api.ning.com · proeqtis avtorinaira gelaSvili mxatvari kote sulaberiZe redaqtori istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori devi berZeniSvili recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

saqarTvelo – somxeTi

1

gamomcemloba artanuji

qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis

istoriografiidan

guram maisuraZe

kavkasiuri saxli

Tbilisi

2008

proeqtis avtori naira gelaSvili

mxatvari kote sulaberiZe

redaqtori istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

devi berZeniSvili

recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

liana davlianiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

aleqsandre dauSvili

Guram Maisuradze

FROM THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF

GEORGIAN-ARMENIAN RELATIONS

The Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Georgian Academy of Sciences

G E O R G I A - A R M E N I A

1

ARTANUJI Publishers

Tbilisi 2006

UDC (uak) 821.353.1.091.821.19

m-178

ISBN 978-9941-400-07-0

madlobas vuxdiT evropul fond

HORIZON-s finansuri daxmarebisTvis

Our deep gratitude for financial support

to the European Foundation HORIZON

6 7

Sinaarsi

redaqtorisagan ................................................................................................ 9

Sesavali .............................................................................................................. 11

Tavi I

Sua saukuneebis somxuri istoriografiis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi da misi arekvla Tanadroul qarTul

istoriografiaSi ..................................................................................... 15

Tavi II

XIX saukunis somxuri istoriografia carizmis

antiqarTuli ideologiuri politikis samsaxurSi ................. 95

Tavi III

qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis asaxva

mezobelTa sabWour istoriografiaSi ........................................ 139

Tavi IV

axali xedva Tu Zveli inercia? ..................................................... 246

daskvna .............................................................................................................. 279

From the of Georgian – Armenian Resations (Summary) ............................ 285

saZieblebi ....................................................................................................... 296

8 9

redaqtorisagan

guram maisuraZis wigni – `qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis is-

toriografiidan~, sayuradRebo naSromia, sadac ori mezobeli

xalxis urTierTobebze dawerili TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebia ganx-

ilul-Sefasebuli uZvelesi droidan dRemde. avtori vrclad

moixilavs Zveli somexi istorikosebis tendenciur Tu gazviade-

bul cnobebs, romlebic somxeTis saxelmwifos upiratesobas amt-

kicebdnen amierkavkasiaSi da mis gareTac. g. maisuraZe axsnas uZeb-

nis am tendenciurobas.

somexi istorikosebis sapirispirod aqve Seswavlilia Sua sau-

kuneebis qarTvel istorikosTa cnobebi da Sefasebulia isini,

rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia.

calke TavebSia ganxiluli XIX da XX saukuneebis somxur-

qarTul urTierTobaTa amsaxveli literatura. obieqturad axs-

nili da Sefasebulia cilobisa Tu dapirispirebis faqtebi; aRsani-

Snavia avtoris zomieri toni paeqrobisas, rac mis argumentacias

damajereblobas matebs. sasurveli iqneboda am wignis gamocema

ucxo enazec.

d. berZeniSvili

5.07.05

10 11

Sesavali

xalxTa istoriul urTierTobaTa Tema yovelTvis aqtualuri

iyo amierkavkasiur istoriografiaSi, rac, albaT, TviT am qveynis

warsulis TaviseburebebiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. kavka-

sia ZvelTaganve msoflio mniSvnelobis savaWro da samxedro-

strategiuli magistralebis gzasayars warmoadgenda, ramac is

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis samyaros damakavSirebel oqros

xidad aqcia. gangebis mier kuTvnilma am erTob sapatio da,

amasTanave, saxifaTo rolma kavkasia did saxelmwifoTa sacilo-

bel qveynad gawira. kavkasiis dauflebisaTvis brZolis istoriis

faqtebi cxadyofs, rom mis gasakontroleblad msoflios did

saxelmwifoTa metoqeoba adgilobriv xalxebs, Tu erTi mxriv,

politikuri orientaciis mixedviT erTmaneTisadmi dapirispire-

bul nawilebad TiSavda, meore mxriv, saerTo mtris faqtori maT

gaerTianebisakenac ubiZgebda. es situacia mTeli sisruliT aisaxa

amierkavkasiur istoriografiaSi, sadac erTimeoris gverdiT

Tanaarsebobda da adamianTa cnobierebaze zemoqmedebda, rogorc

kavkasiis gaerTianebis idea, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo ten-

denciebis gamovleniT, ise mis sapirispirod, hegemonisturi mis-

wrafebebis Sesabamisad gaazrebuli faqtebisa da movlenebis ara

marto subieqturi, aramed zogjer, gayalbebuli warmodgenebi.

pirvelma yvelaze mkafio gamovlineba Sua saukuneebSi, leonti

mrovelis eTnogenetikur koncefciaSi pova Tavisi adgili, xolo

meore, upiratesad Zveli somxuri istoriografiis damaxasiaTebel

movlenad iqca.

kavkasiis istoriis gadmocemisas istoriografiaSi gamJRavneb-

uli erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba, ra Tqma unda,

obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da saSi-

nao da sagareo politikuri faqtorebis rTuli gadaxlarTvis

Sedegs warmoadgenda, sadac sagareo faqtori, kavkasiis geografi-

12 13

* sergo jorbenaZe, cxovreba da Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa, Tbili-

si, I981, gv. 502.

uli mdebareobis gamo, mainc gansakuTrebul, TiTqmis gadamwyvet

rols TamaSobda am qveynis istoriaSi da istoriografiamac, aseT

viTarebaSi, politikuri brZolis iaraRis mniSvneloba SeiZina.

rogorc, Cvens droSi, mTiani yarabaRis problemebis gamwvavebam

gviCvena, konfliqturi situaciis warmoqmnaSi arcTu umniSvnelo

wili edo istorikosTa erTi nawilis mier istoriuli faqtebis

tendenciur gaSuqebas. aseve, afxazTa mier gamogonili istoriu-

li suraTi daedo safuZvlad afxazuri sazogadoebis gauTviTc-

nobierebeli nawilis Cabmas imperiis gegmebis realizaciaSi. igive

suraTis mowmeni varT Sida qarTlSi datrialebuli ambebisas da

sxv.

saqarTvelosa da somxeTis, masTan erTad ki, saerTod, kavkasi-

is istoriis kvlevis politizirebam bevri arakompetenturi piri

miizida da miatmasna mecnierebas, ris Sedegadac istoriis sub-

ieqtur gaazrebaSi ukve privitivizmmac gaidga Rrma fesvebi. sam-

wuxaroa, agreTve, rom naCqarevi daskvnebi da zogjer susti pro-

fesiuli momzadebis mizeziT damaxinjebuli istoriuli suraTia

asaxuli saSualo da umaRlesi skolebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rac

axalgazrdobaSi arajansaRi ganwyobilebis gavrcelebis umTavre-

si wyaro xdeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa viTareba am-

ierkavkasiis istoriuli geografiis mecnieruli kvlevis saqmeSi.

mdgomareobas isic amZimebs, rom istoriul geografias, rogorc

istoriul mecnierebas, zogan (magaliTad, azerbaijanSi) aravi-

Tari tradicia ara aqvs. aseT dros mezobelTa gamocdilebisa

da miRwevebis gauTvaliswinebloba ukve winaswar ganapirobebs mkv-

levris gardauval marcxs. amierkavkasiis istoriis subieqturi

gaazrebis mizezebis Ziebisas ar SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes is

sagulisxmo faqtic, rom am tendencias somxeTSi istoriuli

tradiciac kvebavs. Zvel somxur wyaroebs aseTi mimarTuleba nam-

dvilad axasiaTebT. sagareo faqtoris zegavleniT somxeTisaTvs

Tavsmoxveuli ideologiuri politika sazogadoebis zeda fenebSi

xSirad erovnuli interesebis gamomxatveladac aRiqmeboda, rac

saTanado asaxvas povebda saistorio mwerlobaSi. raRaca msgavsi

xdeba Tanamedrove somxur istoriografiaSic, sadac obieqturi,

mecnieruli kvlevis sazianod, gansakuTrebiT, istoriuli

geografiis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, upiratesoba TiTqmis,

yovelTvis politikur mosazrebebs eZleva.

XX s-is 90 wlebis dasawyisSi damoukidebeli qarTuli da somx-

uri saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebam, bunebrivia, istorikosebs Soris

politikuri koniunqturisagan Tavisufali, gulwrfeli saubris

saWiroeba warmoSva saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili proble-

mebis garSemo. Tavisuflebis pirobebSi saubris msurveli sakmaod

bevri aRmoCnda. perioduli gamocemebis, ZiriTadad, gazeTebis

furclebi aWrelda momzadebuli Tu moumzadebeli avtorebis,

specialistebisa Tu araspecialistebis statiebiT. visac rogor

SeeZlo ise icavda sakuTari istoriis Rirsebas. amaSi sagangaSo,

ra Tqma unda, araferia. WeSmariteba xom kamaTSi unda daibados.

mTavaria mokamaTesTan keTilmosurne damokidebulebis SenarCune-

ba da sxvisi azris pativiscemis unaris gamomJRavneba, gansakuTre-

biT maSin, roca saqme istoriul mezoblebTan urTierTobas exe-

ba, miT umetes, aTeuli saukuneebiT erTmaneTTan umWidroesad

dakavSirebul saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istorias. didi ivane

javaxiSvili jer kidev, XX s-is dasawyisSi werda: `SeuZlebelia

qarTveli eris istorias swerde da amasTan ar icnobde da ar

afasebde somexTa Zvel da mdidar istorias. marto geografiuli

mezobloba rodi akavSirebda qarTvels da somexs. am moZme erTa

kavSirurTierToba ara marto aTeul saukuneebs iTvlis, aramed

sixarulisa da Wiris TiTqmis ganuyoflobas iTvaliswinebs. isto-

riuli bedis erTgvarovneba imaSi poulobs Tavis gamoxatulobas,

rom arasdros erTi eris bedniereba meoris xarjze ar momxdara

da yovelTvis erTi da igive saerTo mteri hyavdaT da Tavs

yovelTvis erTad icavdnen* . didi winapris es Segoneba dResac

aqtualurad JRers da urTierTsasikeTo TanamSromlobisaken

mogviwodebs.

warmodgenili naSromi ar iTvaliswinebs dasmul sakiTxze

qarTuli da somxuri istoriografiis srul mimoxilvas. is mxo-

lod erTi SedarebiT viwro problemiT ifargleba da ukve xseneb-

14 15

Tavi I

Sua saukuneebis somxuri istoriografiis

ZiriTadi tendenciebi da misi arekvla

Tanadroul qarTul istoriografiaSi

somxuri istoriografiis òqros saukune~ maSin dadga (V s.),

roca somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis didma marcxma (erovnuli xe-

lisufleba dasavleT somxeTSi 391 w. gaauqmes romaelebma, aRmo-

savleTSi ki, sparselebma 428 w.), erovnuli TviTSegnebis dacvas

samkvdro-sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis funqcia daakisra. aseT situ-

aciaSi somex istorikosTa patriotul movaleobad iqca Zliereb-

is xanis somxeTis istoriis mTeli didebulebiT, Tundac gazvia-

debiT, warmoCena, oRondac mas damoukideblobisaTvis xalxis

darazmva da sulierad ganmtkiceba SeZleboda. aqedan gamom-

dinare somxeTisa da somexTa gamorCeulobis ideam Sua saukunee-

bis somxur istoriografiaSi myarad daimkvidra adgili da sax-

elmwifoebrivi marcxiT Selaxuli Rirsebis dacvis erT-erT Zir-

iTad saSualebad iqca.

Zvel somex istorikosTa TxzulebebSi Tavdapirvelad re-

ligiur-politikuri uflebebis dacvisaken mimarTulma motivebma

imZlavres (koriuni, agaTangelosi, favstos buzandi), ramdenadac

somxeTis gayofisa (387 w.) da samefos gauqmebis Semdeg iranmac

da bizantiamac es qveyana sakuTari ideologiuri da kulturuli

wnexis qveS moaqcies da misi saSualebiT cdilobdnen upiratesad

TavianTi batonobis uzrunvelyofas maT kuTvnil nawilebSi.

iranelebi, romelTa xelSi somxeTis 4/5 aRmoCnda, TavianTi mTa-

vari metoqis, bizantiis gavlenis Sesasusteblad Seudgnen qris-

tianTa devnas da Seecadnen zoroastruli religiis gavrcelebas

somexTa Soris. amave mizniT, krZalavdnen berZnuli enis funqcion-

irebas da aZlierebdnen siriuli enis poziciebs, romelic spar-

seTSi qristianTa enad iyo miRebuli. mfarvelobdnen da somxur

eklesiaSi awinaurebdnen siriel samRvdelo pirebs. SahinSahis

uli im cnobili tendenciis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis

pirobebis Seswavlas cdilobs, romelic didi xania xels uSlis

ara marto qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis obieqtur

gaSuqebas, aramed mTlianad amierkavkasiis istoriis realuri

suraTis warmosaxvasac. am TvalsazrisiT, yuradReba, ZiriTadad,

somxur istoriografiazea gamaxvilebuli, ramdenadac aseTi ten-

denciis ganviTarebisaTvis Sesaferisi politikuri niadagis arse-

boba somxeTis istoriul pirobebSi bevrad ufro TvalsaCinod

ikveTeba.

16 17

gansakuTrebuli mfarvelobis pirobebSi selevkiis sirieli kaTa-

likosi Tavs ukve mTeli aRmosavleTis qristianTa meTaurad

grZnobda da miiswrafoda ra aseTi mdgomareobis mosapoveblad,

Tavis titulaturaSi somxeTis garda saqarTveloca da albaneT-

ic Seitana1 . amis sapirispiro viTareba iyo Seqmnili dasavleT

somxeTSi, sadac saxelmwifo da saeklesio enad mxolod berZnuli

iyo miRebuli. somxuri eklesiis mdgomareobas isic arTulebda,

rom Tavidanve saRvTismsaxuro ena somxeTSi berZnuli da siriu-

li iyo, ramdenadac qristianoba somxeTSi sirielebisa da berZneb-

is saSualebiT gavrcelda da somxur eklesiaSi wirva Tavidanve

ucxo enaze warmoebda2 , rac sakuTari politikuri xelisuflebis

aryofnis pirobebSi, somxur eklesias gadagvarebiT, xolo erov-

nul TviTSegnebas ganadgurebiT emuqreboda. am didi saSiSroebis

winaaRmdeg miimarTa, pirvel rigSi, somxuri eklesiis moRvaweTa

mTeli Zalisxmeva, rasac aqtiurad dauWira mxari somex arSakun-

Ta erT-erTma ukanasknelma xelisufalma mefe vramSapuhma. somx-

uri eklesiis nacionalizacia wirva-locvis, samsaxurisa da qad-

agebis somxur enaze warmarTvas saWiroebda, risTvisac aucilebe-

li iyo somxuri damwerlobis da sasuliero literaturis somx-

ursave enaze Seqmna. Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba am didi

kulturuli amocanis gadaWras kaTalikos sahaksa da meudabnoe

bers maStocs miawers. somxuri eklesiis gaerovnebulobasTan er-

Tad, rogorc amis Sesaxeb Zveli somxuri wyaroebi gadmogvcemen,

iwyeba misi avtoritetis amaRlebisaTvis farTo propaganda. niSan-

doblivia, rom Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis warmomad-

genelTa didi umravlesoba umaRlesi rangis sasuliero pirebi

iyvnen (kaTalikosi, episkoposi da a. S.) da etyoba, amitomac maT

Txzulebebs qristianobisa da somxuri eklesiis apologia lait-

motivad gasdevs Tavidan bolomde. rogorc m. abeRiani SeniSnavs,

magaliTad, agaTangelosis mizani iyo somxuri eklesiis aRmoce-

nebis istoria iseTnairad warmoedgina, rom mas Rrma STabeWd-

ileba moexdina da Rirsi yofiliyo gakvirvebisa... da ramdena-

dac somxuri eklesia ukve Tavs damoukideblad grZnobda berZneb-

isa da sirielebis gavlenisagan, saWiro iyo mematianes, aseve,

eCvenebina, rom is daarsebulia ara wm. grigolis mier III s-sa, Tu

IV s. dasawyisSi, ara mociqulebis mier, aramed TviT cidan Camo-

suli qristes mier3 .

aseT wregadasul ambiciebs TavisTavad xeli unda Seewyo ara

marto qristianobis winaSe somxuri eklesiis gansakuTrebuli

damsaxurebisa da misi upiratesobis gancdisaTvis, aramed, siriu-

li eklesiis analogiurad, aRmosavleTis qveynebis qristianTa

meTauris pretenziebis gaCenisTvisac, ris sababsac bizantiasTan

dapirispirebuli sasanianTa iranis politika iZleoda. sasaniane-

bi somxeTs, rogorc aRmosavluri tradiciebis matarebel qvey-

anas, sakuTari kulturul-politikuri samyaros Semadgenel naw-

ilad miiCnevdnen da TavianTi politikis sayrden bazad iTval-

iswinebdnen kavkasiaSi. mazdeanur religiasTan dapirispirebis

miuxedavad, somxuri eklesiis dogmaturi uTanxmoeba bizantia-

sTan, irans saSualebas aZlevda masze dayrdnobiT ideologiuri

situacia kavkasiaSi Tavisi mTavari metoqis sawinaaRmdegod ware-

marTa. amitom, irani sul male somxuri eklesiis SezRudvidan

misi mfarvelobis taqtikas daadga, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg,

rac 554 w. dvinis saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT somxurma

eklesiam sabolood gawyvita kavSiri bizantiis eklesiasTan. am

droidan iranelTa xelSewyobiT somxuri eklesiis funqciebi

qveyanaSi gamudmebiT farTovdeboda. mas gadasaxadebis akrefac

ki miendo. male is, somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis

pirobebSi, somexi xalxis erTaderTi oficialuri warmomadgene-

li gaxda. somxuri eklesia TandaTan iranelTa batonobis sayrden

bazad iqca kavkasiaSi, xolo qristianobis monofizituri

mimarTuleba bizantiis winaaRmdeg ideologiuri da politikuri

brZolis erT-erT umTavres iaraRad. gasagebia, rom somxuri

eklesias am funqciis gansamtkiceblad iranis xelisuflebas misi

gavlenis sferos geografiuli sazRvrebis gafarToebisTvisac

unda ezruna. 6I4 w. ktezifonSi cnobili sparsuli saeklesio kreba

Sahis piriT brZanebda: `yvela qristianma, vinc Cems xelmwifobas

emorCileba, somexTa sarwmunoeba unda miiRoso~4 . amiT somxuri

1 Ìàíóê Àáåãÿí, Èñòîðèÿ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Åðåâàí, 1975, ñ. 57.2 iqve, gv. 51-52.

3 ix. m. abeRianis dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 102-103.4 ê»μ»áëÇ »åÇëÏáåáëÇ å³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1939« ¿ç 200; Ëóêîíèí Â. Ã.

Äðåâíèé è ðàííåñðåäíåâåêîâûé Èðàí, Ìîñêâà, 1987, ñ. 180-188.

18 19

eklesiis ierarqiulma pretenziebma kavkasiaSi farTo gasaqani mi-

iRo da msaxurma istoriografiamac ara marto somxuri eklesiis,

aramed mTlianad kavkasiis politikuri istoriis suraTis war-

mosaxvac am Targze scada.

somxuri samRvdeloebisa da eklesiis gazrdili pretenziebis

kvali sakmaod cxadad atyvia Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlo-

bis pirvelsave Zeglebs, sadac didi pompezurobiTaa aRbeWdili

qristianobis winaSe somxeTis kulturuli rolis gansakuTrebu-

lad warmosaxvis cda da am Zeglebis sxvadasxva redaqciebSi met-

naklebi sisruliTaa gamJRavnebuli aRmosavleTis qristianuli

qveynebis sulieri meTauris miCemebis survili. somexTa moqcevis

berZnul, arabul, qarTul redaqciebSi mocemuli istoriuli su-

raTis Tanaxmad, somexTa ganmanaTlebeli da somexTa mefe ufle-

bamosilebi Canan, mouxmon iberiisa da albaneTis mefeebs, Semdeg

ki maT qveynebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis gansamtkiceblad

iqadagon, daniSnon episkoposebi da organizaciulad moawyon

eklesiebi5 . somexTa moqcevis qarTul redaqciaSi, romelic erT-

EerT uZveles Targmans warmoadgens, somexTa ganmanaTlebeli gri-

goli somexTa garda mTeli aRmosavleTis momqceveladaa gamoy-

vanili: èsreT ukue ara xolo somxiTi gareSeicva mis (e. i. grig-

olis) mier qadagebaman cxovrebisaman, aramed sparseTi da asureTi

da midni... amaT yovelTagani tkbilsa mas uRelsa qristessa moiy-

vanna erni mravalni~6 . am Zeglis mixedviT, somexTa damsaxureba

qristianobis winaSe berZnebis TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo. Zeglis

avtori wers: `da iyvnes ornive ese varskvlav brwyinvale kon-

stantine da Trdat, konstantine kerZoTa dasavlisaTa, xolo

Trdat aRmosavliT, da brwyinavdes da gananaTlebdes~7 . am Temam

Tavisi Semdgomi ganviTareba gviandel ZeglebSic pova. magaliTad,

e. w. `xelSekrulebis wignis~ (`daSanc TuRT~) mixedviT, TiTqos,

romsa da somxeTs erTmaneTs Soris gavlenis sferoebad gaeyoT

mTeli qristianuli samyaro, romlis ZaliTac dasavleTi roma-

elebs hrgebiaT, aRmosavleTi – somxebs. am natyuari Zeglis

Tanaxmad, dokuments, Turme, xels awerdnen romis mxridan

imperatori konstantine da papi silvestri, somxeTis mxridan ki

mefe Trdati da grigol ganmanaTlebeli8 .

somexTa moqcevas ukavSirdeba da mis analogiuradaa gad-

mocemuli somxuri anbanisa da damwerlobis Seqmnis ambavic.

grigol ganmanaTleblis msgavsad, somxuri anbanis Semqmnelic

saerTo kavkasiur moRvawedaa gamoyvanili da, amis Sesabamisad,

masve miewereba, somxurTan erTad, qarTul da albanur anbanTa

Seqmnac. koriunis mixedviT, aRmosavleT somxeTSi damwerlobis

danergvis Semdeg, maStoci Tavis moswavleebTan erTad iberiaSi

gamgzavrebula, iq mas qarTuli anbani Seuqmnia da mTargmnelo-

biTi saqmianobac gaumarTia (igulisxmeba RvTismsaxurebisTvis

saWiro literaturis Targmnis dawyeba). somexi misioneris gan-

manaTlebluri saqmianobis xelSesawyobad qarTvel mefesa da

episkoposs qveynis sxvadasxva mxridan saswavleblad mravalricxo-

vani axalgazrdoba SeukrebiaT, romelTagan SemdegSi zogierTebi

episkoposebadac ki dauniSniaT9 .

Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis kritikuli ganxilvisas

pirvelad iv. javaxiSvilma SeniSna, rom maStocisa da grigolis

mniSvnelobis mTeli kavkasiisaTvis ganzogadeba erTi da imave

wrisa da TiTqmis erTi da imave mweral gadamkeTeblis saqme unda

yofiliyo... orive ZeglSi erTi da imave mimarTulebisa da Teori-

is gamoxatuleba yofila10. niSandoblivia, rom s. eremianis azri-

Tac, wm. grigolis Rvawli qarTvelTa gaqristianebis saqmeSi gan-

sazRvruli politikuri mosazrebebiT aris Setanili ZeglSi

daaxloebiT IX-X ss.. erTi istoriografiuli naSromisaTvis ga-

keTebul SeniSvnaSi igi wers: `Èçó÷åíèå àðàáñêîé âåðñèè èñòîðèè

Àãàòàíãåëîñà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî âåðñèÿ î êðåùåíèè ñâ. Ãðèãîðèåì òàêæå ãðóçèí,

àëáàíîâ, àáõàçîâ è àëàíîâ ìîãëà âîçíèêíóòü òîëüêî IX-X ââ., êîãäà àðìÿíñêèå

5 ix. georgika, t. I, Tbilisi, I96I, gv.70-73; Í. Ìàðð. Êðåùåíèå àðìÿí,

ãðóçèí, àáõàçîâ è àëàíîâ ñâ. Ãðèãîðèåì, Ñïá, 1905, ñ. 63-211.6 cxovreba wm. grigol parTelisa, gamocemuli leon meliqseT-be-

gis mier, tfilisi, 1920, gv. 43.7 iqve, gv. 46.

8 ³̧ß³Ýó ÃÕÃáÛ ùÝÝáõÃÇõÝ áõ Ñ»ñùáõÙÁ ³ñ³ñ Î© Þ³ÑÝ³½³ñ»³Ýó« ä³ñÇë« 1862«

¿ç. 21« 259 Êîðþí. Æèçíü Ìàøòîöà. Òåêñò ðàçíî÷òåíèÿìè ðóêîïèñåé, ïåðåâîä,

ïðåäèñëîâèå è êîììåíòàðèè Ì. Àáåãÿíà, Åðåâàí, 1941, ãë. XV.1 0 iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, Tbilisi,

I935, gv. 183.

20 21

Áàãðàòèäû âåëè áîðüáó çà óñòàíîâëåíèå ñâîèõ ñþçåðåííûõ ïðàâ íàä âñåìè

õðèñòèàíñêèìè ôåîäàëàìè ñòðàí Çàêàâêàçüÿ~11.

pirveli istorikosi, romelic somxuri eklesiis istoriasTan

erTad, qveynis saSinao da sagareo urTierTobis istoriasac gad-

mogvcems aris V s. meore naxevarSi mcxovrebi, m. abeRianis dax-

asiaTebiT `Taviseburi somxuri patriotizmiT aRsavse~12, favs-

tos buzandi. am avtoris `somxeTis istoria~, faqtobrivad, mami-

konianTa sagvareulo istoriis saxotbo Txzulebas warmoadgens,

sadac faqtebi da movlenebi xsenebuli `Taviseburi

patriotizmis~ prizmaSia gatarebuli. aseTi saxiTaa gadmocemuli

am TxzulebaSi arsebuli qarTul-somxur urTierTobaTa

amsaxveli fragmentebic. favstos buzandis gadmocemiT, somxeTSi

papis mefobisas (369-374) misi xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg somxeTis

mTeli rigi olqebi ajanyebulan da misgan gandgoma ucdiaT.

sparseTTan omis damTavrebis Semdeg ki sparapet muSeR mamikonians

uTavia ajanyebis CaxSoba da somxeTisagan gamdgari qveynebis dab-

runeba. gamdgarTa Soris asaxelebs `gugarqis~ (qvemo qarTlis

somxuri saxelwodeba) xelisufalsac. igi wers: sparapetma muSeRma

gailaSqra iveriis mefeze, sastikad Seaviwrova, daimorCila

iverTa mTeli qveyana, maxvils misca azatebi da naxararuli

gvarebi, vinc ki moixelTa. sparapetma muSeRma brZana jvars ecvaT

farnavazianebi, xolo gugarqis bdeSxs, romelic adre somxeTis

mefes emorCileboda da bolos aujanyda, Tavi mohkveTa da misi

gvaris mamrobiTi STamomavloba gaJlita, qalebi ki tyved waiy-

vana. mTeli mxare xelaxla daimorCila, waiyvana mZevlebi, dan-

arCenebi ki daxarka. daikava ra teritoria Zvel sazRvramde,

romelic iyo somxeTsa da iverias Soris, anu did mdinare

mtkvramde, dabrunda ukan13.

qarTlis mimarT somxeTis teritoriuli pretenziebi pirve-

lad, vgoneb, am ZeglSia fiqsirebuli, Tumca, sakontrolo

masaliT, favstos buzandis mier emociurad monaTxrobi ar das-

turdeba da, albaT, somexi avtoris subieqtur ganwyobilebas

ufro unda mieweros, vidre realur viTarebas, romelTa Sesaxeb

avTenturi wyaroebi sul sxva suraTs gvixataven14.

ganxilul TxzulebebSi ganviTarebuli somxeTis gandidebis

idea Tavis apogeas aRwevs movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoria-

Si~, sadac somexTa gamorCeulobis azri koncefciis donezea ayva-

nili. am ideis ufro mZafrad aRsaqmelad da misTvis praqtikuli

mniSvnelobis misaniWeblad naSromi sruldeba e. w. `godebiT~, sa-

dac m. xorenaci iZleva arSakunianTa somxuri samefos damxobis

Semdgomdroindel somxeTSi Seqmnili mZime socialur-ekonomikuri,

politikuri da kulturul-moraluri dacemis saSinel suraTs.

mkveTri kontrasti warsulsa da awmyos Soris qmnis erovnuli

Rirsebis mwvaved gancdis saSualebas, rac, cxadia, arsebulisadmi

Seurigeblobisa da amboxiskenaa mimarTuli. `godebis~ pirvelsave

winadadebaSi aSkarad SeigrZnoba avtoris politikuri amocana –

didebuli warsulis SexsenebiT protestis grZnobiT ganawyos

xalxi usaxuri sinamdvilisadmi: `dagtiri Sen somexTa qveyanav,

dagtiri Sen, yovelTa CrdiloelTa Soris gamorCeulo, rameTu

aRixocnen (pirisagan miwisa) mefe da mRvdeli, mrCeveli da moZR-

vari; dairRva mSvidobianoba da fesvi gaidga uwesrigobam, Seirya

marTlmadidebloba da ugunurobis wyalobiT ganmtkicda mwvale-

bloba da a. S.15. warsulsa da awmyos Soris kontrastis kidev

ufro gaZlierebas xels uwyobs Txzulebis ZiriTad nawilSi

somxeTis istoriis gansakuTrebuli brwyinvalebiT warmoCena,

risTvisac avtori faqtebisa da movlenebis araTu Selamazebas,

aramed, rig SemTxvevebSi, maT gayalbebasac ar erideba.

somxuri istoriografiis mamad saxeldebuli m. xorenacis

`somxeTis istoria~ pirveli naSromia, sadac gadmocemulia qvey-

nis gabmuli istoria uZvelesi droidan V s-mde, somex arSakunian-

1 1 Êóëüòóðà ðàííåôåîäàëüíîé Àðìåíèè IV-VII ââ., Åðåâàí, 1980, ñ. 45.1 2 Ìàíóê Àáåãÿí, Èñòîðèÿ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, ñ. 106.1 3 ö³íëïáë á́õ½³Ý¹« ä³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³Ûáó« ºñ»í³Ý« 1968« ¿ç. 252

1 4 ix. n. janaSia, qvemo qarTlis istoriuli geografiidan, wignSi

ìstoriul wyaroTmcodneobiTi narkvevebi~, Tbilisi, I986, gv. 55-

92; a. bogveraZe, qarTlis (iberiis) samefos 369 w. gayofis sakiTx-

isaTvis, kr. `Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan~, Tbili-

si, 1976, gv. 88-98; daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII sauku-

neebSi, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 61-64 da sxv.1 5 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, al. abdalaZis gamocema, Tbi-

lisi, I984, gv. 240.

