BarCharts.

A PrcroRrAL GurDE To MTNERALocY

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lMineral Hardness Streak Specific Other PropertiesColor Gravi

Bornite 3.0 blacklgtay 5.1 red, purple, iridescent, brittle, softClraltepyrite . 9,5.4 , ' rr da* grey 42 ydtlow, britle, conchoidal fractureChromite 5.5 brown 4.7 silver, black, weakly magneticGalena 2.5 grrly 7.5 silver, cubic cleavageGoethite 5-5,5 brown/yellow 4.3 brown to blackGraphite '1.0 dark gray 2.2 bld*,gr*a,ry, writesHematite 5-6.5 reddish 4.9-5.2 silver, reddish, no cleavageLimonlte 5-5:5 browri/yellow :4,2' ,'-brr*iln;'anoiphousMagnetite 6.0 dark gray 5.2 black, magneticMarcesltd 5-6.5 datk gray 4.9 yeltrA*l$d; brittle; no cleavageNative Copper 2.5-3 copper 8.9 copper, brown, malleablePyrite 6-6.5 dark gtay 5.0 ' : foolid,ggld; i:uhc erystalsSphalerite 3.5-4 white/yellow 4.O brown, dodecahedral cleavage, transparent

Mineral Hardness Streak Specific Luster Other PropediesColor Gra

Agate (Quartz) 7 white 2.5-2.8 vitreous varying banded colors,no cleavageApe{tr 5 wh,rte 3,-r,, : vr$Eorrs .iffi,fiiii;;?1x"',

Augite 5.5 white 3.3-3.5 vitreous it*r,-i.f""r"g"OgO'Azrrite 3.5-A light bhrc SJ eardryi . btu. r-€iirifi w/HClBarite 3 white 4.5 vitreous crystals, 3 cleavage not@90cBiotite Mica 2.5-3 gray-brown 2.7-3.1 pearly brown, one cleavageCalcite 3 white 2.7 vitreous colorless, rhombohedral cleavageChakedony (QuarE) 7 white 2.5-2.A wary white, cryptocrystallineChert (Quartz) 7 white 2.5-2.8 waxy gray, cryptocrystallineChlortte 2 white 2.6-3.0 vitreous green, one deavageChrysocolla 2-4 light blue 2.0-2.4 vitreous blue, amorphous, conchoidal

fractureCorund{rm 9 white 4.0 adairlqritirx-'LrrOwn,.rg_d,:bttre, purple, hardDiamond l0 white 3.52 adamantine colorless, hardest, conchoidal

fiacture, octahedral cleavageDolqd.rJte 3.5-4 white 2.8 vitreslrs ryhik; grayripiflk, rhombohedral

Epidote 6-7 white 3.4 vitreous green-yellow one cleavageFlinf (Qsa*r) 7 white 2.5.1.8 w{ixy blaelr.ei.y,ptscrfstallineFluorite 4 white 3.0-3.3 vitreous violet, blue, octahedral cleavage

Qgrnet 7 white 3.4-4.3 vifueouc dark ni4 irq eleavageGlauconite 2-2.5 green 2.4-2.9 greasy green, marine originGypcuff 2 whlte 2.? . silbr, cglorlesF, w.hrite" one cleavageHalite 2.5 white 2.'l-2.6 vitreous colorless, cubic cleavageLternatite l 1'5-5.5 red/'brown :4.9.5.4 , earthy ied. no:*learyageHornblende 5.5 green 3.0-3.3 vitreous green, brown, cleavage@6Clo-1200

;lasirertQua*el 7 white 2.5-2.8 waxy . reidi AyntricrystallineKaolinite 1-2 white 2.6 earthy white, gray, brown, one cleavagelirnonitc 1.5-5.5 . 'y,etlonlbrorrrn 3,6-4.0' vitreous yellcw.btOwrriSrtorphous

