Apache Question & Answer for Interview L2/L3 QUESTION NO: 1 Jan wants her Apache server to be able to handle multiple requests over a single TCP connection. Which of the following would allow her to do this? A. Expirations B. BrowserMatch C. KeepAlive D. PersistentConnect E. ChunkEncode Answer: C QUESTION NO: 2 Which of the following HTTP headers will direct a browser to www.site.com after waiting five seconds? A. Rerwrite 5; URL = http://www.site.com/ B. Location 5; URL = http://www.site.com/ C. Refresh 5; URL = http://www.site.com/ D. Reload http://www.site.com/ -t 5 E. Direct -t 5 http://www.site.com/ Answer: C QUESTION NO: 3 Cookies can be used by Apache to create a click stream log of user activity. However, for the cookies to work, Apache must be compiled with the _______ module, then the ______ directive must be added to the httpd.conf file. A. mod_usertrack; Cookie Tracking on B. mod_cookies; Cookies on} C. mod_cookietracking; cookie Tracking on D. mod_cookielog; Cookielogging on E. mod_userlog, cookielogging on Answer: A QUESTION NO: 4 Which of the following are TRUE regarding contains in httpd.com? (Choose two.) A. Containers consist of a Paired set of delimiters. B. If two containers contradict, the first is applied. C. Containers may only be applied globally. D. Containers allow individual virtual hosts to have their own settings.

Answer: A,D QUESTION NO: 5 Which of the following best explains why Apache Web servers are able to handles multiple requests? A. In addition to port 80, Apache opens ports 8080, 8000, and others to handle the additional requests. B. Apache is able to spawn child processes that handle requests before they die. C. Apache uses therenice service to load balance between different system daemons. D. Upon reaching a set number of requests, Apache uses a raw socket to adjust a system's bandwidth to handle the additional requests. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 6 Consider the file "test.html". Which of the following best describes what code does? A. When the user clicks on "set cookie," it prompts the user for value. Once the value is entered, it can be displayed using the "display cookie" button. B. When the user clicks on "set cookie," thefirst_name cookie is set to "Fred." The first_name cookie can be displayed by clicking the "display cookie" button. C. When the user first loads "test.html,"first_name is automatically set to "Fred." The value of first_name can be seen with the "display cookie" button. The first_name cookie can be reset to " 3 empty ("") by clicking the "set cookie" button. D. When the user clicks on the "set cookie" button, a new HTML page is loaded that displays the word "Fred". When the user clicks on the "display cookie" button, it alerts the user that it has been deleted. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 7 Which of the following can be used send to used to send a cookie to the http client? (Choose two.) A. XMLScript B. Static HTM C. Java Script D. CGI scripts E. GIFScript

Answer: C,D QUESTION NO: 8 Ralf, a user, wishes to upgrade his existing version of Apache by including mod_ssl as a loadable module. Assuming that the shared object for mod_ssl is libssl. So, that mod_ssl is located in "/prefix/modules/," which of the following must be present in his httpd, conf file? A. LoadModule mod_ssl modules/libssl.so B. Addmodule mod_ssl modules/libssl.so C. LoadModule /prefix/modules/libssl.so mod_ssl D. AddModule /prefix/modules/libssl.so mod_ssl Answer: A QUESTION NO: 9 Liz has completed an Apache installation on her computer. She did not encounter any errors. Which of the following can she use to see Apache's default index? (Choose two.) A. http://localserver B. http://localhost C. http://index D. http://192.268.0.0 E. http://127.0.0.1 Answer: B,E QUESTION NO: 10 One security exploit with Apache is to include a command in a script that lets the scripts execute a command found in one of its variables. For example, a script might contain the who command and display a list users logged into the server. Which of the following, if included in a CGI script, will run a command with the appropriate permissions? A. declare B. fork C. export D. eval E. eacho Answer: D QUESTION NO: 11 Which of the following represents a security concern of programming CGI scripts using the C programming language?

A. C programs must be run withsetuid root. B. If the program receives more data than the amount of memory it has allocated, a buffer overflow can cause the program to exit to a shell on the server. C. Many early C compile lack the ability to dynamically alter file permissions, which results in many C program running with root permissions. D. CGI script written in C compile at runtime on the client system, which makes the client vulnerable. E. If the server and client do not have identical compilerversions, the lesser compiler is used, which may have known exploits. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 12 Which of the following best explains the function of the KeepAlive directive in Apache 1.1? A. It defines the length of time Apache will wait before spawning additional processes. B. It constantly checks on the Apache service and reports viasyslogd if there is a server problem. C. It makes a backup by spawning clones ofitself in case the server goes down. D. It defined how long a server process can keep a connection before shutting down. E. It tells Apache how long to wait before going into the zombie process state. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 13 Which of the following scenarios most accurately describes the Apache initialization sequence? A. Apache spawns one child process each second untilMaxSpareServer is satisfied or MaxClients is reached. B. Apache spawns one child, then two, then four, and up to 32 processes per seconds untilMaxClients is reached or Minspare Servers is satisfied. C. Apache spawns one process then continues to double the number of processes spawned each second indefinitely untilMaxClients is reached or MinSpareServers is satisfied. D. Apache spawns the needed number of child processes dependent on the incoming requests untilMaxClients is reached or MinSpareServer is satisfied. For example, if three requests come in, Apache would spawn three processes, and soon. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 14 How does Apache enable CGI scripts? (Choose two.) A. It links source pages to the appropriate client compiler. B. It implementssuid and makes the script excitable. C. It defines content types based on the extension. D. It references directories that contain the scripts. Answer: C,D

QUESTION NO: 15 Jake has the text below in his httpd conf file. He does NOT have mod_mime_magic compiled as part of the Apache server configuration. Which of the following are TRUE concerning this information? (Choose two.) LoadModule vhost_alias_module modules/mod_vhost _alias.so # LoadModule env_module modules/mod_env.so # LoadModule agent_log_module modules/mod_log_agent.so # LoadModule mime_magic_module modules/mod_mime_magic.so # LoadModule mime_module modules/mod_mime_magic.s MIOMEMagicFile share/magic A. The MIMEMagicFile directive will be processed. B. The MIMEMagicFile directive will NOT be processed. C. The server will NOT be able to use hints in share/magic to determine file types. D. The server will be able to use hints in share/magic to determine file types. Answer: B,C QUESTION NO: 16 An administrator needs to set the permissions an Apache Web server to maximize security, while still allowing for full functionality. Which of the following permissions are most appropriate for Apache configuration files and Apache executables, respectively? A. 755, 000 B. 755, 111 C. 511, 755 D. 777, 555 E. 755, 511 Answer: E QUESTION NO: 17 The block of code below is found in the http conf file. Under what conditions would this block of code execute? ... A. If PHP/4.0 is NOT compiled or loaded into Apache when the block of code is called B. If PHP/4.0 is NOT compiled or loaded in the module's shared library when the block of code is called C. If PHP/4.0 is compiled or loaded into Apache when the block of code is called

D. If PHP/4.0 is compiled or loaded in the module's shared library when the block of code is called Answer: A QUESTION NO: 18 Which of the following is a requirement for IP-based virtual hosting? A. Separate network devices, each with its own I address. B. Separate IP addresses for each virtual host C. Separate configuration files for each virtual host. D. SeparateIPAlias directives in the httpd.conf file for each virtual host. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 19 Tom would like to group all of his CGI scripts to /lib/cgi-bin/. In order to do this, he needs to use the ScriptAlias directive in the httpd.conf file of his Apache server. What modules need to be compiled in order for this to work? (Choose two.) A. mod_cgi.c or any module that supports the common gateway interface B. mod_bin.c C. mod_negotiation.c or any module that does protocol negotiation D. mod_alias.c E. mod_script.c or any module that does script parsing Answer: A,D QUESTION NO: 20 The system administrator has configured Apache to write its log files via the system logging daemon. When Apache write its log files to syslog, it will run with the permissions of which user? A. Always as root B. Always as nobody C. Always aswebuser D. Always as the owner of the http process E. Always as the owner of thesyslogd process Answer: B QUESTION NO: 21 If a user has already defined a log format called "common, "which of the following directives will ALWAYS make Apache log requests to "/var/log/apache/access_log" using the " common" format? A. TransferLog /var/log/apache/access_log format=common B. TransferLog /var/log/apache/access_log common C. CustomLog /var/log/apache/access_log format=common

D. CustomLog /var/log/apache/access_log common Answer: D QUESTION NO: 22 The system administrator wishes to make the Web server run with UID "web." Which of the following lines should be added to httpd.conf to allow this? A. UID web B. ServerAdmin web C. Owner web D. User web E. RunAs web Answer: D QUESTION NO: 23 Which one of the following http conf entries will tell the server which access directive can be overridden by the. Htaccess file? A. Order Allow. Deny B. AllowOveride C. Order Deny, Allow D. Allow Answer: B QUESTION NO: 24 An administrator would like to set up Apache server with multiple IP addresses. Which httpd.conf directives are used to change the port and the IP address on which httpd listens? (Choose two.) A. Listen B. Address C. Bind D. Active E. BindAddress Answer: A,B QUESTION NO: 25 Amanda is configuring an Internet Web server with server with two virtual host. One of the host server is a time clock, and the other is a Web mail server. Both hosts are configured to provide service on port 8080. One host is using the IP address 192.168.1.10, and the order is using 192.168.1.20. Which of the following will occur when Amanda tries to run both hosts on the same port number?