22 23

Ta samefos damxobamde. somexTa warmomavloba m. xorenacs bib-

liuri mamamTavridan gamohyavs, riTac is somxeTis istorias

msoflio istoriul process ukavSirebs da iq sapatio adgils

uZebnis. m. xorenacisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txrobis maJoruli

toni, somex xelisufalTa warmatebebis kvalobaze, TandaTan,

sazeimo JReradobas iZens da bolos, aRtacebaSi gadadis, roca

tigran ervandianisa da Trdat III-is sagmiro saqmeebis aRweras

iwyebs. misi politikuri idealia iseTi xelisufali, romelsac

SeeZleboda somxeTis sazRvrebis yvela mimarTulebiT da yvelaze

Sors gatana. am idealis Sesabamisad warmogvidgens m. xorenaci

somxuri eTnosisa da erovnuli teritoriis formirebis process,

romelic monoeTnikuri samyaros warmoqmniT unda dasruldes.

am Temas m. xorenacis TxzulebaSi erTi upirvelesTagani adgili

ukavia.

somxeTis uZvelesi da Zveli istoriis gadmocemisas m. xore-

naci, ZiriTadad, samxreT kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

mniSvnelovani nawilis asparezze Slis Tavis Txrobas, riTac, Cans,

arapirdapir moxazavs somxeTis istoriuli teritoriis navar-

audebel sazRvrebsac. misi gadmocemiT, somexTa eTnarqi haiki,

babilonSi, vaJis (aramaneakis) SeZenis Semdeg gaeSura CrdiloeTis

mxareebSi mdebare araradis qveynisaken (vanis tbis samxreTiT)

Tavisi vaJebiTa da qaliSvilebiT, SviliSvilebiT, daaxloebiT sa-

mas mZleTa mZle kacTan, agreTve, msaxurebsa da SemokedlebulebT-

an erTad, mTeli avla-didebiT. igi mivida da damkvidrda erTi

mTis Zirs, vakeze, sadac ukve dasaxlebuliyo mcire xalxi adrin-

deli gafantvis dros. haikma daimorCila isini da aago iq samemkvi-

dreo saxli, romelic saSviliSvilod gadasca kadmoss, aramaneakis

Zes. amas Zveli zepirgadmocemebic adasturebeno – SeniSnavs

m. xorenaci16. somexi mematianis Tanaxmad, amis Semdeg haiki kvlav

ganagrZobs STamomavlebisTvis teritoriebis gafarToebas dapy-

robebis gziT. igi wers: haiki danarCeni amaliT gaemarTa Crdilo-

dasavleTisaken (igulisxmeba vanis tbis sanaxebi), mivida da

damkvidrda zeganze, romelsac daarqva harqi, ramdenadac aq dasax-

ldnen mamani Torgomis saxlis modgmisa. gaaSena man agreTve erTi

sofeli da Tavis saxelis mixedviT uwoda haikaSeni. velis samxreT

nawilSi, erT wagrZelebul mTasTan adridanve cxovrobdnen mcir-

eodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT damorCildnen gmirs17. dawvrilebiT

aRwers mematiane titan belze saocari gamarjvebis ambavs, ris

aRsaniSnavadac haiks brZolis velze, vanis tbis samxreT-aRmosav-

leTiT, dastakerti gauSenebia da saxelad misTvis haiqi daurqme-

via. amis gamo mTel mxaresac hioc Zori (somexTa xevi) Seurqme-

via18. `Cveni winapris, haikis saxelis mixedviT Cven qveyanas haiqi

hqvia~-o, dasZens bolos mematiane19. amiT sruldeba Txroba haikis

mier gaweul Rvawlze somexTaTvis sakuTari teritoriis Seqmni-

saTvis, rac faqtobrivad, vanis tbis midamoebiT Semoifargla.

somexTa teritoriis SemdgomSi gafarToeba ukve haikis STa-

momavlebs miewereba, romlebic CrdiloeTis mxareebSi cdiloben

TavianTi samflobeloebis Seqmnas. am procesSi isini saTaves ude-

ben somxuri sanaxararoebis warmoqmnas samxreT kavkasiaSi. haikis

STamomavlebis mier axali teritoriebis aTvisebasa da sanax-

araroebis daarsebas m. xorenaci ase gadmogvcems: haikis Svili

xori gamravlda CrdiloeTis mxareebSi, daafuZvna iq soflebi,

amboben, rom misgan momdinareobs xorxorunTa gvaris didi sanax-

araro. aseve haikis Svili aramaneaki Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken

mTebiT mozRudul erT tafobze damkvidrda, gaaSena misi Crdi-

lo nawili da mimdebare mTis Ziri. Tavisi saxelis mimsgavsebiT

mTas uwoda aragawi, xolo savargulebs aragawis Ziri... arama-

neakis vaJma aramaisma aiSena samkvidro saxli mdinaris piras mde-

bare erT borcvze, romelsac Tavisi saxelis mixedviT armaviri

daarqva, xolo mdinares, SviliSvilis erastis saxelisagan erasxi.

vaJiSvili Sara mTeli Tavisi saxleuliTa da avladidebiT gag-

zavna man erT maxlobel, nayofier, mosavlian velze, romelzedac

aragawad wodebuli mTis ZirSi, mis CrdiloeTiT, miedinebian wyal-

ni aramciredni. misi saxelis mixedviT gavars Siraki daerqva20.

ase TandaTanobiT haikis STamomavlebi iTvisebdnen, m. xorenacis

gadmocemiT, Semdgomdroindel somxeTis teritoriebs, romelTa

konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs mematiane arsad ar aRniSnavs

da mxolod toponimTa mixedviT Tu Seiqmnis mkiTxveli warmod-

1 6 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 70.

1 7 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 70.1 8 iqve, gv. 72.1 9 iqve.2 0 iqve, gv. 72-74.

24 25

genas somxeTis Tavdapirveli teritoriis moculobaze. am mxriv,

yvelaze ufro Crdilo nawilad matianeSi saxeldeba sevanis tbis

midamoebi. m. xorenacis gadmocemiT, haikis erT-erTi STamomavali

gelami gaeSura erTi tbis napirze mdebare Crdilo-aRmosavle-

Tis mTisaken. gaaSena man im tbis sanapiro, daasaxla iq xalxi da

Tavisi saxelisagan mTas geli daarqva, xolo dasaxlebas –

gelaquni, romliTac iwodeba zRvac21. amis Semdeg m. xorenaci

did samflobeloTagan mxolod sivnieTis warmoqmnaze saubrobs,

romlis gaCenasa da saxelwodebas gelamis vaJis sisakis saxelsa

da mis sameurneo saqmianobas ukavSirebs sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad.

amiT mematiane asrulebs Txrobas haikis naSierTa, misgan

warmoSobili gvarebisa da maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, rac,

faqtobrivad, kavkasiaSi somexTa Tavdapirveli samkvidrebelis

Seqmnis istorias warmoadgens. ase rom, somexTa uZvelesi teri-

toria kavkasiaSi, m. xorenacis mowmobiT, moicavda did sivrces

vanis tbidan sevanis tbamde, ris dasadasturebladac am sivrceSi

arsebul toponimebs somexi mematiane somexTa eTnarqisa da misi

STamomavlebis SesaZlo saxelebTan aigivebs, Tumca wyaroebis ze-

gavleniT iZulebulia, arapirdapir mainc, am teritoriaze ufro

Zveli mosaxleobis arsebobis SesaZleblobac dauSvas. m. xorenacis

SeniSvniT, `sakvirvelia mematianes naTqvami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi

mraval adgilas gafantulad cxovrobda mcirericxovani xalxi,

Cveni Zireuli winapris, haikis mosvlamde~22.

m. xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa ZiriTadi samkvidreblis Seqm-

nis procesi, TiTqos, SedarebiT mSvidobiani da samarTliani xas-

iaTisa iyo, ramdenadac haiki da misi STamomavlebi ufro xSirad

dausaxlebel, Tavisufal adgilebs ikavebdnen da mxolod aqa-iq

xvdebodaT maT mosaxleoba, romelic, Tavisi mcirericxovnobis

gamo, iZulebuli iyo damorCileboda somxebs. SedarebiT mSvido-

biani ganviTarebis am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg somexTa winap-

rebs, Cans, axali teritoriebis mosapoveblad mezoblebTan brZo-

lebis gadaxda uxdebodaT. istorikosis ganmartebiT, arsebobs

gadmocemebi haikiani aramis mamacuri saqmeebis, gmiruli brZo-

lebisa da somexTa sazRvrebis yovelive mimarTulebiT gafar-

Toebis Sesaxeb23. aSkaraa mematianis am sityvebs politikuri ide-

alis mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli, romliTac, misi azriT, yovelma

Rirseulma somexma xelisufalma unda ixelmZRvanelos. aseT

gamorCeul xelisuflad somxeTis istoriaSi m. xorenaci mefe

tigran ervandians (ervandis Zes) asaxelebs, romelsac uSurvelad

aqebs, `brZensa da kacTaTvis saWiro yvela TvisebiT Semkuls~

uwodebs. m. xorenaci aRtacebiT auwyebs Tavis mkiTxvels: tigranma

daipyro berZnebic da aramciredi xniT daimorCila isini. tig-

ranis wyalobiT ganivrco Cveni qveynis sazRvrebi imdenad, rom

Zvel droSi metisTvis aRar migviRwevia. Tanamedroveebs SurdaT

tigranisa, xolo STamomavloba Senatroda mas da mis dros...

tigranma Tavisi vaJkacobiT ganadida Cveni eri. Cven, manamde

ucxoTeslTa uRlis qveS myofebma, sxvebi davimorCileT da mox-

arkeebad vaqcieT24.

m. xorenacis politikuri koncefcia, rogorc misi am msje-

lobidan mkafiod warmoCindeba, uaRresad agresiulia. igi iwonebs

da axalisebs sxvisi teritoriebis mitacebas, xalxebis damor-

Cilebasa da daxarkvas, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviT somxeTi

araerTxel gamxdara amgvari agresiis msxverpli. miT ufro Seu-

sabamo da sakvirvelia, TiTqos, aseTi ideebis xotba istorikosi-

sagan, romelic guldaTuTquli godebs ZaladobiT damxobili

mSobliuri samefos gamo. magram, adreuli Sua saukuneebis cno-

bierebisaTvis, rogorc Cans, sxva RirebulebebTan SedarebiT Zala-

sa da Zaladobas meti fasi hqonda, ris safuZvelzec es fenomeni

yovelTvis poulobda gamarTlebas adamianTa gonebaSi. Tavisi naS-

romis dasawyisSi m.xorenaci wers: patara eri varT, friad ricxv

mcire da uZluri, xSirad ucxo samefosagan dapyrobili, magram

Cvens qveyanaSic momxdara bevri Rirssaxsovari sagmiro saqme25.

gasagebia, rom am Rirssaxsovar sagmiro saqmeebSi somexTa mier

sxva qveynebis dapyroba igulisxmeba, rac savsebiT Seefereboda

istorikosis epoqis suliskveTebas. amitomac, m. xorenacis Tval-

sazrisi qveynis SesaZlo sazRvrebze, mTlianad, xsenebul agresi-

ul ganwyobas efuZneba. am mxriv, albaT, niSandoblivicaa, rom

2 1 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 74.2 2 iqve, gv. 73.

2 3 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 75.2 4 iqve, gv. 88-89.2 5 iqve, gv. 58.

26 27

m. xorenaci gaurbis geografiuli nomenklaturis gamoyenebiT

somxeTis sazRvrebis konkretul Cvenebas, ramdenadac, misi azriT,

somxeTis yvela mimarTulebiT gafarToeba Seuqcevadi da mudmivi

procesi unda yofiliyo. am Tvalsazriss igi parTiis pirveli

arSakidi mefis piriT gadmogvcems teqstis im nawilSi, sadac wers:

arSakma Tavisi Zalauflebis simtkicisaTvis mizanSewonilad CaTv-

ala misive Zma valarSaki gaemefebina somxeTSi. sataxto qalaqad

gadasca mas nizibini, xolo samflobelod gamouyo dasavleT

asureTis erTi nawili, palestina, azia, mTeli Sua xmeleTi, Teta-

lia, pontos zRvidan im adgilamde, sadac kavkasiis (mTa) uerTde-

ba dasavleTis zRvas, agreTve atropatina. `sxvac Seni iyoso,

uTxra mas, ramdensac Seni goneba da simamace miswvdeba, rameTu

vaJkacT iseTive sazRvrebi aqvT, ra zomiTac maTi iaraRi

gasWris~26. somxeTis politikuri sivrcis usasrulod gafarToe-

bis survili aq, sabolood, koncefciis saxiT yalibdeba: `ra zom-

iTac iaraRi gasWris~, imave zomiTve SeiZleba gagrZeldes qveynis

sazRvrebio. am koncefciiT, nebismieri mezoblis teritoria Sei-

Zleba miCneuli iyos somxeTis nawilad, Tuki misi iaraRi mezob-

lisas sZlevs. aseT konteqstSi unda ganixilavdes is kavkasiasac,

romelic mTlianad CarTulia mis mierve Semoxazul, parTiis xe-

lSi gadasuli somxeTis sazRvrebSi. mematianisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

belia, rom kavkasiis qveynebsa da xalxebs ver amCnevs (n. berZeniS-

vili) da mas mxolod zogadi geografiuli terminiT `CrdiloeT-

iT~ da `CrdiloelebiT~ aRniSnavs, riTac, etyoba, cdilobs somx-

eTs daqvemdebarebuli qveynis STabeWdileba Seuqmnas mkiTxvels

kavkasiaze. amitomaa mis TxzulebaSi qarTli somxeTis nawilad,

xolo qarTveli xelisuflebi somxeTis samefos moxeleebad war-

modgenili. magaliTad, `mefem Sehyra kabadokielTa (jari), mTeli

rCeuli (meomrebi) qarTvelTa da alvanelTa27; / somexTa mefem /

aleqsandres mier iverielTa xelisuflad dadgenil mihrdats

miando CrdiloeTis mTebisa da pontos zRvis ganmgebloba~28. igive

damokidebuleba grZeldeba kavkasiisa da qarTvelTa mimarT Zv.

w. II da I s. naxevris politikuri movlenebis gadmocemisas da

Semdegac. antonusis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad artavazd II-s,

Turme, ubrZanebia `SeekribaT aTi aTasobiT jari atrpatakanSi,

agreTve, kavkasiel mTielTa, alvanTa da qarTvelTa Soris~29.

qarTlis gamaqristianebel mirian mefes ki m. xorenaci qarTvelTa

winamZRols uwodebs da Trdat somexTa mefis erT-erT

mxedarTmTavrad warmogvidgens30. erTi sityviT, rogorc mar-

Tebulad adreve SeniSna l. janaSiam, m. xorenacis koncefciiT,

qarTli somxeTis erT-erTi mxarea, xolo qarTlis mmarTveli

somxeTis mefis qveSevrdomia31. aseTivea m. xorenacis damokide-

buleba kavkasiis sxva qveynebis mimarTac.

m. xorenaci, misive TqmiT, simarTlis weris momxrea da kide-

vac qadagebs amas Tavis naSromSi, magram praqtikulad, ramdena-

dac erTxel SemuSavebuli koncefciis prizmaSi atarebs poli-

tikur movlenebs da mas umorCilebs istoriul faqtebs, amdenad

mis TxrobaSi araiSviaTad vxvdebiT qronologiisa da faqtebis

aRrevas, xolo calkeul SemTxvevaSi pirvelwyaroebis Segnebul

gayalbebasac. ase magaliTad, parTel arSakidTa umcrosi Stos

pirveli warmomadgeneli somxeTSi ax. w. I s. meore naxevarSi gamef-

da, m. xorenacis ki es faqti Zv. w. III s. Sua wlebisTvis gadaaqvs,

roca es dinastia iranSi damkvidrda, riTac, etyoba, surda somex

arSakidTa èrovnulobisaTvis~ uxsovar droSive daedo saTave.

m. xorenacis cnoba tigran ervandianisadmi qarTvelTa da

alvanelTa daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb areulia tigran II-is (Zv. w.

I s.) epoqis ambebTan, roca qarTvelebi da alvanelebi pontosa da

somxeTis samefoebTan erTiani frontiT saerTo mtrebs, ro-

maelebs ebrZodnen. strabonis cnobiT, artaSes I-is dros (Zv. w.

II s.) gogarene (qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili) somxeTs SeuerT-

da, ris Sedegadac qarTveli pitiaxSi somxeTis mefis moxeled

iqca. magram m. xorenaci azviadebs, roca artaSes I-is xelisufle-

bas, mihrdatis saxiT, TiTqmis mTel qarTlze avrcelebs. xseneb-

uli koncefciis bralia, agreTve, rom qarTlis gamaqristianebel

2 6 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 67.2 7 iqve, gv. 92.2 8 iqve, gv. 111.

2 9 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. II9.3 0 iqve, gv. I70, I84, I86.3 1 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

Tbilisi, I962, gv. I85.

28 29

mirian mefes, faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod, somxeTis politikur

sivrceSi Semaval xelisuflad warmogvidgens, maSin rodesac,

piriqiT, miriani somxeTis mimarT aqtiur politikas atarebda da

sparselTa daxmarebiT iq sakuTari interesebis dacvas cdilob-

da32. laSa janaSias dakvirvebiTac, omis pirvel periodSi, rode-

sac iranelebma xelT igdes romis imperiis teritoriis nawili,

SesaZlebelia, somxeTi, Tu misi romelime olqi iranelebma sagam-

geod Caabares kidec mirians33.

somxeTis gandidebis saqmeSi m. xorenaci mniSvnelovnad usw-

rebs da aWarbebs winamorbed avtorebs. Tu koriunis, agaTangelo-

sis, favtos buzandisa da sxvaTa TxzulebebSi ZiriTadad saubar-

ia qristianebisa da qristianuli kulturis gavrcelebaSi somex

moRvaweTa iniciativaze da mezoblebSi maT misionerul rolze,

m. xorenaci qarTlsa da masTan erTad kavkasias politikuradac

da sulieri kulturiTac somxeTze damokidebul qveynad warmogvi-

Cens rogorc Zvel warmarTul, ise qristianul xanaSic. misi mtki-

cebiT, tigran I-is vaJi – vahagni, romelsac vaJkacobiT herakles

adarebdnen da sasomxeTSi mis Sesaxeb sazRapro Tqmulebebi yofi-

la gavrcelebuli, Turme, qarTvelebs gauRmerTebiaT, TavianT

qveyanaSi misive zomis qandakeba daudgamT, Tayvans scemdnen da

msxverpls swiravdneno34. m. xorenacis mier moyvanili gadmocema

miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom somxur warmarTul panTeonSi vahag-

ni uzenaes RvTaeba aramazdTan iyo gaTanabrebuli da anaitTan

erTad RvTaebaTa pirvel sameuls qmnida35. ufro metic, qarTlSi

wm. ninos moRvaweobis ambis gadmocemisas qarTuli warmarTuli

panTeonis uzenaes RvTaeba armazs, somxuri aramazdiT aRniSnavs36,

riTac, etyoba, surs mkiTxveli daarwmunos, TiTqos, qarTlic

somxur kulturul sivrceSi Semavali qveyana yofiliyos.

igive mediduri damokidebuleba qarTlisa da gare samyaros

mimarT SeiniSneba m. xorenacis TxrobaSi qristianuli religiis

aRmocenebisa da misi gavrcelebis ambis gadmocemisas, sadac igi

upirveles adgils somxebs akuTvnebs. m. xorenacis mtkicebiT,

qristes am qveynad yofnisas somxebs hyoliaT mefe abgari, romel-

mac, Turme, Tavidanve irwmuna qristes saswaulebrivi moqmedebis

RvTiuri unari da masSi namdvilad Ze RmrTisa Seicno. misive gad-

mocemiT, dasneulebulma abgarma werili gaugzavna qristes da

sTxova masTan misuliyo da moerCina. Cvenma macxovarma, wers

m. xorenaci, ar miiRo abgaris miwveva, Tumca werilis Rirsi ki gax-

adao, da Sehpirda `raJams avmaRldebi SenTan gamovuSveb EerT-

erT Cems mowafes, raTa gangkurnos sneulebaTagan da moganiWoT

cxovreba Senc da Sens garSemo myofTac~37. rogorc iTqva,

asrulda kidec. qristes erT-erTma _ mowafem Tadeosma gankurna

abgari, ris Semdeg abgarTan erTad mTeli qalaqi moinaTlao.

abgarma Tadeoss wasvlisas gaatana firmani, raTa yvelas Seewy-

narebina qristes saxareba. somexTa mefe abgari amiT ar

dakmayofilda da Seecada qristes sarwmunoebaze mezobeli didi

xelisuflebic miemxro. man werili miswera romis keisars

tiberioss, asureTis mefes nersehs, sparsTa mefe artaSess da

urCia maT erwmunaT qriste da misi sityva38. rogorc samecniero

literaturaSi kargadaa SeniSnuli mTeli es moTxroba somexi

mematianis SeTxzulia, rasac safuZvlad daudo siriuli xalxuri

gadmocemebi edesis mefe abgar ukamas Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi ki

gaqristianda ara qristes Tanamedrove abgari, aramed II-III ss.

mcxovrebi edesis mefe abgar IX (I79-2I4)39. m. abeRianis Tvalsazrisi-

Tac, mTel ganyofilebas abgaris Sesaxeb araferi aqvs saerTo

somxeTis istoriasTan da misi moxvedra m. xorenacis istoriaSi

saeWvo wyaroebis bralia40. miuxedavad imisa, rom qristes

3 2 ix. n. lomouri, narkvevebi qarTlis samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi,

1975, gv. 43.3 3 l. janaSia, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi narkvevebi, Tbilisi,

1986, gv. 9.3 4 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, al. abdalaZis gamocema, gv. 95.3 5 Ìàíóê Àáåãÿí, Èñòîðèÿ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Åðåâàí, 1975, ñ. 27.3 6 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 171.

3 7 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 126; ix. agreTve, gv. 122-

131.38 iqve, gv. 128-130.39 literatura sakiTxis garSemo ix. a. abdalaZis wignSi `qarTlis

cxovreba~ da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba, Tbilisi, 1982, gv.

146-147 da sxv.40 manuk abeRianis dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 157.

30 31

amaRlebis droidan somxeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebasa da sxva

xalxTa winaSe am mxriv gansakuTrebul damsaxurebaze mtkicebas

realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnda, amgvari gadmocemebi somxeTis

eklesias upiratesobis gancdisa da sxvaTa mimarT pretenziebis

sababs mainc aZlevda. aseTi damokidebuleba sakmaod mkafiod aqvs

gamoxatuli m.xorenacs qarTlSi qristianobis gavrcelebaze

saubrisas. am sakiTxs igi calke paragrafs uTmobs Tavis

TxzulebaSi, sadac somxeTSi mimdinare procesebis paralelurad

da masTan uSualo kavSirSi dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems wm. ninos

moRvaweobis calkeul epizodebs, riTac, etyoba, surs qarTlis

moqceva somxeTis istoriis nawilad, Tu mis gagrZelebad

warmogvidginos. m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, wm. nino (somxur teqstSi

nuned iwodeba) somxeTSi wamebul rifsimianTa amxanagi iyo, wamebas

SemTxveviT gadarCenili. yuradRebis gamaxvileba ninos rifsimi-

anobaze, aSkaraa, miznad isaxavda qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis

somxuri samyarodan warmomavlobaze STabeWdilebis Seqmnas,

ramdenadac somxuri tendenciiT, rifsime da misi megobrebi somex

wmindanebad da somxebad miaCndaT da ara romaelebad. amitomacaa,

rom m. xorenacis mtkicebiT, wm. nino grigol ganmanaTleblis

xelqveiTi, misi brZanebebis momlodine da Semsrulebelia. igi

wers: `sanatrelma nunem moiTxova sando kacebi da gagzavna isini

wm. grigorTan imis gasagebad, Tu ris gakeTebas ubrZanebda mas

Semdeg, rac qarTvelebma siamovnebiT Seiwynares saxareba. (nunem)

miiRo brZaneba moespo kerpebi, rogorc es Tavad (grigorma) qna

da aRmarTa jvari patiosani jer kidev manamde, sanam ufali

uwyalobebda maT mwyemss winamZRvrad~41. amasTan erTad, m. xorena-

ci imeorebs koriunis cnobas mesropis mier qarTvelebisa da

albanelebisaTvis anbanis Seqmnis Taobaze42.

amgvarad, Tavis winamorbed avtorebTan SedarebiT m. xorena-

ci kidev ufro metad afarToebs drosa da sivrceSi somxeTis

politikuri da kulturuli gavlenis sazRvrebs da mis

farglebSi mis mierve, `CrdiloeTad~ wodebul mTel kavkasias

aqcevs. es koncefcia erTob mimzidveli aRmoCnda sakuTari sax-

elmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli politikuri

wreebisaTvis, romelTa saSualebiT, etyoba, misi gavlena mTel

somxur istoriografias gadaswvda mraval saukuneTa manZilze.

niSandoblivia, rom m. xorenacis Semdeg Zveli somxeTis istoriis

dawera aRaravis ucdia da saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi Sua saukuneebis

somexi avtorebi, ubralod, SemoklebiT gadmoscemdnen m. xorena-

cis, ris Semdeg agrZelebdnen Txrobas43. m. abeRianis dakvirve-

biT, 1400 wlis ganmavlobaSi, XIX s. miwurulamde, m. xorenacis

istoriis sinamdvileSi eWvi ar eparebodaT, somxeTis istorias m.

xorenacis mixedviT aswavlidnen da mis calkeul nawilebs

TanmimdevrobiT azepirebinebdnen moswavleebs44.

CrdiloelTa Soris somxeTis gamorCeulobis m. xorenaciseu-

li idea Tavs iCens ukve VII s. somexi istorikosis sebeosis

TxzulebaSic, sadac somxeTis mmarTveli Teodoros rStuni gan-

sakuTrebuli privilegiebiT aRWurvil piradaa warmodgenili,

romlis brZanebebis mixedviT moqmedebdnen qarTveli Tu albane-

li xelisuflebi45. amave STabeWdilebis gaZlierebas emsaxureba

sebeosis mier motanili erTob saeWvo cnoba, romlis mixedviTac

xalifa moaviam, Turme, Teodoros rStunis ùboZa xelisufleba

somxeTsa, qarTlsa, albaneTsa da sivnieTze kavkasionamde da Wo-

ris cixesimagremde... Tedorosi ki dapirda xalifas, rom am qve-

yanas mas daumorCilebda46. TviT sebeosis am cnobidan kargad

Cans, rom moavia, ubralod, kavkasiis damorCilebis uflebas aZ-

levda Teodoros rStunis, rac imxanad jerjerobiT arabebis-

Tvisac miuwvdomeli Canda. am cnobis namdviloba saeWvod miaCniaT

somxuri istoriografiis zog warmomadgenelsac47

.

somxeTis gandidebisa da kavkasiaSi misi politikuri da kul-

turul-ideologiuri primatobis Tema somxur istoriografiaSi

axal energias iZens IX-X saukuneebSi, roca arabTa egidiT axlad

41 movses xorenaci, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. I70-I7I.42 iqve, gv. 223-224.

4 3 Ì. Ì. Ìêðÿí, Ìîâñåñ Õîðåíàöè, Åðåâàí, 1969, ñ. 38-39.4 4 manuk abeRiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 155.45 el. cagareiSvili, somxuri wyaroebi arabeT-saqarTvelos urT-

ierTobis Sesaxeb `mravalTavi~, I, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 477.46 el. cagareiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 478.47 Þçáàøÿí Ê. Í. Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-

XI ââ. Ì., 1988, ñ. 42.

32 33

aRdgenili somxuri saxelmwifos bagratuniani mesveurebi mfar-

velTa politikur interesebTan garkveuli TanxvedriT iwyeben

mTeli kavkasiis dasaufleblad brZolas. fsevdo Sapuh bagra-

tuni, hovhannes drasxanakertci da sxvebi TavianT TxzulebebSi

somex xelisuflebs Tavidanve somexTa da qarTvelTa xelisufle-

bad warmogvidgenen, xolo somxur eklesias kavkasiis qristianTa

meTaurad. ase magaliTad, fsevdo Sapuh bagratuni araerTgzis

amkobs smbat I-s “somexTa da qarTvelTa mefisa da TviTmpyrobe-

lis” tituliT48, asoRikis TqmiT ki, aSot I ocdaaTi wlis ganmav-

lobaSi iyo somxeTisa da qarTlis xan iSxani da xan iSxanTa iSx-

ani, xolo smbat I memkvidreobiT flobda somxeTsa da qarTls49.

kavkasiaSi somxuri eklesiis meTauri rolis saCveneblad ki

h. drasxanakertcis Tavis TxzulebaSi mohyavs konstantinopolis

patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werili misdami, sadac somxuri

eklesiisa da misi meTauris xsenebul rolze calkeuli miniSnebebi

SeimCneva. ufro metic, somexi mematianis mier gadmocemul ni-

koloz mistikosis werilis mixedviT, TiTqos, bizantia amierkavka-

siaSi antiarabuli frontis organizaciaSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelo-

bas somxur eklesiasa da mis meTaurs akuTvnebda. sayuradReboa,

rom h. drasxanakertci kavkasiaSi somexTa wamyvan rolze saubrobs

iseT araordinalur situaciaSi, roca samSoblodan arabTagan

ltolvili kaTalikosi Tavs adarnase qarTvelTa mefesTan afareb-

da, xolo misive cnobiT, qarTvelTa mefesa da mis jars somxeTis

samefo taxtze maTTvis sasurveli kandidati (aSot smbatis Ze)

ahyavdaT50. aSkaraa, rom h. drasxanakertci movses xorenecis kon-

cefcias, faqtobrivad, brmad mihyveboda.

mTel kavkasiaze somxeTis uflebis IX-X ss. somxur istori-

ografiaSi dawyebuli mtkicebebi, sxvadasxva formiT, TiTqmis XI s.

bolomde grZeldeba. am xanis somex istorikosTa cnobebi Crdi-

loeTis mimarTulebiT teritoriebis gafarToebis Taobaze aSkar-

ad scildeba realurobas. isini gazviadebulad warmogvidgenen

aSot I-is, smbat I-isa da aSot II-is samxedro-politikur RonisZ-

iebaTa Sedegebis mniSvnelobas. maT SromebSi xotbis Sesxmis sur-

vili ZiriTadad gansazRvravs faqtebis dafiqsirebis wess, ris

Sedegadac iqmneba kavkasiaSi somexi bagratuni mefeebis ga-

nusazRvreli Zalauflebis iluziuri suraTi. momdevno saukuneeb-

Si, somxuri samefos dasustebisa da TandaTanobiTi gaqrobis

kvalobaze, somex avtorTa Txrobis mediduri toni da hegemonis-

turi midrekilebebi, TiTqos, TandaTan cxreba.

V-X ss. ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili mTeli es mravalricxovani

somxuri saistorio literatura, ra Tqma unda, Tavis sasargeblo

ideologiuri wnexis qveS aqcevda Sua saukuneebis kavkasiis sa-

zogadoebas da somxur mosaxleobaSi amkvidrebda misi gamorCeu-

lobisa da kavkasiaSi gansakuTrebuli moraluri uflebebiT sarge-

blobis azrs. aqedan gamomdinare, maTive azriT, somxuri saxelm-

wifoebriobis aRdgena, ra formiTa da vis mierac ar unda momx-

dariyo, unda ganxorcielebuliyo mis ìstoriul sazRvrebSi~, anu

zRvidan zRvamde, misi CrdiloeTis sazRvari ki kavkasiis mTebs

Tu ar miebjineboda, mtkvramde mainc unda gavrcelebuliyo. Zir-

iTadad, m. xorenacidan momdinare, cocxal miTiur legendad qceu-

li es Tvalsazrisi, eklesiisa da somxuri mwerlobis garjiT,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Zlierad zemoqmedebda somexTa goneba-

ze da am pretenziaTa realizaciis SesaZlebel dros moTminebiT

eloda.

aseTi ideologiuri foni da kavkasiis istoriis somxuri mod-

eli, gasagebia, SeuTavsebeli iyo kavkasiis gaerTianebis procesSi

CarTuli gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos politikuri interesebi-

saTvis, ris gamoc am istoriis axali modelis Seqmna gadaudebel

amocanad unda qceuliyo.

kavkasiaSi sarwmunoebrivi primatobisTvis brZolas qarTlisa

da somxeTis eklesiebs Soris, gare faqtorebis zegavleniT (iran-

bizantiis ideologiuri dapirispireba), adridanve Caeyara safuZ-

veli, rac Semdeg kidev ufro ganviTarda qveynis gaerTianebi-

saTvis mezobelTa metoqeobis pirobebSi. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli

sazogadoebis, romelic IX-X saukuneebSive mkafiod avlenda

kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi wamyvani mdgomareobis

damkvidrebis survils, erovnuli Rirsebis SegnebisaTvis SeuTavse-

4 8 Èñòîðèÿ àíîíèìíîãî ïîâåñòâîâàòåëÿ ïñåâäî-Øàïóõ-Áàãðàòóíè, ïåðåâîä ñ

äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîãî, ïðåäèñëîâèå è êîìåíòàðèè Ì. Î. Äàðáèíÿí-Ìåëèêÿí,

Åðåâàí, 1971, ñ. 163-165 è äð.4 9 asoRiki, dasaxelebuli gamocema, gv. I07-I085 0 ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria, el. cagareiSvilis

gamocema gamokvleviTurT, Tbilisi, I965, gv. 189_I91, I95.

