aphug16-17.weebly.com · Web view U3 - Amish HistoryThe Amish culture began in the 1600s when Jakob Ammann, a Mennonite bishop from Switzerland, gathered followers from areas of

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYEXTRA EXPLANATIONS REVIEW

UNIT 3 – CULTUREU3 - America Religion and Ethnic Distribution

Note:-Germans and Scandinavians chain-migrated to the northern midwest making it predominantly Lutheran-Mexicans came up to the south giving a major influx of Catholics to the southwest-Mormons fled persecution and went to the area of Utah-Catholics dominate Chicago because the groups that chain migrated here are Polish, Italians, Irish, Filipinos, and other Catholic Europeans.-The south is Baptist due to an influx of Europeans with a protestant background

Religion-The four most popular religions in the United States:

-Christianity- 76% of Americans label themselves as members of the Christian faith. Christianity has also become one of the most popular religions worldwide due to the fact that the religion has become pop culture and there are Christian missionaries’ worldwide.

-Judaism-Judaism has only about a 1.3% population in the United States. People of the Jewish faith tend to live in areas with other Jews. The rest of the world has a slightly larger percentage due to the fact that the state of Israel is completely Jewish.

-Islam-There is only about a .5% population of Islamic people in the United States. However, it is one of the most popular religions in the world especially in the Middle East and parts of Northern Africa.

http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/tiki-view_articles.php?topic=3

-Buddhism -There is only about a .5% population in the United States. Being the predominant religion in Asia, Buddhism makes up a very large number of people worldwide.

Ethnic Groups in the United States

African Americans- are more concentrated in the southeast and in cities in outside of the southeast

-Highest concentrations in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina-When in the north or other areas, very heavily concentrated in cities. For example, they are 85% of the population of Detroit but only 7% of Michigan.-in general, upwards of 90% of their population is in cities compared to 75% for Americans in general

Hispanics are concentrated in the southwest (cities and rural) and cities outside of the southwest but not as heavily concentrated in cities as African-Americans.

-heavily concentrated in the states of Arizona, California, and Texas and New Mexico-most numerous of all of the ethnicities-around 90% live in cities so not quite as high as African-Americans but higher than the general population

Asians are concentrated more to the west coast.

-represent 40% of the population of Hawaii-12% of California-Chinese account for 1/4th of all Asian-Americans, Filipinos 1/5th, Indians 1/5th, Koreans 1/10th, Vietnamese 1/10 th

Ethnicities are clustered together at all levels. They tend to be in certain regions of the country, within certain sections (cities) of those regions, and within ethnic neighborhoods or ghettos within the cities.

http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=34

U3 - Amish

HistoryThe Amish culture began in the 1600s when Jakob Ammann, a Mennonite bishop from Switzerland, gathered followers from areas of Switzerland, France, and Germany. They migrated to northwestern Europe, looking for religious freedom. In Europe, the Amish merged with other Mennonite churches, but some migrated to America in the 1700s. The Amish from Germany and Switzerland settled in Pennsylvania, while the Amish from France settled in Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, and parts of Canada. The two groups continued to migrate to different areas of the United States where the land was more inexpensive.

The Amish culture spread by relocation diffusion. Instead of trying to convert others to their religion, the Amish migrated to another place where they would be able to practice their beliefs. The isolated land of the frontier gave them the freedom they needed to develop their culture. The Amish continued to keep their traditional beliefs, even as the United States developed around them.

The Amish TodayThe Amish still have their traditional lifestyle today. One of the largest Amish communities in America is Lancaster County in Pennsylvania. Over the years, however, the Amish have moved to southwestern Kentucky, where farmland is more affordable. Still, they retain their traditional customs no matter where they move to.

Beliefs and TraditionsThe Amish follow beliefs based on the Mennonite church. They interpret the Bible literally and do their best to apply it to their lives by living simply. They separate themselves from the world because they believe that it will keep them from being close to God. Without telephones and cars, they have a better chance of keeping their traditional way of life.

The Amish use horse and buggies as the main way to travel, which keeps their culture local since they cannot travel as far as they could with a car. In places that are close to metropolitan areas, they have to share the road with cars. Since they do not use electricity, they use kerosene to light their homes. Most Amish are either farmers or have a certain trade, such


as carpentry. Amish products have extremely good quality and are most known for their furniture and quilts.

The Amish are a very social community and their religion is the main part of their lifestyle. Children attend school until eighth grade in a one room school house. When a son becomes an adult, his family gives him a farm of his own. However, this tradition has become more complicated since the price of farmland has increased. Still, the Amish have been able to afford land in other areas to keep the tradition alive. Barn raisings are an important event that the whole community participates in. Church is also an essential part of life and Sunday is considered a day of rest.

Resisting Pop CultureHowever, it is still not that easy to keep traditional culture alive. America is now majority urban, with land being used for large, corporate-owned farms. The largest Amish community in Lancaster County is threatened by surrounding metropolitan areas that have caused the price of farmland to increase. Many Amish have moved to other areas where farmland is cheaper. The Amish are also having a harder time keeping their traditions to themselves, since many tourists visit the area to see their way of life. Tourism can be a business, but it also brings in modern appliances as well. Some Amish are now using battery and solar power, which is not electricity, but more efficient that kerosene. Cell phones are also becoming popular, which allows them to run businesses more efficiently. In order to preserve their folk culture, the Amish have to let in some pop culture as well.

The Amish may have encountered many changes since the 1600s, but they have kept their traditional culture alive by relocating to places where they are able to practice in peace. Though pop culture is a threatening influence, the Amish have allowed certain things to diffuse into their culture so that they will still be able to preserve their traditions in the modern world. Though the Amish may seem like they are old-fashioned, they are devoted to keeping their folk culture alive, even in a world that is mostly following pop culture.


U3 - Christianity

BeliefsMany different groups of Christians or churches exist in the world today. The Roman Catholic Church accounts for over half of the Christians in the world, and they recognize the Pope as their leader. The other two main groups are the Orthodox Church and the Protestants. Though these Christian groups often disagree, they have 3 main areas of agreement: Jesus, Worship, and the Bible.Jesus, the son of Mary and Joseph, was born in Bethlehem during the time of the Roman occupation. During the last three years of his life he preached about love, compassion, forgiveness, and His Father, God. He had a large following of

disciples. Many Jews thought he would be the Messiah who was proclaimed to save humankind from its sin. With his disciples Jesus traveled around and performed healing miracles and showed His power over nature. These stories can be read in the New Testament of the Bible. He criticized the authorities of the day and eventually was unjustly crucified by Pontius Pilate. Jesus then rose from the dead three days after he died: the Resurrection which is celebrated during Easter. Forty days after his resurrection, Jesus ascended into heaven where he lives with his Father and the Holy Spirit.

Jesus predicted His death at His Last Supper with his disciples. During this last supper together, He wanted His disciples to share bread and wine with Him. Each of these elements represents a portion of the suffering: the bread - His body which would be broken, and the wine - His blood which would be spilt out for the sins of humankind. Most Christian churches remember this event through a ceremony known as the Mass, Eucharist, Holy Communion, or The Lord’s Supper. In addition, all Christians use the “Bible, hymns, sermons, and personal and group prayer as part of their worship.”The Bible is God’s Word to humankind that He inspired ordinary men to write. The Bible is divided into the Old Testament (creation story, history of the Jews and their relationship with God, Ten Commandments) and the New Testament (the life of Jesus, the story of Pentecost the disciples received the power of the Holy Spirit and Paul’s advice to Christian communities on the problems that they were facing.)