A. Requests to both virtual hosts will be denied. B. The host listed last in thehttpd.conf configuration file will receive all f the requests on that port number. C. The underlying IP layer willnondeteministically transfer network packets to either host. D. Both virtual hosts will function normally. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 26 Which statement best describes the outcome of the following commands? Root@example apache $ bin/htpasswd /etc/httpd/conf/users nobody Root@example apache $ bin/apache 1restart A. Create a new and set the password for the Web page B. Create a new user for the http group file C. Create a new group and password for the system D. Create a new alias for all the http users Answer: A QUESTION NO: 27 A system administrator has entered the directive below into httpd.conf. Which of the following will she have to type into the browser to get to the aliased page? Assuming the file access permissions are set correctly. Alias/html/usr/local/my_dir/my_html/ A. http://localhost/ B. http://localhost/htm/ C. http://localhost/usr/local/html/ D. http://localhost/my_dir/html Answer: B QUESTION NO: 28 Joe, a system administrator, wants to allow visitors to sign one of two default usernames and a valid e-mail address. He decides the default names should be "janedoe" and "johndoe". In the. htsccess file,which module should Joe edit to achieve the desired results, and what information should he enter? A. anon_auth_module; Anonymous johndoe and johndoe B. access_module; Anonymous johndoe and johndoe C. anon_auth_module; Anonymous *doe D. access_module; Anonymous *doe Answer: A

QUESTION NO: 29 As a security measure, the system administrator has set the policy that all system logs must be written to a remote system. Which of the following directives should be used to make Apache log in this fashion? A. CustomerLog | /sbin/syslogd B. CustomerLog remotesystem:/var/httpd/access_log C. TransferLog remotesystem:/var/httpd/access_log D. TransferLog | /sbin/syslogd Answer: D QUESTION NO: 30 The system administrator is setting up Apache to limit access to the directory "/ Linux/example/." Only visitors from linuxsite.org should be able to access the directory. What lines need to be added to the following entery in the .htaccess file to make this restriction possible? Select the best pair for lines two and four. 1 3 Deny from All 5 A. Allow fromlinuxsite.org;End B. Deny,Allow;Allow from linuxsite.org C. OrderAllow,Deny; Allow from linuxsite.org D. OrderDeny,Allow; Allow from linuxsite.org Answer: D QUESTION NO: 31 David wants to set up a virtual host that uses the IP address 192.168.2.2, but he wants the server to attain individual settings from the main server. He uses the http.conf file below. David then restarts httpd and receives an error. What error did he make in the configuration file? ServerAdmin david@davidsvirualhost.com ServerRoot /www/docs/davidhost2 ServerName davidsvirtualhost.com TransferLog logs/ davidsvirtualhost.com-access_log ErrorLog log/ davidsvirtualhost.com-error_log A. The TransferLog directive is improperly formatted. B. The ServerRoot directive is invalid the VirtualHost container. C. The VirtualHost containor is not terminated correctly.

D. The TypesConfig directive is missing inside the VirtualHost containe. E. The MultiViews directive is missing inside the VirtualHost container. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 32 Which of the following fields is NOT a part of the CommonLog Format (CLF)? A. Requesting host B. Byte length of the request C. Data of request D. Time to serve request E. HTTP status code Answer: D QUESTION NO: 33 Jerry has a directory dedicated to JPEG image but does not have the .jpg extension on each file. How can he get the server to inform the client of the content type of the files in the directory? A. Within a Directory container, use theDefaultType directive to specify the file type. B. Within a Directory container, use theAddType directive to specify the file type. C. Within a Directory container, use theAddEncoding directive to specify the file type. D. Within a Directory container, use theTypeConfig directive to specify the file type. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 34 Using a name-based virtual host, how does a client make a request to the desired host? A. The client listens for a particular IP address that is in thehttpd.conf file. B. The client requestare command to the server's /etc/hosts file. C. The client browser provides the host header, the host header, which the server matches against the list of virtual hosts. D. The client browser provides a virtual hostsctipt that includes the desired port number. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 35 Tom has entered the information below in his httpd.comf file. He has no .htaccess file that override these directives. Which of the following is TRUE concerning this files? ExpiresActive on Anywhere, .htaccess when Allow Override indexes ExpiresByType image/gif A1000 Anywhere, .htaccess when Allow Override indexes

A. A GIF image on the server will be active for 1000 seconds after its last modification time. B. If the file size a GIF image is over 1000Kb,then the GIF image will expire in the server's cache. C. After the client accesses a GIF image on the server, it will NOT expire in the client's cache for 1000 seconds. D. The server will hold no more than 1000 GIF image in its cache. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 36 Assume the following block of code is placed in the httpd.conf file. What task does it perform? RewriteCond %{TIME_DAY} !Monday {OR} RewriteCond %{TIME_HOUR} 10 RewriteCond ^index\.html /index\.html RewriteCond %{TIME_DAY} Monday RewriteCond ^index\.html /index\.mon\.html A. It rewrites the URL http://someserver/index.html to http://somerver/index.mon.html if the day is NOT Monday and the hour is NOT 10. B. It rewrites the URL http://someserver/index.html to http://somerver/index.mon.html if the day is Monday and the hour is 10. C. It rewrites the URL http://someserver/index.html to http://somerver/index.mon.html if the day is NOT Monday and the hour is 10. D. It rewrites the URL http://someserver/index.html to http://somerver/index.mon.html if the day is Monday and the hour is NOT 10. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 37 Which of the following MUST Apache 1.1 and higher have in order to run? A. httpd.conf B. httpd.conf and srm.conf C. httpd.conf and access.conf D. httpd.conf access.conf, srm.conf Answer: A QUESTION NO: 38 Paul has placed all images to offered by an Apache Web server in a single directory. The images are to be handled as GIF images, but he does not wants to individually label each of the images with the ".gif" extension. Which of the following methods could Paul use to efficiently associate all files in the /images directory (and only the /images directory) with the ".gif" .extension? A. If Paul crates an .htaccess file in /images and uses the Force Type directive in the file, all files classified as images can be given the ".gif" association despite their current association. B. If Paul crates an .htaccess file in /images and uses the Force Type directive in the file, individual files

can be processed and associated with any extension defined in the Add Type filed located in httpd.conf. C. Paul must use theRemoveHandler and Addhandler directives to remove current extensions then add new extensions. Both directives must be used in the global container of httpd.conf. D. Paul must use theRemoveHandler and SetHandler directives to remove current extensions then add new extensions. The RemoveHandler directive must be placed in an. Htaccess file in /images and the SetHandler directive must be defined in httpd.conf. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 39 Which of the following is the main problem with using.htaccess to override directives in httpd.conf? A. .htaccess must have a per-loaded PAM module that requires extra configuraton. B. .htaccess is insecure because it requires root permission to access subirectories. C. .htaccess delays page access by recursively searching subdirectories. D. .htaccess does not search every directory, possibly leaving subdirectories open. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 40 The Web document root directory can be changed by which line in httpd.conf? A. Root B. RootDir C. DocumentRoot D. WebRoot E. BaseDir Answer: C QUESTION NO: 41 What is the function of the XbitHack directive in the httpd.conf file? A. To active the X interface for Apache from a remote location B. To prevent serving requests for executable files C. To authenticate the requesting client based on user permissions D. To parse Web files for includes based on their permissions Answer: D QUESTION NO: 42 Bad has placed a limit on the maximum requests per child process on his Apache server. To do this, he added the MaxRequestsPerChild directive to httpd.comnf and gave it a value of 800. Which of the following are TRUE concerning this situation? (Choose two.)

A. It limits the amount of memory that processes can consume in the event of accidental memory leakage. B. Limiting the number of child processes increases processing done by each child; this increases system load. C. By giving process a finite lifetime, the number of processes will be reduced when requests decrease; this frees up system resources. D. Limiting the number of child processes increases mean network packet length; this allows more data to be transferred at once. Answer: A,B QUESTION NO: 43 What is the IANA-recommended value for the Port directive? A. 0 B. 80 C. 255 D. 8080 Answer: B QUESTION NO: 44 Examine the following block of code. What should be added on line 3 so that the following events occur. If the value of "test" is equal to 100, the Web page will print, "you are our on hundredth customer," and if the value of "test" is not equal to 100, the Web page will print, "Have a nice day" 1

C.

A. AddHandler server-persed .shtml B. AddHandler Handler .shtml C. NewHandler server-parsed .shtml D. NewHandler .shtml Answer: A QUESTION NO: 50 John is running multiple virtual server from a single Apache Web server daemon. He has separate log files each virtual server. Some of the error logs start reporting the error "unable to fork." John's system supports the setrlimit () call. Which of the following can john do to fix this error? (Choose two.) A. Send each log file to the same partition and compress the partition periodically. B. Compilemod_fork.c into the Apache source or dynamically load the mod_fork module in httpd.conf. C. Consolidate all log files into one file. D. In the Apache startup script, increase the number of available file descriptors with theulimit utility. E. Edit thehttpd.conf file to include "forking=yes" in the globals section. Answer: A,B QUESTION NO: 51 Natalie, the Webmaster for a small company, wishes to log Web server access using a custom log file format. In order to do this, she decides to use the CustomLog directive. However, she neglected to define the structure of the log entries. Which of the following directives did Natalie fail to place in httpd.conf? A. LogStructure B. TransferLog C. CommonLog D. LogFormat Answer: D QUESTION NO: 52 Given the following exerpt of code from httpd.conf, what function will be performed? LogFormat"%h %1 %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer} i\" \"%{User-Agent } i \""\ combined LogFormat"%h %1 %u %t \"r\" %>a %b" common LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent TransferLog /var/log/httpd/access_log A. The log file /var/log/httpd will be written with the format "agent". B. The log file /var/log/httpd will be written with the format "combine". C. The log file /var/log/httpd will be written in common log format.