34 35

beli xdeboda sakuTari qristianuli warsulis mniSvnelobis

damcrobis cdebi, ris gamoc is erTmorwmune bizantiis medi-

durobasac veRar hguobda. etyoba, amitomac, m. xorenacisa da

saerTod somxuri istoriografiis ideologiuri wnexis Sesasuste-

blad da misi zemoqmedebis gasaneitraleblad, adreul Sua sauku-

neebSive iqmneba qarTuli erovnuli tendenciis matarebeli, kargad

argumentirebuli qarTlis gaqristianebis istoria, romelic

arsebiTad upirispirdeboda rogorc somxuri, ise erTmorwmune

berZnuli eklesiis hegemonistur midrekilebebs. amis saukeTeso

magaliTia `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ matianeSi Sesuli qarTlis

gaqristianebis istoria, romelic specialur literaturaSi

`fsevdoepigrafikuli~ an `Satberdul-WeliSuri~ `ninos cxovrebis~

saxeliT moixsenieba51. am Txzulebis avtoris mtkicebiT,

saqristianoSi qarTlis gansakuTrebuli roli winaswar, jer kidev

qristianobis gavrcelebamde iyo gansazRvruli, ramdenadac erT-

erTi udidesi qristianuli relikvia `samoseli qristesi yovlad

zegardmo qsovili... pirvel mowevn(u)l iyo kuarTi igi qristesi

ierusalimiT mcxeTad~52. amave avtoris cnobiT, berZenTa siamayis

umTavresi sagnis, qristes Zelis anu jvris flobaSic qarTvelebi

berZnebs eziarebian, ramdenadac am Zelis nawilebi qristes `ferxTa

ficarni~ da samsWvalni, romliTac qriste jvars iyo gakruli,

qarTlSi imyofeboda. pirveli eruSeTis eklesiis, xolo meore

manglisis eklesiis saZirkvelSi Cades53. albaT, amitomac iyo, rom

jer kidev VIII s., ioane sabanisZe berZenTa gasagonad amayad

acxadebda: àra xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTismieri

moipoves, aramed Cuenca, SorielTa amaT mk¢drTa... aha esera

qarTlisaca mk¢drTa aqus sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad

wmidaTa~54. qristianuli warsuliT berZnebTan gaTanabrebas

gulisxmobda, agreTve, SedarebiT gvian gavrcelebuli azri

qarTvelTa qveynis RvTismSoblis `wilxvedrilobaze~, ramdenadac

bizantiis sataxto qalaqi RvTismSoblis sagangebo mfarvelobaSi

iTvleboda. aseTi Sedarebisas qarTvelebs araTu msoflio civi-

lizaciis erT-erT umTavres mesveurad aRiarebuli berZnebis

Tanabari, aramed kidev ufro meti siamayis sababic eZleodaT. es

viTareba ki TavisTavad ukve gulisxmobda upiratesobas somxur

tradiciaze, rac damajereblad aisaxa kidec `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~

krebulSi Sesul ninos cxovrebaSi. k. kekeliZis dakvirvebiT, am

TxzulebaSi gansakuTrebiT gazviadebuli da gandidebulia ninos

pirovneba. is, marTalia, aris `tyue~, magram ara ubralo, is `hromi

mTavaria~, Svili gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrisa da misioneris zabil-

onisa, romelmac branjTa mTeli eri moaqcia qristes sarwmunoeba-

ze. ninos biZa dedis mxridan cnobili patriarqia, isic ara

romelime Cveulebrivi qalaqisa, aramed ierusalimisa, romelic

akvania qristianobisa. nino imdenad didi pirovnebaa, rom TviT

elene dedofali mas ùwodda dedoflad da T¢sad sworad~ da

`dedoflobiT mociqulad da maxareblad Seamkobda~... ninos wili

udevs, TiTqos, TviT elene dedoflis moqcevaSi. Txzulebis mixed-

viT nino naTlavs somexTa wmindanebad miCneul rifsimesa da misi

saxlis 50 wevrs. es kidev cotaa, SeniSnavs k. kekeliZe, nino

gamoyvanilia TxzulebaSi mTeli aRmosavluri amierkavkasiis mis-

ionerad; qarTl-kaxeTisa da mTiulTa moqcevis Semdeg is, mis mier

moqceuli suji dedoflis meSveobiT, monaTlavs bodbeSi, agreTve,

mTavrebs iseTi somxuri provinciebisas, rogoricaa sivnieTi da

guaspurakani (vaspurakani). ninos samisionero asparezi – `queyana¡

Crdiloisa¡~ aris `queyana¡ kavkasiaTa¡~. k. kekeliZe principulad

uaryofs, mis dros mecnierebaSi damkvidrebul Sexedulebas,

TiTqos, `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ avtori somxuri tradiciis gavle-

nas ganicdides, ris gamoc mis TxzulebaSi Seugnebel gardanaS-

Tebs vxvdebodeT qarTlisa da somxeTis eklesiebis Tavdapirvel

urTierTobaze. aseT gardanaSTad Tvlian, wers k. kekeliZe, ninos

moxvedras rifsimianTa sazogadoebaSi da mis, am sazogadoebasTan

erTad, somxeTSi misvlas. magram araferi `Seugnebeli~ aq Cven ara

gvaqvs, piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs matianis avtoris

savsebiT Segnebul aqtTan; mas surs gvaCvenos, rom somxuri ek-

lesiis safuZveli daido im adamianTa Zvlebze, romelnic ninos

mier iyvnen moqceulni da masTan erTad moevlinnen somxeTs. meore

aseT “Seugnebel” gardanaSTs xedaven im epizodSi, sadac avtori

5 1 m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Sesav-

lis problemebi, `cxovreba wmindisa ninoisi~, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 4.5 2 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, w. I, Tbilisi,

1964, gv. 87.5 3 Zeglebi, I, gv. 86-87.5 4 iqve, gv. 55.

36 37

ninos miiyvans saswavleblad ierusalimSi dvinel miaforTan,

romelsac is ori wlis ganmavlobaSi `msaxurobs~. arc es faqtia

maCvenebeli qarTlisa da somxeTis eklesiebis Tavdapirveli urT-

ierTobisa. nino CvenSi samisionerod gamogzavna ara somexma

miaforma, aramed `RmerTma~ da misma biZam, ierusalimis patriarq-

ma. arcTu qristianoba uswavlia ninos am dvineli miaforisagan,

ukanaskneli mas uTvaliswinebs bed-iRbals mxolod qristes

relikviebisas, rogoricaa juari, tiloni, sudari da samoselni,

gansakuTrebiT kuarTi. avtors imitom miuyvania nino dvinel mi-

aforTan, rom ukanasknelma Tavisi sakuTari piriT aRiaros upi-

ratesoba qarTlisa sxva qveynebis winaSe: mas, qarTls, anu ufro

zustad, `CrdiloTa mcxeTelTa~, rogorc somexi miafori ambobs,

RvTis gangebam wilad arguna iseTi didi siwminde, rogoricaa

kuarTi uflisa, is kuarTi, romelsac erTmaneTs ecilebodnen

sxvadasxva qveynis qristianebi55.

amrigad, qarTveli avtoris daskvniT, qarTlisa da wm. ninos

mniSvneloba aRmosavleTis saqristianos winaSe gacilebiT didia,

vidre somxeTisa da misi ganmanaTleblis grigol parTelisa.

qristianuli rwmenis siZveliTac qarTli win uswrebs somxeTs,

ramdenadac qarTlis gansakuTrebuli roli qristianobis gavr-

celebaSi winaswar iyo gansazRvruli. amitomac moxda, rom qris-

tianuli rwmenis Casaxvisas somxeTi qarTlze aRmoCnda damok-

idebuli: somexTa eklesiis safuZveli daido im adamianTa Zvle-

bze, romlebic ninos mier iyvnen moqceulni da masTan erTad

moevlinen somxeTs. erTi sityviT, qarTveli mwerali mTlianad

uaryofs ra V s.a da Semdgomi xanis somex mweralTa pretenziebs,

kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis istoriis

Tavis variants gvTavazobs, sadac istoriuli procesis mTavar

warmmarTvel Zalad ukve qarTlia gamoyvanili.

qarTlis gaqristianebis istoriis somxurisgan sruliad gan-

sxvavebuli da sapirispiro versiis Seqmnis Semdeg, qarTuli da

somxuri eklesiebisa da politikuri erTeulebis metoqeobis

pirobebSi, erTob saSuri unda yofiliyo msgavsi suliskveTebis

qarTvelTa politikuri istoriis dawerac, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

Secvlida kavkasiis istoriaze somxuri koncefciiT Seqmnil war-

modgenebs. X s. arsebuli istoriuli pirobebi (bizantiasTan

ideologiur WidilSi somxuri eklesiis dasustebiT gamowveuli)

qarTuli eklesiisa da misi mesveurebis aqtiurobas uwyobda xels.

somxur eklesiasTan dogmatur brZolaSi qarTveli moRvaweebi

kulturuli faqtorebis moSveliebasac cdilobdnen, sadac mTa-

var iaraRad qarTul enas irCevdnen. am xanaSi iqmneba ioane zo-

simes `qeba¡ qarTuli enisa¡~, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTuli ena

araTu berZnulis Tanasworad, aramed masTan da sxvebTan Sedare-

biT upiratesobis mqonedac cxaddeba56. imave saukunis meore mwe-

rali giorgi merCule ki enisa da konfesiis safuZvelze eTni-

kuri sazRvrebis miRmac qarTlis usazRvrod gafarToebis Sesa-

Zleblobas asabuTebs: `qarTlad friadi queyana aRiricxebis,

romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yove-

li aResrulebis~57. qarTuli eklesiis gavlena dRiTi dRe izrde-

ba, is hereTsa da sivnieTSic aRwevs, xolo somexTa kaTalikoss

vahan I-s somxur eklesiaSi qarTuli wesebis danergvaSi amxelen58.

somxuri samefoebis dasustebisa da gaqrobis kvalad (XI s. Sua

wlebi) qarTuli eklesia Setevaze gadadis da mTels kavkasiaSi

somxuri eklesiis Seviwroebas iwyebs. I046 w. RrtilaSi gamarTul

qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio paeqrobaze qarTveli beri eqvTime

grZeli datuqsviT ekamaTeba somex winamZRvars sosTens da qarTu-

li sarwmunoebis upiratesobas umtkicebs. paeqrobis mowme bagrat

IV-c, faqtobrivad, Zalas atans da sosTenisgan somxuri sarwmu-

noebis datovebas da qarTulze moqcevas moiTxovs59. somxuri sar-

wmunoebis gmobam im xanad qarTul sasuliero literaturaSi far-

To xasiaTi miiRo60.

5 5 k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan,

I, Tbilisi I956, gv. 75-83.

5 6 ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, Tbili-

si, 1980, gv. 167.5 7 ix. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII,

Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 277-279.

5 8 §êï»÷³ÝáëÇ î³ñûÝ»óõáÛ ²ëáÕÏ³Ý ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ îÇ»½»ñ³Ï³Ý¦« ä»ï»ñμáõñ·« 1885«

¿ç. 181-1825 9 m. sabinini, saqarTvelos samoTxe, peterburgi, 1882, gv. 617-620.6 0 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, Tbilisi,

1967, gv. 123; mcire sjulis kanoni, e. giunaSvilis gamocema,

Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 33-34, 46-48, 63-64 da sxv.

38 39

aSkaraa, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mesveurebi Cqarobdnen

qarTuli sarwmunoebis bazis gafarToebas mTel kavkasiaSi, raTa

momavalSi qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi am qveynis xalx-

ebis Semoyvana ar gaZnelebodaT. magram am politikas erTi mniS-

vnelovani nakli axlda. konfesiur winaaRmdegobaTa daZleva `sar-

wmunoebrivi eqspansiis gziT~ SeuZlebeli iyo, miT umetes iseTi

mdidari kulturis qveyanaSi, rogoric somxeTi iyo. aseTi gziT

politikuri amocanebis gadaWra TviT Zlierma bizantiamac ver

SeZlo. konfesiur niadagze ganviTarebul siZulvils ki yovelTvis

da yvelgan didi boroteba mohqonda. aseTi finali qarTuli sax-

elmwifoebrivi politikisaTvis, romelic somexTa mindobasa da

Tavis garSemo darazmvas cdilobda, ra Tqma unda, yovlad miuRe-

beli iyo. albaT, amitomac, am xanaSive SeimCneva somxebTan konfe-

siuri dapirispirebis Serbilebis cdebi, rac mkafiod aisaxa ars-

en safarelis traqtatSi `ganyofisaT¢s qarTvelTa da somexTa~.

arsenis mtkicebiT, somexi xalxi ar aris damnaSave istoriis

winaSe. sparseTis mefeebma aiZules somxeTis xelisufalni da ek-

lesiis mesveurni gadaexviaT marTlmadideblobidan da mieRoT

`sjuli iakobTa~. amitom saeklesio ganxeTqileba kavkasiaSi

moklebulia Sinagan kanonzomierebas da arsen safarelis rwmeniT,

xelsayrel politikur situaciaSi kavkasiis qveynebis ideologi-

uri gaerTianeba SeuZlebeli ar aris61.

XI s. 40-ian wlebSi ganviTarebuli politikuri movlenebi sul

ufro cxadyofdnen gaerTianebuli saqarTvelosTvis somexTa

mxardaWeris gafarToebis mniSvnelobas. bagrat IV-m, marTalia,

mcire xniT, magram somexTave daxmarebiT daikava anisis samefos

dedaqalaqi cxra cixiTurT da Sirakis vrceli qveyana, faqtobri-

vad, Tavisi kontrolis TvalsawierSi moaqcia, riTac somxeTis

memkvidreobisaTvis brZolaSi mkveTrad daupirispirda bizantias.

liparit baRvaSis Ralatisa da bizantiis dawolis garda, Cans,

arc somexTa mxardaWera iyo imdenad farTo da myari, rom bagrat

IV-s SeZleboda anisis ufro xangrZlivad dakaveba. somxur poli-

tikur wreebze da xalxze ufro mniSvnelovani gavlenis mopove-

bas, cxadia, xels uSlida rogorc konfesiur uTanxmoebaTa sim-

wvave, ise somxuri istoriografiis tendenciebi. kavkasiis mo-

mavali gaerTianeba, saiTkenac gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos bagra-

tioni xelisuflebi Tanmimdevrulad iswrafodnen, araqristiani

mosaxleobis mindobasac gulisxmobda, ris gamoc qarTuli ide-

ologiuri politika ufro damajerebel argumentebs iTxovda,

vidre es qalkedonuri sarwmunoebis bazis gafarToeba Tu dapir-

ispirebuli konfesiebis morigebis saeWvo cdebi SeiZleboda

yofiliyo. aseT pirobebSi Tavisi gadamwyveti sityva unda eTqva

qarTul saistorio mwerlobas, romelic SeZlebda kavkasiis gaer-

Tianebis pretenziis mqone qveynis istoriis Sesaferi RirsebiT

warmoCenasTan erTad, somxurisgan gansxvavebuli, magram kavkasi-

is istoriis iseTi modelis agebas, romelic Seqmnil istoriul

pirobebSi orive xalxis Rirsebas daicavda da misaRebs gaxdida

Tanabrad. niSandoblivia, rom XI s., TiTqmis erTdroulad, ram-

denime qarTveli istorikosi (leonti mroveli, juanSeri, mat-

iane qarTlisa¡s avtori da sumbat daviTis Ze) wers uZvelesi

droidan XI saukunemde Tavisi qveynis gabmuli istoriis sxva-

dasxva nawilebs, sadac somxur Temas, gansakuTrebiT leontisTan,

erTob mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. rogorc Cans, dasmuli prob-

lemis gadaWris ZiriTadi tvirTis simZime leonti mrovels

daekisra. amasave mowmobs leontis mTavari Txzulebis `cxovreba

qarTvelTa mefeTa~-s qronologiuri sazRvrebic – uZvelesi

droidan V s-mde, romelSic, agreTve, gaSlili aqvs movses

xorenacis Tavisi `somxeTis istoriis~, somxuri istoriografiis

suliskveTebis am ZiriTadi wyaros, Txroba. aqedan gamomdinare

Cans, rom leontis somxebisTvisac unda gaewia angariSi, raTa

misi `mefeTa istoria~ somxebisTvisac misaRebi gamxdariyo.

SemTxveviTi arc isaa, rom qarTlis cxovrebis krebulis Seqmnidan

sul male, ukve XII s. is somxur enaze iTargmna. aSkara iyo, leonti

mrovels Zalze rTuli amocanis gadawyveta uwevda. movses xo-

renacis didi avtoritetisa da somexi xalxis cnobierebaze misi

gansakuTrebuli zegavlenis gamo, m. xorenacis xelaRebiT uar-

yofa SeuZlebeli iyo. ubralod, aseT simarTleSi somxebs ver

daajerebda. m. xorenacis kritikis sxva gza unda monaxuliyo da

leontimac genialuri simartiviT gadaWra saWirboroto didi

sakiTxi. uaryofis nacvlad m. xorenacis ZiriTadi debulebebi

6 1 arsen safareli, ganyobisaT¢s qarTvelTa da somexTa, teqsti kri-

tikulad daadgina, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo zaza aleq-

siZem, Tbilisi, I980, gv. I76-I78, 200.

40 41

da maT safuZvelze gaSuqebuli faqtebi Seaswora, xolo mis

eqspansiur koncefcias kavkasiis xalxTa sisxliT naTesaobisa da

Zmobis sakuTari koncefcia daupirispira (konfesiur

urTierTobaTa gamwvavebis pirobebSi `sisxliT naTesaobis~ argu-

menti gacilebiT qmediTunariani da upiratesi iyo), riTac ara

marto moraluri upiratesoba moipova xorenacize, aramed drois

moTxovnebsac ukeT moergo. kavkasiaSi ZvelTaganve gaCaRebul

ideologiur brZolaSi qarTveli politikosi-mematiane Tavisi

axali koncefciiT aSkarad gamarjvebuli Canda. Tuki leontis

koncefcias realuri politikuri situacia umagrebda niadags

(selCukiani Turqebis gamaCanagebeli Semosevebis winaaRmdeg kav-

kasiis xalxTa Zalebis gaerTianebis aucilebloba), somex moRva-

weTa erTi nawilis mier xorenacis koncefciis reanimacia im

dros, roca somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis ukanaskneli nams-

xvrevebic qreboda, ubralod anaqronizmad gamoiyureboda.

n. berZeniSvilis dakvirvebiT, realurad, leonti mroveli naS-

romis mTel sigrZeze ebrZvis xorenels, agaTangeloss, asabuTebs

qarTls...62. misive TqmiT, leontim marjved gamoiyena xoreneli

da originaluri istoria Seqmna. man ar uaryo cxadliv xorenelis

istoriuli debulebani, Tumca arsebiTad Seaswora isini da, rac

mTavaria, daurTo originaluri Teoria TargamosianTa Sesaxeb

da Semdeg mTeli istoria am TargamosianTa urTierTobis fonze

gaSala, ramac saSualeba misca originaluri istoriuli cxovreba

warmoeCina63, SinaarsiT da formiT iseTi istoria, romelic mo-

mavali didi saqarTvelos politikur interesebs Seesabameboda.

leonti mroveli `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ swored am Ta-

visi originaluri koncefciis warmodgeniT iwyebs, riTac mkiTxve-

lis yuradRebas amaxvilebs rogorc Tavisi Txzulebis mTavar po-

litikur amocanaze, ise mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze qveynis

momavlisaTvis: `pirvelad vahsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da qar-

TvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa da megrelTa da

kavkasianTa – amaT T¢sTa erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos~64.

leontis mier kavkasiis xalxTa sisxliT naTesaobis am Teoriis

wamoyeneba ukve niSnavda movses xorenacis koncefciis uaryofas

da mis kritikas. Tu qarTveli mematiane kavkasiis xalxebis warmo-

mavlobas erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi ganixilavda, m. xorenaci

kavkasiaSi somxebis garda veravis amCnevda, somexTa eTnogenezi

misTvis iyo monoeTnikuri samyaros warmoqmnis procesi, romelic

somexTa eTnikuri ganviTarebis orbitaSi aqcevda maT samoqmedo

teritoriaze somexTa mosvlamde dasaxlebul mcirericxovan xalx-

ebs da somxur samyarosTan Serwymas ganapirobebda. ase rom,

m. xorenacis monoeTnikur samyaros leonti erTmaneTis monaTesave

mravalerovan kavkasias upirispirebda. kavkasiis xalxebis mraval-

saukunovani xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba da saerTo politikuri Tav-

gadasavali met damajereblobas sZenda leontis Teorias. XI s.

meore naxevrisaTvis m. xorenacis koncefcias praqtikuli mniS-

vneloba aRar SeiZleboda hqonoda, radgan kavkasiis xalxTa Zmo-

bis mowodeba cocxali politikuri programis mniSvnelobas iZen-

da. im dros, roca moZalebuli mtris winaaRmdeg kavkasiaSi erTa-

derTi angariSgasawevi politikuri Zala gaerTianebuli qarTuli

samefo iyo, masTan Zmobis damadasturebeli Teoria Tavdacvisa

da TavSesafris ZiebaSi myofi somxeTisaTvis araTu misaRebi da

sasurveli, aramed aucilebelic iyo. kavkasiis xalxTa naTesaobis

idea sasargeblo iyo imdroindeli qarTuli sagareo politiki-

sTvisac. somxeTis memkvidreobisTvis brZolaSi bizantiasTan dapi-

rispirebuli gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo leontis Teoriis saxiT

axal damatebiT arguments iZenda somxeTze kanonieri uflebis

dasamtkiceblad. mTavari politikuri amocaniTve iyo gansazRvru-

li kavkasiis xalxTa mamamTavrad Targamosis dasaxeleba im dros,

roca berZnul-laTinuri da somxur-qristianuli mwerloba mas mxo-

lod somexTa mamamTavrad miiCnevda. miuxedavad amisa, leonti

sxvagvarad ver moiqceoda, radganac mxolod Targamosis saxlis

wevrs SeeZlo `somxeTis memkvidreobaze~ kanonieri pretenziis gac-

xadeba.

Tavis koncefciaze dayrdnobiT leonti TanmimdevrobiT as-

worebs da cvlis m. xorenacis umTavres debulebebs qarTul-somx-

ur istoriul urTierTobaTa Taobaze da axali SinaarsiT avsebs

kavkasiis istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovan furclebs. maT Soris

upirvelesi, ra Tqma unda, iyo erovnuli teritoriis formirebis

sakiTxi. m. xorenacis mier somexTaTvis Semoxazul vrcel teri-

6 2 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 379-380.6 3 iqve, gv. 26I.6 4 qarTlis cxovreba, IO , gv. 3.

42 43

torias, misgan gansxvavebiT, leonti Targamosis wilxvedril qvey-

nad acxadebs: `xolo qveyana igi, romeli wiliT xdomoda (Tar-

gamoss), ese ars sazRvari queyanisa misisa: aRmosavliT zRua gur-

genisa, dasavliT zRua pontosa, da samxriT zRua oreTisa, da

CrdiloT mTa kavkasia~65.

Targamosis samflobelos samxreTis sazRvari “zRua oreTi-

sa” vanis tba an xmelTaSua zRva SeiZleba iyos, rac, faqtobri-

vad, emTxveva somxeTis pirveli arSakidi mefisaTvis mizomil ter-

itorias. leonti ki, ramdenadac kavkasiis xalxebis uklebliv

yvela eTnarqs Targamosis Svilebad miiCnevs, am vrcel

teritoriaze uflebas, somexTa garda, kavkasiis sxva xalxebsac

unawilebs, ra Tqma unda, Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli ufros-

umcrosobis sayovelTao wesis mixedviT, sadac ufros vaJs,

momdevno ZmebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani upiratesobani gaaCnia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am wesis Tanaxmad, ufrosi vaJi mamis

uflebisa da qonebis uSualo memkvidrea da is ikavebs mamis

rezidencias da iRebs xelisuflebas misgan. sxva Svilebic

inarCuneben memkvidreobis uflebas mamis qonebaze. leontis

mixedviT, TviT Targamosma gaunawila Tavisi qveyana da naTesavi

Tavis gamorCeul rva Svils, romelTac gmirebs uwodebs. igi wers:

`... ganuyo Targamos queyana da naTesavi T¢si rvaT amaT gmirTa:

naxevari naTesavisa misisa da naxevari da umjobesi queyanisa mi-

sisa misca haoss, xolo S¢dTa amaT misca xuedri maTi arZan-

gebisaebr maTisa: warmoiyvanna S¢dni igi CrdiloT kerZo da

ganuyvnna queyanani Rirsebisaebr maTisa. misca qarTloss da uCina

sazRvari: aRmosavliT hereTi da mdinare berdujisi; dasavliT

zRua pontosi, samxriT mTa, romeli mihyvebis berdujis mdinaris

Tavsa, da mTa, romeli mihyvebis dasavliT kerZo, romlisa wyali

gardmodis CrdiloT kerZo da mierTvis mtkuarsa, romel

mihyvebis mTa Soris klarjeTsa da taos vidre zRuamdis; da

CrdiloT sazRvari Rado, romeli gamovlis Stod kavkasisagan

da mohkidavs wueri dasasrulsa Radosa, romelsa aw hq¢an lixi.

da amaT sazRvarTa saSual misca yoveli qarTloss66.

leontis Tanaxmad, Targamosis SvilebSi haosi pirveli Svili

da ùmetesi gmiri~ iyo, ris gamoc mama mas Tavis qveynis naxevarsa

da umjobes nawils akuTvnebs, Tumca qarTveli mematiane am ùm-

jobesi~ naxevris arc sazRvrebs asaxelebs da arc mis gansakuTre-

bul sikeTeze iZleva raime cnobas. qarTveli mematianis yuradRe-

ba, m. xorenacis sapirispirod, ZiriTadad, amierkavkasiiskenaa mi-

pyrobili, romlis centralur nawilSi is qarTul qveynebs –

qarTls, egriss da hereTs aTavsebs da detalurad aRwers Ti-

Toeuli maTganis sazRvrebs. gansakurebiT ki, yuradRebas amax-

vilebs am qveynebis somxeTisagan gamomyof samxreTis sazRvarze,

romelic misi aRweriT, md. berdujis saTaveebidan iwyeboda da

mtkvrisa da araqsis auzebis wyalgamyofs gahyveboda mTels si-

grZeze mtkvris saTaveebis CaTvliT (provincia `kola~), xolo

aqedan qeds, romelic gahyofda klarjeTs (md. Woroxis qvemo

dinebis auzi) taosagan (md. Woroxis Sua dinebis auzi). leontis

am CvenebaTa antikuri xanis ucxouri wyaroebiT damowmebis Sede-

gad d. musxeliSvili askvnis, rom qarTuli erovnuli tradicia

Semonaxuli leonti mrovelis mier, arsebiTad swori unda iyos67.

qarTlsa da somxeTs Soris gamaval sazRvars `xunaniTgan vidre

zRuamde sperisa~68 leonti mravalgzis axsenebs, rac, albaT,

imasac niSnavs, rom, misi azriT, uZvelesi droidanve somxeTisa

da qarTlis samijno zonad ucvlelad mtkvrisa da araqsis wyal-

gamyofi qedi rCeboda. ufro metic, araqsis auzSi mdebare rig

teritoriebs, is zogjer, qarTlis farglebSi aTavsebs. magali-

Tad, leontis cnobiT, farnavazis mefobisas aboci samSvildis

saerisTavos SemadgenlobaSi iyo da, amdenad, misi azriT, qarT-

lis samxreTis sazRvris md. araqsamde gavrcelebasac kanonieri

safuZveli gaaCnda. misive cnobiT, am sasazRvro zolis Tavis

sasargeblod SecvlisaTvis qarTvel da somex xelisuflebs Soris

konfliqtebic yofila, magram ZiriTadi sazRvari mainc, sab-

olood, ucvleli rCeboda, romelic Semdeg saerTaSoriso aRi-

arebiTac yofila dakanonebuli. am aqts leonti miawers bizan-

tiis imperators konstantine dids, romelmac Turme `ganuCina

6 5 qarTlis cxovreba, I gv. 4.6 6 iqve, gv. 4-5.

6 7 d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 79-80.6 8 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 8.

44 45

sazRvari mirians da Trdats esreT: romelTa queyanaTa mdinareni

dian samxreTiT da mierTvian ra£ssa, ese queyanani Trdatis kerZad

dayarna; da romlisa queyanisa mdinareni CrdiloT dian da mi-

erTvian mtkuarsa, ese mirianis kerZad dayarna. da ese ra ganugo

konstantine mefeman da Suamdgomel eqmna maT, da warvida T¢sad

samefod69. amiT leonti, saerTod, asrulebs saubars somex-

qarTvelTa sazRvris Sesaxeb anu, rogorc TviTon ambobs, `Ziebas

sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa~. niSandoblivia, rom leontis mier dasax-

elebuli es sazRvari Sua saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze sinamdvileSic

ucvleli darCa.

amrigad, leonti mrovelisa da m. xorenacis TxzulebebSi war-

modgenili Tvalsazrisi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis kuTvnili ter-

itoriebis Taobaze erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli da

arsebiTad sapirispirocaa. m. xorenaciT somexTa kuTvnili qveya-

na moicavda vrcel teritorias xmelTaSua zRvidan kavkasiis wyal-

gamyof qedamde, romlis meCxerad dasaxlebuli erTi nawili

babilonidan vanis tbis midamoebSi mravalricxovani SvilebiTa da

SviliSvilebiT gamosaxlebulma haikma da Semdeg misma STamomav-

lebma TandaTanobiT aiTvises samxedro moqmedebebisa da sameur-

neo saqmianobis Sedegad. amas garda, wina aziis mniSvnelovani naw-

ili da mTeli kavkasia maT parTiis mefe arSakma miakuTvna. ase

rom, m. xorenacis azriT, kavkasiisa da wina aziis erTi nawilis

momcveli es teritoria somxebs savsebiT kanonier safuZvelze

ekavaT da moziare aravin hyavdaT. leonti mroveli, faqtobrivad,

imave vrcel teritorias `kavkasiis mTidan oreTis zRvamde~

qarTvelTa da somexTa, agreTve, kavkasiis sxva xalxebis, saerTo

winapris Targamosis wilxvedril (igulisxmeba RmerTisgan) qvey-

nad miiCnevs, rac imas niSnavs, rom Targamosis Svilebi (gamorCeu-

li rva Svili) yvela erTad, mamis qonebis memkvidreebi arian da

mamis wilxvedrili maTi saerTo qonebacaa, sadac TiToeul maT-

gans sakuTari wili udevs maxloblobisa da ufros-umcrosobis

sayovelTaod miRebuli wesis mixedviT. SesaZloa, amitomac leon-

ti yovel maTgans Sesabamis rigiT nomers akuTvnebs: `pirvelsa

erqva haos, meoresa qarTlos, mesamesa bardos~ da a. S.70.

aseT viTarebaSi bunebrivad Tavs iCens Targamosis Svilebs

Soris uflebrivi Tanafardobis sakiTxi. ufros Svils, e. i. gvarSi

ufross, saerTo qonebis umetesi nawili – mTeli naxevari da, rac

mTavaria, xelisuflebis gamomxatveli mamis sayofeli (e. i. taxti)

gadaecema, ris gamoc, albaT, qonebis es nawili ùmjobesad~

iTvleba. mamis Semdeg is gvaris, anu saxlis ufrosi, e. i.

mamasaxlisi xdeba, amasTan danarCeni Zmebis samiznec, romlebic

memkvidreobis wesis safuZvelze TavianT rigs elian mamis samyo-

felis dasakaveblad. amdenad, leonti mroveli ara marto asworebs

m.xorenacis versias somxuri teritoriis warmoqmnaze da e. w.

`somxur CrdiloeTs~ qarTvelebTan erTad ZvelTaganve kavkasiis

xalxebiT asaxlebs, aramed mtkvrisa da araqsis wyalgamyofi zonis

samxreTiT mdebare teritoriazec momavlisaTvis pretenziasac

acxadebs, rogorc Targamosis rigiT meore memkvidris STamomavali.

aSkaraa, rom sagangebod Txzulebis dasawyisSi gaJRerebuli

mTavari idea (àmbavi rva ZmaTa~), romliTac leonti mroveli

m. xorenacs upirispirdeba, aris kavkasiis xalxTa saerTo warmo-

mavlobisa da, amdenad maTi Zmoba-naTesaobis idea, rac TavisTa-

vad gulisxmobda saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli ZalebiT

SebrZolebas. leontis dros am ideis legitimacias myar niadags

uqmnida selCukiani Turqebis moxSirebuli TavdasxmebiT Seqmnili

udidesi safrTxe, romelic gadagvarebiTa da ganadgurebiT emu-

qreboda mTel kavkasiur civilizacias, sadac wamyvan kulturul

Zalas saqarTvelo da somxeTi warmoadgendnen. amasTan, is savse-

biT pasuxobda kavkasiaSi hegemonobisaTvis gamarTul mraval-

saukunovan brZolaSi, faqtobrivad, gamarjvebuli gaerTianebuli

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv interesebs, romelic amjerad (XI s.

