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A. PALEOLITHIC TRIBES Stone Age left no written literature or history
B. CELTS ( Central Europe during the Iron Age) Celtic (language) 1)Goidels or Gaels Ireland2) Britons/ Brythons or Cymry invaded Britain
Characteristics/ Contributions to Literature of the CELTSclasses of poets (The Bards)sang songs in praiseTwo passions-- to fight well& talk cleverlyfierceness in battle, art and poetry, great respect for women, high sense of personal honor
C. BELGAE ( Germanic Race during the first Century B.C.) Agricultural economy of the islandsCultivation of valleys
D. ROMANS In 55 BC Julius Caesar crossed the English Channel 400 years after, large part of Britain was occupied & ruled by RomansEmperor Claudius established Roman rule in Britain in 43 A.D.
Contributions of the Romans Established law and orderErected walls to the country from the barbarous tribes of the northBuilt roads, walled towns, stone forts, &other structures such as temples and baths*About 410 A.D. the Roman government was forced to withdraw the
Roman troops from Britain. Hence, the early literature shows few traces of the Roman occupation
D. THE ANGLO-SAXONS 449 A.D. (Angles, the Saxons,& the Jutes )
From Denmark & from the other parts of GermanySemi-agricultural, semi-nomadic Lived in wooden houses - tun (town) ham (house) , or wic Passion: War &love for freedom
Eorlz - the ruling classCeorlz - herdsmenThanes - tiller of the soilWitan - assist the king
Formation of Structured KingdomsNorthum Bria & Mercia - formed by the AnglesEssex &Wessex - formed by the SaxonsKent - settled by the Jutes
*The country became England from Angle-land (Land of the Angles)
the most excellent Anglo-Saxon rulerLawmaker and patron of literatureproposed that the students be educated in Old English and those excelled would go on to learn Latin.invited scholars from Europe and Wales to promote literature and the arts
King Alfred the Great (871)
E. THE SCANDINAVIANS (NORTHMEN or VIKINGS)They cared nothing for Christianity and learning because they were PagansThey destroyed many valuable libraries and literature didn’t appear until after Alfred the Great became the king in 871.
BEOWULF: c. 1000 Written in alliterative verse and uses kennings, as does
Caedmon’s Hymn. An epic poem in the elegiac mode.
Deals with the Danish King, Hrothgar, whose court is attacked by the monster Grendel and his mother, who kill Many of the kings men.
Beowulf , a young Great, comes boasting to Hrothgar’s court, and avenges these deaths by fighting Grendel and his mother, receiving rich rewards from Hrothgar—his ring-bearer—for these deeds. He then fights a dragon to save his own people, but dies in slaying it. The poem ends in a lament for Beowulf.
Contributions to Literature1. Epic and War poetry
2) Anglo-Saxon Chronicles ( Earliest English History)series of rough notes jotted down by the monks of various monasterieswork attributed to Alfred the Great*Saint Augustine – was sent by Pope Gregory to preach Christianity in England
3) Christian Literature Caedmon- the father of English song made Famous by his work, “Hymn” Caedmon Hymns – the oldest piece of verse in English language Cynewulf - 9th Century poet came form the Kingdom of MerciaVenerable Bede (greatest of the Latin writers)-
Ecclesiastical History of the English people -Tone of
*Anglo- Saxon literature- generally dignified and rather gloomy
Effects of Christianity Scribes began to translate the bible and to compose literature to Latin
and in Anglo-Saxon Christianity & literature flourished in Britain specially in the North Monasteries became the haven of literature and the Arts Monks gathered ancient folktales of the Anglo-Saxons.
England’s oldest literature grew out of confluence of two traditions: pagan and Christianity.
Pagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas.
Christian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks.
• Their writings stressed the love of battle, fidelity to one’s lord, and the implacability of faith
Forms of Literature1) Epic2) Lyric Poetry: rude stanzas, elegiac • Tone is generally dignified and gloomy• First literary works are preserved in the “Exeter book.”
Norman conquest led by William of Normandy “The Conqueror”
EFFECTS/INFLUENCES
Love of law and order
William drew up the code of laws and prepared the Domesday Book w/c includes a gigantic survey of all the real estate & other taxable property of England
great increase in the growth and importance of towns in England
French or Anglo- Norman which is based on Latin.