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Malachite 3.5-4 grreen 3.9-4.0 silky green, will react with HCIMurcovite Mica 2-2.5 white 2.7-3.0 pearly mlorless or silvery-white,

one cleavageNative Sulfur 1.5-2.5 yellow 2.1 resinous yellow, conchoidal fractureOtiriiire:Opal 6 white 1.9-2.3 greasy iolorless, white, amorphousPhgioela$e Feldspff 6r white 2.6-2.8 vitrequs bldt udiii6; Sblf:2 deavage@oPotassium Feldspar 6 white 2.6 vitreous pink, white, 2 cleavage @ 900

Quartz 7 white 2J vitreous many colors, conihoidal fractureSerpentine 2-5 white 2.2-2.6 silky or green, gray, brown, fibrous

Tatc : 1 white 2,7, :' ,il#tyo+.'', $,hitf;€r,eeiiirh.rilhfter $aygtessy

Topaz 8 white 3.5 vitreous yellow, brown, blue, green,basal cleavage

Tourmaline 7-7.5 white 3.1 vitreous yellow, green, brown,:, :'r no:deqagcir'cgndtoldal.:fradure

Turquoise 5-6 pale blue 2.7 waxy light blue gteen, microcystalline,conchoidal fracture

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-\ mineral is a naturally occurring, inorgan-rc. solid material with a defined chemicalcomposition and crystalline structureA. Afoms and Cry,stal Form:l. Atom: The smallest particle of an elernent

that maintains the element's propertiesl" -\toms are composed of neutrons, protons, and

elecffonsa. Atomic Structure: The arrangement of

protons, neutrons and electronsL'. {tomic Number: Number of protons in a

nucleus

'--. ,{tomic Weight: Average weight of an atomd. Isotope: Forms of an element with identi-

cal atomic numbers, but different numbersof neutrons in the nucleus

-;. Cr1'stalline Structure: The specific andrepeate d arcangement of atoms

r--trr'Stal. determined by crystalline struc-rure. can usually be observed at the sur-Iace of the mineral

r. Cnstal Face: Each flat surface of a mineralb'. Crl"ptocrystalline: Crystals too small to

see n'ith the bare eyeJ . -{morphous: Noncrystalline, or lacking

atomic structure due to rapid cooling,glassl appearance; example: opal

d" There are 64 crystal forms separated into 6

classes:

t. Isometric class: Equal measure

.1. Tetragonal class: Square cross sections,rectan-qular faces

a i. He-ragonal/Triagonal class: Six-sided:r Orthorhombic class: Rectangular profile.

rectan,qular faces',. -\Ionoclinic class: Rectangular faces and

trapezoid faces.' l. Triclinic elass: Trapezoid faces

Cube {lsometric class}Galena

Octahedron (lsometric class):

Magnetite

Hexagonal pyramid (Hexagonal class):

Nepheline

Rhom bohedron (Hexagonal class):

Dolomite

Scalenohedron (Tetragonal class):

Chalcopyrite

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\IiningOre: Useful metallic mineral found in largeenou'eh quantities to be profitable in mining\ ariables in mining ores:

a. Amount of metal present compared tototal amount in Earth's crust; smallamounts may not be worth mining

b'. Cost to rnine or accessibility to ore, i.e.,an ore deep in the oceanic crust is moredifficult and costly to mine than in thecontinental crust

c. \ alue of the ore: Depends on the dematd;a more precious metal may be mined insrnaller quantities if in demand

-\Iineral GroupsSilicates: Minerals with silicon and oxygen

a, Silica tetrahedron: Silicon forms a pyru-mid-shaped structure with oxygen, basicbuilding block for silicate minerals

b. Silicate structures and examples:Isolated (single) olivineSingle Chain augite (pyroxene)Double Chain hornblende (amphibole)

biotite (mica)

1 (basal cleavage)

2 at 90'

2 not at 90'

3 at 90'(cubic cleavage)

3 not at 90'(rfi ombohednl cleavage)

4 (octahedral cleavage)

6 (dodecahedral cleavage)