II nax.-Si) somxebisgan gamijvnas ki ar eswrafoda, aramed maT

mindobasa da Tavis garSemo darazmvas cdilobda. aseT pirobebSi

kavkasiis xalxTa naTesaobis Tvalsazriss SedarebiT advilad unda

SeeRwia adamianTa cnobierebaSi da misaRebi gamxdariyo leontis

mier Seqmnili legenda Targamosisa da misi rva Svilis Sesaxeb. Tu

xsenebul garemoebaTa zegavleniT, qristianul mwerlobaSi arse-

bul versiebTan leontis versiis SeTavseba ase Tu ise mainc Sesa-

Zlebeli iyo, somexTa winapris haikis miCqmalva da misi mniSvnelo-

bis damcroba im ubralo mizeziT ver moxerxdeboda, rom berZnul-6 9 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 70.7 0 iqve, gv. 4.

46 47

laTinuri da mravalsaukunovani somxuri tradiciiT, ukve karga

xniT damkvidrebuli azriT, Togarma-Targamosis erTaderT memkvi-

dred haiki-haosi iTvleboda da mis adgilas romelime Zmadwode-

bulis gadmonacvleba, somxur mosaxleobaSi mainc, eWvs qveS daay-

enebda, saerTod, leontis versiis siswores, rac imdroindeli

qarTuli politikisTvis erTob saWiro kavkasiis xalxTa gamaer-

Tianebeli ideis diskreditacias gamoiwvevda. Targamosis samkvid-

rod miCneul teritoriazec (araratis mTis midamoebi) ZvelTa-

ganve somxebi saxlobdnen, rac memkvidreobis wesebze Sua sauku-

neebSi arsebuli warmodgenebi somexTa winapars, upirobod, mamis

pirmSod warmoaCenda. amitom, undoda Tu ara es leonti mrovels,

somexTa eTnarqi – haosi Targamosis pirvel Svilad da ZmaTa Soris

ùmetes gmirad~ da maTze `gamgeblad da uflad~ unda ecno.

Targamosis pirvel Svilad haosis cnobam da, amdenad, ierar-

qiis saTaveSi misma Cayenebam leontis Txzulebas formalurad,

TiTqos, `prosomxuri~ mimarTuleba misca, magram, sinamdvileSi, is

m. xorenacisa da misi TanamoRvawe somexi avtorebis mier warmod-

genili suraTisgan ara marto gansxvavebuli, aramed arsebiTad

sawinaaRmdego iyo. m. xorenaci da V-X ss. somxuri saistorio

mwerloba kavkasiis istorias miTiuri haikidan dawyebuli somxuri

samefoebis arsebobamde, anu XI s. naxevramde, somxeTis sruli poli-

tikuri batonobis xanad saxavs, sadac qarTveli xelisuflebi

somxeTis morCil moxeleebad gamoiyurebian. istoriis asparezze

haosis Zmebis SemoyvaniT ki, qarTvelebi da kavkasiis sxva xalxebi

haosis sagmiro saqmeebis Tanamonawiled da gamarjvebebis Tanazi-

arad gamohyavs leontis. amasTan, somexTa am upiratesobas miTi-

uri xanis irealuri samyaros farglebiT zRudavs. haosis Semdeg

Txzulebis dasawyisSi warmodgenili ierarqia sadRac qreba,

leonti gamorCeulad aravis asaxelebs da yvelas maT saerTo sax-

eliT TargamosianebiT aRniSnavs, haosis STamomavlebi calke ar

saxeldebian. iqmneba Tanabaruflebianobis sruli STabeWdileba.

Targamosianebi karga xans erTad arian, erTad moqmedeben, erTad

icaven Tavs. faqtebi: xazarebi gaZlierdnen da kavkasianebi

Seaviwroves. am ukanasknelebma daxmareba sTxoves danarCen

Targamosianebs. radganac im dros, leontis ganmartebiT, isini

ìyvnes mS¢dobiT siyuarulsa erTmaneTisasa~, Seikribnen `yovelni

naTesavni Targamosianni, da gardavles mTa kavkasia da motyuennes

yovelni sazRvarni xazareTisani, da aRaSennes qalaqni pirsa

xazareTisasa, da wamovides~71. Cveni avtoris warmodgeniT,

Targamosianebs gaaCndaT erTi mTliani qveyana, romlis dacva

yvelas saerTo sazrunavia. xazarebi kvlav da ufro metad ga-

Zlierdnen, maTi simravlis gamo Targamosianebma winaaRmdegoba

veRar gauwies da xazarebma “wartyunes queyana TargamosianTa, da

Semusrnes yovelni qalaqni araratisani da masisisani da Crdi-

losani. da daurCes cixe-qalaqni Tuxarisi, samS¢lde da mtueris

cixe, romel ars xunani, Sida qarTli da egrisi~72. motanil teqst-

Si TargamosianTa qveynis orgvari gagebaa mocemuli. viwro gagebiT

esaa TiToeuli Targamosianis kuTvnili calke samkvidro, romel-

ic Targamosma Tavis droze SemousazRvra Tavis Svilebs. farTo

gagebiT ki es am qveynebis erTobliobaa da saerToa yvela

TargamosianisTvis. swored am saerTo qveyniTa da misi erTiani

ZalebiT warsdgebian xolme isini gare samyaros winaSe. niSan-

doblivia, rom axla ukve, miTosuri xanisgan gansxvavebiT, Targa-

mosianTa Soris ufros-umcrosobaze ubralo miniSnebasac aRar

vxvdebiT, saerTo personaluri winamZRoli maT aRar hyavdaT.

magram, Targamosianebic yvela erTnairi SesaZleblobisa da unar-

is, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo da leontic TargamosianTa saerTo masidan

am niSniT gamoarCevs qarTvelebsa da somxebs `somexTa da qarTvel-

Ta da yovelTa TargamosianTa~73, romlebzec, misi azriT,

damokidebuli iyo TargamosianTa da maTi saerTo bedic. amito-

mac, yvela kritikul momentSi Cveni avtori maT erTad axsenebs,

rogorc TargamosianTa saerTo politikis mTavar ganmsazRvrel

Zalas. magaliTad, Targamosianebze gabatonebuli sparsTa mefe

TurqebTan iwyebs brZolas. leontis TqmiT, `maSin poves Jami mar-

jue somexTa da qarTvelTa, da ganudges sparsTa da ganamagres

cixeni da qalaqni maTni. da SeerTnes yovelni naTesavni Targamo-

sianni~74. ramdenime wlis Semdeg sparsTa mefe did laSqars agza-

vnis `somexTa da qarTvelTa da yovelni TargamosianTa zeda~75.

igive suraTi ixateba sxva epizodebis gamocemisasac: `ver wina-

7 1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 11.7 2 iqve, gv. 11-I2.7 3 iqve, gv. I4.7 4 iqve, gv. I4.7 5 iqve.

48 49

aRudges somexni da qarTvelni~, `maSin dauteva spandiat brZola

somexTa da qarTvelTa~, `ganTavisufldes somexni da qarTvelni~

da a. S.76. erTi sityviT, leontisaTvis kavkasiaSi politikuri situ-

aciis ganmsazRvreli yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori somexTa da

qarTvelTa kavSiria da cdilobs Semdgomi xanis (ukve saxelmwifo-

Ta urTierTobis doneze) istoriis gadmocemis drosac mkafiod

warmoaCinos qarTvel da somex xelisufalTa umWidroesi kavSiri

da TanamSromloba istoriis mTel manZilze.

qarTvel mkvlevarTa erTma nawilma yuradReba miaqcia im

faqts, rom qarTvelebisa da somxebis erTad moxseniebisas, somex-

Ta xseneba yovelTvis win uswrebs qarTvelebis xsenebas, rac le-

onti mrovelis subieqturi ganwyobilebis gamovlenad miiCnia.

marTalia, `somexni da qarTvelni~ – aseTi TanamimdevrobiT, vi-

dre piruku, qarTvelTa da somexTa xseneba SedarebiT ufro xSir-

ia (12 jer 4-is winaaRmdeg), magram is mainc myar safuZvels ver

iZleva xsenebuli daskvnisaTvis. jer erTi, ar Cans, rom leontis

teqstSi eTnosebis dasaxeleba ierarqiuli principis Tanamim-

devrobiT xdebodes, ramdenadac erTad moxseniebisas osebi or

SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebs win uswreben, Tumca maT upiratesobaze

aranairi miniSneba ar aris da arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo, asevea

gamoTqma `Turqni da qarTvelni~77. ierarqiul princips rom udeb-

des safuZvlad eTnosTa dasaxelebas leonti aRar ityoda

laSqarze `berZenTa, somexTa, ovsTa, megrTa da qarTvelTao78.

anda òvsTa, lekTa da qarTvelTa~79. yvelas rom Tavi davaneboT,

CamoTvlaSi megrTa win mainc unda daeyenebina qarTvelni, radga-

nac misive, mtkicebiT, quji farnavazs Tavis uflad cnobda.

aSkaraa, rom haosis miTiuri epoqis gadmocemis Semdeg, eTnosTa

CamoTvlas leonti ierarqiuli sqemis mixedviT aRar unda awar-

moebdes. safiqrebelia, leonti kavkasiis xalxTa warmomavlobis

Tavisi versiis logikidan gamodiodes, roca somxebisa da qarTve-

lebis erTad moxseniebisas haosis STamomavlebi win uswreben

qarTvelebs. haosma mamis samkvidreblis naxevari miiRo, meore

naxevari ki misma Zmebma gainawiles, ris gamoc qarTlosis STamo-

mavlebis qveyana Tavisi moculobiT haosis STamomavlebis qveya-

nasTan SedarebiT ufro mcire unda yofiliyo. realuradac, is-

toriis sakmao periodSi, somxeTi qarTlze gacilebiT vrcel qvey-

anas warmoadgenda. es viTareba, Cans, aiZulebda leontis somxebi

qarTvelebze win moexsenebina, rogorc ufro didi qveynis warmo-

madgenlebi. aseTi varaudis SemTxvevaSi, dasmuli sakiTxisadmi

leontis subieqturi damokidebulebis SesaZlebloba, vfiqrob,

gamosaricxia.

Txzulebis dasawyisSi mocemuli haosis ufrosobiT Seqmnili

STabeWdileba, romelic ZiriTadad miTiuri periodiT ifargleba,

am eTnarqis Semdeg TandaTan fermkrTaldeba da qarTlSi saxelm-

wifos warmoqmnisTanave mTlianad qreba. leontis mier moTxro-

bili qarTlisa da somxeTis samefoebis politikuri urTierTo-

bis uZvelesi istoria arsebiTad gansxvavdeba da, faqtobrivad,

upirispirdeba kidec Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis did-

mpyrobelur ideologias, romlis sanacvlod qarTveli mematiane

TanamSromlobis da naTesaobis ideas amkvidrebs. umTavresad, am

TvalsazrisiT alagebs da aSuqebs is Zveli istoriis, TviT somx-

ur wyaroebSi dacul faqtebsac ki.

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis pro-

cess leonti kavkasiaSi aleqsandre makedonelis SesaZlo laSqro-

basa da mis mier gatarebul RonisZiebebs ukavSirebs. misi TqmiT,

daipyro ra al. makedonelma `yovelni kideni qveynisani~ sikvdil-

amde cota xniT adre, sicocxleSive oTx Tanatomels gaunawila

Tavisi uzarmazari samflobelo. maT Soris `misca antioqozs

asurastani da somxiTi, da kerZo aRmosavleTisa uCina mas~80. xolo

`bizantioss misca saberZneTi da qarTli, da uCina kerZo Crdi-

losa~81. ase rom, aleqsandre makedonelis dapyrobiTi omebis Sed-

egad saqarTvelo da somxeTi, leontis Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva

politikur sivrceSi aRmoCndnen, rac, TiTqos, qmnida maT Soris

dapirispirebis sababs, magram situacia male icvleba da qarTve-

lebi da somxebi kvlav erT politikur garemoSi, kerZod, selev-

kidebis samefos gavlenis sferoSi aRmoCndebian da maT Tanam-7 6 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 16.7 7 iqve, gv. 15.7 8 iqve, gv. 57.7 9 iqve, gv. 46.

8 0 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. I9.8 1 iqve, gv. 20.

50 51

Sromlobas Zveleburad xeli ewyoba. aleqsandres mier qarTlis

patrikad daniSnulma azonma ukiduresad daamZima misi batonobis

uReli, rasac win aRudga qarTlis mosaxleoba mcxeTis mamasax-

lisis ZmisSvilis farnavazis meTaurobiT. kacTmoZule azoni

qarTlidan gandevnes. farnavazi daeufla qarTls `T¢nier klar-

jeTisa”. gamarjvebis bolomde misayvanad ki, radganac azons

berZnebi umagrebdnen zurgs, asurastanis mefes antioqoss ZRveniT

mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis da aRuTqva mas msaxureba. antioqosma

`Seiwynara ZRueni misi, da uwoda Svilad T¢sad, da warmosca

g¢rg¢ni. da ubrZana erisTavTa somxeTisaTa, raTa Seeweodian far-

navazs~82. am brZanebis Sesabamisad `moerTnes erisTavni antio-

qozisni somxiTiT~83 da farnavazis sakuTar laSqarTan erTad,

romelic qarTlis mxedarTa garda egrisisa da osTa meomre-

bisagan Sedgeboda, Seuties da sZlies berZnebs, azoni ki mokles.

amis Semdeg, ganagrZobs qarTveli mematiane, `farnavaz uSiS iqmna

yovelTa mterTa T¢sTagan da mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da

egursa zeda. da ganamravlna yovelni m£edarni qarTlosianni,

ganawesna erisTavni rvani da spaspeti~84 . Semdeg CamoTvlis saTi-

Taod yvela saerisTavos Tavisi administraciuli sazRvrebis Cve-

nebiT da SeniSnavs, rom èsreT ganawesa ese yoveli farnavaz

mimsgavsebulad samefosa sparsTasa~85. leontis gadmocemiT, òc-

daSvidi wlisa mefe iqmna, da samocdaxuT wel mefobda nebier. da

msaxurebda igi antioqoss, mefesa asurastanisasa... da aRaSena da

ganavso qarTli... da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa

Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~86.

qarTlSi saxelmwifos warmoqmnisTanave e. w. TargamosianebT-

an, gansakuTrebiT ki somxebTan, qarTvelTa urTierTobaSi axali

etapi SeiniSneba. am urTierTobaSi TandaTanobiT Tavs iCens

qarTvelTa upiratesoba da iniciativa. rogorc vnaxeT, haosis

Semdeg, leontis mixedviT, TargamosianTa Soris iniciatori da

winamZRoli aravin Cans. isini erTad iReben gadawyvetilebas da

erTad moqmedeben: `Sekrbes yovelni naTesavni Targamosianni~,

`SeerTnes yovelni naTesavni Targamosianni~ da a. S. Targamosian-

ebidan iniciativis mqoned leonti, zogjer asaxelebs somxebsa

da qarTvelebs erTad, magram amaTgan romelimesTvis STamomav-

lobiTi upiratesobis miniWebas sulac ar cdilobs, Tu ar CavTv-

liT somexTa da qarTvelTa erTad xsenebisas moyvanil Tanamim-

devrobas, ris Sesaxebac ukve iTqva, sayuradRebo ufro sxva mo-

mentia. qarTlSi mirvanis gamefebamde leonti somexTa mefesa Tu

misi administraciis ZiriTad warmomadgenel erisTavs niSandobli-

vad arsad axsenebs, romlebic somxur saxelmwifoebriobas gana-

saxierebdnen. Cans, qarTlSi mirvanis gamefebamde leonti arc

varaudobda somxeTSi samefos arsebobas. asurastanis mefesTan

farnavazis urTierTobis WrilSi naxseneb `somxeTis erisTavebs~

rom somxuri administraciis warmomadgenlebad ar miiCnevs, amas

leonti savsebiT gasagebad gamoTqvams, roca wers: `moerTnes

erisTavni antioqozisni somxiTiT~, e. i. es erisTavebi antioqiis

administraciis warmomadgenlebi yofilan somxeTSi da amitomac

ubrZanebs maT asurastanis mefe farnavazisTvis daxmarebis aR-

moCenas. farnavazamde qarTlSi, leontis Tanaxmad, mamasaxlisTa

mmarTvelobis sistema iyo gabatonebuli. aseTsave viTarebis ar-

sebobas, etyoba, gulisxmobs Tanadroul somxeTSic, ramdenadac

iq mefis an mis administraciaze araviTar miniSnebas ar iZleva.

farnavazis meTaurobiT da antioqosis daxmarebiT qarTli Tavisu-

fldeba berZenTa damokidebulebisagan da sakuTar saxelmwifoe-

briobas qmnis, romelic organizaciulad sparsTa samefos msgav-

sad ewyoba. es saxelmwifo wyobileba, faqtobrivad, iseTivea,

rasac m. xorenaci xatavs somxeTisaTvis, mxolod im gansxvavebiT,

rom is droSi win uswrebs somxurs da amiT SesaZlo somxur gav-

lenas emijneba. haosis ufrosobidan momdinare STamomavlobiT

miRebuli privilegiebi aq ukve sabolood kargavs Zalasa da mniS-

vnelobas. marTalia, farnavazi da misi memkvidreebi asurastanis

mefes msaxurobdnen, e. i. vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofebian,

magram leontis Tanaxmad, es `msaxureba~ imdenad msubuqi da for-

maluria, rom maT Soris urTierToba ufro samokavSireo da me-8 2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 23.8 3 iqve.8 4 iqve, gv. 24.8 5 iqve, gv. 25.8 6 iqve, gv. 25-26. 8 7 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 465.

52 53

gobrulia sagulvebeli87. ase rom, farnavazis samefo damoukide-

beli qarTuli saxelmwifo iyo da mas ukve saerTaSoriso aRi-

arebac hqonda mopovebuli, ramdenadac farnavazs TviT

asurastanis mefe antioqosma gamougzavna samefo gvirgvini.

gasagebia, rom aseTi xelisuflebis winaSe somxeTis mamasaxlisis

(rogoradac leontis unda warmoedgina im drois somexTa

xelisufali) SesaZlo STamomavlobiTi privilegiebi arafers

niSnavda, radganac es ukanaskneli mefesTan SedarebiT bevrad

ufro dabali rangis xelisufali iyo.

qarTlis mesame mefe mirian I-is mefobis dasasrulisaTvis,

leontis cnobiT, àmis-ze miicuala antioqisa mefoba babilons.

da mas Jamsa Sina mefe iqmna somxiTs romelsa erqua arSak (aSkaraa,

gulisxmobs Zv. w. 190 w. magneziasTan antioqos III-is sastik marcxs

romaelebisagan, ris Semdeg Zv. w. 189 w. artaSesma Tavi somxeTis

mefed gamoacxada), ezraxa mirvan arSaks, da misca asuli T¢si

Zesa arSakissa, arSaks~88. g. meliqiSvilis SeniSvniT, qarTuli wyaro

savsebiT samarTlianad ukavSirebs somxeTis samefos warmoqmnas

antioqosis mefobis dasasruls89. somxeTSi samefos warmoqmni-

sTanave, leontis mowmobiT, mezobeli qveynebis samefo saxlebi

moyvrdebian, rac uSualod gamomdinareobs qarTveli mematianis

koncefciis ZiriTadi Sinaarsidan, kavkasiis xalxTa da gansakuTre-

biT qarTveli da somexi xalxebis naTesaobisa da TanamSromlobis

ideidan. es idea leontis naSroms Tavidan bolomde gasdevs da

warmodgenili TiTqmis yvela siuJeti mis gaSuqebas emsaxureba.

m. xorenacisgan gansxvavebiT, Txroba didi taqtiTa da orive mx-

aris Rirsebis dacviT mihyavs. rodesac somxeTSi mefe gaCnda da

amis gamo qarTveli da somexi umaRlesi xelisuflebi rangiT ga-

Tanabrdnen, STamomavlobiT miRebuli privilegiebis mniSvneloba

mkiTxvelis TvalSi kvlav somexTa sasargeblod unda warmarTu-

liyo. etyoba, amitomac, vidre somxeTSi mefobis gaCenis ambavs

gadmogvcemdes, winaswar gvauwyebs mesame qarTveli mefis mirva-

nis nebroTianobas (radganac qarTvelTa meore mefe saurmags

vaJi ar hyavda, Tavis memkvidred da Svilad mouyvania Tavisi

colis naTesavTagani `sparseTiT Svili nebroTisi~, romelsac

erqva saxeli mirvan)90. axla ukve STamomavlobiT gansazRvruli

upiratesoba, rogorc qveynierebis pirveli mefis nebroTis STa-

momavlisa, qarTvelTa mxares iyo da haosis STamomavlebis

pretenziebs safuZveli gamoclili hqonda. qarTveli mefis es

upiratesoba Tumca aSkarad xazgasmulad ar aris gacxadebuli,

magram misi da STamomavlebis nebroTianoba TavisTavad

gulisxmobda maT gamorCeulobas. aseTi siuJetis SemotaniT

leonti ostaturad xsnis mezobel xelisufalTa urTierTobaSi

ierarqiuli damokidebulebis SesaZleblobas da, faqtobrivad,

ukuagdebs m. xorenacis qedmaRlur damokidebulebas saqarTve-

losa da qarTvel xelisufalTa mimarT. amis Semdeg leonti mro-

veli Tavisi Txzulebis TiTqmis bolomde, ZiriTadad, qarTvel-

somexTa TanamSromlobisa da danaTesavebis faqtebs gadmogvcems,

riTac mkiTxvelis yuradRebas kavkasiis xalxebis erTianobis

sasargeblod warmarTavs.

danaTesaveba, leontis Tanaxmad, pirvel rigSi, mezobeli qvey-

nebis samefo saxlebs Soris myardeba, ris Sedegadac farnavazian-

Ta qarTuli dinastia parTuli warmoSobis arSakianTa somxur

dinastias ukavSirdeba. aseTi dakavSirebis leontis cdebi kargad

aqvs SeniSnuli p. ingoroyvas. misi dakvirvebiT, `moqceva¡ qarT-

lisa¡~-is qarTvel mefeTa siaSi moxseniebuli arsok da arsuk

leonti mrovelTan Secvlilia saxeliT àrSak~. p. ingoroyvas

azriT, varianti àrSak~ aris mwignobruli interpretacia saxelisa

arsok (arsuk), im mosazrebiT, raTa es pirni daekavSirebinaT ar-

Sakidebis dinastiasTan, Tumca aseTi dakavSirebis safuZvels ver

xedavs91. saxeli àrSak~, leontis warmodgeniT, Zveli somxeTis

Zlierebis xanis samefo dinastias ganasaxierebs92 da mas, e. i.

arSakunianTa dinastias erTgan ganmadidebeli epiTetiTac `dide-

bulTa arSakunianTa~ moixseniebs93. amis gamo zogi mkvlevari le-

ontis mikerZoebaSi adanaSaulebs, TiTqos, aseTi damokidebuleba

8 8 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 28.8 9 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 466.

9 0 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 27.9 1 pavle ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 513.9 2 ix. agreTve, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 466.9 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 63.

54 55

arSakunianebisadmi misi subieqturi ganwyobilebis gamoxatuleba

yofiliyos. sagulisxmoa, rom sumbat daviTis Ze kidev ufro ma-

Ral xarisxSi warmogvidgens arSakunianTa dinastias. bagrat IV-

is dedis mariam dedoflis keTilSobilebisa da gansakuTrebuli

Rirsebis warmosaCenad bagrationTa dinastiis mematiane wers, rom

mariami `naSobi iyo brwyinvaleTa maT ZlierTa da didTa mefeTa

arSakunianTa~94. miuxedavad imisa, rom mariam dedofali mamiT

vaspurakanis samefo dinastiis arwunebis, xolo dedis mxridan

bagratunebis warmomadgeneli iyo, qarTveli mematiane amiT ar

kmayofildeba da dedoflis gansadideblad misi azriT, ufro

sapatio arSakunianobas miawers. aSkaraa, rom Sua saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi arSakunianTa dinastiaze maRali warmodgena hqon-

daT da maTTan kavSiri sapatiod miaCndaT. sagulisxmoa, rom somex

arSakunianebs basil I-is winaprad asaxelebs bizantiuri istori-

ografiac95. ase rom, leontis TxrobaSi farnavazianebisa da ar-

Sakunianebis calkeuli warmomadgenlebis damoyvreba da amis

safuZvelze Semdeg qarTlis samefo taxtze arSakuniani ufliswu-

lis aRmoCena arafers saCoTiros maSin ar Seicavda. sayuradRebo

sul sxvaa. msgavsi faqtebi m. xorenacisTvis ucnobia. Zneli war-

mosadgenia romelime periodSi farnavazianTa taxtze somexi ar-

Sakunianebi msxdariyvnen da amis Sesaxeb m. xorenacs araferi eTq-

va. es xom somexi mematianis koncefciis sruliad sawinaaRmdego

moqmedeba iqneboda? isRa dagvrCenia qarTlis taxtze arSakuniani

mefeebis arseboba, ZiriTadad, leontis iniciativas mivaweroT. es,

sxvaTa Soris, leontis TxrobaSic igrZnoba, ramdenadac ama Tu

im arSakuniani ufliswulis qarTlis taxtze moxvedra da maTi

warmomavlobis istoria xelovnuri SenaTxzobis daRs atarebs.

qristianobamdeli xanis qarTlis 23 mefidan I7 arSakuniani ga-

mohyavs, Tumca maTi umravlesobis arSakunianoba damajereblo-

bas savsebiT moklebulia. leontis Tanaxmad, pirveli arSakuniani

qarTlis mefe somexi mefis vaJi arSaki yofila (leonti ar asax-

elebs am somexi mefis saxels, magram Tu mis miniSnebebs gaviTva-

liswinebT selevkianTa samefos dacemis Sesaxeb, maSin is artaSes

I-s unda gulisxmobdes), romelic qarTlis erisTavebs mouwveviaT

farnajomis nacvlad, radganac am ukanasknels qarTvelTa rju-

lisTvis uRalatia da sparsulis danergvas Sesdgomia. arSakis

Semdeg qarTlis mefe, leontis Tanaxmad, xdeba misi vaJi artagi,

mis Semdeg ki am ukanasknelis vaJi bartomi. e. i. qarTlis taxti

STamomavlobiT gadaecemoda mamidan Svilze arSakunian mefeebs.

faqtobrivad, aq wydeba arSakunianTa zeoba qarTlis taxtze, ris

Semdeg qarTlis taxts sparselTa daxmarebiT ikavebs farnajomis

vaJi mirvan nebroTiani. am ukanasknelis vaJs taxts ecileba

aderkis Ze qarTami, asulis wuli bartom mefisa, romelic Tavis

mxriv egriseli qujis Ziswulia. aderkis mxolod deda hyavda

arSakuniani da, miuxedavad amisa, gamefebis Semdeg leonti mas

arSakunianad naTlavs rogorc bartomis Zes, Tumca, sinamdvile-

Si, bartoms Ze ar hyolia da amitom qujis STamomavali qarTami

iSvila, romlis Svilic iyo aderki. ase rom, aderki bartomis

Svilobilis Svilia da warmomavlobiT arSakuniani ver iqneboda.

winaaRmdegoba leontis TxrobaSi sruliad aSkaraa. gaugebrobas

iwvevs isic, rom aderkis yvela momdevno mefe qristian mirian-

amde, misi pirdapiri STamomavalia da isinic arSakunianTa rigSi

arian CaTvlili. amas garda, nebroTiani qarTveli mefeebic somx-

eTis arSakunianebTan danaTesavebas cdiloben: aZleven maT Tavi-

anT qalebs colad an TviTon irTaven colad arSakunianTa qa-

lebs96. erTi sityviT, qarTuli samefo dinastiis kavSiri somxe-

Tis arSakunianebTan uZvelesi istoriis TiTqmis arc erT etapze

ar wydeba. leontis daJinebuli cdebi qristianobamdeli xanis

qarTveli mefeebis umetesi nawilis gaarSakianebisa sruliad

aSkaraa. aseT mcdelobas, ra Tqma unda, raRaca motivi unda

gaaCndes da ramdenime mniSvnelovani amocanis gadawyvetas unda

emsaxurebodes. rodesac bizantiuri istoriografia axali (make-

donelTa) dinastiis damaarsebels, ubralo warmomavlobis adri-

anopolel basil I-s (867-886) Soreul winaprebs somex arSakunian-

Ta Soris uZebnida da Trdat I-is STamomavlad saxavda, cxadia,

amiT bizantia Tavis pretenziebs acxadebda warmoqmnis procesSi

myof bagratunTa somxeTze97. leonti mrovelis droisTvisac

94 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 386.

95 ix. Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿí, Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ

IX-XI ââ., Ìîñêâà, 1988, ñ. 101-105.

9 6 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 28, 33, da sxv.9 7 k. iuzbaSiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 100-105.

56 57

somxeTis memkvidreobis dauflebis amocana savsebiT realurad

idga bizantiisa da saqarTvelos winaSe, romlis realizacia

safuZvlian samarTlebriv dasabuTebasac iTxovda. qarTvel da

somex bagrationTa saerTo warmomavlobis gverdiT, Zvel qarTul

da somxur dinastiaTa naTesaobis warmoCenas, erTi mxriv, xeli

unda Seewyo politikuri azris qarTvelTa pretenziebis sasar-

geblod warmarTvisaTvis da, meore mxriv, somxuri sazogadoeba

qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi ndobiT ganewyo. Tu ara aseTi mizani,

umotivo da gaugebari iqneboda somexi arSakunianebisa da

farnavazianebis dakavSirebis leonti mrovelis daJinebuli cdebi.

leonti mroveli, Cans, iTvaliswinebda, rom farnavazianTa

gaarSakunianebis misi diplomatiuri xerxi, SesaZloa gamaRiziane-

beli yofiliyo qarTuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili-

saTvis, romelTa ganviTarebuli Rirsebis grZnoba Znelad unda

Segueboda Zveli qarTuli samefo dinastiis Tundac nawilis somx-

ur warmomavlobas, ris gamoc, etyoba, Tavis am legendarul gad-

mocemas sagulisxmo ganmartebebs urTavs. arSakuniani ufliswule-

bis gamoCena qarTlis samefo taxtze, leontis Tanaxmad, araa

dakavSirebuli mezoblebs Soris omebTan an somexTa mxridan Zal-

adobis raime gamovlenasTan. qarTlis taxtze maT qarTveli

erisTavebi iwveven. qarTlis taxtze asvlis umTavresi da gadamw-

yveti piroba qarTlis `mk¢drTa da erisTavTa~ Tanxmobis garda,

aris pretendentis farnavazianoba. leonti sagangebod SeniSnavs:

`qarTvelTa didi saTnooba aqunda farnavazianTa mimarT; da ara

unda sx¢sa naTesavisa mefoba, romelsamca ara Sesdgmida far-

navazianoba~98. am principis Sesabamisad, leontis mier dasaxe-

lebuli qarTlis taxtis pretedentebi, saidanac ar unda moewviaT

isini erisTavebs – sparseTidan, somxeTidan, Tu TviT saqarTve-

los mxareebidan, naTesaobis romelime xaziT (mamis an dedis)

yovelTvis farnavazianebi arian. amitom qarTlis arSakuniani me-

feebic warmoSobiT naxevrad mainc qarTvelebi arian, xolo Ta-

vianTi moRvaweobiTa da saqmianobiT sruli qarTvelebi, qarTu-

li politikuri interesebis, sarwmunoebisa da kulturis erTgu-

li damcvelebi. magaliTad, leontis mixedviT, qarTlis erisTave-

bi somexi mefis Ze arSaks imitom iwveven, rom gandevnon sparsuli

sjulis SemomRebeli farnajomi da daicvan mamapapuri sarwmu-

noeba99. aseve sxva arSakunianebic zrunaven qarTlis Zlierebi-

saTvis `dajda mefed arSak... da mefobda igi nebierad, da umata

yovelTa simagreTa qarTlisaTa. da umetes moamtkicna zRudeni

javaxeTs, qalaqsa wundas~100, e. i. somxeTTan sazRvrispira mxaree-

bi. bartom arSakunianma ki ùmata zRudeTa mcxeTisaTa da yovel-

Ta simagreTa qarTlisaTa~101. aderki arSakuniani `dajda mcxeTas

da mefobda keTilad~102. leontis gadmocemiT, qarTlis arSaku-

niani mefeebi wlebis manZilze Tavdauzogavad ebrZvian ervandian

somex mefeebs qarTlis samxreTis sazRvrebis dasacavad da, sab-

olood aRweven kidec mizans. qarTveli mematianis TqmiT,

`sim£niTa maTiTa ukumoixunes sazRvarni qarTlisani~103. ase rom,

leontis mixedviT, qarTlis arSakunian mefeebs mxolod saxeli

uCanT araqarTuli, Torem TavianTi arsiT Tavankara qarTvelebi

arian.