Concepts of GodChristians believe in one God (monotheism) who created the world and all humans and so has power over it and them. He created the world for a purpose and He knows each individual’s destiny. Christians believe that each individual has free will to choose if they want to reject or accept the will of God. Christian understanding of God is founded in the Bible and is dictated in the idea of the Trinity (three-person-in-one being): God as Father, God as Son, and God as Holy Spirit. While the three Persons are each God, each is distinct from the others. No one has ever seen God, but many people have seen God the Son in human flesh through Jesus who lived on earth in the Middle East. The Bible tells us that to know and see what God is like, we must look at the earthly life of Jesus.

Some of His attributes include:compassion towards peopleforgiveness of people’s sinwrath at hypocrisy and injusticepower to control the elements of natureconcern about every person individuallyleading by serving othersshowing the only way to find GodHuman beings are unique and wonderful creations of God and not an accident from the evolutionary process. Consequently, no one is ever conceived or born as an accident in God's eyes. We all have the potential to live either a productive or a destructive life somewhere between the extremes of Adolf Hitler and Mother Teresa. Every person during the course of his/her lifetime has the opportunity to have a relationship with God. Sin is the only thing that hinders that relationship and so the need for confession and repentance.

God as Father: Christians believe that God lives in Heaven, as stated in the Lord’s Prayer. The image of God as Father is very important to Christians and is also repeated in the belief of the church. When referring to God as Father, it is not to be confused with the earthly notion of fathers but instead an image of the perfect Father in perfect harmony with his children. God the Father loves, cares for, and disciplines his children when they have done wrong. Christians believe that God is their judge and they see it as their duty to please him.

God as Son: Jesus, born in Bethlehem about 2,000 years ago, was the son of Mary and also of God. This Immaculate Conception which resulted in the incarnate (God born as human) birth of God the Son, is important for the Christian faith. Because He lived as a human, He knows what it is to suffer and to experience temptation, even though He did not succumb to sin. Jesus’ power is told in the Bible through stories of miracles and His resurrection.God as Holy Spirit: Jesus sent His Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) to help and guide the disciples after He ascended to Heaven. It is physically represented by a dove. Christians believe that God’s Holy Spirit lives within them after they are “saved” in order to help guide them through life.

The NumbersWith an estimated number of adherents that ranges approximately around 2.1 billion, split into 3 main brances of Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox, Christianity is the world's largest religion. The Christian share of the world's population has stood at around 33 per cent for the last hundred years. This masks a major shift in the demographics of Christianity; large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America (around 7,600 per day). It is still the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas, the Philippines, and Southern Africa. However it is declining in many areas including the Northern and Western United States, Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), northern Europe (including Great Britain, Scandinavia and other places), France, Germany, the Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, and parts of Asia (especially the Middle East,South Korea, Taiwan and Macau).

In most countries in the developed world, church attendance among people who continue to identify themselves as Christians has been falling over the last few decades. Some sources view this simply as part of a drift away from traditional membership institutions, while others link it to signs of a decline in belief in the importance of religion in general.

-Christianity exists in Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia. One would expect this given that it is a universal religion.-Given that it exists in many stage 4 countries, this might explain why it has a slower growth than Islam as a percentage (stage four have less population growth and are increasingly secular)-It is the largest universal religion-there are many differing branches and sects of this religion

Diffusion-first diffused through relocaton diffusion of missionaries-people from the well-connected cities along the trade routes heard the message first (relocation)-it then spread to all of the areas around the cities and the Roman empire (contagious)-the word pagan actually means countryside because they were the last to believe Christianity and they believed in multiple gods.-it has also spread to other parts of the world through migration, missionary activity and colonialism from the 1500s forward-waves of migration have caused a set dispersal pattern of differing Christians in America --Catholics in areas like Boston and Chicago where Italians, Irish and certain eastern Europeans migrated -Lutherans in areas where Scandinavians and Germans migrated like the northern Midwest -French Catholics in Quebec -Catholics in the southwest -Mormons to Utah due to persecution in New York.


U3 - Islam HistoryThe name of this religion, Islam, is derived from the word "salam," which is often interpreted as meaning "peace." However "submission" would be a better translation. A Muslim is a follower of Islam. "Muslim" is an Arabic word that refers to a person who submits themselves to the will of God. Many Muslims feel that the phrases "Islamic terrorist" or "Muslim terrorist," which have been observed so often in the media, are oxymorons.

Islam succeeded in uniting an Arab world of separate tribes and castes, but disagreements concerning the succession of the prophet caused a division in Islam between two groups, Sunnis and Shi'ites. The Shi'ites rejected the first three successors to Muhammad as usurpers, claiming the fourth, Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, as the rightful leader. The Sunnis (from the word tradition), the largest division of Islam (today more than 80%), believe in the legitimacy of the first three successors.

Islam is the world's fastest growing major religion, and is seen as the youngest of the world's great religions. Followers of Islam are called Muslims.

BeliefsThe Five Pillars, or primary duties, of Islam are:-profession of faith; prayer, to be performed five times a day;-almsgiving to the poor and the mosque (house of worship);-fasting during daylight hours in the month of Ramadan;-Pilgrimage to Mecca (the hajj) at least once in a Muslim's lifetime, if it is physically and financially possible. The

pilgrimage includes homage to the ancient shrine of the Ka'aba, the most sacred site in Islam.

Muslims gather for corporate worship on Fridays at a mosque. Prayers and a sermon take place at the mosque, which is also a center for teaching of the Qur'an. The community leader, the imam, is considered a teacher and prayer leader.

A single, indivisible God. (God, the creator, is just, omnipotent and merciful. "Allah" is often used to refer to God; it is the Arabic word for God.)The angels.

The divine scriptures, which include the Torah, the Psalms, the rest of the Bible, (as they were originally revealed) and the Qur'an (which is composed of God's words, dictated by the Archangel Gabriel to Muhammad).

The Messengers of God, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus and Muhammad — the last prophet; (peace be upon them). Muhammad's message is considered the final, universal message for all of humanity.The Day of Judgment when people will be judged on the basis of their deeds while on earth, and will either attain reward of Heaven or punishment in Hell. They do not believe that Jesus or any other individual can atone for another person's sin. Hell is where unbelievers and sinners spend eternity. One translation of the Qur'an, 98:1-8, states: "The unbelievers among the People of the Book and the pagans shall burn for ever in the fire of Hell. They are the vilest of all creatures." ("People of the Book" refers to Christians, Jews and Muslims). Paradise is a place of physical and spiritual pleasure where the sinless go after death.The supremacy of God's will.

Concepts of GodIslam, like Christianity and Judaism, is an Abrahimic religion; Muslims believe in one true and divine God, omnipotent and omniscient.


The NumbersA comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 23% of the global population or 1.57 billion people are Muslims. Of those, 87-90% are Sunni and 10-13% are Shi'a, with a small minority belonging to other sects. Approximately 50 countries are Muslim-majority, and Arabs account for around 20% of all Muslims worldwide. Of t hose countries, the vast majority are majority Sunni with only Iraq and Iran being majority Shi'a.