@ micas,cfilorite

feldspar

amphibole

galena

dolomite,

calcite

fluorite

sphalerite

ltardness Mineral of knornrn handnes

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6

5.5

5

4

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DiamondCorundumTopaz

QuartzFeldspar

ApatiteFluorite

Calcite

GypsumTalc

Glass, knife

Penny (copper)

Fi,nger nail

b. Smell: May help identify a mineral;example: kaolinite smells moldy when

4. Streak: Color of mineral in powdered forma. Created by scratching rnineral on streak

plate or unglazed porcelain (applies tominerals with a hardness of 6 or less; ifgreater than 6, the powdered form of themineral is the streak color)

b. Color of streak may differ from surface

color; example: hematite is metallicsilver while the streak is red-brown

5. Cleavage: Tendency to break or separatealong a flat surface due to a lack of orweakness in atomic structure; example:muscovite, biotite (mica)

a. Cleavage plane: Flat surface created fromcleavage breakage

b. Striation: Thin, straight cuts on the cleav-age plane

c. Fiacture: Surface created from breakagenot related to atomic structure

i. (Jneven: IrregulaE roughii. Conchoidal: Curved" smooth surface;

t)

example: obsidian

Planes & Directions Drawing Example

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ffi6. Specific Gravitya. The ratio of the weight of a mineral to the

weight of an equal volume of waterb. nerisity of *ut*, - lgmlcm3-lgm/ml

i.e., lead :7.7, or isl.l times heavier thanan equal volume of water

c. Useful in comparing relative weightsbetween minerals

7 . Tenacity: Ability to withstand breakagea. Brittle: Will shatter when struckb. Malleable: Canbe shapedc. Elastic: Returns to initial formd. Ftexible: Pliablee.

_ ,!p liyttgU: Similar to wood

8. Special Propertiesa. Taste: Some minerals can be identified by

taste; example: halite (salty)

moist; sulfur has a unique smell Yc. Feel: Texture can be determined Id. Reaction to Acid: Carbonate minerals I

will react to hydrochloric acid or vinegar Ie. Magnetic: Will be drawn to a magnet; I

example: magnetite I

Melting

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Weathering,erosion

& depositionHeat

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& pressureWeathering,

Cementation & compaction(lith if ication)

A.1.

Igneous R0cks: Molten'rock,ftom deep within the Earth that has cooled

nlagma: Molten rock inside the Eartha. Produces intrusive igneous rocksb.: Consists:mainly og silicate materialsc,. Contains: gaseso such as water vapord. Differs in rate of cooling, composition of chemicals, and amount of

gases , ,

Lava; Molten rock on the surface of the EarthProduces extrusive igneous rocksMost gaseous elements have escaped

Formations'1.r I lg4eous Rock Forrnedinside the Eaflh's crustinvaryri4g ro.qltbdies

a,, 'Batholith: Largest intrusive igneous rock body, grerter than 100

square miles, widens with depth (plutonic, very deep)' b. Stock: Similar to but smaller thanbatholith, less than 100 square miles

c, Laeeollth: Bulge of magma parallel to bedding plane

d. Sill:'Thin sheet, runs parallel to bedding plane

s. Dike: Cuts through formations, usually in fractures

Extrusive lgne'ous Rock: Forrned on the surface of the Earth (volcanic)

a. Lava flows: Lava seeping out of volcanoes

1. Continuous Reaction Series ight side of, the Bow,en Series) ,i

, a. C:alcium-rich parts of the neagma furm small crystals of feldspar, b.. These react with sodium in the magma to, become more and ,mor€

sodium richc. Crystal structure does not change

2,.' Iliscontinuous Reaetion Se,ries {Left side,of the Bowen Series) ' ,

a. Minerals that form react with remaining magma to form new mineralb. New mineral is the result of alstructural change of previous rnircral ' i

3. End of Coolinga. W' n everythiig is al st, eoo1, rernaining magma will have high sili-

cone c.ontent, und quartz will forrn ',

b. When coohng ir ;"*kte, mineratrs that,cootred at the,same time willusu-ally be close to one another (feldSpar, micas'ahd quartz cool near oneanother to make granite)

2.