D. The log file /var/log/httpd will be written, but will only log the IP address. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 53 An administrator needs to perform host name lookups on users accessing HTML and SWF files, but no other files. The administrator has added the following lines to the httpd.conf file but is not getting the desired result. What is the result of the lines added by the administrator? HostnameLookups on A. The server performs lookups and all users accessing files other than HTML or SWF and ignores users accessing HTML or SWF files. B. The server performs lookups for all users accessing all files. C. The serverperform lookups for some users on the HTML and SWF files. D. The serverperform lookups on users accessing HTML files, but not on users accessing SWF files. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 54 When installing Apache from source, the system administrator adds the line below to the "apacke_1.3.19/src/Configure" file. What does this accomplish? AddModulemodules/standard/mod_so.o A. mod_so.o will be loaded into the Apache binary after Apache has been restarted. B. mod_so.0 will be combined with the Apache binary at run time. C. mod_so.o will be added, provided it is already built into the binary. D. mod_so.o will become part of the Apache binary at compile time. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 55 If the Web server and the browser use a persistent connection, then multiple requests can occur over the same _________ connection. A. IP B. ftpd C. CGI D. TCP Answer: D QUESTION NO: 56 Which of the following are TRUE concerning directives and Apache? (Choose two)

A. Directives are commands issued throughapachetl. B. Directives are used to control Apache's runtime configuration. C. Directives can be used to alter Apache's configuration during runtime. D. Directives can be used in configuration files other thanhttpd.conf. Answer: B,D QUESTION NO: 57 Which of the following is TRUE concerning chunked encoding? A. It allows the server to grab small bits of dynamically produced data (chunks), determine the content, and sent it to the client. B. It helps identify a client by dropping chunks of information onto the client's computer and then reading it from the computer later. C. It divides RAM into chunks so that Apache can better utilize itsRequestsHeader info. D. It forces a TCP connection into two chunks-one for the client and one for the server. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 58 When using persistent connections with HTTP1.1, a server must know the Content-Length of the response it sends back to a client. If a Web page is dynamically created, there is no way for the server to know the exact size of the content. Which of the following helps to solve this problem? A. Parsing header protocol B. Cookies C. Chunked encoding D. UDP packet encryption Answer: C QUESTION NO: 59 Maynard has recently been places in charge of a large Apache server that may be a target for Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. To increase security, Maynard has decides to modify httpd.conf and strengthen the server's resistance to attacks. Of the following httpd.conf directives, which can be used as a protection against DOS attacks? (Choose two) A. LimitRequestFields B. LimitRequestFieldSize C. AuthTypeMax D. AuthBufferLimit E. AuthOverflow Answer: A,B QUESTION NO: 60

The text below is found in your Apache server's error_log file. Which of the following could have caused this error? /var/run/httpd.pid overwritten - Unclean shutdown of previous Apache run? A. The Apache server as shut down by an unauthorized user. B. The graceful shutdown of Apache was overwritten byinetd. C. Apache was terminated by an unexpected system failure. D. Another instance ofhttpd was started, which caused the original httpd to shut down. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 61 Which of the following can increase Web sever performance? (Choose three) A. Move all swap space to the same partition as the Web server data. B. Turn off logging. C. Place Apache logs on the fastest drive. D. Add additional RAM to the system. E. Place Apache logs on the slower drive and the Web data on the faster drive. Answer: A,B,C QUESTION NO: 62 Which of the following statements concerning Apache and Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is TRUE? A. Apache and SSL can only be used if the proper security certificate has been purchased. B. Themod_ssl module gives SSL functionality to Apache. C. Apache +SSLis a commercial version of Apache distributed as closed source. D. Apache +SSLprovides maximum 256 bit encryption. E. Themod_https module is equivalent to the mod_ssl module. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 63 Which of the following will occur if the MaxSpare Servers Apache directive is set to 15? A. No more than 15 child processes will be left running and unused. B. No more than 15 requests to the server will be allowed. C. It will provide for 15 fail-over servers in a cluster. D. It will provide 15 spare servers for each virtual host request. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 64 Recently LinuxCorp upgraded its Web server. In the process, several directories containing Web content were moved. The Webmaster wishes to modify Apache so that when clients access the original

URL, they will be automatically sent to a new directory. Which module will allow Apache to perform this task? A. mod_url B. mod_redirect C. mod_link D. mod_rewrite E. mod:urlmanip Answer: D QUESTION NO: 65 John has a Web server running Apache, and his Web site has information that is updated periodically. John wants to make sure clients who access his Web site are viewing the most up-todate information. Which of the following should John use to accomplish this? A. BrowserMatch 10 B. ExpiresDefault 10 C. ReloadTime 10 D. CacheDocument 10 E. MaxKeepAlive 10 Answer: B QUESTION NO: 66 George has taken over Web server administration for a colleague. He has located the httpd.conf file, the document root, and the files that Apache servers, but he cannot find the error log files. They are not in their default location. Which command can he use to find the log files? A. grep -i errorlog httpd.conf B. locate -uerrorlog C. locate -i uvET httpd.conf | grep errorlog D. find /etc -nameerrorlog Answer: A QUESTION NO: 67 George does not want to use the default HTML error page; he wants to customize his version of Apache to handle problems or errors. He creates an HTML page named error.html, with his customized error message, and saves it in the /cgi-bin/ directory. How can George get Apache to display his customized error message when a page is not found? A. Use theErrorDocument directive in the following manner: ErrorDocument 404 /cgibin/error.html. B. Use theErrorLog directives in the following manner: ErrorLog 404 /cgi-bin/error.html.

C. Use theErrorDocument directives in the following manner: ErrorDocument 401 error.html. D. Use theErrorLog directives in the following manner: ErrorLog 401 error.html. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 68 Which of the following are valid options for the ServerType directive? (Choose two) A. intranet B. internet C. inetd D. httpd E. stand-alone Answer: A,B QUESTION NO: 69 John wants to apply several directives to the following directories: /gardening, /garden_tools, /fertilizers, and /herbs. How can John configure Apache to do this without affecting any of his other directories, considering the list of his directories below? /woodshed_tools /fertilizers /decks /garden_tools /herbs /boat_accessories /gardening /charcoal_grills /misc A. Use the directive in the following manner: ... B. Use the directive in the following manner: ~ /[f-h]*> ... C. Use the directive in the following manner: ... D. Use the directive in the following manner: ~ /[f-h]?.*> ... Answer: B QUESTION NO: 70 Julie has three files in the same directory named index.html, index.htm, and index.shtml, respectively. She wants index.htm to be sent to the client when this directory is accessed. Which of the following httpd.conf entries will allow her to do this? (Choose two) A. DirectoryIndex index.htm index.html index.shtml index.cgi B. DirectoryIndex index-html index.cgi index.shtml index.htm C. DirectoryIndex index.html index.shtml index.cgi index.htm D. DirectoryIndex index.htm index.cgi index.shtml index.html Answer: A,B

QUESTION NO: 71 John is creating multiple virtual Web servers with separate document root directories. John's boss says to keep duplication to a minimum by using the same executable scripts. In which section if the httpd.conf file would John have to define the path of the executable scripts in order to accomplish this task? A. Directory environment B. Virtual host environment C. Global environment D. Default environment E. Local environment Answer: C QUESTION NO: 72 Which of the following best describes the relationship between modules and directives in Apache? A. Modules are the dynamic counterparts of directives. B. Directives are used to direct the client to load the appropriate modules. C. Modules contain code to carry out directives specifies inhttpd.conf. D. Directives contain code to execute static modules. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 73 When the httpd.conf file is altered, Apache must re-read the file by stopping and restarting the server. There are two methods of restarting the server when using the apachectl tool. Which command lies will perform the restart? (Choose two) A. apachectl reload B. apachectl reboot C. apachectl restart D. apachectl HUP E. apachectl graceful Answer: C,E QUESTION NO: 74 A system administrator wishes to define several separate log file formats to handle different log files within Apache. After defining a block of format definitions, the directive below is specifies. Which of the following definitions will be used? TransferLog/var/httpd/access_log A. Common Log Format B. The first specifiesLogFormat directive line C. The last specifiedLogFormat directive line.

D. The server will report an error parsing the configuration file. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 75 Jamie is running Apache 1.3. He wants different pages with similar content on his Web site to be served to best accommodate each browser that views them. He alters the httpd.conf file and makes the changes below. Which line still needs to be altered to enable the desired effect? Options All AllowOverride Authconfig Order allow.deny Allow from all A. He needs to add "MultiViews On" to the "Options All" line. B. He needs to change "AllowOverride Authconfig" to "AllowOverride None". C. He needs to change "Orderallow,deny" to "Order deny,allow". D. He needs to add "localhost" to the "Allow from all" line. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 76 You find a Segmentation fault error in one of your Apache error_log files. Which of the following tools will help you determine what caused this fault? A. segfind B. gdb C. apachectl D. top Answer: B QUESTION NO: 77 Dharma, a system administrator, wants to allow server side includes on the Web server. Which of the following directives would be the most secure way for her to do this? A. Options +Includes --NOEXEC B. Options -Include C. Options +IncludesNOEXEC D. Options +NOEXEC Answer: C QUESTION NO: 78 The following is an example of what type of CGI script?