The majority of Muslims live in Asia (this includes the Middle East -aka southwest Asia-, India, Pakistan, etc) and Africa. Approximately 62% of the world's Muslims live in Asia, with over 683 million adherents in Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In the Middle East, non-Arab countries such as Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in Africa, Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities. According to a recent study, the People's Republic of China has the eighth highest Muslim population with up to 65.3 million individuals but other figures show only 20 million.-Muslims have been growing in numbers in Europe with France having the highest amount coming in from their former

colonies-America has a Muslim population due to immigration and the Black Muslims which was a movement started in Detroit in

the 1930s. (Malcom X)

Diffusion-Muhammad organized the people of the Middle East (southwest Asia) behind one religion with one language (Arabic)-from Saudi Arabia the religion worked its to surrounding countries in part due to the growth of the Islamic empire-the conquest of that empire extended into north Africa and parts of eastern Europe and then Pakistan, India and

western China going the other direction-through relocation diffusion, missionaries and merchants made their way to Indonesia and some other parts of Asia and

parts of southern Africa-more recently, Europe and America have had some relocation diffusion due to migration (mainly Europe)


U3 – Hinduism

HinduismHinduism is generally regarded as the world's oldest organized religion. Hinduism differs from Christianity and other Western religions in that it does not have a single founder, a specific theological system, a single system of morality, or a central religious organization. It consists of thousands of different religious groups that have evolved in India since 1500 BCE.

BeliefsHindus believe in the repetitious Transmigration of the Soul. This is the transfer of one's soul after death into another body. This produces a continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth through their many lifetimes. It is called samsara. Karma is the accumulated sum of ones good and bad deeds. Karma determines how you will live your next life. Through pure acts, thoughts and devotion, one can be reborn at a higher level. Eventually, one can escape samsara and achieve enlightenment. Bad deeds can cause a person to be reborn as a lower level, or even as an animal. The unequal distribution of wealth, prestige, suffering are thus seen as natural consequences for one's previous acts, both in this life and in previous lives.Hindus organize their lives around certain activities or "purusharthas." These are called the "four aims of Hinduism," or

"the doctrine of the fourfold end of life." They are:The three goals of the "pravritti," those who are in the world, are: dharma: righteousness in their religious life. This is

the most important of the three.artha: success in their economic life; material prosperity.kama: gratification of the senses; pleasure; sensual, sexual, and mental enjoyment.

The main goal for the "nivritti," those who renounce the world. is:moksa: Liberation from "samsara," the This is considered the supreme end of mankind.

Meditation is often practiced, with Yoga being the most common. Other activities include daily devotions, public rituals, and puja, a ceremonial dinner for a God.

Hinduism has a deserved reputation of being highly tolerant of other religions. Hindus have a saying: "Ekam Sataha Vipraha Bahudha Vadanti," which may be translated: "The truth is One, but different Sages call it by Different Names"

The caste system:Although the caste system was abolished by law in 1949, it remains a significant force throughout India.Each follower of Hinduism belonged to one of the thousands of Jats (communities) that existed in India. The Jats were grouped into four Varna (social castes), plus a fifth group called the "untouchables." A person's Jat determined the range of jobs or professions from which they could choose. Marriages normally took place within the same Jat. People were once able to move from one Varna to another. However, at some time in the past (estimates range from about 500 BCE to 500 CE), the system became rigid, so that a person was generally born into the Jat and Varna of their parents, and died in the same group. In decreasing status, they are normally:Brahmins (the priests and academics)Kshatriyas (rulers, military)Vaishyas (farmers, landlords, and merchants)Sudras (peasants, servants, and workers in non-polluting jobs)

Hindu sects and denominations:About 80% of Hindus are Vaishnavites, who worship Lord Vishnu. Others follow various reform movements or neo-Hindu sects.Various sects of Hinduism have evolved into separate religious movements, including Hare Krishna, Sikhism and Theosophy. Transcendental Meditation was derived from a Hindu technique of meditation. The New Age movement has taken many of its concepts from Hinduism.

What does the mark on the forehead mean?The colored dot is variously referred to as a "tilaka," "bottu," "bindiya," "kumkum," or "bindi." It is a sign of piety, and a reveals to other people that the wearer is a Hindu. It symbolizes the third eye — the one focused inwards toward God. Both men and women wear it, although the practice among men is gradually going out of style. In the past, many unmarried women wore black marks, whereas many married women wore red. But in recent times, women often wear dots that match the color of their saris.

Concepts of GodFor many, but not all, Hindu's their religion is monotheistic.( They believe in one God only.) They believe in one ultimate truth that encompasses all reality ( Brahman.) At first glance it seems hard to reconcile this belief with the Knowledge that there are said to be as many as 330,000,000 Hindu gods and demons. This apparent contradiction can be explained on the basis they are all manifestations of Brahman, the creative force.Brahma is the creator god. Vishnu is the preserver. Shiva is the destroyer.

The NumbersDemographically, Hinduism is the world's third largest religion, after Christianity and Islam, with approximately one billion adherents, of whom approximately 828 million live in the Republic of India. Other significant populations are found in Nepal (23 million), Bangladesh (14 million) and the Indonesian island of Bali (3.3 million).-as expected of an ethnic religion, it is geographically isolated and goes to other areas of the world through relocation

diffusion-by far the country with the largest number of Hindus is India and from there, there is a tremendous drop in numbers in

the following countries

Diffusion-Note that in the map above, most of the top ten countries for the religion are in one area

-the countries in Latin America with a Hindu population have it because of relocation diffusion (same with countries outside of the top ten that have Hindus as well)

-the map does not show you that, after India, the percentage of people belonging to the religion in a country drops dramatically

-this map only shows the top countries listed by number not how many they have or what percentage of their local population that they are.


U3 - Buddhism

Buddhism

Buddhism, like most of the great religions of the world is divided into a number of different traditions. Buddhists do not believe in a transcendent or any other type of God or Gods, the need for a personal savior, the power of prayer, eternal life in heaven or hell after death. They also do not have a central authority or universally accepted sacred scriptures or a set of creed.

BeliefsBuddhism has many large movements including the Theravada and the Mahayana, which have great differences between them. A common feature of all Buddhist is the quest for true happiness and peace for all beings.Buddhism as well as being about cultivating personal spiritual development is about concern for others (compassion). The Dalai Lama stated that Buddhism could be summed up in three words “ Always Think Compassion”. Buddhism also unlike many religions teaches no soul (anatta) or self. All beings are merely a series of mental and physical states.A core belief and practice to which all Buddhists adhere to are the Five Moral Precepts, the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.Five Moral Precepts:1.Abstain from killing.2.Taking what has not been given.3.Sexual misconduct.4.False speech5.Intoxicants that cloud the mind.

Buddhists believe that undertaking a moral, compassionate and non-materialistic lifestyle will bring contentment in this life and a better rebirth next time.The Four Noble Truths:Buddha rejected the Hindu beliefs in the Veda scriptures, in the Brahmin authority and the caste system and in the idea of


an individual and world soul.1.Existence is unhappiness (dukkha) Birth is suffering, decay is suffering, illness is suffering, death is suffering.2.That unhappiness is caused by selfish desire or craving (tanha). Being kept away from objects we love is suffering. Not to obtain what we desire is suffering.3.That desire can be destroyed. As if there is no craving then there is no suffering.4.That it can be destroyed by followed the “noble eightfold path”.Eight fold path:1.Right views2.Right dress3.Right speech – plain and truthful4.Right conduct – including abstinence not only from immorality but also from taking life whether human or animal.5.Right livelihood – harming no one.6.Right effort – always pressing on.7.Right awareness – of the past, the present and the future.8.Contemplation or meditation.The more someone acquires merit by following these rules the sooner that Nirvana is attained. (If ignorance and selfishness can be totally eliminated and replaced by wisdom and compassion, an alternative state of being can be reached. This is commonly known has nirvana, an indescribable state of peace, where the forces of Karma no longer work.Concepts of GodThere is no personal God in Buddhism, no "God" in the image of the Judeo-Chirstian tradition. Rather by breaking the cycle of rebirth and achieving enlightenment, Buddhists believe that they will reach the state of Nirvana. Nirvana is not a place like the concept of Heaven, but rather a state of eternal being. It is the end of suffering, a state where there are no desires and the individual consciousness has come to an end.Buddhism is a religion that shares few concepts with Christianity. For example, they do not believe in a transcendent or immanent or any other type of God or Gods, the need for a personal savior, the power of prayer, eternal life in a heaven or hell after death, etc.