Tavisi istoriuli koncefciidan gamomdinare, leonti mrove-

li sakmaod did adgils uTmobs TxzulebaSi qarTvel-somexTa

samxedro-politikuri TanamSromlobis faqtebis aRweras, romelTa

mizani rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo-politikuri amocanebis

gadawyveta iyo. swored am konteqstSia warmodgenili arSakuniani

ufliswulebis aRzeveba farnavazianTa qarTlis taxtze. qarTlis

meoTxe mefe farnajomi religiuri reformis gatarebas Seudga,

ramac qveyanaSi politikuri krizisi gamoiwvia. farnajoms zurgs

Zlieri sparseTi umagrebda, amitom mefiT ukmayofilo qarTlis

erisTavebma daxmarebisaTvis somxeTis mefes mimarTes da qarTlis

taxti mis Svils SesTavazes, romelsac colad `farnavazianTa

naTesavi~ hyavda. im dros qarTuli sazogadoebis SexedulebiT

ucxo Zalis gamoyeneba Sinapolitikur brZolaSi Cveulebrivi da

misaRebi iyo, Tuki mizani amarTlebda aseT moqmedebas104. simar-

9 8 qarTlis cxovreba, I gv. 32.9 9 iqve, gv. 29.


101 iqve.102 iqve, gv. 35.103 iqve, gv. 50.104 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1965,

gv. 11-12.

58 59

Tle ki erisTavebis mxares iyo, romlebic mamaTa sjuls icavdnen

da sparsuli wesebis danergvas ewinaaRmdegebodnen. qarTvel-somex-

Ta samxedro kavSirma mowinaaRmdegeze gaimarjva, daicva erovnuli

sarwmunoeba. amitom somexi ufliswulis gamefeba da somexTa Zalis

gamoyeneba Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli TvalsazrisiT savsebiT

gamarTlebuli iyo. amis Semdeg, leontis gadmocemiT, qarTlis

taxtis garSemo iwyeba gaafTrebuli brZola pretendentebs Soris,

romlebic aqtiurad iyeneben ucxo Zalas, xan sparselebisa da xan

somxebis saxiT. mkvlevrebi yuradRebas aqceven im faqts, rom

qarTlis taxtze somxeTis samefo saxlis warmomadgenelTa yofnisas

es brZolebi ufro xSirad qarTvel-somexTa gaerTianebuli laSqris

gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba, rasac somexTa upiratesobad aRiqvamen da

leontis subieqturi ganwyobiT, anda somxuri tradiciis gavleniT

xsnian105. leonti mrovelis istoriuli koncefcia amgvari axsnis

sababs, vfiqrob, maincdamainc ar unda iZleodes. g. meliqiSvili,

romlis azriT, leontis Txzulebas àrmenofiluri daRi azis~,

SeniSnavs, rom teqsti dawerilia keTilganwyobiT rogorc somexTa,

ise qarTvelTa mimarT106 da es savsebiT gasagebia. leontis

koncefciis mizani kavkasiis xalxTa, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTvelTa

da somexTa, TanamSromlobisa da erTianobis propagandaa. amitomac

somex-qarTvelTa gaerTianebul Zalebs ufro xSirad amarjvebinebs,

raTa am kavSiris upiratesoba da mniSvneloba cxadyos qarTvelTa

nebismieri sxva SesaZlebeli aliansis winaSe. aqedan gamomdinare,

iseTi faqtebis gadmocemisas, sadac somexTa roli SedarebiT

gamokveTilad moCans, Cveni avtori cdilobs Seqmnili STabeWd-

ilebis Semamsubuqebel garemoebebiT gawonasworebas. magaliTad,

qarTlis taxtze arSakuniani mefeebis aRzevebis kanonzomiereba

gamarTlebulia maTi farnavazianobiT dedis an mamis xaziT, xolo

qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris warmoqmnili saomari moqmedebebis

aRwerisas orive mxares rig-rigobiT, daaxloebiT, Tanabar

warmatebas miawers, riTac dapirispirebuli mxareebi sabolood

dazavebamde da `status qvos~ aRdgenamde mihyavs. am epizodebis

leontiseuli moTxroba imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom faqtebisadmi

damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, is mkveTrad upirispirdeba m.

xorenacis analogiur moTxrobas da mTlianad uaryofs Zveli

droidanve kavkasiaSi somexTa ucilobeli politikuri batonobis

xorenaciseul koncefcias. qarTlze somxeTis politikuri

upiratesobis drois monakveTs leonti konkretuli qronologiuri

CarCoebiT sazRvravs, qarTlSi ormefobis dasawyis periods

amTxvevs da qarTvel-somexTa urTierTobis istoriaSi mas mokle

da SedarebiT umniSvnelo epizodad miiCnevs. igi wers: àderkisiT-

gan vidre amaT mefobamde (e. i. aderkis SviliSvilebis, farsman da

kaosis mefobamde) iyvnes morCilebasa Sina somexTa mefisasa. da

umetes armazelni mefeni Seeweodes somexTa yovelTa mterTa

maTTa zeda. maSin mefe iqmna somxiTs didi igi mefe iarvand. da

daiviwya man keTili qarTvelTa, emZlavra farsmans armazelsa, da

mouRo sazRvarsa qarTlisasa qalaqi wunda da artani

mtkuramde~107. moyvanili teqstidan gamomdinare, qarTlis

somxeTisadmi daqvemdebarebis periods leonti, TiTqos, qarTlis

mefeTa ori Taobis mmarTvelobis droiT sazRvravs (aderkisiTgan

farsman da kaosis mefobamde), magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

leontis cnobebs aderkis Svilebis, bartamisa da qarTamis mefobis

mSvidobiani da uSfoTveli xasiaTis Sesaxeb `da mefobda ese bartom

da qarTam mS¢dobiT da siyuarulsa zeda erTmaneTisasa~108, Cans

rom somexTadmi morCilebis xsenebuli periodi qarTlis mefeTa

meore wyvilis, farsman da kaosis mmarTvelobis xanaze, aderkis

SviliSvilebze modis, amasTan somexTa morCili mTlianad qarTli

ki ara, aramed mtkvris marjvena mxare, farsmanis sammarTvelo

nawili yofila: ùmetes armazelni mefeni Seeweodnen somexTa

yovelTa mterTa maTTa zeda~-o. TavisTavad TargamosianTa urT-

ierTSewevna saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg uCveulos arafers Seicavda,

magram amjerad es `Sewevna~ calmxrivi da amasTan iZulebiTic

iyo, radganac `mefe iarvand… emZlavra farsman armazelsa, da mouRo

sazRvarsa qarTlisasa qalaqi wunda da artani mtkvramde~. aseTi

damokidebuleba qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris ki leontis kon-

cefciisaTvis miuRebeli iyo, ris gamoc somexTa mefis saqciels105 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 63-65; a. abdalaZe, `qarT-

lis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba, Tb., 1982,

gv. 62-63 da sxva.106 macne, # 3, 1967, gv. 56.

107 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 44.108 iqve, gv. 44.

60 61

saZraxisad miiCnevs da saqarTvelo-somxeTis tradiciuli urTier-

Tobis darRvevaSi iarvands adanaSaulebs: `daiviwya man keTili

qarTvelTao~. erTob sagulisxmoa, rom somexTa mefis mier javax-

eTis nawilis mitacebas m.xorenaci ar aRniSnavs, rac, TiTqos,

gansazRvrul eWvs unda aRZravdes moyvanili faqtis namdviloba-

ze. magram sasazRvro konfliqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rac

TavisTavad qarTlis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis aRi-

arebasac niSnavda, romlis suverenuli uflebebi somexTa mefem

uxeSad daarRvia, ra Tqma unda, m. xorenacis politikur angariSebSi

ver Sevidoda. m. xorenacis TvalsazrisisTvis qarTlis arseboba

mxolod somxeTis SemadgenlobaSia dasaSvebi, rasac leontis mier

daxatuli somxeTTan sasazRvro konfliqtis suraTi mkveTrad ewi-

naaRmdegeboda. amitomac aris, rom leonti mrovelisa da m.

xorenacis mier am periodis saqarTvelosa da somxeTis urTierTo-

bis istoriis faqtebis gadmocema erTmaneTisagan mkafiod

gansxvavdeba SinaarsiTac da formiTac, romelTac urTierTisagan

gansxvavebuli, erTmaneTisagan sapirispiro politikuri koncefci-

is daRi azis.

somexTa mefis iarvandis Zaladoba, gasagebia, qarTlis xelis-

ufalTa sapasuxo moqmedebas iTxovda da leonti mrovelic

dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems mezobelTa Soris im dros ganviTare-

bul sabrZolo peripetiebs. qarTlis mefeebis, farsmanisa da kao-

sisgan gansxvavebiT, maTi memkvidreebi, armazel da azork leon-

tis daxasiaTebiT mamacni da marjveni iyvnen da Seecadnen kidec

somexTa mier mitacebuli qarTlis teritoriebis dabrunebas.

rogorc Cveni mematiane gvauwyebs `ganizraxes Zieba sazRvarTa

qarTlisaTa~109. maT miimxres CrdiloeTis xalxebi: osebi, paWani-

kebi, jiqebi, lekebi, durZukebi, didoelebi da vidre somxebi amis

Sesaxeb gaigebdnen, farulad Sekribes uricxvi laSqari, moulod-

nelad SeiWrnen somxeTSi da mTeli rigi olqebi – Sirakuani,

bagrevandi basianamde da naxWevanamde moaoxres, uamravi tyve da

didi nadavli, qoneba-ganZi Caigdes xelSi da ukan gabrundnen.

somexTa sardali smbat bivritiani daedevna da brZola gaumarTa

qarTvelebsa da osebs. amjerad ukve somxebma moaoxres qarTli.

magram qarTlis mefeni azork da armazel, leontis TqmiT, `si-

ficxliTa gulisa maTisaTa ara SeuSindes, ara dascxres kirTe-

bisagan somexTa zeda~. qarTvelebTan damegobrebuli osebic er-

Toblivad utevdnen da aviwroebdnen somxebs, ris gamoc somxeb-

isa da qarTvel-ovsTa laSqars Soris brZola orive mxaris

cvalebadi upiratesobiT karga xans gagrZelda, bolos ki, roca

qarTvelebma somexTa laSqaris winamZRoli da mefis Ze zareni

daamarcxes javaxeTSi, daatyveves celis tbasTan da darialis

cixeSi gamoketes, daiwyo molaparakeba dapirispirebul mxareebs

Soris. qarTvelma mefeebma gaanTavisufles somexi ufliswuli da

aRuTqves, saWiro SemTxvevaSi, samxedro daxmareba `xolo amisT¢s

somexTa ukmosces sazRvari qarTlisa, qalaqi wunda da cixe de-

moTisa, javaxeTi da artani. da mieriTgan iqmnes moyuare somexni

da qarTvelni da ovsni. da samnive erTobiT brZodes mterTa~110

– sazeimod acxadebs leonti mroveli, riTac kvlav da kvlav

yuradRebas amaxvilebs misi koncefciis umTavres Tezisze:

kavkasiis xalxTa urTierTobaSi ZiriTadia TanamSromloba da

moyvroba maT Soris.

qarTvel-somexTa omebis istoriis leontis msgavsad gadmoce-

ma, gasagebia, rom m. xorenacs xels ar miscemda. misi koncefcia

aseT moTxrobas ubralod, ver iguebda. amitom is xsenebul movle-

nebze saubrisas mxolod zogadi SeniSvnebiT kmayofildeba, misTvis

uxerxul faqtebs ki saxeSecvlili SinaarsiT warmogvidgens, ase

magaliTad, mis TxzulebaSi qarTvel-somexTa omebi alan-somexTa

omebadaa monaTluli, xolo qarTvelebi, isic mxolod erTi nawili,

am omis uneblie da pasiur monawiledaa gamoyvanili. m. xorenaci

wers: ìm xanebSi alanebi SeuTanxmdnen yvela mTielebs, miimxres

qarTvelTa naxevari qveyanac da didZali laSqriT moefinnen Cvens

miw-awyals. artaSesma Sehyara Tavisi mravalricxovani jari da

atyda omi or mamac mSvildosan naTesavs Soris~111. rogorc vxedavT,

m. xorenaci ar asaxelebs omis mizezebs, somexi mefis mier javaxeTis

nawilis mitacebas, laSqrobis moTaved alanebi gamohyavs da ara

qarTvelebi da maTi mefeebi azorki da armazeli, mkiTxvels uqmnis

STabeWdilebas, rom qarTvelebi sulac ar apirebdnen somxebTan

SebrZolebas da mxolod misi erTi naxevari miimxres alanebma,


110 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 45-49.111 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 141.

62 63

meore naxevari ki, igulisxmeba, somexi mefis erTgulebas SerCa.

erTi sityviT, qarTli somxeTis daqvemdebarebul qveynadaa

nagulisxmevi, amitomac, arc qarTvelTa mier kavkasielebTan erTad

Sirakuanisa da bagrevandis dalaSqvraze da arc qarTlis

dasapyrobad somexTa sardlis smbat bivritianis mravalgzis

laSqrobaze ambobs raimes. somxeTTan dapirispirebul Rirseul Zal-

ad, mxolod alanebs miiCnevs: àtyda omi or mamac mSvildosan

naTesavs Soris~. misi damokidebuleba qarTlisa da qarTvelebis

mimarT aSkarad qedmaRluria, rac kidev ufro mkafiod iCens Tavs

im epizodSi, sadac saubaria qarTvelTa mier somexi ufliswulis

zarehis datyvevebaze. m. xorenaci wers: `zarehi iyo pativmoyvare

kaci, mxecebze nadirobaSi marjve, xolo omSi mxdali, uvargisi.

igi gamocdili hyavda qarTvelTa mefes, vinme qarZams, /romelmac/

aujanya qveyana, Seipyro da kavkasiis mTaze cixeSi Casva zarehi.

(qarZams) SeebrZolnen artavazdi da tirani smbatis TanxlebiT da

gamoiyvanes Zma talaxidan~112. teqstis am nawilSi yuradRebas

iqcevs qarTveli mefis kninobiTad moxsenieba – `vinme qarZami~,

rac uSualod gamoxatavs avtoris damokidebulebas qarTlis

uZvelesi istoriis mimarT. miiCnevs ra qarTvel mefeebs bevrad

ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis xelisuflebad, zarehis datyvevebas

maT warmatebad ki ar miiCnevs, aramed somexi ufliswulis uvargisi

TvisebebiT xsnis da qarTveli mefeebis brZolas somexTa Zala-

dobis winaaRmdeg mxolod antisomxur ajanyebad ganixilavs. ase-

Ti Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisia zarehis ganTavisuflebis garemoeba-

Ta xorenaciseuli aRwerac. misi mtkicebiT, somexi ufliswulis

ganTavisufleba dapirispirebuli mxareebis molaparakebis Sedegad

da orivesTvis misaReb safuZvelze ki ar momxdara, aramed zarehis

Zmebsa da mTavarsardal smbat bivritians samxedro Zalis

gamoyenebiT auZulebiaT qarZami daeTmo maTTvis tyve. am mxriv

niSandoblivia isic, rom qarTvelTa tyveobaSi yofnas somexi

ufliswulisTvis samarcxvino movlenad miiCnevs, ris gamoc mis

ganTavisuflebas talaxidan amoyvanas uTanabrebs.

leonti mroveli Tavisi koncefciis Sesabamisad mkiTxvelis

yuradRebas umTavresad mainc saerTo mtrebis (ZiriTadad spar-

selebis) winaaRmdeg qarTvel-somexTa erToblivi brZolis epi-

zodebze amaxvilebs. amasTan damaxasiaTebelia, rom, Tu miTiur

xanaSi erToblivi brZolis winamZRoli somexTa eTnarqi iyo, me-

zobel saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis periodSi ukve aqtiurni

qarTvelebi Canan. aseTi suraTi ixateba, magaliTad, leontis

TxzulebaSi farsman qvelis moRvaweobis aRwerisas. Txroba gaSli-

lia mirdat da farsman mefeebis dapirispirebis fonze. `mirdats

Seeweodes sparsni, xolo farsmans somexni~113. mirdati borot

Zalas ganasaxierebs: èse mirdat iyo kaci urvili da mosisxle~114,

farsmani ki – keTils. mis dasaxasiaTeblad leonti ar iSurebs

mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis aranair saSualebas: `xolo farsman

queli iyo kaci keTili da uxuad momniWebeli da Semndobeli,

asakiTa Suenieri, taniTa didi da Zlieri, m£ne m£edari da Sem-

marTebeli brZolisa, uSiSi viTarca u£orco da yoveliTave

umjobesi yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, romelni gardacvalebul

iyvnes uwinares missa~115. leontis mtkicebiT, farsman qveli TviT

mirdatis mxaris qarTvelebsac uyvardaT da sZuldaT mirdati

`mesisxleobisa da medgrobisaTvis~, ris gamoc maTgan umravlesi

gadaudga patrons. farsman qveli qarTlisa da somxeTis

mxedrobiT ebrZvis sparselebs, magram kritikul situaciebSi

mainc farsmanisa da misi spaspetis _ farnavazis moxerxeba da

gmiroba wyvets brZolis beds. leontis TqmiT, mraval did

gamarjvebaTa Sedegad `ganiTqua saxeli farsman quelisa da

spaspetisa misisa farnavazisi. da winamZRuar eqmna igi spaTa

qarTlisa da somxiTisaTa. da iwyo brZolad sparsTa da Seslvad

sparseTs. da verRaraodes vin winaaRudga farsman quelsa~116.

am teqstSi leonti mroveli erTgvari SeparviT uaRresad mniS-

vnelovan cnobas gvawvdis. qarTlTan erTad somxeTis jaris

winamZRvroba (e. i. sardloba) ar iyo qarTvel-somexTa urTier-

TobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveulebrivi movlena da Tavisi Si-

naarsiT mkafiod gansxvavdeboda samxedro daxmarebis im pirobe-

bisagan, romlis dasaxasiaTeblad mematianeebi iyenebdnen gamoTq-

mas `moirTo Zali somxiTiT~, spaseTiT Tu sxva mxridan. somxeTis

112 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 144-145.

113 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 51.114 iqve.115 iqve.116

iqve, gv. 52-53.

64 65

jaris sardloba qarTlis mefes am qveynis daqvemdebarebis Sem-

deg SeeZlo mxolod, miT umetes, rom leontis dasturiT es Sesa-

Zlebeli gamxdara farsman qvelis gaxmaurebuli gamarjvebebisa da

misi gavlenis gazrdis Sedegad. niSandoblivia, rom farsman I-sa

(I s. 30-60-iani ww.) da farsman II-is (II s. 30-50-iani ww.) brZolas somx-

eTisaTvis parTiis winaaRmdeg TanxmobiT adasturebs ramauli

wyaroebi (tacitusi da sxvebi)117, ris gamoc leontis es cnoba

damajereblobas imsaxurebs. ramdenadac leonti miznad isaxavda

orive xalxisTvis qarTvel-somexTa erTianobis gansakuTrebuli

sasikeTo mniSvneloba eCvenebina, albaT, amitomac gverds uvlis

farsman qvelis mier somxeTis daqvemdebarebisa Tu Tavisi poli-

tikuri gavlenis qveS moqcevis istoriis detalebs da yuradReba

gadaaqvs aseTi kavSiris warmatebul Sedegebze Zlieri saerTo

mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. leontis mtkicebiT, farsman qvelis

sardlobiT qarTvel-somexTa laSqars TviT didi da Zlieri

sparseTic ki veRar igeriebda da mxolod muxanaTi mzareulis

mosyidviT SeZles farsmanis mowamvla, ris Semdeg sparselebi bar-

tamisa da misi momxreebis daxmarebiT ipyroben qarTls. somexTa

mefe berZnebs ukavSirdeba, romelTac dasavleT saqarTveloc

uerTdeba. brZola spars-qarTvelebisa (bartamis momxreTa) da

somex-berZen-qarTvelTa laSqars Soris sabolood am ukanasknel-

Ta gamarjvebiT Tavdeba118, rac aseve qarTvel-somexTa kavSiris

upiratesobas cxadyofs. amis sapirispiro koncefciis Semoqmedi

m. xorenaci, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, dumiliT gverds uvlis

somxeTis istoriaSi farsman qvelis rolsa da mniSvnelobaze

saubars, miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi kar-

gad gaTviTcnobierebul mwerals, safiqrebelia, unda scodnoda

is mdidari masala, romelic laTin avtorebs gaaCndaT kavkasiaSi

saxelganTqmuli qarTveli mefis Sesaxeb. m. xorenaci farsmans

mxolod erTxel axsenebs, isic somexi mefis erT-erTi mxedarT-

ufrosis rangSi, romelic SezRuduli warmatebiT monawileobs

somexTa saSinao dinastiur brZolaSi taxtis erT-erTi preten-

dentis mxares119. m. xorenacisTvis qarTvel-somexTa Tanabaru-

flebiani kavSiri miuRebelia. misgan gansxvavebiT, leonti ga-

nagrZobs gareSe ZalasTan qarTvel-somexTa erToblivi brZolis

epizodebis gadmocemas. farsman qvelis Svilis SviliSvili

amazaspic Zlieri da `msgavsi farsman quelisa~ iyo120. igi

warmatebiT ebrZoda moZalade osebs, magram gadamwyveti da

saboloo upiratesoba maSin moipova, roca, mematianis sityviT,

`moirTo Zali somxiTiT~. leontis Tanaxmad, amis Semdeg amazaspi

galaRda, gaampartavnda, didad Seaviwrova warCinebulni, ris

gamoc qarTlis erma is moiZula. amasTan, `mter eqmna igi somexTa,

da Seiyuarna sparsni~121. amis pasuxad dasavleT saqarTvelos xuTi

erisTavi ganudga amazasps da molaparakeba gamarTes somexTa

mefesTan. gaimarTa brZola da amjeradac sparselebi damarcxd-

nen qarTvel-somexTa gaerTianebuli laSqris winaSe, romelsac

berZnebic da osebic uWerdnen mxars. sparselebis winaaRmdeg

qarTvel-somexTa samxedro TanamSromlobis erTob STambeWdavi

suraTi aqvs daxatuli leontis ukanaskneli farnavaziani mefis

asfagurisa da somexTa mefe kosaros (xosros) urTierTobis

epizodebis gadmocemisas. igi wers: `kosaro somexTa mefeman uwyo

brZolad qasre mefesa sparsTasa, da Seeweoda mas asfagur, mefe

qarTvelTa, da aman asfagur ganuxunis karni kavkasianTani da

gamoiyvannis ovsni, lekni, da xazarni, da mividis kosaro mefisa

Tana somexTasa brZolad sparsTa. …da pirvelsave Seslvasa

sparseTad ewyo qasre, mefe sparsTa, da aotes igi da mosres spa

misi. da mieriTgan verRara winaaRudga amaT mefe igi sparsTa, da

ganamravles Seslva sparseTad da tyuevna sparseTisa.… viTar iotes

somexTa da qarTvelTa da Crdilosa naTesavTa mefe sparsTa, da

ganamravles Seslva sparseTs da o£reba sparseTisa; da verRara

odes winaaRudga mefe sparsTa~122.

somxeTis istoriis am mniSvnelovan movlenaze saubari aqvs

m. xorenacsac, magram mis TxrobaSi qarTvel-somexTa samxedro

TanamSromlobis faqtebma asaxva ar pova. igi ZiriTadad saubrobs

iranSi parTuli samefo dinastiis sasanuriT Secvlaze da am mov-

leniT gamowveul reaqciaze arSakidul somxeTSi. mxolod erT

117 ix. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 511-568; 643-776.118 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 53-54.119 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. I37-I38.

120 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 55.121 iqve, gv. 57.122 iqve, gv. 59-60.

66 67

winadadebaSi gakeTebuli miniSnebiT SeiZleba mixvedra, rom igi

im brZolebsac gulisxmobs, romelTa Sesaxeb vrclad mogviTxrobs

leonti mroveli. m. xorenacis TqmiT, somxeTis mefe xosrovma,

rogorc ki Seityo iranSi dawyebuli areulobis Sesaxeb, maSinve

gaemarTa parTiis ukanaskneli mefis, misi naTesavis artabanis

gadasarCenad. igi romaelTa daxmarebiT fiqrobda parTuli same-

fo dinastiis aRdgenas, magram ar gaumarTlda. ardaSir sasaniani

aqtiurad amoqmedda, miimxro iranis yvelaze gavleniani gvarebi,

xolo xosrovis naTesavi karen fahlavis gvari gaanadgura. poli-

tikuri garTulebebis gamo veRarc romaelebi daexmarnen somexTa

mefes. miuxedavad amisao – wers m. xorenaci – man (e. i. xosrovma)

“Tavis jariTa da keTilmosurneebis, agreTve, Crdiloel tomTa

SewevniT sZlia artaSirs, aota igi indoelTa qveynamde”123. somex-

Ta gamarjvebiT dasrulebuli brZolebis detalurad da mxatvru-

li xerxebiT aRweris moyvaruli somexi mematiane, amjerad,

rogorc vxedavT, metad sityvaZunwia. aSkaraa, somexTa mTavari

damxmaris rolSi qarTvelTa warmoCena mis koncefcias ewinaaRm-

degeboda, ris gamoc iZulebuli gaxda am SemTxvevisTvis bundo-

vani da gaurkveveli Sinaarsis epiTeti `keTilmosurneebi~ gamo-

eyenebina qarTvelTa magier. sasanianTa winaaRmdeg somexTa brZo-

lis am epizodSi qarTvelTa monawileobis cnobam Zvel somxur

saistorio mwerlobaSi mainc SeaRwia, Tumca am istoriografii-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciurobiT. grigol parTelis cxov-

rebis mixedviT, somexTa mefem (xosrom) `Sekriba mxedroba Zlieri

alvanTagan da qarTvelTa da sxvaTa naTesavTagan~ da am ZalebiT

sasanianTa saxelmwifos teritoriis rbeva-TareSi, Turme~ mTeli

aTi weli gagrZelebula124. moyvanil teqstSi qarTvelebis monaw-

ileoba somexTa brZolaSi isea warmodgenili, TiTqos, qarTli

III s. somexTa mefis xelqveiTi yofiliyos, rac simarTlisgan Zalze

Sorsaa. am droisaTvis iranSi sasanianTa gabatonebamde qarTlis

samefo imdenad Zlier politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda, rom

araTu romsa da parTias ar emorCileboda, aramed zogjer maT

winaaRmdeg mtrul aqciebsac ar erideboda125. am droisaTvis ki

qarTli isev damoukidebeli da Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo126, rasac

leontis mier moxmobili cnobebic adasturebs. am SemTxvevaSic

leonti mroveli asworebs movses xorenacisa da, saerTod, Zveli

somxuri istoriografiis monacemebs qarTvel-somexTa urTier-

Tobis istoriaze da Rirseulad warmoaCens am urTierTobaSi

qarTvelTa rolsa da istoriul mniSvnelobas.

qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, qarTvel-somexTa

laSqris aTwliani erToblivi TareSiT imdenad Sewuxebula ira-

nis Sahi, rom iZulebuli gamxdara migzavnili mkvlelis, arSaku-

nianTa monaTesave surenianTa gvaris warmomadgenlis anakis xeliT

moecilebina somxeTis mefe, ris Semdeg Sahma am qveynis dapyro-

bac SeZlo127. somxeTis dapyrobiT sparselTa jars gza gaexsna

qarTlSi SesaWreladac. Seqmnili kritikuli situaciis aRwerisas

leonti mroveli kidev erTxel aviTarebs msjelobas Tavisi kon-

cefciis erT-erTi umTavresi debulebis – saqarTvelosa da somx-

eTis TanamSromlobisa da urTierTkavSiris istoriuli aucile-

blobisa da kanonzomierebaTa sasargeblod. leontis Tanaxmad,

somxeTis dapyrobis Semdeg sparsTa mefe qarTlSi Semovida. qarT-

lis mefe asfaguri oseTisken gaemarTa, raTa damxmare laSqari

gamoeyvana cixe-qalaqTa gasamagreblad. magram oseTSi Sesuls

sikvdili ewia. mdgomareoba imiTac damZimda, rom asfagurs vaJi

ar hyavda da amis gamo farnavazianTa mefoba qarTlSi kidec

dasrulda. Seqmnili krizisis pirobebSi politikuri gadaw-

yvetilebis misaRebad qarTlis erisTavebi mcxeTaSi ikribebian

maeJan spaspetis winaSe. situaciis analizisas kvlav Tavs iCens

qarTlisa da somxeTis urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-

ba orive qveynisTvis. Zalebis gaerTianeba maT yovelTvis aZlevda

saerTo mtrebTan aqtiuri moqmedebis saSualebas (rac araerTgzis

cxadyo qarTvelma mematianem wina TavebSi moyvanili magaliTe-

biT), sul bolosac asfaguris SewevniT somxeTma did warmatebas

123 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 159.124 cxovreba wm. grigol parTelisa, leon meliqseT-begis gamoc. tfi-

lisi, 1920, gv. 7; Zveli metafrasuli krebuli, Tbilisi, 1986, gv.

470-471.

125 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 5I0-537.126 iqve, gv. 568.127 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 158-162; qarTlis cxovre-

ba, I, gv. 59-62.