#1/bin/bash #Hello, World! Script echoContent-type: text/html echo echo' Hello, World! echo'

Which of the following will occur if the StartServer Apache directive is set to five? A. Five instances ofmod_quickstart.o will be started. B. Five child processes will be started for every request. C. Five child processes will be started when Apache starts. D. Five virtual hosts will be started for every request. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 82 Which of the following is NOT an option that is supported by the Linux apachectl script? A. start B. restart C. stop D. graceful E. kill Answer: E QUESTION NO: 83 An administrator wishes to install a new Apache module without recompiling Apache. He wants the modules automatically placed in the proper locations and the appropriate directive added in the httpd.conf file. Which of the following utilities will allow the administrator to accomplish this task? A. apmodprobe B. apxs C. apachectl D. apconfig E. apbuild Answer: B QUESTION NO: 84 Using a name-based virtual host, how does a client make a request to the desired host? A. The client listens for a particular IP address that is set in thehttpd.conf file. B. The client requests are compared to the server's /etc/hosts file. C. The client browser provides the host header, which the server matches against the list of virtual hosts. D. The client browser provides a virtual script that includes the desired port number. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 85 Eddy is maintaining a large Apache server used for holding and transferring files via the Web. He has accumulated many archive files with the tar.gz extension and would like to prevent them from

being shown when directories are listed. Which line could he add to either httpd.conf or .htaccess to accomplish this? A. IndexHide "tar.gz B. IndexHide "-tar.gz" C. IndexIgnore *.tar.gz D. IndexIgnore!.tar.gz E. IndexList no .tar.gz F. IndexList !tar.gz off Answer: C QUESTION NO: 86 Which of the following modules MUST be compiled into the Apache server? A. http_core.c B. apache_so.c C. charset_so.c D. tcpip_core.c Answer: A QUESTION NO: 87 A system administrator has entered the directive below into httpd.conf. Which of the following will she have to type into the browser to get the aliased page? Assume the file access permissions are set correctly. Alias /html/ /user/local/my_dir/my_html/ A. http://localhost/ B. http://localhost/html/ C. http://localhost/usr/local/html D. http://localhost/my_dir/html Answer: B QUESTION NO: 88 Apache servers a document according to certain characteristics provided by the requesting browser.These characteristics of the document are called the document's dimensions. What dimension is used when Apache serves a request from a browser that has a preference for gzip compressed document? A. type B. encoding C. compression D. format

Answer: B QUESTION NO: 89 You are the system administrator of an Apache server that houses the Web site linuxsite.org. This site allows users with normal accounts to have home pages, and it houses several other mission critical Web sites. A user, Joe, has a home page that requires a change in one of the Apache configuration directives. Joe wants to allow or deny access to his home page based on a username/password combination. Which of the following is the best way to implement this change? A. Allow Joe to configure the appropriate .htaccess file. B. Install themod_runtime_auth module and allow Joe to make the appropriate changes to httpd.conf. C. Make the appropriate changes tohttpd.conf file and restart httpd. D. Make the appropriate changes to the global .htaccess file and restart httpd. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 90 Which of the following represents a security concern of programming CGI scripts using the C programming language? A. C programs must run withsetuid root. B. If the program receives more data then the amount of memory it has allocated, a buffer overflow can cause the program to exit to a shell on the server. C. Many early C compilers lack the ability to dynamically alter file permissions, which result in many C programs running with root permissions. D. CGI scripts written in C compile at runtime on the client system, which makes the client vulnerable. E. If the server and client do not have identical compilerversions, the lesser compiler is used, which may known exploits. Answer: B

Samba Question & Answer QUESTION NO: 1 Which of the following best describes the function of smbd? A. It provides NetBIOS name resolution services to clients. B. It provides LDAP services to clients. C. It provides Active Directory services to clients. D. It provides file sharing and print services to clients. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 2 You have a Linux machine running Samba with the configuration below. Your machine's IP address is 192.168.1.20, and it is on a LAN with other Linux clients and Windows 9x clients. Which of the following is this machine's primary function? [global] netbios name = SAMBA security = user local master=yes preferred master=yes domain master=yes workgroup=AUTH wins server = 192.168.1.99 encrypt passwords=yes logon script- /usr/local/samba/bin/%u.bat domain admin group = @bigusers os level=65 logon home =\\%L\%U\.profiles logon path = \\%L\profile\%U A. A domain controller B. A WINS server C. A Security Account Manager (SAM) host D. A Master Samba Share Server (MSSS) Answer: A QUESTION NO: 3 Which of the following best describes the function of the global max xmit parameter in smb.conf? A. It defines the maximum number of TCP ACKs the server can transmit to the clients. B. It defines the maximum packet size that Samba exchanges with a client. C. It defines the maximum number of packets that are stored in RAM before they are written to disk. D. It defines the maximum NetBIOS queries a server can accept. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 4 Diego, an administrator, has set up a Samba server to provide Windows users access to their Linux home directories. In the [homes] share, which of the following should he use to define the path of

the home directories as "/home/samba/"? A. path = /home/samba/%n B. path = /home/samba/%u C. path = /home/samba/%l D. path = /home/samba/%h Answer: B QUESTION NO: 5 What is the function of the smbclient command? A. It allows a Windows share to be mounted from a computer running Linux. B. It provides access to shared resources on a Windows computer. C. It provides access to Linux shares from a Windows computer. D. It provides access to a Samba-enabled computer from a Windows machine. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 6 Ron, a Windows user on his local network, asked his co-worker Ned to save a fle on the file server (a Linux machine). Ned saves the file in the specified directory and sends Ron a message to tell him it is there. Ron looks in the file server share, but he cannot find the file until he checks it 20 minutes later. Why is Ron having this problem? A. The "change notify timeout" parameter of the smb.conf file is set to 1200. B. The "browseable" parameter of the smb.conf file is set to 1200. C. The "browse list" parameter of thesmb.conf file is set to 1200. D. The "deadtime" parameter of the smb.conf file is set to 1200. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 7 In order for encrypted passwords to be available to Samba, which of the following lines should appear in smb.conf? (Choose two.) A. encryptpasswd = yes B. encrypt = /etc/shadow C. smb passwd file = /usr/local/etc/smbpasswd D. encryptpass = /usr/local/etc/smbpasswd E. encrypt passwords = yes Answer: C,E QUESTION NO: 8 Molly, an administrator, would like to poll the network to ensure that Samba is working properly. Which of the following commands would allow her to do this? A. nmblookup --all B. testparm --poll "*" C. smbclient -L "*" D. nmblookup -d 2 "*" Answer: D

QUESTION NO: 9 Which of the following best describes the number of smbd processes that should be running at one time on a properly configured Samba server? A. One for each client connected to Samba B. Only one C. At least one, and an additional one for each printer being used by Samba D. At least one, and an additional process for each client connected to Samba Answer: D QUESTION NO: 10 The Samba server (luke.linuxsite.org) using the smb.conf file below is experiencing problems. What is most likely wrong with the smb.conf file? [global] netbios name = luke workgroup = network1 security = share load printers = yes log file = /home/admin/ max log size = 10000 wins support = yes wins server = samba.linuxsite.org bind interfaces only = yes A. The wins support parameter is set to "yes" , and the wins server parameter is set. B. The max log size is set too high. C. The log file path is not in the same directory as the Samba executables. D. The log file is defined before the wins server. E. The wins support parameter and the bind interfaceparameter are both set to "yes". Answer: A QUESTION NO: 11 Which of the following commands will be executed first by Samba? A. preexec = rm -r /home/samba/tmp/* B. root execute =rmdir -R /home/temp C. rootpostexec = mkisofs -log-file %H/log-%d.txt D. rootpreexec = mkdir /home/temp E. prescript = /home/samba/scripts Answer: D QUESTION NO: 12 Maynard is optimizing his Samba services to provide ease of use as well as security. He has added the line below to /etc/auto.misc. Which of the following best describes the purpose of this addition? docs -fstype=smb, username=bob, password=2ghtex9s ://servermain/docs A. This prevents users listed ("bob") from accessing the "docs" share. B. This line is required for Samba to export the "docs" share. C. This allows automatic logins and logouts to the "docs" share.