The NumbersObtaining exact numbers of practicing Buddhists can be difficult and may be reliant on the definition used. Adherents of Eastern religions such as Buddhism with local Animism, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Shinto, and Taoism often have beliefs composed of a mix of religious ideas. While only a small proportion of the population may have taken the formal step of going for refuge, many more may practice an informal Buddhism or hold Buddhist beliefs mixed with those of related religions. This is particularly the case in East Asia, where Buddhism has long been practiced alongside Taoism and Confucianism in an arrangement sometimes known as the "Triple Religion" or "Great Religion". The Religion in China, Vietnam, Japan, Korea; Vinegar tasters; Sinosphere; Neo-Confucianism; East Asian Buddhism and Buddhism and Eastern teaching articles discuss this phenomenon in greater detail.

The estimations on the number of Buddhist in the world vary according to different sources available, between 350 million and 500 million. However, it was difficult to estimate accurately the number of Buddhists because they did not have congregational memberships and often did not participate in public ceremonies.

Most of the Buddhists live in Asia.Buddhism is considered to be a universal religion which makes the fact that it is concentrated in one area unusual (for that

type)

Diffusion-did not diffuse quickly at first from India-emperor Asoka (300-200 bc)-Asoka sent missionaries out around the world (mainly areas around India)

-Sri Lanka is one of the countries that has the longest tradition of Buddhism going back to Asoka's time-merchants and other also brought the religion to China and east Asia.-for the most part, the religion has not gone to other regions of the world


U3 - Judaism

JudaismJudaism is one of three Abramic religions — faiths which recognize Abraham as the Patriarch. The others are Christianity and Islam. Although Jews comprise only about 0.2% of the human race, Jewish influence on the world has been vast — far more than their numbers would indicate.

Jewish MovementsOrthodox Judaism: This the oldest, most conservative, and most diverse form of Judaism. Modern Orthodox, Chasidim and Ultra Orthodox share a basic belief in the derivation of Jewish law, even as they hold very different outlooks on life. They attempt to follow the original form of Judaism as they view it to be. They look upon every word in their sacred texts as being divinely inspired.Conservative Judaism: This began in the mid-nineteenth century as a reaction against the Reform movement. It is a main-line movement midway between Reform and Orthodox.Reform Judaism: They are a liberal group, followed by many North American Jews. The movement started in the 1790's in Germany. They follow the ethical laws of Judaism, but leave up to the individual the decision whether to follow or ignore the dietary and other traditional laws. They use modern forms of worship. There are many female rabbis in reform congregations.

BeliefsGod is the creator of all that exists; he is one, incorporeal (without a body), and he alone is to be worshipped as absolute ruler of the universe.

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible were revealed to Moses by God. It will not be changed or augmented in the future.God has communicated to the Jewish people through prophets.God monitors the activities of humans; he rewards individuals for good deeds and punishes evil

Although Christians base much of their faith on the same Hebrew Scriptures as Jews, there are major differences in belief:Jews generally consider actions and behavior to be of primary importance; beliefs come out of actions. This conflicts with conservative Christians for whom belief is of primary importance and actions tend to be secondary.

Jewish belief does not accept the Christian concept of original sin (the belief that all people have inherited Adam and Eve's sin when they disobeyed God's instructions in the Garden of Eden).

Judaism affirms the inherent goodness of the world and its people as creations of God.Believers are able to sanctify their lives and draw closer to God by performing fulfilling mitzvot (divine commandments).No savior is needed or is available as an intermediary.

The Jews are often referred to as God's chosen people. This does not mean that they are in any way to be considered superior to other groups. Biblical verses such as Exodus 19:5 simply imply that God has selected Israel to receive and study the Torah, to worship God only, to rest on the Sabbath, and to celebrate the festivals. Jews were not chosen to be better that others; they were simply selected to receive more difficult responsibilities, and more onerous punishment if they fail.

The 613 commandments found in Leviticus and other books regulate all aspects of Jewish life.

The Ten commandments, as delineated in Exodus 20:1-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21, form a brief synopsis of the LawThe Messiah (anointed one of God) will arrive in the future and gather Jews once more into the land of Israel. There will be a general resurrection of the dead at that time. The Jerusalem Temple, destroyed in 70 CE, will be rebuilt.

Boys reach the status of Bar Mitzvah on their 13th birthday; girls reach Bat Mitzvah on their 12th birthday. This means that they are recognized as adults and are personally responsible to follow the Jewish commandments and laws; they are allowed to lead a religious service; they are counted in a "minyan" (a quota of men necessary to perform certain parts of religious services); they can sign contracts; they can testify in religious courts; theoretically, they can marry, although the Talmud recommends 18 to 24 as the proper age for marriage.

Concepts of GodLike Islam and Christianity, Judaism is a monotheistic religion, meaning there is only one omniscient God. God is normally known under the name Yahweh or Jehovah.

The Numbers:The total number of Jews worldwide is difficult to assess because the definition of "who is a Jew" is problematic; not all Jews identify themselves as Jewish, and some who identify as Jewish are not considered so by other Jews. According to the Jewish Year Book (1901), the global Jewish population in 1900 was around 11 million. The latest available data is from the World Jewish Population Survey of 2002 and the Jewish Year Calendar (2005). In 2002, according to the Jewish Population Survey, there were 13.3 million Jews around the world. The Jewish Year Calendar cites 14.6 million.-Jewish population growth is currently near zero percent, with 0.3% growth from 2000 to 2001.-Intermarriage and the declining birthrate have influenced Jewish population figures, although conversion to Judaism may help to offset this slightly.

Top 50 countries by Jewish population1 United States 5,489,000 (2008)2 Israel 5,313,8003 France 490,5614 Canada 393,6605 United Kingdom 350,000

-The above map shows where the top ranked countries are but note that there is a tremendous drop after the first two.-In other words, the countries outside of the top 10 have very small numbers-Nevertheless this pattern is unusual given it is an ethnic religion

Diffusion-most ethnic religions like Judiasm do not diffuse widely. However, Judaism is an exception. It is widely diffused.-this religion is practiced in many places and not just its place of origin-however, only in recent years (since the 1940s) have the Jews lived in their homeland again (Israel)-the Romans forced them out of their homeland. This is known as the Diaspora

-most jews went to Europe although a few went to northern Africa and Asia-In Europe, they were forced to live in ghettos - a neighborhood set up by law for the Jews to segregate them-many came to America previous to WWII because of persecution in Europe (pogroms in Russia)-because of WWII and the Holocaust (mass extermination of Jews in Europe by Nazi's), many Jews came to America which explains the relatively high numbers here

Migration to AmericaDates ---- Period --------- Number of Immigrants

1654–1838 -- Colonial/federal ----- Fewer than 15,0001838–80 ---German emigration -- 250,0001881–1924 -- Eastern European ----- 2,000,0001924–44 ---Pre-Holocaust ------ 100,0001945–60 ---Holocaust survivors ---- 250,000Present ---Russian Jews & others — Up to 50,000 per year


U3 - Cultural Ecology

Cultural ecology studies the relationship between a given society and its natural environment, the life-forms and ecosystem (a system of interdependent organisms which share the same habitat, in an area functioning together with all of the physical factors of the environment.) that support its lifeways.The central argument is that the natural environment, in small scale or subsistence societies dependent in part upon it - is a major contributor to social organization and other human institutions.