68 69

miaRwia sasanianebTan brZolaSi. maTi kavSiris gawyveta ki ara

marto warumateblobis mizezi xdeba, aramed Tavdacvisunariano-

bis moSlasac iwvevs, rasac maeJan spaspetis piriT leonti mro-

veli ase gamoxatavs: `rameTu moikla sparsTagan didi igi mefe

somxiTisa, waRebul ars somxiTi, romelsa ekida samefo Cueni, da

aRuRia piri misi sparsTa mefesa STanTqmad yovlisa queyanisa.

aravin ars Cuen Tana winaaRmdgomi misi~128.

qarTlisa da somxeTis politikuri urTierTobis xasiaTis

gamomxatveli leontis mier aq gamoyenebuli zogadi termini èki-

da~ araerTgvarovnadaa aRqmuli samecniero literaturaSi.

mkvlevarTa mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT is, romelic le-

ontis koncefcias armenofilurad miiCnevs, mas qristianobamde-

li saqarTvelos somxeTze daqvemdebarebis dasadastureblad moy-

vanil terminad aRiqvams129, rasac piradad leonti mrovelis sub-

ieqturi ganwyobilebiT xsnis. daqvemdebarebis gadmosacemad le-

onti ZiriTadad or termins iyenebs – `morCilebasa~ da `mon-

ebas~. magaliTad, èse yovelni iyvnes morCil haosisa~; `da ese

rvanive erTobiT hmonebdes nebroTs gmirsa~; èse oTxive iyvnes

morCil misa~; `xazarTa iCines mefe, da daemorCilnes yovelni

xazarni~; `monebda igi azo bizantioss~; `somexni da qarTvelni

iyvnen morCil aJRalanisi sparsTa mefisa” da sxva.130 amave

`morCileba” terminiT gadmogvcems, rogorc iTqva, somxeTze

qarTlis daqvemdebarebis erT gansazRvrul mcire periodsac131.

iyenebs, agreTve, termin `msaxurebas”, magram, etyoba, ufro

msubuqi, vasaluri damokidebulebis gamosaxatavad. magaliTad,

`msaxurebda igi (farnavazi) antioqoss~132. termini èkida~ amaTgan

sruliad gancalkevebuladaa warmodgenili da amitom mas

gansxvavebuli Sinaarsic unda hqondes. sxva adgilas sityva

`mokidebas~ iyenebs SeerTeba, Semovlebis azriT: `mohkida kiri-

zRude cixesa armazisasa~ xolo `mokidebuls~ – mosazRvris

azriT133. sulxan saba sityva `mokidebas~ ganmartavs, rogorc

`moyuareT mobmas~. amaze dayrdnobiT, CvenTvis saintereso wi-

nadadebas `qarTlis cxovrebis~ leqsikonis Semdgeneli sityva

èkidas~ qveS, axal qarTulze ase xsnis: `sparselebma daipyres

somxeTi, romelTanac Cveni samefo, qarTli, megobrul

urTierTobaSi iyoo~134. xsenebul terminSi daqvemdebarebis

moments gamoricxavda mari brosec, romelic sityva èkida~-s

mWidro kavSirad gaiazrebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT n. berZeniSvili

SeniSnavda, rom am terminSi brose iuridiul Sinaarss ar

xedavdao135.

xsenebuli terminis (èkida~) politikuri daqvemdebarebis Si-

naarsiT gadmocemisas leontis kritikosebi ZiriTadad emyarebian

n. berZeniSvilis avtoritets, romelmac I944 w. waikiTxa da I949 w.

dabeWda moxseneba `mokidebulis~ institutis Sesaxeb, sadac man

leontis mier gamoyenebuli am terminis Sinaarsze Tavisi azric

gamoTqva. igi werda: Cven vfiqrobT, rom èkida~ leontis ar esmis

materialuri mezoblobis anu mosazRvreobis azriT. maSin maeJan

spaspeti am zmnas namyo droSi ar ixmarda: maeJani aRniSnavs im

urTierTobas, romelic iyo (èkida~), da exla ki aRar aris,

somxeTis mosazRvred ki saqarTvelo iyo da aseTadve darCa is mas

Semdegac rac, somxeTi qasrem daipyro... miT ufro TanasworTa

kavSiris azriT ar esmis leontis èkida~: amis winaaRmdegia misi

istoriuli koncefcia (SeiZleba swored am koncefciis gamo-

xatulebac iyo maeJan spaspetis pirSi somexTa mefis wodebuleba

`didi mefe~). darCa erTaderTi Sinaarsi, politikuri da-

mokidebuleba da swored am SinaarsiT, vfiqrobT Cven, xmarobs aq

am sityvas leonti mroveli136. ra Tqma unda, mezoblis da mo-

sazRvreobis azriT termin èkida~-s leonti ar da verc gamoiy-

enebda, radganac saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mezobloba imdenad

cnobili faqti iyo, rom is damatebiT ganmartebas, ubralod, aRar

saWiroebda. isic bunebrivia, rom xsenebuli terminis Sinaarsis128 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 62-63.129 m. lorTqifaniZe, ra aris “qarTlis cxovreba”, Tbilisi, I989, gv.

79; a. abdalaZe, “qarTlis cxovreba” da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urT-

ierToba, gv. 63-64.130 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 6,9, II, 20, 43.131 iqve, gv. 44.132 iqve, gv. 25.

133 qarTlis cxovrebis simfonia leqsikoni, I, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 127.134 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 439.1 3 5 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, gv. 127, Sen. 38.136 iqve, gv. 126-7.

70 71

gaxsnas n. berZeniSvili mematianis istoriul koncefcias udebs

safuZvlad. Tuki miviCnevT, rom leontis koncefcia Zvel kavka-

siaSi somexTa upiratesobas aRiarebda da, Cans, XX s. 40-ian wlebSi

n. berZeniSvili ase fiqrobda, maSin savsebiT logikuria misive

daskvna, rom leontis TanasworTa kavSiris azriT ar esmoda

èkida~. leontis teqstze Semdgomi xangrZlivi dakvirvebisas n.

berZeniSvilma, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovanwilad Seicvala Tavisi

adrindeli damokidebuleba qarTveli mematianis istoriuli kon-

cefciis mimarT. 50-60-iani wlebis CanawerebSi, dasrulebul Tu

dausrulebul naSromebSi mecnieri araerTgzis aRniSnavda, rom

leonti mroveli mTeli Sromis sigrZeze ebrZvis da arsebiTad

asworebs da upirispirdeba xorenels da somexTagan damokidebule-

bas gaurbis137. aseTi xedvisas, cxadia, sxva axsnas hpovebda sadavo

terminic. misTvis, albaT, ufro Sesaferisi iqneboda sulxan sabas

ganmarteba, romlis Tanaxmad, sityva èkidas~ identuri `mokideba~

`moyvareT mobmas~ niSnavda. didi qarTveli leqsikografis am

ganmartebis komentirebisas n. berZeniSvili SeniSnavda, rom saba

CvenTvis saintereso xaziT `mokidebaSi~ mxolod `moyvared mobmas”

aRniSnavda, magram sabas rom `mokidebulis~ socialur-politikuri

Sinaarsi kargad esmoda, es Cans mobma sityvis ganmartebidan: `mobma

zurgad moyuare anu didi vinme moikidos~. aq ukve saba orbeliani

moyvrobis garda sxvagvar mokidebasac gulisxmobs da aseTi aqtis

mizansac asaxelebs: esaa `zurgi~. feodaluri institutis

`mokidebulis~ kvlevisas n. berZeniSvili ganixilavs mokidebis

mraval sxvadasxva variants da ganmazogadebel daskvnaSi

CamoTvlis maTTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad niSnebs. igi wers:…

mokidebuli im TaviTve farTo moculobis sazogadoebriv

gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. mokidebulis damaxasiaTebeli iyo misi

wevrebis Tavisufleba da interesTa Tanxmoba.… qarTuli feodal-

izmis yvela safexurze mokidebulis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi (interesTa

Tanxmobis niadagze met-naklebad Tavisufali gaerTianeba)

ucvleli darCa138. Tavisufleba da interesTa Tanxmoba ki mxolod

Tanabaruflebian pirTA Sorisaa SesaZlebeli, ris gamoc, vfiqrob,

leontis TanasworTa kavSiris azriT unda esmodes termini èkida~.

leontis drosTan SedarebiT axlo periodSi (XII s.), roca n.

berZeniSvilis dakvirvebiT termini `mokiduli~ ukve didi xnis win

Camoyalibebuli da savsebiT garkveuli Sinaarsis Semcveli cneba

iyo, konkretuli faqtebis analizi mkvlevars ar aZlevs saSualebas

terminis SinaarsSi maincdamainc daqvemdebarebulis niSnebi amoic-

nos. n. berZeniSvilis SeniSvniT, arc aqedan, e. i. 1190 w. ambebidan

Cans, rom `mokidebuli~ qveSe-dawesebuls, xelqveiTs niSnavda139.

XII s. termini èkida~, rom daqvemdebarebis SinaarsiT ar

esmodaT, amis dasturia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targ-

manis Sesabamisi teqstic, sadac qarTlis somxeTTan mimarTebis

gamomxatveli nawili saerTod gamotovebulia140. somexi mTargmne-

li, romelic ilia abulaZis dakvirvebiT, cdilobs Tavisi qveyana

da Tanamemamuleebi yvelgan gandidebiT warmoadginos, risTvisac

TviTnebur redaqciul cvlilebebsac ar erideba, cxadia, uTargm-

nels ar datovebda somexTa upiratesobis gamomxatveli Sinaarsis

mqone qarTul sityvas da mis mniSvnelobas, albaT, kidev ufro

metad gamokveTda da gaaZlierebda. da, radgan ase ver iqceva,

Cans, leontis am gamonaTqvamSi somexi mTargmneli misTvis sasarge-

blos da gansakuTrebuls verafers xedavda. SesaZloa, somxuri is-

toriografiis klasikosebis msgavsad, Cveni mTargmnelisTvisac mi-

uRebeli iyo qarTlisa da somxeTis politikuri urTierTobis

TanabarTa kavSirad warmodgena, rac leontis teqstis am nawilSi

ikiTxeboda. amitom adgilis Targmnas, isev, misi gamotoveba arCia.

msgavsi manipulaciebi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ somexi mTargmnelisTvis,

rogorc ilia abulaZec aRniSnavs, ucxo ar iyo.

maeJan spaspetis sityvis mTeli winamoTxrobac somxeTze qarT-

lis politikuri damokidebulebis azris gamomricxvelia. am

mxriv, Txrobis arc erTi pasaJi eWvis safuZvels ar iZleva. ufo

metic, sparseTis winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaSi qarTveli mefis

rols leonti ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs141, rac savsebiT re-

alisturi Sefasebaa. romaelTa legionebis Semdeg sparseTis

137 n. berZeniSvili, sis, VIII, gv. 298, 339-381, 555-557 da sxva.138 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, gv. 134.

139 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, gv. 119.

140 qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, il. abulaZis gamoc.

Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 66.141 ase aRiqvams qarTveli mematianis Txrobas n. lomouric. ix. misi

`narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan~, Tbilisi, 1975,

gv. 19.

72 73

sapirispiro ufro srulfasovan Zalas, ra Tqma unda, Crdilo

kavkasiaSi momTabareTa samxedro SenaerTebi warmoadgendnen. maTi

amoqmedebisa da saWiro mimarTulebiT warmarTvis meqanizmi ki

qarTvelTa mefeebs epyraT xelT. àra £elewifebis gamoslvad

didTa maT naTesavTa ovsTa da yivCayTa T¢nier brZanebisa

qarTvelTa mefisa~142. marTalia, es sityvebi vaxtang gorgasals

miekuTvneba, magram isic cxadia, rom mematiane sakmaod Zvel

tradicias gadmogvcems, ramdenadac karTa Sebmas da amiT kavkasi-

is gadasasvlelebze kontrolis dawesebas qarTuli wyaroebi jer

kidev farnavazis uSualo memkvidreebs miaweren143. aseTi Zlieri

zurgis mqone qveyanas ki ara marto somxeTi, aramed sparseTi da

romic uwevdnen angariSs. m. xorenacic ki, romelic qarTls,

TiTqmis, yovelTvis somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi gulisxmobs, amjerad

veRar iyenebs misTvis Cveul mbrZaneblur gamoTqmebs qarTlis

mimarT da bundovani, Tu neitraluri sityvebiT cdilobs

gadmosces asfaguris daxmarebis ambavi, romelsac Tavisi didi

mniSvnelobis gamo, gverdi veRar auara. leonti am SemTxvevaSic

asworebs da sicxade Seaqvs m. xorenacis dabindul teqstSi imiT,

rom saTiTaod CamoTvlis sasanianTa iranis winaaRmdeg mowyobili

samxedro kampaniis mTavar monawileebs: somxebs, qarTvelebs,

Crdilo kavkasielebs – ìotes somexTa da qarTvelTa da

Crdilosa naTesavTa mefe sparsTa~144. m. xorenacic, faqtobrivad,

mijnavs erTmaneTisagan somxur jarsa da maT Semwe `keTilmo-

surneebsa~, Tu CrdiloeTis mTiel tomebs. leontis teqstSi

laSqrobis monawileTa CamoTvlisas sxvebze win somexTa xseneba,

ra Tqma unda, upiratesobis gamomxatveli ver iqneba. xsenebuli

omi, pirvel rigSi, somexTa omi iyo da, bunebrivia, mematianes

isini mokavSireebze uwin unda exsenebina. leonti mrovelis mier

gadmocemuli qarTvel-somexTa urTierTobis amsaxveli faqtebi,

miT ufro, sasanianTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis ukve

moyvanili konkretuli siuJeti, rogorc vxedavT, ar iZleva

sababs qarTlis somxeTze politikuri damokidebulebis

warmosadgenad. aseTi viTarebisas ki, cxadia, naTesaobisa da

moyvrobis safuZvelze qarTvel-somexTa TanamSromlobis mexotbe

mematianisaTvis miuRebeli unda yofiliyo am qveynebis urTier-

Tobis dasaxasiaTeblad daqvemdebarebis gamomxatveli terminis

gamoyeneba, rac misive koncefciisaTvis sruliad Seuferebeli

iqneboda. igi qarTlisa da somxeTis urTierTobas, gansakuTre-

biT ki samxedro-politikur sferoSi, moyvareTa kavSirad

warmogvidgens, rasac mTeli misi winamoTxrobac adasturebs. ase-

Ti urTierTobis gamosaxatavad yvelaze ufro moxerxebuli ter-

mini ki sabas mier `moyvareT mobmad~ ganmartebuli `mokideba~ da

leontis mier gamoyenebuli èkida~ gamodis. namyo droSi termi-

nis xmareba am SemTxvevaSi savsebiT gasagebia: is urTierToba

qarTlsa da somxeTs Soris anu moyvruli TanamSromloba, romel-

ic aqamde arsebobda, maeJan spaspetis sityviT, aRar arsebobs

somxeTis mefis mokvlisa da sparselTa mier somxeTis dapyrobis

gamo. amitom moyvris gareSe darCenili qarTli martodmarto

aRmoCnda Zlieri mtris winaSe. somxeTi qarTlis fari iyo

samxreTidan, xolo qarTli Zlieri zurgi somxeTisaTvis Crdil-

oeTidan. Tavdacvis azriT, erTmaneTze damokidebuli es mezobe-

li qveynebi erTmaneTs ekidnen. aseTi azris Semcveli unda iyos

sityva èkida~-s Sinaarsi, romelic, vfiqrob, gamoyenebulia poli-

tikuri partniorebis urTierTdamokidebulebis gadmosacemad da

ara erTis meoreze daqvemdebarebis gamosaxatavad.

leontisa da xorenacis damokidebuleba istoriuli faqtebis

SerCevisa da gadmocemisadmi, rogorc amjerad vnaxeT, sruliad

gansxvavebuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. aseTi viTareba

gamowveuli unda iyos ara imdenad mezobelTa metoqeobiT, ram-

denadac erTmaneTisgan sakmaod dacilebuli sxvadasxva istoriuli

epoqebisadmi maTi kuTvnilebiTa da am faqtoriT ganpirobebuli

gansxvavebuli konkretuli politikuri amocanebiT. xorenaci Tavis

Txzulebas istoriis qarcecxlSi damarcxebuli somexi xalxisaTvis

werda, romlis mizani iyo saxelmwifoebriobis dakargviT

gulgatexili TanamoZmeebis gamxneveba, warsuli didebis magaliTe-

biT maTi aRfrTovaneba da momavalSi damoukideblobis aRdgeni-

saTvis brZolaSi sulieri ganmtkiceba. leontis amocana ki, piri-

qiT, aRmavlobis gzaze myofi da kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli gamae-

rTianebeli moZraobis avangardSi mdgomi qveynis interesebis sar-

ealizaciod sazogadoebrivi azris Semzadeba iyo, im qveynis in-

142 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 156.143 iqve, gv. 28.144 iqve, gv. 60.

74 75

teresebisaTvis brZola, romelic imJamad ukve somxeTis memkvi-

dreobas bizantias ecileboda. amis gamoc, leontis Tavisi isto-

ria martooden qarTvelebisaTvis ar SeeZlo ewera. mas somxebi-

sTvisac unda gaewia angariSi, romelTa mimxrobasa da Tavis garSemo

darazmvas qarTuli saxelmwifo gegmavda. amitomacaa, rom leonti

xelaRebiT ki ar uaryofs xorenacs, aramed asworebs da cdilobs

Rirseulad warmoaCinos saqarTvelos istoria, ise ki, rom arc

somexTa Tavmoyvareobas miayenos ziani.

es gansxvavebuli tendenciebi leontisa da xorenacis Txzu-

lebaSi kidev ufro mkafiod iCens Tavs kavkasiaSi qristianuli

sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisa da pirveli qristiani qarTveli da

somexi mefeebis moRvaweobis gadmocemisas. es xana Sua saukuneeb-

is qristiani mwerlebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisa iyo da

TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda Sesaferisi RirsebiT warmoeCina

Tavisi qveynis istoriis es monakveTi.

Tavisi koncefciis erTguli da misi Tanamimdevruli damcve-

li m. xorenaci somxeTis pirvel qristian mefes Trdat III-s eli-

nuri miTebisa da aRmosavluri zRaprebis gmirebis TvisebebiT

amkobs, miawers ra mas goliaTur arabunebriv fizikur Zal-Rones,

ris safuZvelzec yvelaze rTuli da saxifaTo situaciebidan misi

gmiri uZleveli da gamarjvebuli gamohyavs. aseTi siuJetebia:

goliaTebTan da velur xarebTan SeWideba, veluri kuroebis xe-

liT dagleja, cxenidan CamoqveiTebuli Trdatis mier spiloebis

jogebis xmliT garekva, basilTa mefis cxenianad Suaze gapoba,

meomarTa mTeli razmebis damoukideblad amoxocva da sxva145.

m. xorenacis mtkicebiT, Trdati yvelgan da yovelTvis imarjveb-

da. misive mtkicebiT, saqarTvelos pirveli qristiani mefe mir-

iani Trdatis qveSevrdomi da misi erT-erTi sardali iyo da

amdenad, qarTlic somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo sagulvebeli146.

aseT mtkicebulebaTa winaaRmdeg aSkarad gamosvla da misi

xelaRebiT uaryofa m. xorenacis didi avtoritetis gamo, Tundac

somexTa TvalSi, SesaZloa efeqturi ver yofiliyo. amitom qarTu-

li istoriografiis Rirsebis dasacavad da sakuTari koncefciis

gasamarTleblad leonti erTob originalur xerxs mimarTavs.

qarTveli mematiane mirians sasanianTa mefis Svilad saxavs da

saqarTvelos pirveli qristiani mefis xosroianobiT, faqtobri-

vad, agrZelebs da axal pirobebSi kvlav acocxlebs Zveli qarTu-

li farnavaziani mefeebis nebroTianobis ideas. am tradiciis mniS-

vnelobaze yuradRebas juanSeric amaxvilebs, roca vaxtang gor-

gasalis piriT mkiTxvels Seaxsenebs: `... romelni varT naTesavni

nebroT gmirisani, romeli uwinares yovelTa mefeTa gamoCnda

queyanasa zeda, romeli lomsa ZaliTa viTarca Tikansa moiyva-

nebda, kanjarTa da qurcikTa queTTi ipyrobda. rameTu ezom gan-

didna Zali misi, romel daemorCilnes yovelni naTesavni noes-

ni~147. noes naTesavebSi, ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, somxebi

moiazrebodnen, rac imasac niSnavda, rom Tu morCilebaze

midgeboda saqme, qarTveli mefeebi somxebs ki ara, piriqiT, somexi

mefeebi qarTvel mefeebs unda damorCilebodnen, rogorc

qveynierebis pirveli mefis nebroT gmiris STamomavlebs. leontis

arapirdapiri mtkicebiT am Zveli tradiciis Zala qarTvel qris-

tian mefeebzec vrceldeboda maTi xosroianobis gamo. leonti

qarTvelTa sxva upiratesobebzec amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis

yuradRebas. Tu xorenaciT, somexi mefeebi yovelTvis amayobdnen

parTiis samefo dinastiasTan naTesaobiT da es kavSiri somxeTis

Zlierebis mniSvnelovan wyarod miaCndaT, leontiT, miriani TviT

parTelTa damamxobeli sasanianebis kidev ufro axlo naTesavia,

sparseTis mefis ufrosi vaJia da, bunebrivia, sparselTa

mxardaWeriTa da keTilganwyobiT sargeblobs, rac mas gan-

sakuTrebiT upirates mdgomareobas uqmnis kavkasiaSi. rogorc

parTiis pirvelma mefem arSakma, m. xorenaciT, somxeTis mefe mTel

kavkasiaze gaabatona, aseve sasaniani qasre, leontiT, mTel

kavkasias aZlevs mirians sammarTvelod. `da misca (mirians)

qarTli, somxiTi, rani, movakani da hereTi~148. am cnobas leonti

sxvadasxva variaciebiT kidev ramdenjerme imeorebs: “da mefobda

esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls, somxiTs, rans, hereTs,

movakans da egrs~149. roca m. xorenaci xsenebuli arSak parTiis

mefis wyalobaze saubrobda, aRniSnavda, rom kavkasiis garda

145 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 163-164; 166-167; 169-170.146 iqve, gv. I69-I72.


76 77

somxeTis mefes wina aziis zogierTi teritoriebic misca150.

TiTqos, am cnobis pasuxad leonti gvatyobinebs: `xolo mirians

(sparselebma) gulis-sadebad misces bartamisgan jazireTi, da

Samis naxevari, da adarbadagani. da ese yoveli qarTls, somxiTs,

rans, hereTs da movakans zeda mourTes~151. ase rom, mirianis qarT-

li, leontis mixedviT, TiTqmis, arafriT CamorCeboda

arSakunianTa somxeTs. magram yvelaze didi upiratesoba, romelic

qarTls gaaCnda, leontis azriT, iyo misi gansakuTrebuli

strategiuli mdebareoba. qarTlisa da mcxeTis centraluri

mdebareoba kavkasiaSi mas am qveyanaze sruli kontrolis

saSualebas aZlevda. am azrs leonti Tavis TxzulebaSi sparseTis

sasaniani mefis piriT gadmogvcems. igi wers sparsTa mefem

ùkeTesad gamoarCia mcxeTas dasuma Zisa misisa mefed. rameTu

yovelTa qalaqTa somxiTisa da qarTlisaTa, ranisa da mis

kerZoTa, yovlisa ufrosad da umagresad gamoarCia da maxlobe-

lad CrdiloTa mterTa, raTa hbrZodis maT muniT da ipyrobdes

yovelTa kavkasianTa~152. aseTi Tvalsazrisis dominirebas leon-

tisdroindel sazogadoebaSi, gasagebia, didi mniSvneloba unda

hqonoda kavkasiis momavali gaerTianebisaTvis moRvawe qarTveli

politikosebisaTvis, romlebic amiT kidev erT seriozul

arguments iZendnen TavianT sasargeblod.

qarTlis istoriis Rirseulad warmoCenasTan erTad, leonti

gansazRvrul pativs miagebs somxur folklorul masalasac,

romelmac farTo gamoyeneba hpova Zvel somex avtorTa Txzule-

bebSi. amasTan, am somxur gadmocemebs SesaSuri taqtiT urTavs

specialur ganmartebebs, riTac maT hiperboluri samosisagan

aTavisuflebs. leontis mier aseTi xerxiT warmoCenili pirveli

qristiani somexi mefis daxasiaTeba, vfiqrob, ufro realuri da

adamianuricaa Zvel somex avtorTa mier daxatul portretTan

SedarebiT. Trdatis sagmiro saqmeTa Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmoce-

mebidan leontis mxolod agaTangelosTan daculi cnoba mohyavs

guTebis Tavdasxmis mogeriebisas berZenTa jarSi myofi Trdatis

simamacisa da moxerxebis Taobaze. madlieri imperatori Tavis

laSqars aZlevs Trdats da gaamefebs somxeTSi. leonti am faqts

ase gadmogvcems: “xolo keisarman miscna spani Trdats da gamog-

zavna somxiTs, mamulsa T¢ssa. gamovides somxiTs da gamoasxnes

spani erisTavni mirianisni”153. amjerad, leonti kidev erTxel (ukve

meoTxed), Tumca arapirdapir, mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miaqcevs

imaze, rom Trdatis gamefebamde somxeTs miriani da misi erisTave-

bi marTavdnen. am konteqstSi SesaZloa sayuradRebo iyos

m. xorenacis cnobac, romlis mixedviT, xosrovis mokvlidan Trda-

tis gamefebamde somxeTs sparseTis mefe Tavisi moxeleebis Sem-

weobiT 26 weliwads ganagebda, viTarca erT-erT Tavis mxareTa-

gans154. albaT, ar aris gamoricxuli leontisa da xorenacis am

cnobebs Soris raRac kavSiri arsebobdes.

Trdatis daxasiaTebisas, rogorc Cans, leonti m. xorenacis

Txzulebasac iyenebda, magram somex mefeze iq arsebul gazRapre-

bul cnobebs ki ar imeorebs, aramed maT Sinaarss mokled gad-

mogvcems: `da aravin ipova odes sparsTa Soris martod-mbrZoli

Trdatisi. da saxelovan iqmna igi yovelsa queyanasa, da sZlo

yovladve mbrZolTa misTa, viTarca weril ars ambavi misi cxo-

rebasa somexTasa~155. am bolo winadadebiT leonti, aSkaraa,

mkiTxvels auwyebs, rom Trdatis warmodgenili daxasiaTeba mas

ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed somxur matianeebs. misi azriT, qarTlisa

da somxeTis metoqeobaSi sZlevda is, romelsac ufro Zlieri

mxardamWeri hyavda. ase rom, sakiTxs wyvetdnen gareSe poli-

tikuri Zalebi da ara uSualod romelime metoqe. leontis

gadmocemiT, somxeTSi Trdatis gamefebisa da iqidan mirianis

erisTavebis gamoZevebis Semdeg mezobel qveynebs Soris

`daucxromelad iyvis SfoTi... welTa mravalTa... xolo odes

moirTis Zali Trdat saberZneTiT da momarTis mirians, da mas

ver Zal-edvis winaaRdgomad, da gamagrnis cixeni da qalaqni, da

movlis Trdat queyana misi. da odes ganZlierdis mirian

sparseTiT, maSin ver winaaRudgis Trdat, da movlis mirian

somxiTi~156. miriansa da Trdats Soris `daucxromeli SfoTi~ rom

150 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 67.151 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 67.152 iqve, gv. 63-64.

153 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 68.154 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 162.155 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 69.156 iqve.

78 79

sazRvrebis gamo iqneboda atexili es sruliad cxadia leontis

Txrobis mixedviT, radganac misive TqmiT, keisarma Trdati

`somxiTs, mamulsa T¢ssa~ gamogzavna da Cans, somxeTis mefe

cdilobda damxmare Zalis saSualebiT misi mamuli CrdiloeTiT

zedmetad gaefarToebina, rasac, bunebrivia, mirianis winaaRmde-

goba daxvdeboda. maT Soris urTierTobas isic amwvavebda, rom

isini erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli mZlavri saxelmwifoebis

mfarvelobis qveS imyofebodnen da, nebiT Tu uneblieT, mfarve-

lis miswrafebaTa gamomxatvelnic unda yofiliyvnen. aseTi

damokidebuleba qarTlsa da somxeTs Soris leontis striqonebSi

mkafiod SeigrZnoba. leontis Tanaxmad, sparseTis mefe

winadadebas aZlevs mirians `SevkrbeT, da gardavloT somxiTi, da

SevideT saberZneTad~157. rogorc vxedavT, am winadadebaSi mTavari

samizne saberZneTia da ara somxeTi. es ukanaskneli mxolod mcire

winaRobaa, romelic unda gardavlon. Trdatma Warb Zalebs

winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da mokavSireebma `wartyuenes somxiTi~

da Sevidnen saberZneTSi. am Zalebs verc berZenTa mefe

konstantine aRudga win da did mwuxarebas mieca158. Cndeba axali

Zala, romelic sruliad cvlis manamde arsebul urTierTobas

qveynebsa da adamianebs Soris. qristes jvaris saswaulmoqmedi

ZaliT berZenTa mefe konstantine, romelmac irwmuna axali

moZRvreba da naTel iRo, mcire ZalebiT uricxvi mteri

gaanadgura, `viTar weril ars ese gancxadebulad moqcevasa

berZenTasa~ SeniSnavs leonti mroveli. amjerad qarTveli

mematiane mis mier moyvanil wyaros gulgrilad ki ar afiqsirebs

mxolod, aramed Sefasebasac aZlevs da mas cxadsa da marTals

uwodebs, riTac Tavis keTilsasurvel damokidebulebas gamoxat-

avs gamoyenebuli literaturis mimarT.

axali sarwmunoebis upiratesobisa da Zlierebis mowme miri-

ani ganudgeba sparselebs da konstantines samsaxurSi dgeba, ris

Semdeg qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba Cveul, leontisTvis sasur-

vel kalapotSi eqceva. konstantine mefe amoyvrebs Zvel metoqe

mezoblebs. mirianis vaJi revi colad irTavs Trdatis qaliSvils

salomes. bolo eReba sasazRvro konfliqtsac. konstantine bune-

briv-geografiul sazRvars udebs mijnad mezoblebs: `romelTa

queyanaTa mdinareni dian samxreTiT da mierTvian ra£ssa, ese qu-

eyanani Trdatis kerZad dayarna; da romlisa queyanisa mdinareni

CrdiloT dian da mierTvian mtkuarsa, ese mirianis kerZad da-

yarna~159. mSvidoba da siyvaruli myardeba, leontiT erTi mamis

STamomaval moZmeebs Soris, rac qarTveli mematianis koncefciis

kanonzomier gamovlinebas warmoadgenda. mSvidoba da moyvroba

kavkasiis xalxebs Soris ki leontis droindeli qarTuli saxelm-

wifos perspeqtiuli politikis safuZveli iyo, romlis xorcSesx-

mas leontisTan erTad Sua saukuneebis qarTuli istoriografia

da mwerloba emsaxureboda.

leontis mier movses xorenacis kritika ar iqneboda sruli,

Tu is Tavis damokidebulebas ar gamoxatavda somexi mematianis

Tvalsazrisze kavkasiis sarwmunoebrivi da kulturuli iersaxis

Sesaxeb. arc am SemTxvevaSi Ralatobs leonti m. xorenacis kri-

tikis Tavis meTods da somexi mematianis Sesworebas kvlav ganagr-

Zobs. Zvel qarTlSi somxuri warmarTuli kultis batonobis m.

xorenaciseuli mtkicebis sapasuxod leonti qarTvelTa uZvelesi

sarwmunoebis warmoqmnisa da misi ganviTarebis Tanamimdevrul

suraTs gadmogvcems, sadac somxuri gavlenisaTvis adgili aRar

arsebobs. leontis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebma TavianTi Tavdapirve-

li sarwmunoeba qarTlSi mosvlis Semdeg SeimuSaves, rac

ZiriTadad, qarTlosis saflavisa da mnaTobebis TayvaniscemiT

gamoixateboda. igi wers: `da iqmnes msaxur mzisa da mTovarisa

da varskulavTa xuTTa, da mtkice da ufrosi saficari maTi iyo

saflavi qarTlosisi~160. amis Semdeg Zvel qarTul warmarTul

panTeonSi adgils kerpebi ikaveben: gaci da gaim161, umTavresi ki

farnavazis mier Seqmnili kerpi xdeba. mis Sesaxeb, sxvebisgan

gansxvavebiT, sagangebo xazgasmiT gadmogvcems am RvTaebis Seqmnis

ambavs: `farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda T¢ssa: ese ars

armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua. amarTa kerpi

igi armazi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, da mieriTgan ewoda armazi


158 iqve.