D. This prevents users other than "bob" from accessing the "docs" share. E. This allows the "docs" share to beautomounted by "bob" on login. Answer: E QUESTION NO: 13 Instead of linking all Samba commands to paths already defined in his environment, Fred wants to include /usr/local/samba/bin in his path. Which of the following will allow Fred to do this? A. Edit the /etc/samba/smb.conf file to change Fred's environment to look in /usr/local/samba/bin for commands. B. Edit thesmb.conf file to include the parameter "include=/usr/local/samba/bin". C. Add Fred's paths to the /path directory. D. Edit the /etc/profile file to change Fred's environment to look in /usr/local/samba/bin for commands. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 14 Annie is using Windows 95. In order for her to connect to the Samba server, she needs to run the regedit program and add an entry to the Windows registry. What type of registry entry should Annie add, and what should its value be? A. Enter a new DWORD Value named "EnablePlainTextPassword" with a value of one. B. Enter a new String Value named "EnablePlainTextPassword" with a value of zero. C. Enter a new Binary Value named "EnablePlainTextPassword" with a value of one. D. Enter a new Host Value named "EnablePlainTextPassword" with a value of zero. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 15 Which of the following is FALSE regarding NetBIOS? A. NetBIOS names are limited to 16 characters. B. NetBIOS characters are always converted to uppercase. C. The first character of a NetBIOS name is known as a NetBIOS prefix. D. The last character in a NetBIOS name indicates the type. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 16 Which of the following is a function of a WINS server? A. Map IP addresses to IPX names B. Map IP addresses to subnet addresses C. Map IP addresses to domain names D. Map IP addresses to logical addresses E. Map IP addresses to NetBIOS names Answer: E QUESTION NO: 17 Which of the following Samba programs will listen for NetBIOS over IP name service requests? A. nmbd B. swat

C. named D. smbd Answer: A QUESTION NO: 18 Which of the following best describes the function of nmbd? A. It provides NetBIOS name resolution services to clients. B. It provides file sharing and print services to clients. C. It provides Active Directory services to clients. D. It provides LDAP services to clients. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 19 Liz wants to grant administrative access to the users sam, bob, and erica. How should she edit the smb.conf file? A. users =sam, bob, erica B. root users =sam, bob, erica C. admin users =sam, bob, erica D. superusers = sam, bob, erica Answer: C QUESTION NO: 20 Which of the following methods should be used to make changes to the smbpasswd file? A. Editing the /etc/shadow file B. smbpasswd C. adduser D. useradd E. Editing the /etc/passwd file Answer: B QUESTION NO: 21 Pete wants to configure Samba to be a WINS server. Which of the following must he do in the smb.conf file for Samba to do this? A. Make sure the wins proxy parameter is set to "wins proxy = yes" and change the wins support parameter to "wins support = yes". B. Make sure the wins support parameter is set to "wins support = yes" and change the wins proxy parameter to the appropriate IP address. C. Make sure the wins server parameter is set to the appropriate IP address and change the wins support parameter to "wins support = yes". D. Make sure the wins server parameter is set to "wins server = none" and change the wins support parameter to "wins support = yes." Configure the Windows 95/98 and NT clients. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 22 A system administrator has Samba running on a machine that has direct access to the Internet, as well as access to the local area network through two different network interfaces. As part of the

configuration, the administrator adds the lines below to smb.conf. Which of the following describes the function of these two lines? interfaces = 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 bind interfaces only = yes A. Samba will not accept connection requests from the 192.168.1 subnet. B. Hosts outside the local area network will not be allowed to connect to the Samba shares. C. Samba will only serve requests to the IP address 192.168.1.0. D. Samba will use the IP address 192.168.1.0 when making DNS requests. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 23 An administrator has modified his smb.conf file with regards to the server's behavior during elections for preferred master browser. The two modified lines listed below cause which of the following to take place? preferred master = true domain master = yes A. nmbd will not hold elections for domain master. B. smbd will hold elections for preferred master but not for domain master. C. smbd will bypass the election process and become preferred master. D. nmbd will hold elections with a guarantee of winning. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 24 Hans wants to change his SMB password on the local system. Which of the following should he type to do this? A. smbpasswd -U B. smbpasswd -f /etc/passwd C. smbpasswd D. smbpasswd -U -F Answer: C QUESTION NO: 25 An administrator has recently discovered many malicious attacks on a Samba server. The attacks originate from two rogue hosts (badhost1 and badhost2) in the NIS netgroup called "nisnet". Which of the following smb.conf entries will allow any host from nisnet to access the Samba server except badhost1 and badhost2? A. hosts allow = *.nisnet hosts deny = !badhost1, !badhost2 B. hosts allow =nisnet EXCEPT badhost1, badhost2 hosts deny = ALL C. hosts allow = @nisnet hosts deny = ALL EXCEPT badhost1, badhost2 D. hosts allow = @nisnet hosts deny = badhost1, badhost2 Answer: D QUESTION NO: 26 Phillipe, an administrator, would like to configure Samba as a domain client and has added the following lines to smb.conf. The domain client is not functioning properly. What is wrong with this

section of his smb.conf file? security = domain netbios name = bigsamba domain name = mydomain machine password timeout = 100 A. Line 2 should be "netbios name = true" B. Line 3 should be "workgroup =mydomain" C. Line 1 should be "domain = security" D. Line 4 should be "machine password timeout = true" Answer: B QUESTION NO: 27 An administrator needs to define how files written to the server by users are handled. He has added the following lines to his smb.conf file in order to do this. Considering these lines, what will be the permissions on a file that a user sets to 555? security mask = 0777 force security mode = 0 directory security mask = 0777 force directory security mode = 0 A. 700 B. 000 C. 777 D. 555 Answer: D QUESTION NO: 28 Palmer, an administrator working on a Linux/Windows NT network, has issued the command below. What is he doing? rpcclient -S '\\NTmachine' -U administrator -W NTDOM A. He is resetting the password and login on "NTmachine" to "NTDOM" and "administrator," respectively. B. He is connecting to a Windows NT machine called "NTmachine" as administrator. C. He is adding a Windows NT machine called "NTmachine" to Samba's list of secure systems. D. He is defining the method by which RPCs connect to and communicate with the Samba server; in this case using a login and password combination. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 29 A system administrator is preparing to take down the system for routine maintenance. The network is primarily used for Samba services. Before upgrading to the latest Linux kernel, the administrator wants to make sure there are no remaining connections. Which of the following programs can the administrator use to see the open connections? A. traceroute B. smbd C. smbrowser D. ping E. smbstatus Answer: E

QUESTION NO: 30 The system administrator is trying to set up a smbpasswd file from the /etc/passwd file. The system is not using NIS. Which of the following is the proper command line to produce the smbpasswd file in the "/usr/local/samba/private/" directory? A. mksmbpasswd.sh /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd B. cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd C. cat /etc/passwd > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd D. mksmbpasswd.sh | /etc/passwd > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd Answer: B QUESTION NO: 31 Jacques, an administrator, has changed a smbpasswd file entry to the line below. What will happen when the user "steve" attempts to log in to the Samba server? steve:1005:NO PASSWORDXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX: \ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:[U ]: \ LCT-00000000:steve smith:/home/ssmith:/usr/bin/ksh A. He will be prompted to enter his current password. B. He will be denied login. C. He will be prompted for usual login with "NO PASSWORD" for a password. D. He will be prompted to set a new password. Answer: D QUESTION NO: 32 Many smb.conf parameters take list arguments such as the hide files parameter. From the following, select the "hide files" parameter with the proper syntax that would prevent users from accessing files with .mbx extensions and files beginning with samba. A. hide files = .mbx, samba. B. hide files = .mbx / samba. C. hide files = "*.mbx","samba.*" D. hide files = *.mbx / samba.* E. hide files = *.mbx, samba.* Answer: D QUESTION NO: 33 You have two machines that run Linux on your LAN. host1 is running Samba while host2 is just a standard Linux machine. You run the command "smbclient -L host1" from host2 and receive the error below. Which of the following is the most probable reason for this error? added interface ip=192.168.1.48 bcast=192.168.1.255 nmask=255.255.255.0 session request to HOST1 failed (Not listening for calling name) session request to *SMBSERVER failed (Not listening for calling name) A. Thesmbd program is not running. B. Thenetbios-ssn port is not in the appropriate state.

C. The "/etc/hosts.deny" file on host1 contains the IP address for host2. D. The "valid users" parameter in host1'ssmb.conf file does not reference the guest account. E. The "hosts deny" field insmb.conf contains host1's IP address. Answer: E QUESTION NO: 34 Dora, an administrator, would like to temporarily disable a share so she can change its contents. Which of the following should she add to smb.conf in the share's section to do this? A. comment = off B. fstype = no C. available = no D. public = no E. browseable = false Answer: C QUESTION NO: 35 Pauline is the system administrator of a Local Area Network (LAN) that contains Linux and Windows clients. The LAN uses a file server that runs on a Windows NT server. In order to have fewer servers on the network, Pauline wants to place all Linux users' home directories on the Windows server. Can the Linux machines be configured so that this is possible Why or why not? A. Yes, by mounting the remote file system using NTFS instead ofsmb. B. No, only localsmb file systems may be mounted on Linux systems. C. Yes, an entry can be placed in /etc/fstab to mount smb file systems. D. No,smb file systems cannot be mounted on Linux systems. Answer: C QUESTION NO: 36 Two daemons, smbd and nmbd, provide communication between Windows and Linux machines. Each daemon controls a portion of the work. Which of the following statements correctly match these daemons with the jobs they perform? (Choose two.) A. smbd performs file and print sharing. B. smbd performs NetBIOS lookups. C. nmbd performs NetBIOS lookups. D. nmbd performs file and print sharing. Answer: A,C QUESTION NO: 37 Which of the following does the "create mask" parameter allow Samba to do? A. It allows authentication for MS-DOS withUnix. B. It allows Samba to overrideUnix and MS-DOS permissions. C. It allows authentication forUnix with MS-DOS. D. It allows Samba to map MS-DOS modes toUnix permissions. E. It allows Samba to mapUnix permissions to MS-DOS modes. Answer: D