It is this assertion - that the physical and biological environment affects culture - that had proved controversial, because it implies an element of Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism, is the

view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture) over human actions, which some social scientists find problematic, particularly those writing from a Marxist perspective.__Environmental Possiblism__ implies that ecological locale plays a significant role in shaping the cultures of a region but does not determine behavior.

Possibilism is accepted but determinism is not considered an acceptable way of thinking about cultural ecology.

Cultural Ecology

-wealth can determine behavior. If you have a tractor, the hill is not as big as a problem as someone who does not have it.-the carrying capacity of the environment and how that affects your population-your ability to farm may affect your ability to develop. Think GGS

Koppen Climate System - by classifying climates we can understand the ease of farming and development

GROUP A: Tropical/megathermal climatesGROUP B: Dry (arid and semiarid) climatesGROUP C: Temperate/mesothermal climatesGROUP D: Continental/microthermal climateGROUP E: Polar climates

Köppen climate classification scheme divides the climates into five main groups and several types and subtypes. Each particular climate type is represented by a 2 to 4 letter symbol.

You can skim the area below

GROUP A: Tropical/megathermal climatesTropical climates are characterized by constant high temperature (at sea level and low elevations) — all twelve months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64 °F) or higher.

GROUP B: Dry (arid and semiarid) climatesThese climates are characterized by the fact that precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration. The threshold is determined as follows:

GROUP C: Temperate/mesothermal climatesThese climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and a coldest month average between −3 °C (26.6 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F).

GROUP D: Continental/microthermal climateThese climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and a coldest month average below −3 °C (or 0 °C in some versions, as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents, or on their east coasts, north of 40° North latitude. In the Southern Hemisphere, Group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land south of 40° South latitude, existing only in some highland locations.

GROUP E: Polar climatesThese climates are characterized by average temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) in all twelve months of the year:


U3 - English Language

Formation of the LanguageBackgroundThe English language originated in the British Isles when Celtic tribes migrated to the area. Before the Celts, not much is known about the people that lived there or the language that they spoke. When the Celts arrived around 2000 B.C., however, they brought their languages with them, which is how English first originated.

The German InvasionAround 450 A.D., Germanic tribes from Denmark (the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons) invaded, pushing the Celts into northern parts of Britain, like Scotland and Wales. The name England comes from Angles (or Engles) Land. The Anglo-Saxons had come from a corner (or angle) of northern Germany, southern Denmark. English comes from the language that the Anglo-Saxons spoke, almost 1,500 years ago. Also, Vikings invaded areas of England, and some of their language merged with the English of that time.

The Norman InvasionEngland was conquered by the Normans in 1066, which kept English from becoming German. The Normans spoke French, and for the next 300 years, royalty in England spoke French. However, the majority of the people still spoke the English of that time to each and, over time, some French became mixed in with the English. When England and France were at war, most people in England wanted to stop speaking French. However, French was kept as a business language for a time and continued to integrate with English.

Modern EnglishEnglish today is a combination of Germanic and Romantic roots from the Anglo-Saxons and the French. It continues to change today as more countries are speaking it and it has many dialects.

In England today, they recognize one dialect as the standard language- the dialect well established as the most acceptable for business, government, education, etc. The style used within London is now considered the British Received Pronunication or the standard language for England.

England and America still have differences in dialects within their own countries (think southeast America and the southern accent) but mass media (radio, t.v. and the internet) and internal migration have helped to remove many of the differences in dialects. A small example of how dialects still exist would be our pop versus soda assignment.


DiffusionEnglish spread by expansion diffusion when the British began setting up colonies around the world. English is either the official language or else one of the official languages in former British colonies. Today, English is official in 50 countries, which is almost one third of the entire world population. Not only did the English conquer but they also moved to other countries around the globe.

English came to the United States in the 1600s when settlers from Britain first arrived. Now, the United States is responsible for spreading English around the world. Globalization is one of the main ways in which English diffuses. Many countries are using English to communicate on a global level. English diffuses easily because of the way vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation can be changed. Also, many English words fuse with words in other languages, creating new words that bridge the gap between English and other languages. Spanglish and Franglais are English words that have come into the Spanish and French languages.

Modern Diffusion of the English LanguageAmerica is a dominant power in the world's economy making it a lingua franca for many doing international business. American music and movies are very important in popular culture and causes the language to diffuse widely and be popular widely.

-more than 90 percent of European students take English classes-Japan considers it so important for business they have considered adopting it as a second official language-many European colleges teach in English so the students can compete in a global economy / global-English has been an important part of the internet (since the net was created in America along with the programming code for it). The original characters for language on computers and the net were based off of English. English language started off at 71 percent of the net in 1998 but was at 29 percent in 2008. This decline reflects more users in more countries on the internet but English still dominates as many of the most important internet companies are based in America. US companies provide the main search engines, for example.

Statistics TodayEnglish is spoken by about half a billion people today. Two billion people (a third of the world’s population) live in a country where English is spoken even if they themselves cannot speak it. English is mostly spoken by people who have learned it as a second language. However, in the United States, English is the only language most people are able to speak. Only about 30 to 50% of people graduate high school with at least two years of a foreign language. In contrast with Europe, 62% of people learn to speak three foreign languages. In England, an English speaking country, most people learn French as a second language.

DemographicsCountries with the most (by the numbers) English speakers

1. United States2. India3. Nigeria4. United Kingdom5. Philippines6. Canada7. Australia

Mixing of English into foreign languagesSpanglish Spanglish refers to the code-switching of English and Spanish, in the speech of people who speak parts of two languages, or whose normal language is different from that of the country where they live. For example, the Hispanic population of the United States and the British population in Argentina use varieties of Spanglish. Sometimes the creole

spoken in Spanish holiday resorts which are exposed to both Spanish and English is called Spanglish. The similar code switching used in Gibraltar is called Llanito. Spanglish may also be known by a regional name, e.g. "Tex-Mex" in Texas, (cf. "Tex-Mex cuisine").

Spanglish is not a pidgin language. It is totally informal; there are no hard-and-fast rules.

There is no clear demarcation between Spanglish and simple bad Spanish or English. "Parquear" for "to park" is clear deliberate Spanglish; "actualmente" for "actually" rather than "at present" is closer to erroneous use of a false friend, and ambiguous as it has a clear, but different, meaning in true Spanish.

FranglaisIn French, franglais refers to the use of English words for which there are no French equivalents; the most notorious of these anglicisms (which are sometimes regarded as unwelcome imports or as bad slang) is le weekend. The term also refers to nouns created from Anglo-Saxon roots, often by adding "-ing" at the end of a popular word—e.g. un parking (a car park or parking lot), un camping (a campground), or shampooing. A few words that have entered use in French are derived from English roots but are not found at all in English, such as un relooking (a makeover) and un déstockage (a clearance sale). Others are based either on mistaken ideas of English words (e.g. footing meaning jogging, not a pediment), grammar (e.g. un pin's (with the apostrophe in both singular and plural) meaning a collectable lapel pin) or word order (e.g. talkie-walkie meaning a walkie-talkie, a hand-held two-way radio). For those who do not speak English, such words may be believed to exist in English. (Note however that in Quebec, where both English and French are spoken, expressions such as "footing" and "relooking" are not used.)

Owing to the worldwide popularity of the internet, relatively new English words have been introduced into French (e.g. e-mail and mail, referring to either e-mail or an e-mail address). The Quebec government has proposed the use of an alternative word for "e-mail" which is derived from French roots, "courriel" (from "courrier électronique") and this term is now widely used. The Académie française has also suggested the use of the abbreviation "mél." as an analogy with the abbreviation "tél." for telephone. Another example from Canadian French is the word look. The verb "to look" in French is regarder but the noun "a look" (i.e. the way that something looks) is look, so the sentence "This Pepsi can has a new look" in Canadian French would be "Cette cannette de Pepsi a un nouveau look".

