begins withthe same vowel.
Ex. co-occur, pre-existing,
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when two or morecompound modifiers
have a common base,this base is sometimesomitted in all except
the last modifier, butthe hyphens areretained.
- -
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Other cases:
student-centeredapproach but Theapproach was student
centered t-test results but results
from ttests
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16. Capitalization
In titles and headings,
capitalize:
major words within the
body of the paper(excluding conjunctions,articles and short
prepositions); however,
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Ex
In her study, FactorsAffecting the Use of
Therapeutic
Communication
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Do not capitalize
names of laws, theories,
models, or hypotheses Ex. law of supply and demand,
Maslows hierarchy of needs,
life cycle hypothesis nouns that precede a
variable (e.g. item y,
experiment b)
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17) Italicizing Words
Use italics for titles of books,
periodicals, and microfilmpublications
Ex. In the book , Introduction
to Macroeconomics genera, species, and
varieties
introduction of a new,
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words that could be misread(e.g. the small and big groups
designations not group size)
letters used as statisticalsymbols or algebraic variables
periodical volume numbers inreference lists
anchors of a scale
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Do not use italics for
foreign phrases andabbreviations common inEnglish
chemical terms
trigonometric terms
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18. Abbreviations
A term to be abbreviated, on
its first appearance, must bespelled out and followedimmediately by its
abbreviation in parentheses. APA permits the use of the
following abbreviations thatdo not need ex lanation in
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Latin Abbreviations usedonly in parenthetical material;
otherwise, use the Englishtranslation
cf. compare i.e., - that ise.g., - for example viz., -
namely
etc. -, and so forth vs.
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Scientific Abbreviations
Use abbreviations and
symbols for metric andnonmetric units ofmeasurement that are
accompanied by numericvalues but not for the unitsof time
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Plurals ofAbbreviations
add s alone, but notitalicized, without an
apostrophe
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19. Statistical and
Mathematical Copy
Ex., F(2,_10)_=_8.32,_p_
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20. NUMBERS EXPRESSED INFIGURES
Use figures to express
all numbers 10 and above
all numbers below 10 thatare grouped for comparisonwith numbers 10 and above
numbers that immediatelyprecede a unit of
measurement
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numbers that represent time;dates; ages; sample,
subsample, or populationsize; scores and points on ascale; exact sums of money
numbers that denote aspecific place in a numberedseries, parts of books and
tables, and each number in a
21 NUMBERS EXPRESSED
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21. NUMBERS EXPRESSEDIN WORDS
numbers below 10 that do
not represent precisemeasurements and that aregrouped for comparison with
numbers below 10 any number that begins a
sentence
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22. Combining Figures and
Words to ExpressNumbers
rounded large numbers
back to back modifiers
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23. Decimal Fractions
Use a zero before the decimalpoint when numbers are lessthan 1
Do not use zero before adecimal fraction when thenumber cannot be greaterthan 1
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24) Commas inNumbers
Use commas betweengroups of three digits inmost figures of 1,000 ormore (except serialnumbers, degrees oftemperature, page
numbers)
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EDITING STYLE
25. Plurals of Numbers
Add -s or -es alone toform the plurals ofnumbers whether
expressed as figures oras words
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26. Style for Metric Units
Use the metric symbol to express ametric unit when it appears with a
numeric value (e.g 2 m), otherwise,spell out the unit in text
use the metric symbol in column
and sub headings of tables use lowercase letters when writing
out full names of units, unless usedat the beginning of the (e.g.meters, kilo rams, i a, me a,
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EDITING STYLE
27) Reference List
References cited in textmust appear in thereference list; eachentry in the reference
list must be cited intext
The text citation and
reference list entry are
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EDITING STYLE
Entry contains the following: author,year of publication, title, volumenumbers (if journals or periodicals),page numbers and publishing data
Acceptable Abbreviationschap. Chapterp. (pp.) - page (pages)ed. EditionVol. - Volume (Vol. 3)Rev. ed. - revised editionvols. - Volumes 4 vols.)2nd ed. - second edition
No. - NumberEd. (Eds.) - Editor (Editors)Pt. - PartTrans. TranslatorsTech. Rep. - TechnicalReportn. d. - no dateSuppl. - Supplement
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EDITING STYLE
28) Reference Citation in Text
One Work by One Author author-date method ofcitation (do not includeJr.)
Ex. a) As Tan (2000) points out . . . .
b) Both tenants and landless workers in nonriceand
corn lands number about . . . (Ledesma,
2001).
c) In 2001, Ledesma found that . . . .
d) In a study on . . ., Ledesma (2001) emphasized
that . . . Ledesma also found . . . .
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EDITING STYLE
One Work by MultipleAuthors
Two Authors alwayscite both names everytime the reference occursin text
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Three, four or five authors cite all authors thefirst time the reference occurs; in subsequentcitations, include only the surname of the first authorfollowed by et al. and the year if it is the first citation
of the reference within a paragraphEx. Use as first citation in text
Sy, Tan, Co, and Dy (2001) found that . . . .
Use as subsequent first citation perparagraph thereafter
Sy et al. (2001) found. . . . .