QUESTION NO: 38 A Samba server is experiencing packet loss and data corruption when multiple users access a file simultaneously. Which of the following, if added to smb.conf, would most likely fix the problem? A. fakeoplocks = no B. lock files = yes C. wins support = yes D. file sharing = no E. interfaces only = yes Answer: A QUESTION NO: 39 Which of the following does SWAT provide for administrators maintaining a Samba server? A. An alternative to Samba B. A simple command-line sharing monitor C. A powerful security system D. An easy-to-use, Web-based tool Answer: D QUESTION NO: 40 Isabella has recently enabled SSL support on a large Samba server and has issued the command below. What did Isabella accomplish with this command? ssleay ca -days 100 -infiles client1-csr > client1.pem A. She has removed the client (client1) certificate from the system. B. She has "signed" the client (client1) certificate and authorized it to use the server. C. She has created a temporary file (client1.pem) that generates a public certificate for the client (client1). D. She has generated a public key (client1.pem) for the client. Answer: B QUESTION NO: 41 Nicolas, an administrator, needs to create a new log file for each client computer connecting to the Samba server. In the past, Nicolas entered each client computer name into smb.conf, but now he is looking for a faster method to direct Samba to the correct log file for each computer. Which log path can Nicolas use so he does not have to manually enter each individual NetBIOS name? A. /var/logs/samba.%g B. /var/logs/samba.%m C. /var/logs/samba.%h D. /var/logs/samba.%n Answer: B QUESTION NO: 42 Michael is experiencing major security problems with his Samba server, and he would like to make all of the shares unbrowsable until he can resolve these problems. Which of the following parameters

should Michael change to accomplish his goal? A. No share = yes B. Browse list = no C. Blocking = yes D. Browse = no Answer: B QUESTION NO: 43 Which of the following are ways Samba resolves NetBIOS names? (Choose three.) A. Reverse DNS lookups B. LAN Manager Hosts table C. Network broadcasts D. Local name resolution through /etc/smbhosts E. NetBIOS Name Server Answer: B,C,E QUESTION NO: 44 Bruce needs Samba to act as a Primary Domain Controller. The smbpasswd file is in "/usr/local/etc/smbpasswd." What should Bruce do in the smb.conf file to accomplish this? A. Add the following line to the [global] section: encrypt passwords = yesusr/local/etc/smbpasswd B. Add the following lines to the [global] section: encrypt passwords = nosmb passwd file = /usr/local/etc/ C. Add the following lines to the [global] section: encrypt passwords = yessmb passwd file = /usr/local/etc/smbpasswd D. Add the following lines to the [homes] section: encrypt passwords = yessmb passwd file = /usr/local/etc/smbpasswd Answer: C QUESTION NO: 45 Matthew recently noticed problems in his Samba service when he was running the netstat program. It appears that TCP packets are progressing fine, but UDP packets are not. Which function of Samba depends directly on UDP? A. Mounting/unmounting of Samba shares B. Translating NetBIOS names C. Print sharing D. File sharing Answer: B QUESTION NO: 46 Sharon has the share modes parameter in her smb.conf file set to "no." Given this information, which of the following is TRUE? A. No remote Windows clients can access her Samba shares. B. No remote Linux clients can access her Samba shares. C. No remote guest accounts can access her Samba shares. D. No network clients can access her Samba shares. Answer: A

QUESTION NO: 47 Caroline, an administrator working with a hybrid cross-subnet, wants to force Samba to send server announcements between subnets. Which of the following should Caroline add to smb.conf to implement this? A. subnet announce = force B. remote browse sync = C. remote announce = D. announce = force E. lm announce = auto Answer: C QUESTION NO: 48 The system administrator needs to back up the contents of a smb share (docs) on a Windows client (winhost) onto the Linux network server. The administrator wants to back up to a tape drive. Which of the following commands will allow this? A. smbtar -s winhost -x /docs -u administrator -p abc123 -t /dev/nst0 B. smbmnt /mnt/winhost -u administrator -p abc123 /dev/nst0 C. smbtar //winhost/docs -u administrator%abc123 /dev/nst0 D. smbclient //winhost -u administrator%abc123 cat docs> /dev/nst0 E. smbclient //winhost/docs -u administrator%abc123 | tar -cf /dev/nst0 Answer: A QUESTION NO: 49 Melissa needs to reconfigure a Samba server to include an additional share. How can she do this? A. Edit thesmb.conf file or use SWAT. B. Edit thesmbaccess.conf file or use BigBrother. C. Edit thesmbpasswd.conf file or use SMBAdmin. D. Edit thesmbshare.conf file or use WebSMB. Answer: A QUESTION NO: 50 An administrator would like to add a Samba server to an implemented Windows NT Domain (NTDOM). Which of the following smb.conf global entry excerpts contains the correct parameters to accomplish this? A. encrypt passwords = no security = share workgroup = NTDOM password server = * B. encrypt passwords = yes security = domain workgroup = NTDOM password server = * C. encrypt passwords = yes security = user workgroup = NTDOM password server = * D. encrypt passwords = yes security = share workgroup = NTDOM password server = *

Q: - How are devices represented in UNIX? All devices are represented by files called special files that are located in /dev directory. Q: - Tell me the steps to remove the swap file? Firstly disable the swap file by swapoff command. Remove Swap file entry from /etc/fstab file. Now remove the swap file by rm command. Q: - What can we do with parted command or utility? - View the existing partition table - Add partitions from free space or additional hard drives - Change the size of existing partitions Q: - What is 'inode'? All UNIX files have its description stored in a structure called 'inode'. The inode contains info about the file-size, its location, time of last access, time of last modification, permission and so on. Directories are also represented as files and have an associated inode. Q: - Can we resize the size of a partition? Yes, we can resize the size of partition by parted command. #parted /dev/sda print To resize the partition, use the resize command followed by the minor number for the partition, the starting place in megabytes, and the end place in megabytes. For example: resize 3 1024 2048 After resizing the partition, use the print command to confirm that the partition has been resized correctly, is the correct partition type, and is the correct file system type. Q: - What is LVM? LVM stands for Logical Volume Manager. LVM, is a storage management solution that allows administrators to divide hard drive space into physical volumes (PV), which can then be combined into logical volume groups (VG), which are then divided into logical volumes (LV) on which the filesystem and mount point are created. Q: - What are the steps to create LVM? - Create physical volumes by pvcreate command #pvcreate /dev/sda2 - Add physical volume to volume group by vgcreate command #vgcreate VLG0 /dev/sda2 - Create logical volume from volume group by lvcreate command. #lvcreate -L 1G -n LVM1 VLG0 Now create file system on /dev/sda2 partition by mke2fs command. #mke2fs -j /dev/VLG0/LVM1 Q: - How we will check free space on drive /dev/sda with parted command? #parted /dev/sda print Q: - What are the process states in Unix? As a process executes it changes state according to its circumstances. Unix processes have the following states: Running : The process is either running or it is ready to run . Waiting : The process is waiting for an event or for a resource. Stopped : The process has been stopped, usually by receiving a signal. Zombie : The process is dead but have not been removed from the process table.

Q: - What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each user's defined quotas? repquota Q: - What is the difference between LVM and RAID? RAID provides redundancy but LVM doesnt provide Redundancy. Q: - What are LVM1 and LVM2? LVM1 and LVM2 are the versions of LVM. LVM2 uses device mapper driver contained in 2.6 kernel version. LVM 1 was included in the 2.4 series kernels. Q: - What is physical extent (PE)? Each physical volume is divided chunks of data, known as physical extents; these extents have the same size as the logical extents for the volume group. Q: - What is logical extent (LE)? Each logical volume is split into chunks of data, known as logical extents. The extent size is the same for all logical volumes in the volume group. Q: - What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group? gpasswd -r Q: - What is Volume group (VG)? The Volume Group is the highest level abstraction used within the LVM. It gathers together a collection of Logical Volumes and Physical Volumes into one administrative unit. Q: - Explain LVM snapshot? LVM snapshots allow the administrator to create a new block device which presents an exact copy of a logical volume, frozen at some point in time. Q: - What can you type at a command line to determine which shell you are using? echo $SHELL Q: - Write a command to find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 30 days. find / -type f -atime -30 > filename.txt Q: - How you will check on Your server or system device-mapper is installed or not? Check the following file. #cat /proc/misc if this file contains "device-mapper" term it means device mapper is installed on your system. Q: - How are snapshots in LVM2 different from LVM1? In LVM2 snapshots are read/write by default, whereas in LVM1, snapshots were read only. Q: - What is a zombie? Zombie is a process state when the child dies before the parent process. In this case the structural information of the process is still in the process table. Q: - If a volume group named as VG0 already exists but i need to extend this volume group up to 4GB.Explain all steps? Firstly create Physical volume (/dev/sda7) of size 4GB. Now run following command. vgextend VG0 /dev/sda7 Q: - If a volume group VG0 have 3 PV's (/dev/sda6, /dev/sda7, /dev/sda8) but i want to remove /dev/sda7 pv from this VG0? vgreduce VG0 /dev/sda7 Q: - What is the maximum size of a single LV?