Many words were introduced.
English grammar was simplified. Standard English language
Writers and their Contributions
--
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1) Geoffrey of Monmouth- History of the Kings of Britain
2) Geoffrey Chaucer- “ The Father of English Poetry”- The Canterbury Tales
3) The Pearl Poet- Sir Gawain and the Green Knights
4) William of Malmesbury
5) Roger Bacon
6) John Wycliffe – first complete translation of the Bible into the English language
7) Sir Thomas- Malory Le Morte D’ Arthur
8) First version of Piers Plowman
GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1343 – 1400)
The Canterbury Tales (1380s)
24 tales and a framing prologue that sets up the fiction of pilgrims meeting at a tavern as they begin their pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury.
Each agrees to tell a tale. The tales are inked by prologues. The narrator begins the prologue by describing the fine April day and each of the pilgrims in his entourage.
Some characters: Knight, Miller, Wife of Bath, Prioress, Nun’s Priest, Squire, Reeve, Pardoner, Summoner, Cook, Man of Law, Oxford Scholar, etc.
SIR GAWAIN AND THE GREEN KNIGHT(1375 – 1500)
Written by the unknown “Pearl poet,” who also wrote the allegorical dream-vision poem, “Pearl.”
Arthurian Romance in Alliterative Verse Involves Sir Gawain’s quest to confront the Green Knight, who has disrupted Arthur’s court. The Green Knight may represent fertility. Gawain’s chastity is tested by his host’s wife, who tries to seduce him. Gawain fails his test of trust by taking the girdle the woman offers him; it has protective power. The host turns out to be the shape-shifting Green Knight, who spares Gawain’s life in a beheading game. He Gives Gawain a green girdle as a token of G’s weakness and need for forgiveness.
Literature1. Histories
2. Romances – pose and verse (Metrical Romances)
3. Tales
4. Dramas
5. Lyric poetry
6. Ballads
RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1485 – 1660)
“Renaissance” means “Rebirth”--Rebirth of interest in the Greek and Latin classics.
Emphasis on humanistic education for statesmanship
Focus on the individual and a concern with the fullest possible cultivation of human potential through proper education
Focus on individual consciousness and the interior mind concern with the refinement of the language and the development of a national, vernacular literature
Reformation- movement that aimed for reformation in the Roman Catholic church which gave rise to the Protestant domination empowered by Martin Luther.
1. Sir Thomas More
- “The Man of Renaissance” & Lord Chancellor
- Utopia
2. Sir Philip Sidney- finest product of Renaissance culture in England
ProsePoetry
Drama
Sonnet
Tudor Literature Courtly Literature - romantic by nature Citizen literature – more realistic by nature
Henry VII
Henry VIII
HumanismAnglican Church
Italian Writers
First Printing Press
Defender of the Faith
Outburst of creative energy/ overflowing with vigorous life
Great variety of almost unlimited creative force
Dominated mainly by the spirit of Romance
Full of dramatic action
Period of experimentation
Largely influenced by the literature of Italy
Literary spirit was all-pervasive ( authors were men)
3. John Lyly
1. Edmund Spenser
7 . Christopher Marlowe
2. Sir Walter Raleigh
- used euphemism as a style
- The Faerie Queene
- The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
- The Nymph’s Reply To The Shepherd
4. Sir Philip Sidney - Sonnet Forty One
5. Francis Bacon – Of Studies
6. William Shakespeare - The Immortal Playwright
ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND(1558 – 1603)
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) The Shepheardes Calender (1579).
Written in Imitation of Vergil’s Ecologues, the Calender has an ecologue for each month of the year.
Ecologue = a short pastoral poem written as a dialogue or soliloquy. Conversations among shepherds and rustic folk.