In France and Quebec, they try to protect their version of the languages. France has the French Academy which oversees the language and Quebec, at one time, outlawed all words from the streetscape that were not French.

Denglish describes an influx of English, or pseudo-English, vocabulary into the German language through travel and English's widespread usage in advertising, business and information technology. These phrasings may have originated from English-language movies and other media translated into German, but they are also used in everyday language. Some of those constructs will only be found in youth language, where it has become common, for example, to talk about coole Events which captures almost, but not quite, the same meaning as the respective English phrase.

Culture and Lingua FrancaMost countries that speak English are former colonies of Britain or the United States. Most recently, the United States is responsible for spreading English. English is considered “the language of the world” because, as globalization continues, more countries feel the need to learn English in order to take part in business. English is spoken mainly in business and communication all over the world and has become a lingua franca. Two countries that do not share a similar language are able to communicate with each other by speaking English. The United States has spread English mainly through trade and communication. English is also considered to be a part of “pop culture” since most modern technology and media is in English.

Map of how English has diffused

English as an Official Language Map (note: some countries have more than one official language)


U3 - Ethnic verus Universal Religions

Ethnic ReligionExplanation: Ethnic Religion usually consists of beliefs, superstitions and rituals carried out from generation to generation within a specific ethnicity and culture. It follows one ethnicity because the religion does not tend to convert. Therefore new members are created primarily from birth rates like ethnicities. In some ways it acts like folk culture. It expands via relocation diffusion and increases often through birth rates. Ethnic religions are also closely tied to culture and ethnic heritage. -are closely tied to the physical geography of a particular place.

Universal ReligionExplanation: Universal religion is one that seeks out new members. They welcome anyone and everyone.. Universal means applying to all, which is more information. Universal religions consist of many members, and these members are often of different ethnic backgrounds (very diverse) hence the term universal. It is also true that you can convert to a Universal religion at any time of your desire because once again, anyone is welcome to be a member/follower of a universal religion. So, it is evident that Universal religions consist of many different ethnicities because they convert, they accept anyone of any background. -are usually not so closely tied to one place Similar terms: Global religion, proselytic religion.

World percentages of top religions:-Christians 33.32% (of which Roman Catholics 16.99%, Protestants 5.78%, Orthodox 3.53%, Anglicans 1.25%); 2

billion people.-Muslims 21.01%; 1.3 billion people.-Hindus 13.26%; 820 million people.-Buddhists 5.84%; 365 million people.-Jews 0.23%; 6 million people.




U3 - Folk Verus Popular Culture

TOPIC FOLK CULTURE POPULAR CULTURE

DefinitionA culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in isolation

A culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Area it occupies small LARGE

Where it is found

Mainly in LDCs because they lack strong infrastructure, communication networks, leisure time, and surplus money. There are a few exceptions to their location: the Amish in the USA.

Mainly found in MDCs because they can combine advanced technology, money and leisure time to create products that will be acceptable by a large group to increase profit. Becoming exclusive to one group diminishes profit, so they make it for anyone and everyone.

Variation Varies place to place at a given timeVaries from time to time at a given place

How it Diffuses

Diffuses through relocation diffusion.As the Jews moved to the United States they brought their culture with them prior to their immigration the Jewish Culture was not found in the United States

Diffuses via hierarchal diffusion. It will often go to the most connected places first which are usually cities. The communication networks facilitate this and as more countries develop and have access they start seeing popular culture customs through their computers or television sets. It can also diffuse contagiously once it gets to an area. It will also diffuse via stimulus diffusion if cultural barriers impede it. In other words, any form of expansion diffusion.

Family Tends to be patriarchal, the women's sphere of influence is the household, imposing a limit on the education for women, making the total fertility rate high

Gender differences are diminished; women are empowered and seek higher levels of education along with men, reducing the total fertility rate.


in these cultures. Families tend to be large.

Families tend to be smaller.

Food

What is available in their local environment.Cultural perceptions ban the usage of certain foods, known as food taboos.

Foods that are very profitable, fast-to-make, and attractive to all regardless of ethnic background are found in popular culture. Foods like McDonald's, frozen meals, chips.

HousingThe building material used are the ones that are available in the local environment

Houses are developed more efficiently, with a mixture of materials and in the same style to reduce building costs yet improve quality and make the appearance appealing to all.

Religion

Tends to share a common religion and some religions are known as ethnic religion that are common to one group of people living in one place.Hinduism, Judaism, Taoism, Shintoism

Religions tend to be taken out of popular culture for it singles out groups and that is not beneficial for companies as it decreases profit.

OriginsOriginated at anonymous heaths, from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unknown originators

Well-known hearths, developers, and dates of innovations.

Impact on environment

Very minimal, tend to follow subsistence agriculture, very few industries, and no extensive usage of natural resources creating little pollution. Due to lack of tools needed, the people tend to adapt to their environment.

Very large; extensive use of natural resources, large consumer markets and large industries thus pollution is high. Corporations tend to make a uniform landscape to become appealing on a world-wide basis as they are recognizable by their logos and architecture. Tend to have highly-developed tools to change the environment to the advantage of the humans.

Addendum

Topic Folk Culture Popular Culture

MaterialsThese materials usually come from daily life and are comprised of bare necessity materials. Think food, shelter, and clothing.

Popular culture comes from leisure time, disposable income and buying items that change over time and are not necessities most of the time. Even food is bought in excess to its needs.

Population growth

Reinforces gender roles and the traditions of family

Alternative lifestyles become acceptable. DINKS and YUPPIES become more a part of life and people wait to have children till later in life due to economic and educational opportunities

Creation of materials

Handmade using local materials Corporate made using supply chains that are global

Standards

Authenticity determined by use of local materials, traditions and family and ethnic history (history and lineage usually goes back a long way)

Money determines how products are produced and is the usual corporate standard and usually has no sense of history for determining its materials or standards


U3 - House Types

Think of the ways, pop culture could apply to modern houses:-they look the same across the country-you sometimes see them done in a similar way in other countries-they create a more uniform landscape because they are similar across great distances-styles change over time-more factory made with components shipped in to the region

Folk houses:-are traditional and people do not go in and out of fashion-they use local materials and differ when you go from one region to another-the word authentic applies-are more in line with the natural landscape

-You can probably think of a few more items by simply looking at the folk versus popular culture wiki and applying it to homes. These are some of the most obvious ideas to me.


U3 - India and Pakistan Issues


HistoryIt was decided that British India be partitioned into two nation-states after World War II, one that was Muslim and one that was Hindu. It was intended that the partition be clean and the split was peaceful. However, the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 did not divide the nations cleanly along religious lines. Nearly 50 percent of the Muslim population of British India remained in India. Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims resulted in between 500,000 to 1 million casualties. Pakistan was geopolitically divided into two sections, East and West Pakistan.

There were four wars fought between India and Pakistan, one in 1947, one in 1965, another in 1971, and another in 1999. The third war, fought in 1971, created Bangladesh. The war was also known as The Bangladesh Liberation War. The war was a civil war in Pakistan, between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. West Pakistan launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding independence from Pakistan. Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed civilians revolted to form guerilla groups and forces to fight against the army of West Pakistan. On December 3, 1971, West Pakistan launched a pre-emptive attack on the

western border of India, which marked the start of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the Bangladesh Liberation Army decisively defeated the West Pakistani forces.