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VolcanicVolcano

.\. Sediments: Pieces or fragments from existing rockaccumulate on the Earth's surface

I . \\-eathering: Physical or chemical breakdown of rockcreates sediments at or near the surface of the Earth

a, ]Iechanical weathering and erosion

that

that

i. Frost rvedging

ii. Unloading

iii. Biolo-eical activity: Roots, burrowsb. Chemical weathering

i \\-ater to rust (oxidation)

ii. COr and water make carbonic acidiii. Granite reacts with water and gas to make clay minerals * potassium

and silicaL Transport: Method of moving sedimentsa. Running water, rivers c. Wind e. Ground waterb. Glaciers d. Gravity f. Wave currents

3. Depositional environment: Places where the sediment isdeposited

a. Continental - deserts, lakes, river beds, swamps, caves

b. Continental and Marine - deltas, sand bars, lagunes, estuariesc. Jlcrrine - the ocean floor

-+. Lithification: Method of sediments becoming consolidatedsedimentary rocks

a. Compaction: Weight compresses deeper sedimentsb. Cementation: Materials are "cemented" together from precipita-

tion of a mineral in spaces between sedimentc. Crystallization: Sedimentary rock created from a solution

B. Sedimentary rocks: Rocks formed from existing sedimentsthrough lithification

1. Clastic rocks: (detrital)a. Accumulated debris from weathering and transportb. Made up of mostly clay minerals and quaftzc. Conglomerate: Made up of gravel-suedparticles

2. Chemical rocks: Created from chemical precipitationa. Formed from matenals in solution in bodies of waterb. Most abundant form is limestone

3. Organic (Biochemical) rocks: Created from biological remnants,

such as plants, shells,, bones, or other organic matterC. Shapes, Sizes and Sorting of

Sediments1. Shapesa. Angular: Sediment has sharp corners and

edgesb. Rounded: Sediment has undergone abra-

sion and has rounded smoothed edges2. Sizesa. Clay: 4%sarfirrlr* creates mudstoneb. Silt: Between %to and %u ffiffi, creates silt-

stonec. Sand: Between %u and 2 ffiffi, creates

sandstoned. Pebble: Between 2 and 64 mm, creates a

conglomeratee. Cobble: Between 64 and 256 ffiffi, creates

a conglomeratef. Boulder:>2561rrn, creates a conglomerate

3. Sortinga. Poorly-sorted: Particles of different sizes

together, i.e. , a glacier does not sort sedi-ments

b. Well-sorted: Particles of the same size together, i.e., a river sortsrocks from heaviest (upstream) to lightest (downstream)

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Properties of SedimentaryRocksTexture

Clastic: Made of transportedsediments and deposition;observe particle srze, shape ofgratn and how well-sortedBioclastic: Remains of organicmaterialCrystalline : Interlocking crystalsof different sizes, considereddense if crystals are less than%mm

d. Amorphous: Dense, having nocrystal structure

e. Oolitic: Made of oolites, smallround particles made of calciumcarbonate

2. Composition: Possible matterfound in sedim entary rocks

a. Carbonate, test with HCl;examples: calcite and dolomite

b. Silica; examples: quartz andchert

c. Clay minerals; examples: kaoli-nite, silicate

d. Organic matter; examples:plants, shells, bones

e. Evaporites, minerals createdfrom a solution; example:gypsum

f. Rock Particles; example:c onglomerate s

g. Heavy Minerals; example: garnet

h. Feldspar, known as arkosic

E. Sedimentary Structures:Structural features resultingfrom sediment transportationand deposition

1. Stratification: Distinct layers(strata or bed) forrned from mov-ing and depositing sediments

2. Cross Bedding: Stratification atan angle

3. Graded Bedding: Each bed iscomprised of sediments thatincrease in size as the depth ofthe bed increases (coarsest onbottom); common for deepmarine environments