80 81

kerpisa misT¢s. da qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misT¢s

aRmarTebulisa~162. mematiane gansakuTrebuli aqcentebiT

gadmogvcems RvTaeba armazis saxelwodebis farnavazisgan

warmomavlobas da am faqts erT winadadebaSi sxvadasxva formiT

ramdenjerme imeorebs, TiTqos SiSobs es saxeli mkiTxvels sxvaSi

ar aerios. etyoba, leonti somxuri aramazdis saxels ufrTxoda

(albaT, armazisa da aramazdis sparsulidan saerTo warmomavlo-

bis gamo), ris gamoc mkiTxvelis yuradRebas sagangebod amax-

vilebda RvTaeba armazis erovnul warmomavlobaze. farnavazis

memkvidreebma qarTul warmarTul panTeons kidev ramdenime kerpi

Semates. magaliTad, saurmagma `Seqmna orni kerpni ainina da

danina, da amarTna gzasa zeda mcxeTisasa~163. farnajomma `Seqmna

kerpi saxeliT zaden, da amarTa zadens~164; revma ki `moiyvana

coli saberZneTiT, asuli loRoTeTisa, saxeliT sefelia. da aman

sefelia moitana Tana kerpi, saxeliT afroditos, da aRmarTa

Tavsa zeda mcxeTisasa~165. amrigad, Zvel qarTul warmarTul

panTeonSi, leontis mixedviT, sul Svidi kerpi Cans: gaci, gaim,

armazi, ainina, danana, zadeni da afroditosi. aqedan erTia

garedan (saberZneTidan) Semotanili. es Svidi kerpi iyo, leontis

Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa salocavi da maT Semdeg sxva aRar Semate-

biaT. pirveli qristiani qarTveli mefis Sesaxeb Cveni mematiane

ambobs: àRizarda mirian msaxurebasa mas Sina S¢dTa maT

kerpTasa~166. leontis gadmocemiT, Zveli qarTuli sarwmunoeba

da misi RvTaebebi saxelganTqmuli Tanamedroveebis aRiarebasa

da pativiscemas imsaxurebdnen. magaliTad, leontis TqmiT,

aleqsandre didma ubrZana qarTlis erisTavad daniSnul Tavis

moxeles `raTa pativscemdnen mzesa da mTovaresa da varskulavTa

xuTTa~167. e. i. qarTvelTa uZveles sarwmunoebas. aseve, qarTlSi

gamefebulma sparseTis mefis vaJma mirianma `hmata Semkoba kerp-

Ta da bomonTa, keTilad ipyrna qurumni kerpTani, da yovelTa

mefeTa qarTlisaTa umetes aRasrulebda msaxurebasa mas kerpTasa,

da Seamko saflavi farnavazisi~168.

rogorc vxedavT, leonti faqtebiT adasturebs Zveli qarTu-

li sarwmunoebis TviTmyofadobasa da avtoritets Zvel samyaro-

Si, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs sulieri kulturis sferoSic

qarTlis damokidebulebas somxeTze. somxuri istoriografiis

pretenziebs, amjerad, Tumca arapirdapir, magram sakmaod efeq-

turad aneitralebs.

kavkasiaSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmocenebasa da gavr-

celebaze somxuri istoriografiis mier warmodgenili versia ukve

sakmaod argumentirebulad iyo uaryofili `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~

krebulSi Sesuli `ninos cxovrebis~ avtoris mier, rac leontis

aTavisuflebda damatebiTi kvleva-Ziebasgan. amitomac man Sua

saukuneebis mweralTa Cveulebis mixedviT, qarTlis gaqristianebis

es istoria pirdapir CarTo Tavis ZiriTad naSromSi, zogierTi

umniSvnelo redaqciuli cvlilebebiT, rac gamowveuli unda yo-

filiyo mis koncefciasTan TanxmobaSi mosayvanad, e. i. konfesi-

uri dapirispirebis Sesarbileblad.

gacilebiT rTuli iyo qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis is-

toriis SeTavseba leontis koncefciasTan. Targamosis STamomav-

lobidan gamomdinare, `misi Teoria moiTxovda somxuri enis

pirveladobas~ (n. berZeniSvili)169, realuri viTareba ki gaer-

Tianebuli saqarTvelos kulturuli mewinaveobis Cvenebas kavka-

siaSi. am winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad politikosma mematianem Tar-

gamosianTa saerTo enis – somxuris SesaZlebeli funqcionireba

istoriul SoreTSi gadaitana, roca kavkasiis xalxebis

individualoba jer kidev ar iyo gamokveTili da amiT misi

kulturuli mniSvneloba ukiduresad Seamcira. damoukidebeli

naTesavis – xalxis warmoqmna ki leontis xangrZliv istoriul

procesad aqvs warmodgenili, romelic saerTo mamis SvilTa anu

kavkasiis xalxTa eTnarqebis erTmaneTisagan teritoriuli gam-

ijvniT iwyeboda. qarTlis teritoriis warmoqmnis Semdeg qarT-

losianebma sakuTari sarwmunoebac SeimuSaves – qarTlosis162 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 25.163 iqve, gv. 27.164 iqve, gv. 29.165 iqve, gv. 58.166 iqve, gv. 65.167 iqve, gv. I8.

168 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 65.169 ix. g. maisuraZe, mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, `mnaTobi~, #7-8, 2001, gv. 88-

92.

82 83

saflavi da mnaTobebi. amasobaSi qarTlSi TandaTan sxvadasxva

ucxotomelma naTesavma moiyara Tavi, ris Semdeg qarTlosianebma

miatoves saerTo mamamTavris ena da yvela maTgan Seqmnes sakuTari

qarTuli ena. mematiane am didmniSvnelovan kulturul movlenas

ase gadmogvcems: àqamomdis qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo,

romelsa zraxvides, xolo odes Semokrbes ese uricxuni naTesavni

qarTlsa Sina, maSin qarTvelTaca dautoves ena somxuri. da amaT

yovelTa naTesavTagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli~ da ganagrZobs: `da

iyvnes qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni, da

izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena; somxuri, qarTuli, xazaru-

li, asuruli, ebrauli da berZuli. ese enani icodes yovelTa

mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa~170.

somxuri enis datovebis winamaval movlenad Cveni mematiane

nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalimis aRebasa (Zv. w. 586 w.) da dev-

nili ebraelebis mcxeTaSi mosvlas asaxelebs, riTac, TiTqos, qarTu-

li enis Seqmnis TariRsac iZleva. mis mier mocemul winadadebaSi

gamoyenebuli sityvebi àqamomdis~, òdes~ gviCvenebs, rom enis

Seqmnac leontis xangrZliv procesad warmoudgenia, ramdenadac

uricxvi naTesavis qarTlSi Semokreba ise rom, isini iq damkvi-

drebuliyvnen da maTi enebic erTmaneTisaTvis gasagebic

gamxdariyo, cxadia, mokle droSi ver moxerxdeboda. amitom Zv. w.

VI s. dasawyisi xana qarTuli enis formirebis xangrZlivi procesis

dasrulebis leontiseul TariRad SeiZleba miviCnioT. miuxedavad

imisa, rom leontis mixedviT, qarTuli ena qarTlSi mosaxle

`yovelTa naTesavTagan Seiqmna~, is erTxans mainc ver gabatonda

da qarTlSi eqvs enaze laparakobdnen. amasTan, ganmartavs, rom es

enebi icodnen `yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa~.

am winadadebaSi sityva `mefeTa~-s moxsenieba, Tuki maTSi qarTveli

mefeebi unda vigulisxmoT, sruliad uadgiloa da zedmeti, rad-

ganac am dros qarTlSi qarTveli mefe jer kidev ar iyo da mis

mosvlamde win or saukuneze meti dro iyo gasavleli. Cans,

amitomac, vaxuSti batoniSvilma saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis

nawilSi, romelic ZiriTadad leontis misdevs, am adgilis gadmo-

cemisas sityva `mefe~ saerTod gamotova171. SesaZloa leonti enebis

mcodne qarTlis mefeebSi im ucxo xelisuflebs gulisxmobda,

romelnic Tavis xelisuflebas xangamoSvebiT qarTlzec

avrcelebdnen. Torem, qarTvelTagan qarTlis pirvel mefed rom

mxolod da mxolod farnavazi miaCnda leontis, amis Sesaxeb cx-

adad da eWvmiutanelad aqvs masve gancxadebuli.

gadis dro da qarTlosianebi damoukidebel saxelmwifos qmni-

an qarTveli mefiT saTaveSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs qarTlSi

qarTuli enis srul upiratesobas danarCenebze da mas saxelm-

wifo enis mniSvnelobas aniWebs, amasTan qmnis qarTul anbans,

qarTuli mwignobrobis ganviTarebis safuZvels. sazeimod JRers

leontis sityvebi: `da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa

Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco ena qarTuli, da

arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina T¢nier qarTulisa. da

aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~172.

leonti amjeradac ar Ralatobs wyaroebis kritikis Tavis me-

Tods. igi m. xorenaciviT Riad ki ar uaryofs misTvis miuRebel

debulebebs, aramed koriunisa da m. xorenacis TxzulebebSi dacul

versiebs mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis Taobaze, saerTod

arc axsenebs da mis sapirispirod qarTuli anbanisa da damwer-

lobis istoriis Tanamimdevruli suraTis CvenebiT niadags aclis

am somxuri tradiciis mtkicebebs. informaciis aseTi xerxiT miwo-

debisas mkiTxveli yovelgvari miniSnebebisa da komentarebis gare-

Sec unda mimxvdariyo da, albaT, xvdeboda kidec, rom saxelmwifo-

ebrivi saWiroebisaTvis farnavazis mier Seqmnili qarTuli anbani

sul cota Svidi saukuniT mainc ufro Zveli iyo somxurze, ris

gamoc ax. w. V s. mcxovrebi mesrop-maStoci qarTuli anbanis Sem-

qmneli ver iqneboda. xazgasasmeli garemoebaa, werda niko berZeni-

Svili, rom qarTulma tradiciam qarTuli mwignobrobis gaCena da-

ukavSira ara qristianobis Semosvlas, aramed qarTuli erovnuli

kulturis did texils qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnas173. es ga-

remoebac sakmaod damajerebeli argumenti iyo leontis Teoriis

sasargeblod.


171 batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis

cxovreba, t. IV, Tbilisi, I973, gv. 54.172 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 26.173 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 382-383.

84 85

igive ideologiuri mimarTuleba, somxur istoriografiasTan

dapirispirebis igive formebi (miuRebeli debulebebis Ria kri-

tikis nacvlad, maTi Secvla da Sesworeba), gadmocemis msgavsi

meTodi da sxva, Tavs iCens qarTlis cxovrebis krebulSi Sesul

leontis momdevno avtorTa TxzulebebSic. juanSeri, `matiane

qarTlisa¡s~ avtori da sumbat daviTis Ze arCeuli qronologiuri

sazRvrebisa da Tematikis farglebSi TanamimdevrobiT warmoaCenen

qarTvel da somex xelisufalTa moyvroba-naTesaobis faqtebs da

maTze aqcentirebiT cdiloben somxeTis memkvidreobisaTvis brZo-

laSi qarTvelTa uflebebis legitimacias. amasTan erTad, somxeb-

Tan keTlismyofeli damokidebuleba xels ar uSlis somxuri is-

toriografiis cnobil siuJetebs sakuTaric daupirispiron. ma-

galiTad, juanSeris mtkicebiT, vaxtang gorgasali moyvrobiTa da

naTesaobiT yofila dakavSirebuli somxeTis samefo saxlis

wevrebTan da umaRlesi aristokratiis erT nawilTan. qarTveli

mematiane vaxtangis piriT gvauwyebs, rom pirveli qristiani

somexi mefe Trdat III qarTvelTa mefis naTesavi iyo dedis

mxridan174. misive TqmiT, vaxtangs Tavisi da xuaranZe somexTa

pitiaxSisTvis _ bakurisaTvis miuTxovebia175. somxeTze vaxtangis

uflebis kanonierebis saCveneblad ki somxeTis samefo saxlTan

naTesaobis garda, juanSeri kidev ufro STambeWdav arguments

iSveliebs. misi TqmiT, sparseTis mefes Tavisi asuli miucia colad

vaxtangisaTvis da mziTvad somxeTi da mTeli kavkasiac uboZebia:

`da mosca somxiTi da yovelni mefeni kavkasianni ziTvad~176. aseT

arguments, rogorc ukve iTqva, mimarTavdnen m. xorenacica da

leontic, romlebic sakuTari qveynisaTvis sasurveli teritoriis

mflobelobis dakanonebas ucxo xelisuflebs miawerdnen: pirve-

li, parTiis pirvel arSakid mefes, xolo meore qasre sasanians177.

qarTvelTa pretenziebs juanSeri bibliuri warsuliTac amagrebs.

vaxtangis piriT igi acxadebs: Cven `romelni varT naTesavni ne-

broT gmirisani, romeli uwinares yovelTa mefeTa gamoCnda quey-

anasa zeda, romeli lomsa ZaliTa viTarca Tikansa moiyvanebda,

kanjarTa da qurcikTa queiTi ipyrobda. rameTu ezom gandidna

Zali misi, romel daemorCilnes yovelni naTesavni noesni~178. Tqma

ar unda, rom noes naTesavebSi, Cveni avtori pirvel rigSi somx-

ebs gulisxmobda. amasTan, juanSers ar aviwydeba pativiTa da

RirsebiT moixsenios somxebica da maTi saamayo Svilebic. jua-

nSeri `did moZRvars~ uwodebs grigol parTels, xolo Trdat III-s

`gmirsa~ da `muSak eklesiaTa~179, rac Sua saukuneebis sazogadoe-

bisaTvis erT-erTi umaRlesi Sefaseba iyo. sayuradReboa, agreTve,

juanSeris mier vaxtang gorgaslis garegnobisa da fizikuri Sesa-

Zleblobis daxasiaTeba, rac Tavisi SinaarsiTa da mizandasaxulo-

biT Zalauneburad asociacias aRZravs somxur istoriografiaSi

am mxrivac gandidebul Trdat III-Tan. juanSeri wers: `mas Jamsa

iyo vaxtang wlisa ocdaorisa; da iyo igi umaRles kacTa mis

JamisaTa, da uSuenieres saxiTa da Zlieri ZaliTa, romel Wur-

vili queTi iremsa miewiis, upyris rqa da daiWiris, da cxeni

Wurvili aRiRis m£arTa zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa ar-

mazisasa~180. TxzulebaSi araerTgzis gvxvdeba, agreTve, qarTvel-

somexTa sabrZolo TanamSromlobis epizodebic. yvela erTad ki,

rogorc vxedavT, srul TanxmobaSia leonti mrovelis istoriu-

li koncefciis suliskveTebasTan.

arsebiTad, msgavs damokidebulebas iCenen somxuri Temisadmi

`matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avtori da sumbat daviTis Zec. isini gamax-

vilebuli yuradRebiT gadmogvcemen qarTvel-somexTa moyvrobisa

da TanamSromlobis faqtebs. magaliTebi: guram mamfali da misi

simamri abulabas somexTa erisTavi arabTa winaaRmdeg SekavSird-

nen da qarTvel mTiulebTan erTad mniSvnelovani zarali miayenes

buRa Turqis marbeval laSqars181; sarkinozebTan brZolaSi gan-

Tavisuflebuli qveynebi, mematianes gadmocemiT, `guaram ganuyvna

queyanani ZmaTa T¢sTa adarnases da bagrats, da aboci ganuyo

colis Zmasa T¢ssa somexTa mefesa~182. am konteqstSi kidev ufro

174 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 169.175 iqve, gv. 199.176 iqve, gv. 158.177 ix. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 67; qarTlis cxovreba,

I, gv. 64-65.

178 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 161.179 iqve, gv. 160-161.180 iqve, gv. 159.181 iqve, gv. 256.182 iqve, gv 257.

86 87

STambeWdavi Cans sumbat daviTis Zis mier wamoyenebuli qarTvel

da somex bagratovanTa saerTo warmomavlobis versia. qarTvel-

somexTa urTierTobis amgvari pozitiuri gaSuqeba mkiTxvelis

mimxrobasTan erTad, etyoba, miznad isaxavda IX-XI ss. somxuri is-

toriografiis warmomadgenelTa Txrobis met-naklebad agresiuli

muxtis CaxSobasa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnobili tendencie-

bis gavlenis Sesustebas. SesaZloa amitomac, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~

avtori ar erideba srulad warmoadginos IX-X ss. kavkasiaSi

pirvelobisaTvis gaCaRebul brZolaSi somex dinastTa aqtiuri

monawileoba. isic cxadia, rom qarTvel mematianes arc sWirdeboda

faqtebis Selamazeba, radganac kavkasiaSi Seqmnil realur

politikur situacias Tavidanve qarTvelTa sasargeblo

mimarTuleba hqonda (Sida qarTli kavkasiis gaerTianebis centri

iyo da aq gabatonebis qarTvelTa SesaZleblobebi sxvebTan Sedar-

ebiT bevrad didi iyo) da XI s. 70 wlebis dasawyisSi, roca is

Tavis Txzulebas werda, ukve icoda ra am brZolis Sedegebi (somx-

uri samefoebis gauqmeba), is cdilobs piruTvnelad gaaSuqos

kavkasiis gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis didmniSvnelovani procesi ise

rom, mis WeSmaritebaSi aravis Seeparos eWvi, amasTan oficialuri

saxelmwifo politikis Sesabamisad, momavali finalis Semoqmedad,

brZolaSi monawile yvela politikuri Zala dasaxos. Cveni

mematianis mixedviT, dapirispirebuli mxareebi eTnikurad araerT-

gvarovani, ZiriTadad qarTul-somxuri Semadgenlobisaa, e. i.

mebrZoli jgufebi iqmneboda ara erovnuli, aramed politikuri

niSnis mixedviT, rac imasac niSnavda, albaT, rom, mematianis azriT,

kavkasiis gaerTianeba qarTveli da somexi monaTesave dinastiebis

saerTo saqme iyo. vfiqrob, amgvar urTierTobaTa suraTi ixateba

`matiane qarTlisa¡s~ Semdegi adgilebidan: `xolo nasra, Ze

guaramisi, da gurgen iyvnes afxazTa kerZ, xolo daviT da liparit

uSueldes somexTa, da ibrZodes somexni da afxazni qarTlsa

zeda~183; `xolo nasras Seukrbes mterad somexni, liparit da

qarTvelni, da aSot Zma daviTisi, da maT Tana sarkinozni~184;

`movides gurgen da adarnase, Ze daviTisi; uSueles somexTa, Seibnes

mtkuarsa zeda; iZlivnes afxazni, mokles nasra da bayaTar, mTa-

vari ovsi, da erisTavi afxazTa~185. X s. dasawyisis ambebis gadmo-

cemisas ki qarTveli mematiane gvauwyebs: `mas Jamsa gamovida

kostanti, afxazTa mefe, daipyra qarTli, da emtera somexTa mefe

sumbat tiezerakali, gamoilaSqra spiTa didiTa, da moadga uflis-

cixesa, da moiRes palan-kurdani, aRmoages zemo-kerZo da wariRes

cixe £er£iTa. xxolo keTilad imzaxnes sumbat da kostanti, da

ukumosca ufliscixe da yoveli qarTli~186. mematianis am cnobaSi

araerTi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis pasaJia mocemuli. gaugebaria,

ra azri hqonda didi laSqrobis mowyobas qarTlisa da ufliscix-

is asaRebad, Tuki Semdeg nebayoflobiT unda daeTmo somexTa

mefes? anda, Tu molaparakebiT SeiZleboda problemis mogvareba,

ratom ar Sedga is omis dawyebamde? rogorc Cans, Cveni avtoris

mizani iyo eCvenebina qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris omis pirobeb-

Sic ki `keTilad mzaxobis~ SesaZlebloba, maT urTierTobaSi saer-

To interesebis prevalireba kerZoze, rac uSualod gamomdinar-

eobda qarTul samefo karze SemuSavebuli ideologiidan.

X s. meore naxevridan kavkasiaSi Seqmnili saSinao da sagareo

pirobebi qarTvel xelisuflebs xsenebuli politikuri procesis

saTaveSi aqceven, ris gamoc Cveni mematianeebi am xanis ambebis

gadmocemisas sruli obieqturobiT adastureben (daviT kurapa-

latiT dawyebuli bagrat IV s. CaTvliT) qarTvel xelisufalTa

gavlenis permanentul zrdas kavkasiaSi, misTvis Sesaferisi Si-

naarsis gamoTqmebiT. magaliTad, daviT kurapalatma `mouwoda

laSqarsa T¢ssa da u£mo yovelTa mefeTa somxiTisaTa~187; rodesac

bagrat III-m mociquli gaugzavna anisis mefe SahanSa gagik I-s da

ganZis amira fadlonis winaaRmdeg laSqroba SesTavaza, qarTveli

mematianis TqmiT, gagikma `ganixara sixaruliTa didiTa, moswrafed

mouwoda yovelTa spaTa T¢sTa, warmoemarTa da movida winaSe bag-

rat afxazTa mefisa~188. sumbat daviTis Zis mtkicebiT ki bag-

rat III-m `daipyra yoveli kavkasia T¢TmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiTgan

vidre gurgendmde. xolo adarbadagani da Sarvani moxarke yo, som-

183 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 259.184 iqve, gv. 260.

185 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 261.186 iqve, gv. 262.187 iqve, gv. 277.188 iqve, gv. 279-280.

88 89

xiTisa £elmwifebiTa, nebierad ganagebda~189. sxvaTa Soris, som-

xuri wyaroebis erTi nawilic aRniSnavs daviT kurapalatis, bag-

rat III-is, giorgi I-is da bagrat IV-is did gavlenas somxur samefo-

ze.

leonti mrovelis, juanSeris, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avtoris da

sumbat daviTis Zis daintereseba somxuri TemiT, arsebiTad, erTi

da imave ideologiur safuZvlebs emyareba da faqtebis SerCevisa

da gadmocemisas isini erTmaneTs avseben. vfiqrob, saeWvo ar unda

iyos, rom gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mTavari politikuri

mimarTuleba somxeTis SemoerTebisa da kavkasiis momavali ga-

erTianebisaken, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravda XI s. qarTveli mema-

tianeebis damokidebulebis formas maTi Tanamedrove da winamor-

bedi somxuri istoriografiis cnobili tendenciebis mimarT. maTi

Ria kritikis nacvlad, xsenebuli qarTveli avtorebi Tanadroul

sazogadoebas sTavazoben drois Sesaferisad gamarTul kavkasiis

istoriis axal models, romelic ukve TavisTavad uaryofda axali

realobebisaTvis Seuferebel Zvel somxur models.

momdevno saukuneebSi, somxuri samefoebis dasustebisa da

gaqrobis kvalobaze, somex avtorTa Txrobis mediduri toni da

hegemonisturi midrekilebebi TandaTan cxreba da sapirispirod

icvleba. istoriuli somxeTis didi nawilis saqarTvelos cen-

tralizebuli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Semosvlis Semdeg ki

somxeTis istoria saqarTvelos istoriis nawilad iqca, ris gamoc

somex avtorTa interesi mis mimarT uzomod gaizarda da maTi

damokidebuleba am istoriisadmi Semrigebluri da Tbili gaxda.

niSandoblivia, rom daaxloebiT, XII s. meore naxevarSive iTarg-

mna somxur enaze “qarTlis cxovreba” da sul male misma Teor-

iulma debulebebma da cnobebma asaxva poves somxur istoriogra-

fiaSi. magaliTad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ ZiriTadi koncefciisa

da qarTuli kulturis gavlenis kvali aSkarad SeimCneva mxiTar

airivanecis `qronografiul istoriaSi~. somxuri tradiciis sa-

pirispirod, mxiTar episkoposs haiki, somexTa legendaruli ma-

mamTavari, qarTvel mTavarTa siaSi Sehyavs190 da aRniSnavs misi

rva Zmis arsebobas, romelTac, Turme, man gaunawila vrceli ter-

itoria trapizonidan darialamde da darubandamde191. am gad-

mocemaSi mTavari isaa, rom haikis Zmebis cnobiT, mxiTar episko-

posi, nebiT Tu uneblied, iziarebs leonti mrovelis koncefciis

mTavar ideas kavkasiis xalxTa naTesaobis Sesaxeb, rac kavkasiuri

masStabis mravalerovnuli qarTuli saxelmwifos umTavres

doqtrinad iyo ukve miRebuli. aseve, somxuri tradiciis

sapirispirod, mxiTar airivaneci iziarebs leontis Tvalsazriss

qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis Taobaze, roca wers, rom pirvelma

qarTvelma mefem farnavazma eqvsi enidan Seqmna qarTuli da manve

Seqmna maTi damwerlobao192.

somxuri tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT Targamosis Svilebze –

haiksa da mis Svid Zmaze laparakobs vardan arevelcic193. sxva

adgilas ki imave Temaze saubrisas wers: `qarTvelTa mefobis da-

sabamze maT wignebSi weria, rom Targamosi rva vaJiT movida air-

aratis gavarSi didi warRvnis Semdeg. misi sami vaJi haosi, qarT-

losi da kavkasosi gaxdnen pirveli taxtis mflobelebi, gabatond-

nen qveynebze da TavianTi saxelebis mixedviT uwodes haisi, qarT-

li da kavkasia. (isini) batonobdnen pontos zRvidan kaspiis zR-

vamde~194.

qarTvel-somexTa naTesaobis mimaniSnebel am teqstSi yura-

dRebas iqcevs erTob sagulisxmo garemoeba, romlis mixedviTac

dasaxelebuli somexi avtorebi dumiliT gverds uvlian leontis

cnobas haosis pirmSoobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli privilegie-

bis arsebobaze, rac, TiTqos, maT interesebs unda Sordebodes.

marTalia, mxiTar airivaneci gansazRvruli iniciativis mqoned

warmogvidgens haoss, romelic uSualod unawilebs Zmebs teri-

torias trapizonidan darubandamde, magram Zmebs Soris upirate-

sobis mqoned garkveulad aravin Cans. Zmebis Tanabaruflebianoba

kidev ufro mkafiodaa aRbeWdili vardan arevelcis moyvanil

189 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 382.190 mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, Zv. somxuridan Targ-

mna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo liana davlianiZe-

tatiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 31.

191 mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, dasaxelebuli gamoce-

ma, gv. 47.192 iqve, gv. 57193 vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, nodar SoSiaSvilisa da eka

kvaWantiraZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 426.194 iqve, gv. 116.

90 91

teqstSi, romlis Tanaxmad, mxolod Targamosis sami vaJi haosi,

qarTlosi da kavkasosi batonobdnen vrcel teritoriaze pontos

zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da isini TviTon gaxdnen pirveli taxtis

mflobelebi. rogorc Cans, arsebuli sinamdvile (monRolTa ba-

tonobis pirobebSic ki qristianuli somxeTi saqarTvelos Semad-

genlobaSi `gurjistanis vilaieTSi~ ganixileboda) Soreuli war-

sulis rekonstruqciis sxva saSualebas aRar iZleoda, somxuri

tradicia ki somexTa genetikur upiratesobaze, axla ukve dama-

jereblobas moklebuli, anaqronizmad gamoiyureboda.

didi qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifos arsebobis faqtori

kavkasiaSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Semosuli somxeTi mTel qvey-

anasTan erTad socialur-ekonomikursa da kulturul aRmavlo-

bas ganicdida, TavisTavad ukve didi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo

momTabareTagan gadarCenili am nawilis uSiSroebisa da Tavisu-

fali ganviTarebisaTvis, ramac waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdi-

na mravalWirgamovlil somexTa cnobierebaze. da rogorc akad.

s. eremiani werda, XVIII s. ki somxeTis momavali saqarTvelos gareSe

arc warmoidgineboda195. aseTma ganwyobilebam, bunebrivia, rom

Sesaferisi asaxva pova XII-XVIII ss. somxur istoriografiaSi.

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis roli da mniSvneloba aRniSnuli

xanis somxuri sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, vfiqrob, yvelaze zustad

gamocemulia XV s. somexi monazonis maTeos ganZasarelis

TxzulebaSi, sadac didi mwuxarebaa gamoTqmuli saqarTvelos

mefis konstantine I-is daRupvis gamo da iqve ganmartebulia am

mwuxarebis simZimis mizezi: `radganac didsa naTesavsa Cvensas

hyavda is Tavis mefis magivrad~196. am teqstSi konstantine zog-

adi mniSvnelobiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmasaxierebel

mefedaa warmodgenili da somexi mematianis mier misi somexTa

mefis `magierad~ miCneva, faqtobrivad, niSnavs qarTuli saxelm-

wifosaTvis somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis funqciebis mindobasac.

daaxloebiT amgvaradvea gaazrebuli somxebisaTvis qarTuli sax-

elmwifos mniSvneloba imave xanis meore somexi avtoris Tovma

mewofecis TxzulebaSi, sadac weria: `Cven (e. i. somxebi) usjulo-

Ta xelSi yovelTvis qarTvelebis imediT viqadodiT~-o197. cen-

tralizebuli qarTuli monarqiisadmi somexTa aseTi damokide-

bulebis gamovlinebad, albaT, unda miviCnioT somxur istori-

ografiaSi ufro adre SemuSavebuli cnobili formulirebebi:

`qarTvelTa da somexTa mefe~, `qarTvelTa da somexTa~ an `somex-

Ta da qarTvelTa~ jari, `qarTvelTa da somexTa mxedarTmTavari~

da sxv. s. janaSias dakvirvebiT, sakiTxis ideologiuri da

fsiqologiuri mxare is iyo, rom somxuri mosaxleoba qarTul

saxelmwifoebriobas mmarTvelobis mTeli aparatiT aRiqvamda,

rogorc sakuTar, mSobliur saxelmwifoebriobasa da saerTo sax-

elmwifoebriv institutebs198. aseTi fsiqikuri ganwyobisas, sruli-

ad bunebrivad, ibadeboda qarTuli saxelmwifos didebis Seqmnis

Tanamonawiled somexTa warmosaxvis kanonieri survili, ris gamoc

XIII s. somex istorikosTa SromebSi araiSviaTad vxvdebiT somxuri

warmomavlobis, somxuri sarwmunoebisa Tu somxuri Temebis

mmarTvel-moxeleTa gaidialebisa da maTi Rvawlis gadaWarbebiT

Sefasebis SemTxvevebsac. miuxedavad amisa, kirakos ganZakeci,

grigol akaneci, stefanos orbeliani da sxvebi yovelTvis sa-

Tanadod afiqsireben qveynis somxur nawilSic erTiani uzenaesi

xelisuflebis arsebobas. etyoba, qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasTan

somexTa organuli kavSirisa da siaxlovis STabeWdilebis gasa-

Zliereblad XII-XIV ss. somex avtorTa TxzulebebSi Tavs iCens

mezobeli samefo dinastiebis saerTo warmomavlobisa Tu maTi

warmomadgenlebis moyvarul kavSirebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,

rac, saboloo jamSi, qarTvelTa da somexTa erT saxelmwifoSi

Tanacxovrebis kanonzomierebis azrs amarTlebda. ufro metic,

kirakos ganZakecisTan daculi erTi gadmocemiT saqarTvelos

xelisuflebi Zveli somxeTis Zlierebis xanis arSakunianTa poli-

tikur memkvidreebadac ki arian gamoyvanili. somexi mematiane

wers: `didmSvenieri, Zvirfasi taxti da gasaocari gvirgvini,

195 Ñ. Ò. Åðåìÿí, Îáùíîñòü ñóäåá è êóëüòóðíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ñîäðóæåñòâî íàðî-

äîâ Çàêàâêàçüÿ â IX-XIII ââ., "Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ", ¹1, Åðåâàí, 1979,ñ. 9.196 somxur xelnawerTa anderZis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIV-

XV ss. al. abdalaZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 35-36.

197 Toma mewofeli, Targmani, Sesavali werili da komentarebi prof.

l. meliqseT-begisa, Tbilisi, 1937, gv. 29.198 Àêàä. Ñ. Äæàíàøèà, Îá îäíîì ïðèìåðå èñêàæåíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïðàâäû,

ïî ïîâîäó êíèãè Í. Òîêàðñêîãî "Àðõèòåêòóðà äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè", Òáèëèñè,

1947, ñ. 47.

92 93

romelTa msgavsi mefeTagan aravis hqonia da romelTa Sesaxeb

amboben, rom somexTa mefis Trdat didis mamis xosrovisa iyo,

adgilTa miudgomlobis wyalobiT iq (e. i. saqarTveloSi) daculi

Semonaxula. Semdeg ki isini qarTvelTa mefeebs rgebiaT da hqo-

niaT dRemde~199. aseTi Tvalsazrisis gavrceleba da dominireba

kavkasiaSi, cxadia, rom savsebiT eTanxmeboda qarTvel politiko-

sTa strategiul amocanebs.

XV s. dasawyisidan, roca momTabare Turqmanebma saqarTvelos

ZaliT mowyvites somxeTis didi nawili da is barbarosul-

feodalur urTierTobaTa marwuxebSi moaqcies, somexTa ltolva

qristianuli kulturis mezobeli qveynisken kidev ufro gaZlier-

da. XV da Semdgomi xanis somex avtorTa TxzulebebSi aRar vxvde-

biT konfesiur dapirispirebaTa mwvave situaciebze miniSnebebs.

piriqiT, monofiziti mwerlebi qarTuli eklesiis simtkices na-

troben, radganac es maTi mfarveli saxelmwifos interesebSi

iyo200. l. meliqseT-begis dakvirvebiT, TviT antiqalkedonizmis

iseTi apologeti, rogoric Tovma mewofeci iyo da romelic

Tavisi konfesiuri mosazrebebis gamo qarTvelebs aTvaliswunebiT

uyurebda, mainc imaze ocnebobda, rom somxeTi kvlav qristiani

qarTveli mefis mfarvelobaSi moxvedriliyo201. am droidan mo-

yolebuli XVIII s. bolomde, vidre qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba

kavkasiaSi politikuri movlenebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gan-

msazRvreli faqtori iyo, somxur saistorio mwerlobaSi qarTu-

li orientaciis niSnebi sxvadasxva formiT yovelTvis cocxlob-

da. am xanis somexi istorikosebi didi simpaTiiTa da TanagrZno-

biT weren qarTvelTa Seupovar brZolebze sparselTa da osmalTa

winaaRmdeg. simon I-is gmiruli brZolebiT aRtacebuli araqel

davriJeci mas `did simon xans” uwodebs202, grigor daranaRcis

daxasiaTebiT ki simon I `somxeTis didi mosiyvarule da

gansakuTrebiT vardapetebis didi pativismcemeli iyo~203. sixaru-

liTa da momavlis imediT aRwers zaqaria qanaqerci qarTvelTa

gamarjvebas giorgi saakaZis meTaurobiT martyofis velze I625 w.