For 2.4 based kernels, the maximum LV size is 2TB. For 32-bit CPUs on 2.6 kernels, the maximum LV size is 16TB. For 64-bit CPUs on 2.6 kernels, the maximum LV size is 8EB. Q: - Which command is used to extend a logical volume? lvextend --size + /dev// resize2fs /dev// Q: - What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system? syslogd Q: - What do you mean a File System? File System is a method to store and organize files and directories on disk. A file system can have different formats called file system types. These formats determine how the information is stored as files and directories. Q: - Tell me all steps to remove a LVM? To remove a logical volume from a volume group, first unmount it with the umount command: umount /dev// and then use the lvremove command: lvremove /dev// Q: - Which command is used to create LVM Snapshot? vcreate --size -s -n The lvcreate command is used to create a new logical volume, meaning there must be free physical extents in the logical volume group to create a snapshot. The -s option means that the LV is a snapshot, is the name of the new LV created, and is the name of the LV from which to create the snapshot. Q: - What is the location of "network" file and what does this contains? location :- /etc/sysconfig/network This file contains following fields NETWORKING=yes NETWORKING_IPV6=no HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain Q: - Which deamon is required to start Network services? network /etc/init.d/network start Q: - Tell me the name of directory structure hierarchy for Linux /root /boot /bin /sbin /proc /mnt /usr /var /lib /etc /dev /opt /srv /tmp /media

Q: - What is the role of /etc/resolv.conf file? In this file we sets the DNS servers (using their IP addresses) and the search domain. The values of the DNS servers are often added when the network is activated because the data can be provided by DHCP or a similar service. Q: - Is there any relation between modprobe.conf file and network devices? Yes, This file assigns a kernel module to each network device. For Example :- [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/modprobe.conf alias eth0 b44 Here b44 is the kernel module for network device eth0. We can Confirm by following command (This module b44 is present or not). [root@localhost ~]# lsmod |grep b44 b44 29005 0 Q: - What does /boot directory contains? The /boot/ directory contains static files required to boot the system, such as the Linux kernel, boot loader configuration files. These files are essential for the system to boot properly. Q: - If some one deletes /boot directory from your server, than what will happen? In that case your server will be in unbootable state. Your Server cant boot without /boot directory because this directory contains all bootable files Q: - What is the location of log files for CUPS? The log files for the CUPS printing system are located in the /var/log/cups/ directory. Q: - What is YUM? YUM stands for Yellow dog Updater, Modified because it is based on YUP, the Yellow dog Updater. Where does the name Yellow dog come from? Yellow Dog is a version of Linux for the Power Architecture hardware and is RPM-based, just like Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora. YUP, and later YUM, were written by the Linux community as a way to maintain an RPM-based system. Q: - How you will install software by YUM? yum install Q: - Which option is required to assume the answer "yes" to any questions asked during installation of package dependencies for YUM? The "-y" option is used to assume the answer "yes". For Example yum -y install squid Q: - What does /dev directory contain? The /dev directory contains all device files that are attached to system or virtual device files that are provided by the kernel. Q: - What are the advantages of YUM? - Automatic resolution of software dependencies. - Multiple software locations at one time. - Ability to specify particular software versions or architectures. Q: - How to remove a software by YUM? yum remove Q: - What is the role of udev daemon? The udev demon used to create and remove all these device nodes or files in /dev/ directory. Q: - What kind of files or nodes /dev/ directory contains and how do I access or see device files? Block Device Files:- Block device files talks to devices block by block [1 block at a time (1 block = 512 bytes to 32KB)]. Examples: - USB disk, CDROM, Hard Disk

# ls /dev/sd*

brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 0 Mar 15 2009 sda brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 1 Mar 15 2009 sda1 brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 2 Mar 15 2009 sda2 brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 3 Mar 15 2009 sda3 brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 4 Mar 15 2009 sda4 brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 16 Mar 15 2009 sdb

Character Device Files:- Character device files talk to devices character by character. Examples: - Virtual terminals, terminals, serial modems, random numbers #ls /dev/tty*

crw-rw---- 1 root root 4, 64 Mar 15 2009 ttyS0 crw-rw---- 1 root root 4, 65 Mar 15 2009 ttyS1 crw-rw---- 1 root root 4, 66 Mar 15 2009 ttyS2 crw-rw---- 1 root root 4, 67 Mar 15 2009 ttyS3

Q: - How to install Linux softwares by RPM? rpm -ivh test-1.0-1.i386.rpm

Q: - If a file associated with test-1.0-1.i386.rpm deleted, than How we will recover that file? We can reinstall this rpm again.

Q: - Which options are required to upgrade a RPM? Upgrading a package is similar to installing one. Type the following command at a shell prompt: rpm -Uvh test-2.0-1.i386.rpm

Q: - In which directory RPM database stored? /var/lib/rpm

Q: - Tell me the name of device file for PS/2 mouse connection. /dev/psaux

Q: - If you are getting error "package is already installed" but you have to install package any how. what option you will use? rpm -ivh test-1.0-1.i386.rpm Preparing... ########################################### [100%] package test-1.0-1 is already installed In this case you can use "--replacepkgs" option. rpm -ivh replacepkgs test-1.0-1.i386.rpm

Q: - Explain the command "rpm -qa"? It will queries all currently installed packages.

Q: - Tell me the name of device file for parallel port (Printers). /dev/lp0

Q: - What does /etc/X11/ directory contains? The /etc/X11/ directory is for X Window System configuration files, such as xorg.conf. Q: - How to list PCI Devices on your server or System? use "lspci" command.

Q: - What is the role of "Kudzu"? Kudzu is used to Detect new Hardware Q: - How to Enable ACLs for /home partition? Add following entry in /etc/fstab LABEL=/home /home ext3 acl 1 2 Now remount /home partition with acl option. mount -t ext3 -o acl /dev/sda3 /home Q: - How to View ACLs for a file(test_file)? getfacl test_file Q: - What does /etc/skell directory contains? The /etc/skel directory contains files and directories that are automatically copied over to a new user's home directorywhen such user is created by the useradd or adduser command. Q: - What happens when you add a new device after installation? The Kudzu program runs each time the system boots and performs a hardware probe. If new hardware is found, Kudzu attempts to map it to a kernel module. If successful, the information is saved, and the device is configured. Q: - How to remove an ACL? setfacl --remove-all Q: - Tell me name of Linux File systems? Ext2 Ext3 Q: - What is the difference between ext2 and ext3 file systems? The ext3 file system is an enhanced version of the ext2 file system. The most important difference between Ext2 and Ext3 is that Ext3 supports journaling. After an unexpected power failure or system crash (also called an unclean system shutdown), each mounted ext2 file system on the machine must be checked for consistency by the e2fsck program. This is a time-consuming process and during this time, any data on the volumes is unreachable. The journaling provided by the ext3 file system means that this sort of file system check is no longer necessary after an unclean system shutdown. The only time a consistency check occurs using ext3 is in certain rare hardware failure cases, such as hard drive failures. The time to recover an ext3 file system after an unclean system shutdown does not depend on the size of the file system or the number of files; rather, it depends on the size of the journal used to maintain consistency. The default journal size takes about a second to recover, depending on the speed of the hardware. Q: - Explain the command "rpm -qf "? it queries the RPM database for which package owns . When specifying a file, specify the absolute path of the file. Q: - How to verify all installed packages? rpm -Va Q: - How Many Run Levels present in Linux? There are 7 run levels, with each having its own properties. - 0: Halt the system - 1: Single-user mode - 2: Not used - 3: Multi-user mode with text login - 4: Not used - 5: Multi-user mode with graphical login - 6: Reboot Q: - Which configuration file is required to change the Run Level of Server or system?

/etc/inittab To change the default run level, modify this line. id:5:initdefault: Q: - Any idea about ext4 file system? The ext4 or fourth extended filesystem is a journaling file system developed as the successor to ext3. Ext4 filesystem released as a functionally complete and stable filesystem in Linux with kernel version 2.6.28. Features of ext4 file system:- 1. Currently, Ext3 supports 16 TB of maximum file system size and 2 TB of maximum file size. Ext4 have 1 EB of maximum file system size and 16 TB of maximum file size. [An EB or exabyte is 1018 bytes or 1,048,576 TB] 2. Fast fsck check than ext3 3 In Ext4 the journaling feature can be disabled, which provides a small performance improvement. 4. Online defragmentation. 5. Delayed allocation Ext4 uses a filesystem performance technique called allocate-on-flush, also known as delayed allocation. It consists of delaying block allocation until the data is going to be written to the disk, unlike some other file systems, which may allocate the necessary blocks before that step. Q: - How to verify the signature of an rpm? rpm -K test-1.0-1.i386.rpm Q: - Explain architectures required for RPMs? noarch Architecture-independent, can run on any architecture i386 Generic build for a 32-bit x86 system i586 Sometimes used when building kernels for older x86 processors Intel Pentium II, Intel Pentium III, Intel Pentium 4, AMD Athlon, and i686 AMD Duron systems (Most RPMs for these architectures are built using the i386 architecture, with the kernel for these architectures being built with the i686 for optimal performance.) x86_64 64-bit processors such as AMD Athlon64, AMD Opteron, and Intel EM64T ia64 Intel Itanium ppc 32-bit IBM POWER, IBM eServer pSeries, and IBM eServer iSeries s390x 64-bit IBM eServer System z Q: - How we create ext3 file system on /dev/sda7 disk? # mkfs j /dev/sda7 Q: - Can we convert ext2 filesystem to ext3 file system? Yes, we can convert ext2 to ext3 file system by tune2fs command. tune2fs j /dev/ Q: - What "neat" command will do? neat command provides Graphical interface to change network settings for network devices. Q: - Which protocol is required to allow local printing and print sharing? Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) is required to allow local printing and print sharing. Q: - What is SWAP Space? Swap space in Linux is used when the amount of physical memory (RAM) is full. If the system needs more memory resources and the RAM is full, inactive pages in memory are moved to the swap space. While swap space can help machines with a small amount of RAM, it should not be considered a replacement for more RAM. Swap space is located on hard drives, which have a slower access time than physical memory. Q: - What are the steps to create SWAP files or Partition?