Omit year from subsequent citationsafter first citation within a paragraph
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EDITING STYLE
If two references with thesame year shorten to thesame form (e.g. Sy, Tan, andCo, 2003, and Sy, Co, Tan,and Dy, 2003, shorten to Syet al., 2003) cite thesurnames of the first authorsto distinguish the tworeferences as:
Sy, Tan, and Co (2003) and
Sy, Co et al. (2003)
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EDITING STYLE
Six or more authors citeonly the surname of the first
author followed by et al. andthe year for the first andsubsequent citations. In thereference list, provide the
initials and surnames of thefirst six authors, and shortenany remaining authors to etal.
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EDITING STYLE
If two references with six or moreauthors shorten to the sameform,
Ex. Sy, Tan, Co, Dy, Lee, and Ong(2005)
Sy, Tan, Lim, Ong, Chan, andCruz (2005)
In text, cite them, respectively as:Sy, Tan, Co, et al. (2005) and Sy,
Tan, Lim, et al. (2005)
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In parenthetical material,tables and captions, and
reference list, join thenames by an ampersand(&)
Ex. Cruz and Chavez (2002)pointed that . . . .
. . . as has been shown
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Groups as Authors
The names of groups (e.g.,
corporations, associations, studygroups, etc.) are spelled out eachtime they appear in a text citation;the names of some group authorsare spelled out in the first citation
and abbreviated thereafterespecially if the name is long andfamiliar or readily understandable.
Ex. (Bureau of Forest
Development [BFD], BFD), PAGASA
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Works with No Author orAnonymous Author
cite in text the first few words of
the reference list entry (usuallythe title) and the year; use around the title of an article orchapter, and italicize the title of a
periodical, book, brochure, orreportEx. . . . as stressed in the
Agribusiness Bulletin (1999)
. . . profitable for private traders (The
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Legal materials - citematerials such as court casesand legislation by the first few
words of the reference and theyear.
For cases: Name v. Name,Volume Source Page (Court
Date)Onuh v. Usigan, 234 F. Supp.
345 (March 16, 1995)
Anonymous - e.g.,Anon mous, 2003
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Authors With the SameSurname
include the first authorsinitials in all text citations,even if the year ofpublication differs.
Ex. A. T. Valerio (2004) and T.A. Valerio (2005) alsofound. . .
A. C. Cruz and Ilagan
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EDITING STYLE
Two or More Works Withinthe Same Parentheses
arrange two or more works
by the same authors (in thesame order) by year ofpublication.; give theauthors surnames once; for
each subsequent work, giveonly the date.
Ex. (Cruz & Santos, 1995,1998)
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Specific Parts of a Source
indicate the page, chapter,
figure, or table at theappropriate point in text.
Ex. (Boserup & Kim, 2000,p.205);
(Nakamura, 1995,chap. 2)
(Kim, 2001, Conclusion
section, para. 2)
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Personal Communications
may be letters, memos, e-
mail, personal interviews,,and the like; cited in textonly and not included in thereference list
Ex. T. J. Santos (personalcommunication, April
3,1995)
( F. C. Ilagan, personal
EDITING STYLE
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29) Order of References inthe Reference List
Alphabetize names One-author entries are
arranged by year ofpublication
Ex. Valerio, A. T. (1998)
Valerio, A. T. (2000)
EDITING STYLE
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One-author entriesprecede multiple-author
entries beginning with thesame surname
Ex. Valerio, A. T.(2000)
Valerio, A. T., &Ilagan, F. C.
(2001)
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30) General Forms(Reference Style)
Book
Marcos, F. E., & Arroyo, G.M., (2000) Family
mediation: Facts, myths,and future prospects(3rd ed.). Washington DC:
John Wiley and Sons.
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Group author (governmentagency) as publisher
National Statistics Office.(2002). Census of populationand housing, Sta. Mesa, Manila
Daily newspaper
Samson, L. A. (2003, April 20).How to fight obesity. PhilippineDaily Inquirer, p. C20.
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Journal article, morethan six authors
Chong, S. F., Sy, A. C., Lim,J. G., Tan, L. C., See, K. N.,Dy, J. L., et al., (2000).Population pressure,migration and markets:Implications for uplanddevelopment. Quarterly
Journal of Economics,55,
10401049
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Magazine article
Falcon, W. P. & Capule, A. G.(1995, June 10). Scenarios for
the year 2005. Science, 290, 12-16.
Periodical published annually
Romero, G. M. (2001). Socialcognition and social perception.
Annual Review of Psychology, 44,155 - 195
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Edited book
Gonzales, L. A. & Alviar N.A. (Eds.). (1999), Naturalresource economics:Issues, analysis, and
policy. New York: JohnWiley and Sons.
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Encyclopedia ordictionary
Santos, D. R. (Eds.).(1990). The new scienceencyclopedia (Vols. 1-20),London:Macmillan
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Proceedings of symposia
Minguez , G. R. (1996). The
expanded corn program inthe Philippines. In A. F.Salgado (Ed.),AsianRegional Maize Workshop
(pp. 120-130), University ofBandung Press. Indonesia.
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Unpublished doctoraldissertation
Cruz, D. D. (1982).Technical andinstitutional change inrenewable resource
development (withapplication for traditionalfisheries). Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation,Madison University ofWisconsin.
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Article in an internet
Environmental sustainabilityindex. (n.d). Retrieved
August 24, 2004, fromhttp://www.http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/cc.gatech.environ/fcu/..
Newton, R. T. (2004, July 7).Ten top corporations in theworld. In Business word.Retrieved October 10, 2004,from http://www.corp.net.
http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/8/2/2019 APA Style Fitz
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