4. Surface lmpressions: Impres-sions preserved in the bed

a. Ripple Marks: Marks preservedfrom flow in one direction(asymmetrical)

b. Oscillstion Msrks: Marks pre-served from flow back and forth(symmetrical)

c. Mud Cruclrs (Desiccarton mark):Marks preserved from exposure to air

d. Ruindrop Impressions: Markspreserved from rarn

e. Trace Fossils: Marks preservedfrom the movement of animals

Poorly-sorted

Sedimentary Rock:Du 'CQ'','':-,,,',

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ArkoseBreccia

CalcareniteClaystoneConglomerateGraywackeLithic

QuartzShale

Siltstone

coarse sand, angularpebble-sized, angularsand size

clay size

pebble-sized, roundsand and clay size

sandstone sand size

sandstone sand size, rounded

clay and silt size

silt size

feldspar and quarlz ;,es€'tin mairix of cementeC san,J

calcite present

minerals not Vr!r3 e smJrrr-in matrix of cemerted san,i

quartzlsand mixed iryrth c a','

rock fragmentsquadz presentclaystone or siltstone l'at h,

minerals not visihre, eanhr'

i L) SsorrurENrARY Rocrs

LBituminousChalkCoquinaDiatomitePeat

Skeletal Limestone

coal bioclastic, dense

bioclasticbioclasticbioclasticbioclasticbioclastic

black, like sociwhite, w'll i'eacr i,,,/

cemented shei s

like chalk, no F C

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plant materia;

shells, wili react ,'w ''lC

Texture (of sediments) General Descniotion

A. Metamorphism: To change fonn u-ithtn tire Ear:i. .r" ,,: j'', -rr "=

rocks through heat, pressure and chemical BCti",, it-,. 1,.'. -: ,-:- -" -

weathering or sedimentation1. Heata. Most important agentb. Provides energy for chemical reactionsc. Created from igneous rock bodies movelnent tlnougrr the ;',.:ri:-:- -.n,.,

d. Created from geothermal gradient. 25'C lncrease .:t :-,-:.r -'r-.: ""--'each kilometer increase in depth (geothermal qra.lre ir,

e. For example, clay recrystallizes into feldspar and nr,c.l .ri ,-..:: .. r r'-'-,:-.2. Pressure and Stresses

a. Confining pressurei. Equal pressure on all

sides due to deep burial

ii. Depth determinesamount of pressure

iii.For example, an

object in the waterhas equal amounts ofpressure on all sides

b. Directed Stress:Specific pressure toa rock, not uniform,such as in the form-ing of a mountain

i. Differential stress:

Stresses in differentdirections, not equal

ii.Compressivestress: Stress that causes the object to be squeezed

iii.Shear stress: Stresses in opposite directions that cause the ob,te,--i

parallel to the stress

Chemical ActivityChange in atomic composition due to heat andlor pressure rila\,

crystal to recry stalltzeWater is the most common chemical agent

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B. Tipes of Metamorphism1. Contact metamorphism: Changes caused by proximity to

magma or deep, hot rock2. Regional metamorphism: Changes caused by intense stress

and high temperatures3. Hydrothermal metamorphism: Changes caused by hot liquids4. Fault Zone metamorphism: Changes caused by fault movement

C. Degrees of Metamorphism1. Metamorphic grade: Degree of metamorphism applied to rocka. High-grade: Very hlgh amounts of heat and pressure; example: gneiss

b. Intermediate-grade: Medium amounts of heat and pressure;example: schist

c. Low-grade: Lower amounts of heat and pressure, more dense andcompact; example: slate

2. Metamorphic facies: Minerals present in metamorphic rockcorrelate to amount of heat and pressure

a. Low pressure, high temperature; hornfels faciesb. High pressure, high temperature; granulite facies, amphibolite

facies, and greenschist faciesc. High pressure, low temperature; blueschist facies and eclogite facies