The reason behind the war and the conflict was mostly due to conflicting views over who would have more political power in Pakistan. Although East Pakistan accounted for a majority of the country's population, political power remained firmly in the hands of West Pakistanis, specifically the Punjabis. Since a straightforward system of representation based on population would have concentrated political power in East Pakistan, the West Pakistani establishment came up with the “One Unit” scheme, where all of West Pakistan was considered one province. This was solely to counterbalance the East wing's votes. Ironically, after the East broke away to form Bangladesh, the Punjab province insisted that politics in West Pakistan now be decided on the basis of a straightforward vote, since Punjabis were more numerous than the other groups, such as Sindhis, Pashtuns, or Balochs.

TodayBetween 26 November 2008 and 29 November 2008 there were a series of coordinated terrorist across Mumbai, India's financial capital and largest city. These attacks by 10 terrorists killed about 160 people. The partition of India left India and Pakistan devastated. Both countries cannot come to a consensus over many issues, like the possession of Kashmir, and there are still many religious attacks against each country. The same issues of the differences between Muslims and Hindus exist and seem to be almost impossible to resolve.


U3 - Lebanon Culture Conflict


DemographicsPopulation 4,017,095 (July 2009 est.)Nationality Noun: Lebanese (singular and plural)Adjective: Lebanese

Ethnic groupsArab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%Note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians

ReligionsMuslim 59.7% (Shia, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite or Nusayri), Christian 39% (Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic, Armenian Catholic, Syrian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt, Protestant), other 1.3%Note: 17 religious sects recognized

Conflict Between Christians and Muslims

In the seventeenth century, Muslims, now also called Arabs, because they came from the Arabian Peninsula, captured most of the Middle East, including Palestine and Jerusalem. The Arab army diffused the Arabic language across the Middle East and converted most of the people from Christianity to Islam. The

Arab army made further gains in Europe in subsequent years. Religion became the central conflict in the Middle East between Jews, Christians, and Muslims and has been going on for 2,000 years to control a small strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean. Their hostility comes from their heritage. All three groups trace their origins to Abraham in the Old Testament but the religions diverged in ways that made it difficult for them to share the same territory. Therefore religion is a centrifugal force as it has caused conflict and war. It is also a cultural push factor because people are forced to migrate for fear of persecution of their religion.

Ethnic ConflictLebanon has nearly 4 million people in an area of about 10,000 square kilometers, roughly smaller and more populous than Connecticut. Once known as a financial and recreational center the Middle East, Lebanon has severely damaged by fighting among religious groups since the 1970’s. Lebanon has numerous Christian’s; Maronites make up about two-thirds of the country’s Christians. Greek Orthodox makes up makes one-sixth of the Christian sect. There are also Christians who make up one-sixth are Greek Orthodox and the remaining Christian sects are Greek Catholic, Armenian, Syrian Orthodox (Jacobites), and the Chaldeans (Assyrian). Lebanon’s religious groups tend to live in different regions. Christians dominate in the south and northwest of Lebanon while Sunni Muslims in the far north, Shiite Muslims in the northeast and south and Druze in the south-central and southeast. When government systems were created, Christians made up the majority and controlled the country’s main businesses, but as the Muslims became the majority, they demanded political and economic equality. Lebanon’s government was unable to change and dealt with social and economic issues. A civil war broke out in 1975 and each religious group formed a private army or militia to guard its territory. The territory changed with the result of battles with other religious groups. The U.S. tried to help by sending troops at various points. About 150,000 Lebanese have died in fighting and 241 U.S. marines died in 1983. Most of Lebanon is controlled by Syria which colonized the territory before in history.



U3 - Places of Worship

Holy Places and Places of Worship

Church- The church plays a critical role in Christianity due to the structure of the building. The building is an expression of religious principles, and environment in the image of God. Since the place of worship is important, Christians have contributed much wealth to the maintenance and construction of churches. Christianity splits into many different denominations. There is not one denomination that dominates. Churches reflect the cultural values of the denomination and the region’s architectural heritage.

Mosque- A mosque is viewed as a location for the community to gather together for worship. Muslims consider the Mosque as a space for community assembly. The mosque is organized around a central courtyard, usually open air. The pulpit is at the end of the courtyard facing Makkah, the direction toward which all Muslims pray. The minaret is a tower where a man known as muzzan summons people to worship.

Temple- The Hindu temple serves as a home to one or more gods. Individuals or groups that are wealthy usually maintain temples. The temple includes a small, dimly lighted room with symbolic artifacts and other images of God. There is not a huge interior space filled with seats due to there being no congregational worship in the Hindu faith.

Pagoda- The pagoda is a prominent and visually attractive element of the Buddhist and Shintoist landscape. Pagodas usually include tall, many sided towers arranged in a series of tiers, balconies, and slanting roofs. After Buddha’s death, his followers scrambled to find his relics. Pagodas contain these relics that Buddhists believe to be a portion of Buddha’s body or clothing. In order to diffuse this religion, Buddhists carried around these relics and built pagodas for them. Pagodas are not designed for congregational worship.

Synagogue- Synagogues usually contain a large hall forprayer, smaller rooms for study, and sometimes a social hall and offices. The beth midrash is a sepereate room for Torah study which is sometimes found in synagogues as well. Synagogues are used with the Judaism religion. Synagogues are not consecrated spaces. A synagogue is not necessary for worship. Jewish worship can be carried out wherever ten Jews assemble.


U3 - Popular Culture and Negative Environmental Impact

Popular culture is typically distributed about the environment without consideration for physical features. Instead, popular culture is distributed with concern to social and economic features.

General Environmental Impact:

-Unlike folk culture, popular culture modifies the environment instead of developing from it.-Modification of an environment can be with the


intention of increasing leisure activity participation by the public and/or promotion of a consumer good being sold.-Creating a ‘natural’ environment can sometimes hide the modification but the purpose remains to purposefully invite people to visit the location by terms of popular culture.-The distribution of popular culture tends to establish uniform landscapes. Such as Route 66 with an influx of large signs for motels, gas stations, and restaurants.-In order to generate greater consumption and ‘product recognition’, promoters of popular culture create a uniform landscape.-With the advent of faster communication and transportation, distribution of popular culture does not depend on a single place instead; the customs can arise from any place across the globe as long as the popular culture customs fit with consumer preference.-Diffusion of some popular culture across the globe or even locally can impact the environment negatively in two major ways: -Depletion of scarce natural resources and pollution of the landscape.

Negative Environmental Impact:

-Depletion of Scarce Natural Resources:-Diffusion of popular culture, which can possibly be through hierarchical diffusion and/or contagious diffusion, increases the demand for raw materials dug from the Earth. The demand can hinder the resources scarce and depleted the environmental supply.-In terms of clothing, popular culture may demand a large supply of animals for their skins and cause certain species to become extinct.-Increased meat consumption through popular culture is an inefficient way the world is nourished. It takes twice as much grain in weight that is fed to an animal to produce half the weight of the animal in meat for consumption. With malnourishment in some countries, this is seen as a highly inefficient use of grain.-Pollution of the Landscape:-Popular culture generates high volumes of waste in forms of solids, liquids, and gases. Some of the waste can be absorbed of the environment, but high levels can overwhelm it. The most visible, solids are often discarded and not recycled and as more and more people follow popular culture, this becomes an issue.-More developed countries produce endless supplies to meet demands of popular culture with the advent of technology that both damages the environment and controls the damage made. Often times it is cheaper to damage the environment than to restore it.-Popular culture demands more because it is for items that are not necessary whereas folk culture is about items needed for daily life. Meaning folk culture makes use of fewer materials-Popular culture changes over time demanding more use of materials as what's in style changes. Folk culture remains the same and objects are valued so less waste is generated

Examples:

-An example of uniform landscape would be fast-food restaurant franchises that allow business people of an establishment to use their trademark. Once many establishments follow, the trademark becomes a recognized and uniform landscape. Often times, the symbol can be recognized internationally because of its uniformity.-Automobiles also are an example of uniformity. Before the 1970s, automobiles from different countries varied greatly in size and appearance. After the 1970s, when Japanese automobiles were sold globally, they won consumer preference and became the standard in style of automobiles, which began the uniformity.An example of a negative impact on the environment would be of the large number of demands for animals in order to produce clothing worn by consumers thousands of miles from the animal’s habitat. The skins of these animals are used to produce clothing, which hinders certain species instinct. This can cause an imbalance in the ecological system that the animal belongs to.-Many popular culture items, ranging from cups from fast-food chains to CD’s of the latest music artist, end up

being improperly discarded instead of recycled. This solid waste ends up in landfills, shantytowns, bodies of water, and so on.


