APES CHAPTERS 9&10 REVIEWPOPULATION ECOLOGY AND APPLYING

POPULATION ECOLOGY: THE HUMAN POPULATION

CHAPTER 9 POPULATION DYNAMICS: change in size,

density, and age distribution in response to environmental conditions

Populations also change because of how they are distributed in their habitat.

CHAPTER 9 CLUMPED: most species live in clumps. 1. resources species need vary from place to place2. protection from predators 3. ex. wolves: better chance of getting a meal 4. groups for mating and caring for young

CHAPTER 9 UNIFORM

CHAPTER 9 RANDOM DISPERSION:

CHAPTER 9 asdf

Biotic Potential: potential for growth Environmental Resistance: all factors that limit growth Carrying Capacity: combination of the two

CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 9 LOGISTIC GROWTH

CHAPTER 9 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH, OVERSHOOT,

AND POPULATION CRASH

CHAPTER 9 TOP DOWN CONTROL: (lynx and the hare)

the lynx preys on the hare, causing a decrease in hare in return causing a decrease in the lynx population.

BOTTOM UP: the changing hare population is what effects the lynx population

CHAPTER 9 r selected species: (r)= roach*reproduce early *lots of offspring *little or no parental care*massive loss of offspring

OPPORTUNISTS

CHAPTER 9 K= kangaroo*fewer, larger offspring*high parental care*later reproductive age*larger adults *late successional species

COMPETITOR

CHAPTER 9 SURVIVORSHIP CURVE: early loss, late loss, and constant loss

CHAPTER 9 Natural Systems: biologically diverseuse renewable solar energy little if any waste productionrecycled nutrients net primary productivity shared among many

species

CHAPTER 9 Human Dominated Systems:biologically simplifiedmostly renewable fossil fuel energy high waste production nutrients often lost or wasted net primary productivity: used, destroyed or

degraded to support human activities

CHAPTER 9 WAYS THAT WE HAVE ALTERED NATURE

TO FIT OUR NEEDS: degraded habitatsreduced biodiversityintroduced non native specieswasting resourcesstrengthened some species of pests through

pesticides eliminated predatorsoverused natural resources interfered with chemical cyclingwe have become dependent on non renewable

resources

CHAPTER 9

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY

SOLAR

ENERGY

POPULATION

CONTROL

NUTRIENT

RECYCLING BIODIV

ERSITY

CHAPTER 10 POPULATION SIZE: THE KEY PLAYERS

BIRTHS (+) IMMIGRATION(+)

DEATHS(-)EMMIGRATION (-)

population change = (births+immigration)-(deaths+emmigration)

CHAPTER 10 CRUDE BIRTH RATE: number of live births per

1000 people in a population in a given year

CRUDE DEATH RATE: number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year

CHAPTER 10 ANNUAL RATE OF NATURAL POPULATION

CHANGE= (BIRTH RATE-DEATH RATE)/1000 x100

(BIRTH RATE-DEATH RATE)/10

CHAPTER 10 DOUBLING TIME: (aka the easiest of the math

you will do on the exam)

THE RULE OF 70: 70/ percentage growth rate (just the number,

don't change anything) = doubling time in years

CHAPTER 10 DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN DIFFERENT

TYPES OF FERTILITY: Fertility: number of births that occur to in

individual woman or in a populationReplacement level fertility: number of children a

couple must bear to replace themselves (2.1 in developed and as high as 2.5 in developing)

Total fertility rate: average number of children a woman typically has during her reproductive years (dropped sharply since 1950)

CHAPTER 10 WHAT FACTORS AFFECT BIRTH RATES AND

FERTILITY RATES: Importance of children as part of the work forceCost of raising and educating a childAvailability of private and public pension

systemsUrbanizationEducational and employment services for

womenInfant mortality rateAverage age at marriageAvailability of birth control

CHAPTER 10 WHY HAS THE POPULATION GROWN SO

RAPIDLY?

not by an increase in the birth rate, but a decrease in the crude death rate

CHAPTER 10 BEST INDICATOR OF A COUNTRY'S

QUALITY OF LIFE:

Infant Mortality Rate

a high infant mortality rate indicates insufficient food (undernutrition) , poor nutrition (malnutrition) , and a high incidence of infected drinking water

CHAPTER 10 Rapid population decrease is just as dangerous

as rapid population increase side effects: decreasing number of working tax payersmore people on social security than those

working to pay for itforced to raise retirement age, increase taxes,

etc.

CHAPTER 10 CAN THE WORLD PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE

STANDARD OF LIVING FOR 2.5 BILLION MORE PEOPLE WITHOUT CAUSING WIDESPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE?

CHAPTER 10 Optimum population for a country

Should the amount of children you have be regulated?

We fail to provide the basic necessities to live for one out of six people today

CHAPTER 10 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONSPre industrial: high birth rate and high death

rateTransitional: Death rates drop, birth rates

remain highIndustrial: birth rates drop, death rates remain

lowPost Industrial: birth rates and death rates

approach zero reaching zero population growth

CHAPTER 10 FAMILY PLANNING IS IMPORTANT

Educational services to help couples choose how many kids they want and when they want them

Raised use of contraceptives in developing countries from 10% in 1960s to 51% in 2004

CHAPTER 10 WOMEN: women do almost all the worlds domestic work

and child care with little or no pay

Women do 60-80% of the work associated with growing food, gathering fuelwood, and hauling water in rural areas of Africa, Latin America, and Asia

CHAPTER 10 EMPOWERING WOMEN=LESS BABIES

More education + high paying job most likely means:

less concerned with marriage and having a family

more educated as concerned with family planning

access to contraceptives

CHAPTER 10 THE UN'S PLAN TO REDUCE POPULATIONUniversal family planningImprove health care for infants and women "National population policies"Expand job opportunities for women Provide more education (especially for women)Increase involvement of men in child rearing "Sharply reduce poverty"Reduce unsustainable patterns of production

and consumption