D. Changes in Mineralogy: Changes in texture or compositionof the mineral due to heat and pressure

1. Recrystallization: Changed by smaller crystals joining to cre-ate larger crystals of the same mineral; common

2. l{eomorphism: New minerals created from existing mineralog-ical compositions

3. Metamorphism: New minerals created through gaining or los-ing chemicals

E. Properties of Metamorphic Rocks1. Texturea. Foliated texture: Contains foliations, minerals brought into line

or with one another; layers, due to heat and pressure, common forregional metamorphism; type of foliation can identify rock

i. Slaty: Caused by low-grade metamorphism; dense rosk containingvery fine-grained mica minerals, separates in sheets, texture of slate

ii. Phytlitic: Caused by low-grade tointermediate-grade metamorphism;rock containing very fine-grainedmica and chlorite minerals that formin a wave-like manner; glossy luster;looks wrinkled; texture of phyllite

iii. Schistose: Caused by intermediate-grade metamorphism; medium- tocoarse-grained pla! minerals such asmicas, chlorite, and quartz present, tex-ture of schist

iv. Gneissic: Caused by intermediate-grade to high-grade metamorphism;rock containing layers of varying medi-um to coarse minerals, light and darklayers alternating, texture of gneiss

v. Migmatitic: Caused by extreme heat and pressure, melting; rock containingigneous (granite) and metamorphic rock, texture of migm atrte

b. Nonfoliated texture: Lacks foliations, or layers, of minerals; granular,common for contact metamorphism

i. Cataclastic: Made of fragments or angular pieces of existing rocks created bygrinding, often near faults, hydrothermal veins

ii. Granular: Rocks containing minerals of similar size crystals that can be seenwith the bare ey€,, such as quartzite

iii.Microgranular: Rock containing minerals of similar stze that cannot be seenwith the bare ey€, such as hornfels

iv. Glassy: No crystals can be seen, smooth, has conchoidal frasture; example:anthracrte coal

v. Porphyroblastic: Rock containing large crystals (porphyroblasts) in a matrixof finer crystals, schist

2. Composition: Assists in identification of nonfoliated rocks; some prop-erties of the metamorphosed rock (sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic)can remain in the new rock

a. Sandstone: Can create quartzrteb. Limestone: Can create marblec. Basalt: Can create schist or amphibolited. Shale: Can create slate

e. Granite: Can create schistf. Rhyolite: Can create schist

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Name Texture Type ofMetamorphism

Preexisting Rock Description

Anthr.aiteicqal ' no{tfouated, gla$y rcglonal metimorphknr : bltuminoqE coal shiny, blat*, comhoidal fiaetilrcGneiss foliated, gneissic regional metamorphism schist coarse grains, undergoes neomorphism,

contains layers of light and dark bands,

quartz and micas present

Hornfels nonfoliated, microgranular contact metamorphism many rocks conchoidal fracture, dense, dark gray to black

Marble...,., r. . -. : ' 'no;ilollated, granular contact melaftorphism limestong or .dolornite recti:tafittd, {,rtlit!; g@:& FlfikMigmatite foliated, migmatitic regional metamorphism gneiss and granite alternating metamorphic and igneous rock

Phyllite fuliated, phyllitic regional metamorphism slate wrinkly, contrins mic*g, crystals not visible, shiny

Quartzite nonfoliated, granular contact metamorphism quartz sandstone hard, recrystallized, white, brownish

Serpentine nonfoliated, granular regional metamorphism basalt or gabbro undergoes metasomatismg166 :;',1 , : :' r'': :.r'... , . irixifufiated; glfanslar contact mittamorphism lirnestone or.dslomite undergoes metasomatism

Slate foliated, slaty regional metamorphism shale or mudstone break along flat surface, black to dark gray, dense

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DISCLAIMERThis QuickStudf guide is a basic outline ofcommon rocks and minerals. Due to itscondensed nature, we recommend you useit as a guide but not as an indepth reference.

ISBN-1,3 : 1?8-1,57??Z5hl,-1ISBN-1,0 : 1,5?eAe5bl,-0

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CREDITSAuthor: Diane AdamLayout: Rich Marino