U3 - Religious Calendars Depending on the type of the religion ,their calenders differ. In the case of an ethnic religion, the calender is typically more clustered distribution than a universalizing religion, in part because its holidays are based on the distinctive physical geography of the homeland.

In an ethnic religion, there is a celebration of the seasons. The calender is determined by the annual cycle of variation in climate conditions. Therefore, knowing the calender is important for successful agriculture for the year. The calender is determined by the temperatures and precipitation which helps the farmers to know when they should plant or harvest their crops. People in the ethnic religions have rituals based on favorable environmental conditions or to give thanks for past success.

Such as, the Bontok people in the Philippines revolve around the agricultural calender . They have sacred moments called, obaya, this is when the rice field is inti

ally prepared, when the seedlings are transplanted, when the harvest has begun, and when the harvest is done. Knowing these dates is essential in the way these people live. Solstice has a special importance to ethnic religions. This is the shortest day and longest night of the year. This s where the Sun appears to be low in the sky and stand still, as is the Latin meaning of solstice, to stand still.

The Jewish Calender also revolves around the agricultural system. In Israel, the grain crops are planted in Autumn, therefore it is expected that the two most holiest days in the year, Rosh Hashanah( New Years) and Yom Kippur(Day of Atonement) happen in Autumn. Sukkot celebrates the final gathering of fruits for the year, therefore they pray for rain and success in the future. Pesach is when they offer God the first fruits in the year. Shavuot is the end of the grain harvest. All these holidays have to do with the agriculture of the home land. These came popular from the liberation of the Jews from the slavery in Egypt called Pesach. Their temporary shelter was called their booths. Rather than using a solar calender like North Americans, they use a lunar calender. The end of the full moon and the appearance of the new moon mark a new month as is the Islamic religion does. Therefore their year has 350 days. In order to balance the years, they add an extra month seven out of every 19 years.In a universalizing religion, the holidays on the calender are determined on the important events in the founder's life. For Christians, they associate their holidays with seasonal variations in the calender, but not by climate and the agricultural cycle. This does not affect their liturgy or rituals.

In contrast, universalizing religion's calender is based on major holidays. These holidays go along with the events in life of the founder other than the changing of the seasons of a particular place.

Islam and Baha'i calendar are different from the average calender. The Islamic religion also uses the lunar


calender, therefore their holidays do not come on the same day as always. They come in different seasons from generation to generation. However, the Baha'i use a calender that has 19 months with each 19 days in it, with an extra 4 intercalary days. They also have a Nineteen Day feast where they pray , read scriptures, and discuss community activities, the first day of every month.-nevertheless, many holidays in the Islamic calendar go along with events in the life of their founder Mohamed.

Christian, Buddhist, and Sikh Holidays are mainly based on important dates in the founder's life. Such as, for Christians, they celebrate Christ's birth and death, but not all Christians celebrate this on the same day. Protestants and Roman Catholics use the Gregorian calender, while Eastern Orthodox use the Julian calender. Buddhist celebrate Buddha's birth, Enlightenment, and death. Not all Buddhist celebrate these days on the same day. The Japanese Buddhists celebrate each in a different month, while the Theravadist Buddhists observe all three in April. Also, the Sikhism holiday's occur on the births and deaths of their ten gurus. Their main holiday is the day when the Holy Granth was installed as the religion's spiritual guide. By them commemorating historical events, they make them differ from Hinduism in India. Therefore, they become a universalizing religion.


U3 – Sudan Issues The Conflict

One side of the conflict is composed mainly of the official Sudanese military and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group recruited mostly from the Afro-Arab tribes of the northern region in Sudan; these tribes are mainly camel-herding nomads.

Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supports the Janjaweed, multiple human rights groups have accused it of providing financial assistance to the militia and of participating in joint attacks targeting civilians

The other combatants are made up of rebel groups recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim ethnic groups.


Muslims of more Arab decent in green and people of more African decent and who are more traditional or Christian in their religions are in red or blue

Ethnic Cleansing and Creation of RefugeesThere are various estimates on the number of human casualties, ranging from under twenty thousand to several hundred thousand dead, from either direct combat or starvation and disease engendered by the conflict. There have also been mass displacements and coercive migrations, forcing millions into refugee camps or over the border and creating a large humanitarian crisis.

The Sudan conflict is typically characterized as between the predominately Arab/Muslim North and the non-Arab/Muslim "African" South. Blacks in Sudan are seen as inferior to the Arabs.

United NationsThe report to the UN Human Rights Council said the situation in Darfur is "characterized by gross and systematic violations of human rights and grave breaches of international law". It called for the UN Security Council to take "urgent" action to protect Darfur's civilians, including the deployment of a joint UN/African Union force and the freezing of funds and assets owned by officials complicit in the attacks.

Note: A refugee is a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people forced to flee their homes but who, unlike refugees, remain within their country's borders.

As of December 31, 2005, the largest source countries of refugees are Afghanistan, Iraq, Myanmar, Sudan, and the Palestinian Territories. The country with the largest number of IDPs is Sudan, with over 5 million.

The Lost BoysThe Lost Boys of Sudan are more than 27,000 boys of the Dinka ethnic group who were displaced and/or orphaned during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005, about 2 million killed).

The name was given by aid organizations, including the International Rescue Committee program which resettled some of these refugees from Sudan to the United States.

In 2001, about 3800 Lost Boys arrived in the United States, where they are now scattered in about 38 cities.

Most of the boys were orphaned or separated from their families when government troops systematically attacked villages in southern Sudan killing many of the inhabitants, most of whom were civilians. The younger boys survived in large numbers because they were away tending herds or were able to escape into the nearby jungles. Orphaned and with no support, they would make epic journeys lasting years across the borders to international relief camps in Ethiopia and Kenya evading thirst, starvation,

wild animals, insects, and disease.

Spread of the ViolenceViolence in Darfur spread over the border to eastern Chad and the Central African Republic. In Chad, notably, the Janjaweed were accused of incursions and attackers. Hundreds of aid workers in Chad have already been evacuated due to increased tension between rebel groups and military forces. Meanwhile, the Janjaweed have ventured deep into Chad to conduct assaults, resulting in the fleeing of nearly 100,000 Chadians.

Note this is an ethnic conflictNote that this conflict also take place because of a resource crisis (lack of water in the region)Note this has created a huge number of refugees. Many of these refugees have fled to nearby Chad.


Documents

aphug16-17.weebly.com · Web view U3 - Amish HistoryThe Amish culture began in the 1600s when Jakob Ammann, a Mennonite bishop from Switzerland, gathered followers from areas of