10. Ronald A. Knox
8 . Ben Jonson -“1st Poet Laureate”
9 . John Donne
- To Celia- Masques, a new type of comedy
- “Father of Modern Writers”
- Translator- Paul’s Speech at Athens
11. Edmund Campion – the Brag
ProseLyric poetry
The Sonnet
Drama- crowning glory of the Renaissance
The Bible
The Book Of Psalms
Essay
TranslationsKing James Bible –protestantsDouay-Reims Version – Roman Catholics
Queen Elizabeth
Great Armada
Era of Discovery & Exploration
Authors were men
Outburst of Creative Energy
1. Francis Bacon
- “Forerunner of the Essay”
2. King James- “Finest Translator of the Bible”
3. John Milton- “Greatest Puritan Pamphleteer”
- Paradise Lost
- Bible
- On His Blindness
4. John Bunyan
- The pilgrim’s Progress
5. John Dryden
- “Greatest Satirist of the Period” - “ Literary Dictator of the Restoration Period”
- Alexander’s Feast & Absalom & Architophel
6. Samuel Pepys- “Greatest Diarist”
- The London Fire
Metaphysical Poetry
Drama
Satirical
Ode
Essay Diary
Bible
Merchant ClassProtestants
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II
Pseudo-Classical
Leader of theRepublican Commonwealth
AUGUSTAN AGE
1. Daniel Defoe- Shaped modern Journalism- The Apparition of Mrs.Veal
2. Jonathan Swift- “The Greatest Genius of the Age”- “The Greatest English Satirist”- Life with Giants
AGE OF POPE
Alexander Pope- An Essay on Criticism- Supreme in Epigrams- Chief representative of Pseudo - Classicism- “Dictator of Neo - Classic Poetry
Joseph Addison
Richard Steele- “Literary Dictator of the Age”
- Editor of the London Gazette
- The Spectator
- Tatler
AGE OF JOHNSON
Samuel Johnson- “ Chief English Man of Letters”- Dictionary
James Boswell
- Life of Johnson
- Representative of the modern method of accurate Biographical Writing
Edward Gibbon- “Greatest of all Biographers”
- The History of Eighteen Century Literature
Pseudo - Classicism
“Cogito ergo sum”
Reason & Formalism
1. William Wordsworth- The Tables Turned- The World is too much with us
2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge- Kubla Khan
3. Walter Scott- Ivanhoe & Ave Maria
4. George Gordon, Lord Byron
- The Eve of Waterloo
4. Percy Bysshe Shelley- To a Skylark
5. John Keats- Ode To a Nightingale
6. Charles Lamb- A Dissertation Upon Roast Pig
The Rediscovery of Old Ballads
Romanticism &Exaggerated Romanticism
Revolt Against Artificiality
Imagination
Feelings/Emotions
Age of Liberty
Other Significant Person
Jean Jacques Rousseau- “ Father of Modern society”
1. Thomas Carlyle-The Storming of the Bastille
2. Alfred Tennyson
- Break, Break, Break
3. Robert Browning- My Last Duchess
4. Rudyard Kipling
- Recessional
6. Christina Rossetti
- Up - Hill
7. Jane Austen
- Sense and Sensibility
5. Elizabeth Barret Browning- How Do I Love Thee
Queen Victoria
Oxford Movement
Catholic Revival
Democracy on the March
Industrial Revolution
It marked the occasion when the world paid homage to ENGLAND as the WEALTHIEST, the most SECURE, the most LIBERAL, and the most POWERFUL NATION of the WORLD.
1. John Galsworthy- Quality
2. Katherine Mansfield
- Taking the Veil
3. Bryan MacMahon- By the Sea
4. Sheila Kaye-Smith
- Superstition Corner
5. Lytton Strachey- Queen Victoria’s Marriage
6. Thomas Hardy
- The Man He Killed
7. William Butler Yeats- Lake Isle of Innisfree
8. T. S. Eliot
- Journey of the Magi
9. John Masefield- A Consecration
10. Dylan Thomas
- Reminiscences of Childhood
11. Gilbert Keith Chesterton- The Romance of Orthodox
12. Ronald Duncan
- The Winslow Boy
The Rise of Labor party
World Wars
Era of Change
Socialism
Surrealism
Loneliness & Isolation
Political and Social Changes
Atomic Age
Significant Insights
1. People are unaffected by the issues/problems and yet, they are concerned.2. Maturity begins when one has undergone struggles in life.3. The creativity of the person can be polished through hardships & sacrifices.4. Literature serves as a mirror of one’s weaknesses & strengths5. Failures lead to success & triumphs.6. Literature must serve as a unifying factor to attain harmony.
Significant Insights
7. Your country dictates who you are.
8. An individual is molded by the events in becoming real person, true to his convictions & genuine in her commitments.
9. History teaches lessons that an individual should learn from them.
10. Man’s growth & success is not solely based on his past.