- Create swap partition or file - Write special signature using mkswap - Activate swap space by swapon a command - Add swap entry into /etc/fstab file Q: - No Q: - How you will create swap file of size 4 GB and explain swap file entry in /etc/fstab file? Use dd command to create swap file. dd if=/dev/zero of=/SWAPFILE bs=1024 count=4 mkswap /SWAPFILE swapon a Entry into /etc/fstab file. /SWAPFILE swap swap defaults 0 0 Q: - What is CUPS? CUPS stands for "Common UNIX Printing System". CUPS is a open source printing system developed by Apple Inc. CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) to allow local printing and print sharing. Q: - How we will create ext4 file system? # mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/DEV Q: - which utility or command is used for creating software RAIDs for RHEL5? mdadm Q: - Can we create software RAID during Linux installation? Yes, we can create Software RAID during Linux Installation by Disk Druid Q: - Explain /proc filesystem? /proc is a virtual filesystem that provides detailed information about Linux kernel, hardwares and running processes. Files under /proc directory named as Virtual files. Because /proc contains virtual files thats why it is called virtual file system. These virtual files have unique qualities. Most of them are listed as zero bytes in size. Virtual files such as /proc/interrupts, /proc/meminfo, /proc/mounts, and /proc/partitions provide an up-to-the-moment glimpse of the system's hardware. Others, like the /proc/filesystems file and the /proc/sys/ directory provide system configuration information and interfaces. Q: - Can we change files parameters placed under /proc directory? Yes To change the value of a virtual file, use the echo command and a greater than symbol (>) to redirect the new value to the file. For example, to change the hostname on the fly, type: echo www.nextstep4it.com > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname Q: - Explain RAID 1? RAID Level 1 is based on Mirroring technique. Level 1 provides redundancy by writing identical data to each member disk of the array. The storage capacity of the level 1 array is equal to the capacity of one of the mirrored hard disks in a Hardware RAID or one of the mirrored partitions in a Software RAID. RAID 1 provides redundancy means good protection against disk failure. In RAID 1 write speed is slow but read speed is good. Q: - Explain RAID 5? RAID Level 5 is based on rotating parity with striping technique. RAID-5 stores parity information but not redundant data (but parity information can be used to reconstruct data). The storage capacity of Software RAID level 5 is equal to the capacity of the member partitions, minus the size of one of the partitions if they are of equal size. The performance of RAID 5 is based on parity calculation process but with modern CPUs that usually is not a very big problem. In RAID 5 read and write speeds are good. Q: - Which kernel module is required for Software RAID?

md module Q: - What is the role of chunk size for software RAID? Chunk size is very important parameter on which RAID performance based. We know stripes go across disk drives. But how big are the pieces of the stripe on each disk? The pieces a stripe is broken into are called chunks.To get good performance you must have a reasonable chunk size. For big I/Os we required small chunks and for small I/Os we required big chunks. Q: - What is the use of sysctl command? The /sbin/sysctl command is used to view, set, and automate kernel settings in the /proc/sys/ directory. Q: - /proc/ directory contains a number of directories with numerical names. What is that? These directories are called process directories, as they are named after a program's process ID and contain information specific to that process. Q: - What is the difference between hardware RAID and Software RAID? The hardware-based RAID is independent from the host. A Hardware RAID device connects to the SCSI controller and presents the RAID arrays as a single SCSI drive. An external RAID system moves all RAID handling "intelligence" into a controller located in the external disk subsystem. The whole subsystem is connected to the host via a normal SCSI controller and appears to the host as a single disk. Software RAID is implemented under OS Kernel level. The Linux kernel contains an MD driver that allows the RAID solution to be completely hardware independent. The performance of a software-based array depends on the server CPU performance and load. Q: - What are the commonly used RAID types? RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 5 Q: - Explain RAID 0? RAID level 0 works on striping technique. In RAID 0 the array is broken down into strips and data is written into strips. RAID 0 allows high I/O performance but provides no redundancy. RAID 0 Array Size is equal to sum of disks in array. If one drive fails then all data in the array is lost. Q: - What is RAID? RAID, stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. RAID is a method by which same data or information is spread across several disks, using techniques such as disk striping (RAID Level 0), disk mirroring (RAID Level 1), and disk striping with parity (RAID Level 5) to achieve redundancy, lower latency, increased bandwidth, and maximized ability to recover from hard disk crashes. Q: - Why should we use RAID? System Administrators and others who manage large amounts of data would benefit from using RAID technology. Following are the reasons to use RAID - Enhances speed - Increases storage capacity using a single virtual disk - Minimizes disk failure

Puppet

Q: - What is Puppet ? Puppet is a configuration Tool which is use to automate administration tasks.Puppet Agent(Client) sends request to Puppet Master (Server) and Puppet Master Push Configuration on Agent. Q: - What is Manifests ? Manifests, in Puppet, are the files in which the client configuration is specified. Q: - What is Module and How it is different from Manifest ? Whatever the manifests we defined in modules, can call or include into other manifests. Which makes easier management of Manifests.It helps you to push specific manifests on specific Node or Agent. Q: - Command to check requests of Certificates ? puppetca --list (2.6) puppet ca list (3.0) Q: - Command to sign Requested Certificates puppetca --sign hostname-of-agent (2.6) puppet ca sign hostname-of-agent (3.0) Q: - Where Puppet Master Stores Certificates /var/lib/puppet/ssl/ca/signed Q: - What is Facter ? Sometime you need to write manifests on conditional experession based on agent specific data which is available through Facter. Facter provides information like Kernel version,Dist release, IP Address, CPU info and etc.You can defined your facter also. Q: - What is the use of etckeeper-commit-post and etckeeper-commit-pre on Puppet Agent ? etckeeper-commit-post: In this configuration file you can define command and scripts which executes after pushing configuration on Agent Etckeeper-commit-pre: In this configuration file you can define command and scripts which executes before pushing configuration on Agent Q: - What is Puppet Kick ? By default Puppet Agent request to Puppet Master after a periodic time which known as runinterval. Puppet Kick is a utility which allows you to trigger Puppet Agent from Puppet Master. Q: - What is MCollective ? MCollective is a powerful orchestration framework. Run actions on thousands of servers simultaneously, using existing plugins or writing your own.

sendmail server

Q: - How to start sendmail server ? service sendmail restart Q: - On which ports sendmail and senmail with SSL works ? By default, Sendmail uses TCP and UDP port 25 for non-encrypted transfers. If the Sendmail server is configured to use SSL for encrypting email sent and received, it uses port 465. Q: - Explain use of "trusted-users" file ? List of users that can send email as other users without a warning including system users such as apache for the Apache HTTP Server. Q: - Explain the use of "local-host-names" file ? If the email server should be known by different hostnames, list the host- names in this file, one line per hostname. Any email sent to addresses at these hostnames is treated as local mail. The FEATURE(`use_cw_file) option must be enabled in the sendmail.mc file for this file to be referenced. Q: - explain the use of /etc/aliases file ? /etc/aliases, can be used to redirect email from one user to another. By default, it includes redirects for system accounts to the root user. It can then be used to redirect all email for the root user to the user account for the system administrator. Q: - Can we use SSL Encryption with Sendmail ? Yes, Sendmail can be configured to encrypt email sent and received using SSL (secure sockets layer). Q: - What is Sendmail ? Sendmail is an MTA, meaning it accepts email messages sent to it using the SMTP proto- col and transports them to another MTA email server until the messages reach their destinations. It also accepts email for the local network and delivers them to local mail spools, one for each user. Q: - What is the role of MUA ? An MUA (Mail User Agent) with access to the mailbox file, directly or through a network file system, can read messages from the disk and display them for the user. This is generally a console or webmail application running on the server. Q: - Which are the important configuration files for Sendmail server ? The /etc/mail/ directory contains all the Sendmail configuration files, with sendmail.cf and submit.cf being the main configuration files. The sendmail.cf file includes options for the mail transmission agent and accepts SMTP connections for sending email. The submit.cf file configures the mail submission program. Q: - How to configure sendmail to accept mail for local delivery that is addressed to other hosts? Create a /etc/mail/local-host-names file. Put into that file the hostnames and domain names for which sendmail should accept mail for local delivery. Enter the names with one hostname or domain name per line. And also make sure that Sendmail configuration file should contain "use_cw_file" option. dnl Load class $=w with other names for the local host FEATURE(`use_cw_file') Q: - When an organization stores aliases on an LDAP server, how you will configure sendmail to read aliases from the LDAP server?

Use "sendmail -bt -d0" command to check the sendmail compiler options. If sendmail was not compiled with LDAP support, recompile and reinstall sendmail. Add an ALIAS_FILE define, containing the string ldap to the sendmail configuration. # Set the LDAP cluster value define(`confLDAP_CLUSTER', `wrotethebook.com') # Tell sendmail that aliases are available via LDAP define(`ALIAS_FILE', `ldap:') Q: - How to forward emails of a local user to external address? Add an alias to the aliases file for each user whose mail must be forwarded to another system. The recipient field of the alias entry must be a full email address that includes the host part. After adding the desired aliases, rebuild the aliases database file with the newaliases command. Q: - You have been asked to create a sendmail configuration that sends all local mail to a mail hub, while directly delivering mail addressed to external systems. Create a sendmail configuration containing the MAIL_HUB define to identify the mail relay host for local mail. Use the LOCAL_USER command to exempt the root user's mail from relaying. dnl Define a relay server for local mail defi