25 marts. misi sityviT `TiTqos WianWvelebi daemduRroT, ise

erTianad mospes sparselebi qarTvelebmao~204.

gansakuTebiT didi adgili eTmoba gviani Sua saukuneebis somx-

ur istoriografiaSi vaxtang VI-sa da erekle II-is moRvaweobis

aRweras da Sefasebas, romelTa saxelebs somxuri politikuri

wreebi uSualod ukavSirebdnen kavkasiis `saqristiano qveynis~

aRdgenisa da somxeTis ganTavisuflebis imedebs. vaxtang VI-is

Tanamedrove ganZasaris somexi kaTalikosi esai hasan jalalianci

Tavis cnobil naSromSi vaxtang VI-s somexTa ganmaTavisuflebeli

brZolis organizatorad da meTaurad warmogvidgens205. msgavs

Sefasebas aZleven vaxtang VI-is moRvaweobas Tanadrouli sxva

somexi avtorebic (daviT begis istoriisa da sxvadasxva xasiaTis

JamTaaRmwerlobaTa avtorebi).

saqarTvelos da somxeTis gaerTianebis idea somxur istori-

ografiaSi erTob aqtualuri xdeba Teimuraz II-sa da erekle II-

is qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, TiTqmis, gamefebisTanave. XVIII s. 50-ian

wlebSi erekle II-is gaxmaurebuli samxedro warmatebebis STabe-

WdilebiT sruliad somexTa kaTalikosi Rukasi (luka) werda:

“daimorCila borCalos, yazaxis, erevnis, ganZakis, arcaxisa da

sivnieTis mflobelni, gvirgvini daidga da gamefda saqarTvelosa

da somxeTSi mdinare axurianamde~206. XVIII s. 60-iani wlebidan

moyolebuli, TiTqmis, saukunis bolomde somxur politikur

wreebSi aqtiurad ganixileboda qarTul-somxuri gaerTianebuli

saxelmwifos Seqmnis sxvadasxva proeqtebi, romlebmac somxur

saistorio, Tu samarTlebriv literaturaSi poves asaxva. am mxriv

199 ÎÇñ³Ïáë ¶³ÝÓ³Ï»óÇ« ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ Ñ³Ûáó« ÂÇýÉÇë« 1909« ¿ç 301 Êèðàêîñ Ãàíäçà-

êåöè, Èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè. Ïåðåâîä ñ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîãî, ïðåäèñëîâèå è êîììåíòà-

ðèè Ë. À. Õàíëàðÿí, Ìîñêâà, 1976, ñ. 195200 ix. somxur xelnawerTa anderZebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

hiStakarani 60, komentari 56.201 leon meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb.,

1941, gv. 164-165.202 araqel davriJecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, k. kucias gamoc.

Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 12.

203 k. kucia, grigor daranaRcis cnoba simon I-is stambolSi tyveobis

Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi, I., Tb. 1976,

gv. 122-123.204 Çàõàðèé Êàíàêåðöè, Õðîíèêà, Ìîñêâà, 1969, ñ. 55.205 esai hasan jalalianci, avRanTa qveynis mokle istoria, karlo

kucias gamocema, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 30-38.

206 Ç̧í³Ý Ñ³Ûáó å³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ« 6« 1899« ¿ç. 729

94 95

simbolurad gamoiyureba Samir da iakob Sahamirianebis avtoro-

biT 1773 w. madrasSi gamosuli wigni `didebis maxe~ (vorogaiT

farac), romlis satitulo gverdze moxseniebulia `mamamTavroba

uflisa simeonisa, sruliad somexTa kaTalikosisa vaRarSapats da

mefoba uavgustesis uflis erekle meorisa Tbiliss~. amiT es somx-

uri politikuri wre qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-s ukve ofi-

cialurad aRiarebda somxeTis mefedac.

gasagebia, rom XII-XVII saukuneebis somxuri istoriografiis

produqcia Tanadroul qarTvelTa gansakuTrebul komentars aRar

saWiroebda.

Tavi I I

XIX saukunis somxuri istoriografia carizmis

antiqarTuli ideologiuri politikis samsaxurSi

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis marcxTan erTad (1801 w.) somx-

uri istoriografiis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos istoriis mi-

marT erTbaSad Seicvala da, ZiriTadad, negatiuri saxe miiRo. am

arasasurvel movlenas, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi mizezebi gaaCnda,

rogorc obieqturi ise subieqturic, romelTa Soris umTavresi,

mainc, rusuli imperiis koloniuri politika iyo. sakiTxis arsSi

ukeT gasarkvevad mcire istoriul eqskurssac mivmarToT.

kavkasiaSi damkvidrebisTanave ruseTma, ramdenadac paradoq-

sulad ar unda JRerdes, yvelaze meti Seurigebloba da undob-

loba gamoiCina imis mimarT, vinc gza gauxsna mas kavkasiaSi Semo-

sasvlelad. rusuli imperiis es umaduroba gamowveuli unda yo-

filiyo Semdegi motivebiT:

1. mfarvelisa da megobris niRbiT Semosulma erTmorwmune

ruseTma veragulad daarRvia piroba da qarTuli saxelmwifoe-

briobis dacvis magier, is ZaliT gaauqma, riTac qarTveli xalxis

Rirseba Zlier Selaxa. mis mier pativayrili xalxis ndoba ki mas

aRar SeeZlo.

2. mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebis mqone

qarTveli xalxi, represiebis miuxedavad, ar urigdeboda

damoukideblobis dakargvas da winaaRmdegobis sakvirvel unars

iCenda. 1802 wlis Tavad-aznaurTa gamosvla, 1804 wlis mTiule-

Tis ajanyeba, 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba, 1819-20 wlebis dasav-

leT saqarTvelos ajanyeba, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da sxva Tanxmo-

biT mowmobdnen, rom ruseTis imperia CvenSi verasodes povebda

Tavisi batonobisaTvis myar dasayrdens. mxolod TavadaznaurTa

mcire nawilis mimxroba da garuseba SeZlo imperiam 40-iani wleb-

96 97

is Semdeg, rac misi politikuri miznebisaTvis sulac ar iyo

sakmarisi.

3. qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebisa da mdidari qarTu-

li kulturis gavlena kavkasiaSi jer isev mniSvnelovani iyo, rac

carizmis politikis warmatebas am regionSi seriozul dabrkole-

bas uqmnida. erTi sityviT, saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi ruse-

TisaTvis danaRmul vels waagavda, romlis gauvnebelyofis gareSe

Tavisufali moqmedeba ezRudeboda.

aseTi viTarebis gamo iyo, rom politikuri cvlilebebi samx-

reT kavkasiaSi, rac ruseTis gabatonebas mohyva am regionSi, Tavi-

danve, aSkarad, qarTvelTa erovnuli interesebis sawinaaRmdegod

warimarTa. jer iyo da, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam,

TavisTavad, ucxo eTnikuri warmomavlobis saqarTvelos Zveli

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis kulturul-politikur cno-

bierebaSi bzari gaaCina, rac saTanadod aisaxa somxuri mosaxleo-

bis ganwyobaSic. saerTo qarTul interesebTan sakuTari intere-

sebis kvlavac dakavSireba, miT ufro, qveynis axali patronis

mZlavrobis viTarebaSi, somexTa umravlesobisaTvis saeWvo da

mizanSeuwoneli gaxda, ris gamoc man tradiciuli TanamSromlo-

bidan daSoreba da gaucxoeba iwyo. n. maris dakvirvebiT, qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos somxobam

`qarTuli erovnuli koleqtivis mesame wodebis mdgomareobidan

somxur sazogadoebriv Zalad iwyo gardaqmna~1 . saqarTvelos sa-

zogadoebaSi dawyebuli gaucxoebis es procesi xels aZlevda

mTavrobas da misi Semdgomi gaRrmaveba-ganviTarebisaTvis praq-

tikul RonisZiebebsac saxavda. gansakuTrebiT mavne Sedegebis

momtani iyo mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis qarTvelTa sa-

zianod meqanikuri Secvla, xalxebis erTmaneTTan dapirispireba

da TviT qarTuli erovnuli sxeulis kuTxuri, eTnografiuli da

konfesiuri niSniT daSla-danawileba, qarTuli enis devna, misi

istoriisa da kulturis waSla-aRmofxvra da sxva.

saqarTvelos kolonizacias ukve 1801 w. 12 seqtembris mani-

festisaTvis TandarTuli reskripti iTvaliswinebda. mravalricx-

ovani ucxo eTnikuri jgufebis mozidva saqarTveloSi da vrceli

axali dasaxlebebis Seqmna im dros, roca adgilobrivi qarTveli

glexi miwis naklebobas ganicdida da Tavisufal miwebze dasax-

lebas ukrZalavdnen, bunebrivia, rom es mosulsa da damxvdurs

Soris dapirispirebas badebda. sayuradReboa, rom saqarTveloSi

imperiis demografiuli politikis realizacia, upiratesad,

somxur elements hqonda mindobili. ucxoeTidan somxebis Camo-

saxleba jer kidev generalma pavle cicianovma daiwyo erevnis

mxridan da iranis azerbaijanidan, romelTac qvemo qarTlis sof-

lebSi asaxlebdnen. am saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi gen-

eralma paskeviCma, romlis garjiT mesxeTSi 30 aTasi somexi Camo-

asaxles. ori aTas ojaxze meti – borCalos, walkis dabambak-Sor-

agelis midamoebSi. mTavroba SemdgomSic Tanamimdevrulad ganagr-

Zobda, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos sazRvrispira raionebSi kompaq-

turi somxuri dasaxlebebis Seqmnas. im miwebis mniSvnelovani naw-

ili, romelic emigraciaSi wasvlamde afxazebs ekavaT, XIX s. 80-

90-ian wlebSi daikaves TurqeTidan mosulma somxebma. imave peri-

odSi somxuri dasaxlebebi Seiqmna baTumSi. somxebis Camosaxlebam

saqarTveloSi maqsimums miaRwia XIX-XX ss. mijnaze. xuTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi (1897-1902) saqarTveloSi Semovida daaxloebiT 55

aTasi somexi, romelTa umravlesoba Casaxlda TbilisSi, baTumSi,

gorSi, soxumsa da afxazeTis soflebSi. marto TbilisSi 1897-

1910 ww-Si somxebis raodenoba gaizarda 46,7 aTasidan 124,9

aTasamde, romelTagan 68 aTasi axlad mosuli iyo upiratesad

TurqeTidan2 . carizmis demografiuli politikis agresiuli

xasiaTi imaSic vlindeboda, rom somexTa Camosaxlebas

sazRvrispira raionebSi, magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tan sdevda

qarTuli mosaxleobis devna-Seviwroeba3 . l. zagurskis TqmiT,

`qveyana iseT saxes iRebda TiTqos igi Tavidanve somxebiT yo-

filiyos dasaxlebuli~4 , maSin rodesac 1828 wlamde aq 90%

qarTveli iyo.

imperiis moxeleebis mier saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis

meqanikurad da TanamimdevrobiT gazrda, romelic qveynis ucxo-

eTnikur nawilSi istoriulad isedac sxvaze ufro mravalricx-

1 Ìàðð Í. ß. Êàâêàçñêèé êóëüòóðíûé ìèð è Àðìåíèÿ, Ïåòðîãðàä,1915,ñ. 51.

2 v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVIII-XX ss-Si, Tbilisi, 1984,

gv. 228.3 SoTa lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 359-361.4 Ë. Çàãóðñêèé, Ïîåçäêà â Àõàëöèõñêèé óåçä â 1872 ã., ñ. 65.

98 99

ovani da ekonomikuradac ufro SeZlebuli iyo, cxadyofda, rom

imperias Tavisi batonobis socialur bazad CvenSi swored es mo-

saxleoba aerCia. aqeTken ubiZgebda ruseTis mTavrobas somxur

savaWro burJuaziasTan misi Zveli kavSirebic, romlis gulis

mogebas is yovelTvis cdilobda. amitom am mosaxleobis imperiis

samsaxurSi Cayeneba, Canda, rom ruseTis mTavrobas ar unda

gaWirveboda, romlis mniSvnelobis gasaZliereblad saqarTvelo-

Si man sakmaod bevri gaakeTa. kavkasiis administraciis umaRles

moxeleebs somexi vaWrebis materialuri da moraluri waqezeba

Tanamdebobriv movaleobad miaCndaT aZlevdnen ra maT pri-

vilegiebs, monopoliebs, samxedro ijarebs, sesxebs da aniWebdnen

sxva upiratesobebs. saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobisaTvis, Zir-

iTadad, misi mqonebeli fenisaTvis xelSewyobis reJimis Seqmna,

gasagebia, am mosaxleobas xelisuflebisadmi loialurad ganawy-

obda da reJimiT kmayofili nawili Tavs ar zogavda carizmis

politikuri interesebis dasacavad, raTa misgan SemdgomSi kidev

ufro meti SeRavaTebi da xelSewyoba mieRo. magaliTad, Tbilise-

li somexi vaWrebi daviT zargarovi da daviT mananovi, romelTac

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis TemebTan adre hqoniaT

savaWro kavSirebi da iq `TavianTi kacebi~ hyavdaT, mefis jarebs

aqtiurad daxmarebian ajanyebul TuS-xevsurTa `damSvidebaSi~5 .

1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis CaxSobisas damsjel samxedro naw-

ilebs did daxmarebas uwevdnen siRnaReli somexi vaWrebi amiran

da artem Saverdovebi6 . niSandoblivia, rom 1838 w. baroni rozeni

Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs graf bludovs sTxovda, raTa amiran da

artem Saverdovebi XIV klasis CinebiT daejildoebinaT, romelTac

kaxeTis ajanyebis Semdeg siRnaRSi bambis narTis warmoebisaTvis

didi evropuli fabrika aeSenebinaT7 . kaxeTis 1812 w. ajanyebis

CaxSobaSi somexTa rolze, bevrad ufro adre, mTavarmmarTebeli,

kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardali, infanteriis generali n.T. rtiS-

Cevi aleqsandre I-s swerda: `mTel saqarTveloSi kaci aRar darCa

Cveni erTguli. marto somxebma ara Tu ar miiRes monawileoba

amboxebaSi, aramed sicocxlesa da qonebasac ar zogaven... Cven

jarebTan erTad ibrZodnen mSfoTvarTa gasawyvetad... mTavroba

somxebs unda umadlodes, rom droze da winaswar ityobda, ras

apirebdnen meamboxeni da sad hqondaT bina~8 . somexTa erTguleb-

is gansamtkiceblad 1812 w. 13 maiss generali rtiSCevi imperators

sTxovda saqarTvelos somexTa dajildoebas9 . imave wlis 15 se-

qtembers TbilisSi iReben aleqsandre I-is werils, romliTac

saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobas ruseTis winaSe damsaxurebi-

saTvis imperatori madlobas ucxadebda. imperatoris es werili

sabWoTa periodis ramdenime somexi avtoris wignSi gamoqveynda,

sul bolos ki am werilma Tavisi adgili 1995 w. moskovSi

gamocemul sergo mamulovis wignSi pova ise, rom avtors, amis

gamo, rogorc Cans, araviTari uxerxuloba ar ugrZvnia10.

imperiis erTguli samsaxuris sanacvlod miRebuli privilegie-

bisa da mxardaWeris wyalobiT saqarTvelos somxuri burJuazia

TandaTan daeufla qarTuli feodaluri aristokratiis qonebis

mniSvnelovan nawils da gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipova

qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi. es viTareba asaxulia im-

droindel oficialur dokumentebSi, agreTve, publicistur, mxat-

vrul da saerTod literaturul wyaroebSi. magaliTad, 1874 w.

s. mesxi gazeT `droebaSi~ werda: àxlandeli Tbilisis komerci-

ul cxovrebaSi wamyvan rols somexi vaWrebi TamaSoben; maT

ekuTvniT uZrav-moZravi qonebis didi nawili. TiTo-orola imer-

els an megrels Tu SexvdebiT sadme, isic moxeleTa da sazoga-

doT wvril vaWarTa da mepatroneTa Soris... qalaqis 72 deputa-

tiTgan mxolod sami Tu oTxi qarTvelia... erTi Tu ori rusi da

erTic germaneli, danarCeni sul somxebi arian~11. somexi istori-

kosebis gamoangariSebiT, Tbilisis savaWro da samrewvelo sawar-

moTa 60%-ze meti somex kapitalistebs ekuTvnodaT12. erTi mainc

faqtia, somxuri burJuaziisadmi mTavrobis xelSewyobam Tavidanve

iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom ekonomikuri cxovrebis sadaveebi

sul male somexi vaWrebis xelSi aRmoCnda da rusuli kapitalis

5 ÀÑÊÀÊ, V, # 2 139, gv. 106.6 iqve, VIII, #927, gv. 909.7 iqve.

8 ÀÑÊÀÊ, V, gv. 221-222.9 iqve.1 0 Ñ. Ìàìóëîâ, Àðìÿíå â Ãðóçèè, Ìîñêâà, 1995, ñ. 233.1 1 s. mesxi, nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1903, t. I, gv. 222-223.1 2 Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà, Åðåâàí, 1969, ñ. 168.

100 101

interesebsac ki daupirispirda, ris gamoc XIX s. 70-80-iani wlebi-

dan mTavroba cdilobda ukve zRvari daedo amierkavkasiaSi

somxuri kapitalis Semdgomi gaZlierebisaTvis1 3. ruseTis savaWro-

samrewvelo kapitalis warmomadgeneli, a. markovi werda: bune-

brivi simdidriT uxvi mxare (e. i. amierkavkasia) Cayenebulia gan-

sakuTrebiT araxelsayrel pirobebSi imis Sedegad, rom qveynis

mTeli mwarmoeblurobis eqsploatacias ewevian somxebi,

romelTac xelSi Caigdes TiTqmis mTeli vaWroba da romlebic

amJamad miiswrafvian miisakuTron aq politikuri batonobac,

cdiloben ra daiWiron administraciuli postebi14. rusul

kapitalTan somxuri burJuaziis gansazRvruli dapirispirebis

miuxedavad administracia SemdgomSic Tavisi politikis

gatarebisas kavkasiaSi kvlavac somxur elements emyareboda.

kavkasiis namestnikis voroncov daSkovis (1905-1915) TanaSemwe

policiis dargSi generali Sirinkini daufaravad acxadebda, rom

erTaderTi xalxi, romelic axal pirobebSi ruseTisaTvis

amierkavkasiaSi gamodgeba dasayrden bazad, arian somxebi,

romelTac hyavT Zlieri burJuazia, xolo yvelgan civilizebul

(igulisxmeba kapitalistur) qveynebSi saxelmwifo emyareba

burJuaziaso15.

imperiis administraciis keTilganwyobilebisa da mfarvelo-

bis pirobebSi, roca somexi vaWrebi da kapitalistebi aRmosavleT

saqarTvelosa da qveynis centralur qalaqSi, TbilisSi kerZo

sakuTrebis mniSvnelovan nawils flobdnen da qonebrivi cenzis

kanonis wyalobiTac Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmarTvelobasac isini

akontrolebdnen, mosalodnelia, rom somxur burJuazias isto-

riuli mezobeli qveynis mimarT patronis grZnoba daufleboda

da somexTa `gamorCeulobis~ xorenaciseuli ideis gamococxleb-

isaTvis xeli Seewyo, rac XIX saukunidanve aisaxa kidec somxur

istoriografiaSi. somxuri burJuaziis miswrafebaTa istoriuli

dasafuZvleba, gasagebia, rom axali drois somxuri istori-

ografiis umTavresi politikuri amocana unda gamxdariyo. misi

realizacia ki, Seqmnili politikuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT,

ufro perspeqtiuli Canda maTTvis, xorenacis, sebeosisa Tu

drasxanakertcis somexTa ganmadidebeli moTxrobebis farTo

propagandis fonze, – saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis

faqtebis gayalbebiT sazogadoebis TvalSi maTi mniSvnelobis

gaufasureba da amiT qveynis kanonier patronTa moraluri

daTrgunva, erTnairad xelsayreli iyo rogorc qveynis

dasapatroneblad gamzadebuli somxuri burJuaziis interesebis,

ise oficialuri xelisuflebisTvisac, romelic dReniadag cdi-

lobda qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobis unarisa da mebrZoli sulis

Cakvlas. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

somxuri burJuaziisa da ruseTis mTavrobis ideologiuri

politikis Tanxvedra, Cans, imperiis biurokratias kavkasiaSi

Tavisi politikis warmatebis garantad esaxeboda. amitomac iyo,

rom XIX-XX ss. rusuli da somxuri istoriografia xmaSewyobiT

cdilobda saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis mniSvnelobis

damcrobis gziT kavkasiis istoriis gadakeTebas.

amgvari xmaSewyobis nimuSad moCans qarTvelTa erovnuli

Rirsebis Semlaxavi aqcentebiT gajerebuli, metadre, peterbur-

gis universitetis profesoris osip senkovskisa (1800-1858) da

cnobili armenistis, imave universitetis profesoris qerobe pat-

kanianis (1833-1889) kritikuli werilebi `qarTlis cxovrebis~

wyaroTmcodneobiT mniSvnelobaze. niSandoblivia, rom o. senk-

ovskis werili `Íåêîòîðûå ñîìíåíèÿ êàñàòåëüíî èñòîðèè ãðóçèíîâ~ daibe-

Wda Jurnal `Áèáëèîòåêà äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ~16-Si 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis

marcxis axlo xanebSi, ris gamoc gamoqveynebuli werili gamiznu-

lad politikur xasiaTs iZenda; amasve mowmobda werilis daus-

abuTebeli, provokaciuli Sinaarsic. peterburgis universitetis

profesori Tanadroul sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom XII saukunem-

de, vidre daviT aRmaSenebeli Tbiliss gaanTavisuflebda,

qarTvelebs amierkavkasiaSi saerTod ar ucxovriaT da maTi pirv-

elsacxovrisi Crdilo kavkasiaSia saZebnio. Zvel wyaroebSi moxs-

eniebuli iberielebi qarTvelebi ar arian da es termini krebiTi

1 3 paata guguSvili, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri

ganviTareba XIX-XX saukuneebSi, t. 6, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 339.1 4 À. Ìàðêîâ, Çàêàâêàçüå â òîðãîâîì îòíîøåíèé, æóðíàë "Ðóññêèé Âåñòíèê",

1884, ¹ 1, ñ. 176-178.1 5 sargis kakabaZe, qarTveli xalxis istoria 1783-1921, Tbilisi, 1997,

gv. 225. 1 6 t. XXX, #10, 1838, gv. 151-172.

102 103

Sinaarsis Semcveli saxelia, romlis SemadgenlobaSi upirvelesi

adgili somxebs ekavaT da romelTa gavlenis qveS moqceuli yofi-

la amierkavkasiis sxva xalxebi (am debulebis kavSiri m. xorenacis

koncefciasTan, vfiqrob, sruliad aSkaraa). vaxtang gorgasali ki

Turqebis beladi iyoo. aseTi codnis mimwodebels `qarTlis cxov-

reba~ zRaprebis krebulad rom warmoedgina, albaT, arc arafe-

ri unda iyos gasakviri.

o. senkovskis antimecnieruli paskvilis mxileba qarTuli da

somxuri wyaroebis saukeTeso mcodnes mari broses, ra Tqma unda,

ar gaWirvebia, ris gamoc saqarTvelos istoriis cilismwamebelma

frangi swavlulis kritikaze pasuxi verc gamoZebna. 80-iani wleb-

is dasawyisisaTvis diskusiaSi CaerTo q. patkanianic. o. senkovskis

ideebTan mas aaxloebda saqarTvelos istoriasTan tendenciurad

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. somexi mecnieri Tavis SromebSi xe-

laRebiT uaryofda qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis ara marto

mecnierul Rirebulebas, aramed arsebobasac ki XII s-ze ufro adre.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebuli, romelic mas erT mTlian

nawarmoebad warmoedgina da masze erTi nawilidan miRebuli STa-

beWdilebiT msjelobda17, sakmaod dabali Rirsebis Zeglad miaCn-

da. misi TqmiT, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ dasawyisi nawili ar emyareba

adgilobriv werilobiT wyaroebs an zepirgadmocemebs. igi ubral-

od gamogonilia erTi kacis mier winaswar dasaxuli miznis Sesa-

bamisad. etyoba avtori icnobda m. xorenacisa da agaTangelosis

wignebs da ase Tu ise icoda Sah-names Sinaarsi, magram sargeblob-

da ara maTi xelnawerebiT, aramed zepirsityvieri variantebiT.

misi azriT, qronikis (ase uwodebs is `qarTlis cxovrebas~) pirvel

ganyofilebaSi (igulisxmeba sawyisi periodi aderki mefemde anu

qristes Sobamde) Znelia Tundac erTi iseTi faqtis povna,

romelsac eqneboda WeSmariti istoriuli Rirebuleba. misi

daskvniT, am qarTuli qronikis avtori mcire, naklulovani cod-

nis somexi beri unda iyos, romelsac qarTvelTa matiane

SeuTxzavs qarTvelTave dakveTiT XII s., rodesac maT saerTod

igrZnes istoriis daweris aucilebloba18.

q. patkanianis werilis gamoqveynebis droisaTvis `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ krebuli jer kidev ar iyo mecnierulad Seswavlili

da amisaTvis mxolod pirveli nabijebi keTdeboda. amitom qarTu-

li saistorio wyaros kritika da, Tundac, hiperkritika TavisTa-

vad gansakuTrebuls da moulodnels arafers niSnavda. magram er-

Tia, roca kritika wminda mecnieruli interesebiTaa gamowveuli

da meore, roca mas, ZiriTadad, politikuri datvirTva aqvs da

eris moralur daTrgunvas isaxavs miznad. miuxedavad imisa, rom

q. patkaniani mecnieruli argumentebiT cdilobda msjelobas qar-

Tlis cxovrebis xsenebul Zvel periodze da zogierTi angariSga-

sawevi SeniSvnebic aqvs gamoTqmuli, mis werilSi aSkarad igrZno-

ba saqarTvelos istoriisa da misi wyaroebis damcrobis daucxro-

meli survili, risTvisac arc faqtebis gayalbebas aridebs Tavs.

cnobili armenistis arakeTilsindisieri damokidebuleba saqar-

Tvelos warsulis kvlevisadmi, ra Tqma unda, SeumCneveli ar dar-

Cenia Tanadroul qarTul sazogadoebas. dimitri baqraZe ukve

1884 w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi werda: `Cveni fiqriT, q. patkanovi

ar aris gulwrfeli maZiebeli istoriuli simarTlisa. is ver iT-

visebs verc erTs cxovels da ueWvel faqtebze damyarebuls azrs

qarTuli istoriisas, Tu es azri ewinaaRmdegeba imis azrs somx-

urs istoriaze. CvenTvis erTgvar Zvirfasia rogoraTac somxuri,

agreTve qarTuli wyaroebi: Cvenis fiqriT, erTma meore unda Seaswo-

ros da Seavsos~19. Semdeg ki Tavisi sityvebis dasadastureblad

mohyavs faqtebisadmi somexi istorikosis arakeTilsindisieri da-

mokidebulebisa da gayalbebis konkretuli SemTxvevebi. magali-

Tad, q. patkaniani arakeTilsindisierad imowmebda stefanos orbe-

lians, romelic, TiTqos, Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobis did

siRaribeze Ciodao, maSin rodesac, SeniSnavda d. baqraZe, stefa-

nozi aRniSnavda ara saerTod qarTuli wyaroebis simcires, aramed

maTSi cnobebis iSviaTobas orbelTa sagvareulos Sesaxeb, rac ga-

mowveuli iyo giorgi III-is sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT misi xelisu-

flebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli orbelebis mimarT, romelTa xse-

neba saqarTvelos mefis brZanebiT yvela samwerlo Zeglebidan

aRmoifxvra20. d. baqraZis obieqturobaSi mkiTxvelis gansasjelad

1 7 ix. qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, ilia abulaZis

gamocema, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 012.1 8 ix. Ê. Ïàòêàíîâ, Âàíñêèå íàäïèñè è çíà÷åíèå èõ äëÿ èñòîðèè Ïåðåäíåé

Àçèè, ÆÌÍÏ, ÷àñòü ÑÑÕÕÕ, äåêàáðü, 1883, ñ. 199-274.

19 dimitri baqraZe, profesori patkanovi da qarTuli istoriis

wyaroebi, Tbilisi, 1884, gv. 2-3.20 iqve.

104 105

moviyvanT amonawers st. orbelianis Txzulebidan sakamaTo sak-

iTxze: `xolo odes gamefda qarTlSi pirveli mefe farnavaz,

aRmatebiT pativi miiRes mis mier orbelianT da aravin iyo

msgavsi maTi qarTlSi Tvnier mefisa. xolo ese ambavi mcired

vcaniT qarTvelT moTxrobaTagan. garna SuriTa giorgi mefisa-

Ta, romelman guariT aRxoca igini saqarTuelodam, axoces

saxelni maTni moTxrobaTagan T¢sTagan, romlisaT¢s Cvenca

gamoZiebiT da zed-miwevniT vscaniT mciredi... xolo vina¡Tgan

axocil iyo saxsenebeli winaparTa maTTa hambavTani, mkacrebani

da moqmedebani Cinebulni orbelianTagani maT JamTa mweralTa-

gan, romelsa `qarTlis cxovrebas~ uxmoben, amisT¢s Cven vera

vscaniT viTareba da rigi sity¢sa, raTamca ragisaebr dagvewera

werilsa amas Sina~21. es amonaweri garda imisa, rom zedmiwevniT

adasturebs d. baqraZis simarTles, amasTan Zveli qarTuli

saistorio mwerlobis simdidresa da misi cnobebis siuxvesac

gvidasturebs, ramdenadac somxuri wyaros mowmobiT orbelianTa

Tavgadasavali gadmocemuli yofila ara erTi romelime mwerlis,

aramed mweralTa mier. aseve mravlobiT ricxvSia mocemuli

`qarTvelTa moTxrobebi~, sadac jer kidev yofila SemorCenili

mcire cnobebi orbelianebze. sayuradReboa, agreTve, XIII s. somxur

ZeglSi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulis saxiT moxsenieba, romelsac

q. patkaniani, ratomRac, vaxtang VI-is droindelad da mis

Sedgenilad miiCnevda, riTac Zalze amcrobda am Zeglis

mniSvnelobas. 1884 w. ufro adreuli, mariamiseuli nusxis

aRmoCenis Semdeg q. patkaniani iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom

vaxtang mefes araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda Zveli `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ SedgenasTan. d. baqraZe gansakuTrebiT aRSfoTebuli

iyo q. patkanianis im gancxadebiT, rom, TiTqos, XI-XII ss.

qarTvelebs sakuTari istoriis saWiroeba ver ucvniaT. amiT

gakvirvebuli d. baqraZe werda: `ram afiqrebina q. patkanovs,

viTomc qarTveli eri iseT velur mdgomareobaSi iyo, rom ver

grZnobda saWiroebas istoriisas meTormete saukunemde da aqac

ki, Tu ar isic umecris somxis SemweobiT man ver SesZlo Tavisi

istoria TviTonve Seedgina~22. o. senkovskisa da q. patkanianis

xsenebuli naSromebi faqtobrivad uaryofdnen amierkavkasiaSi

qarTveli xalxis odindel istoriul arsebobas da mis, araTu

Rvawls, aramed monawileobasac ki mdidari kavkasiuri civili-

zaciis SeqmnaSi, rac, bunebrivia, Tanadrouli qarTuli in-

teligenciis samarTlian protests iwvevda. Tu q. patkaniani

saqarTvelos istoriaze msjelobisas m. xorenacidan amodioda,

romelic kavkasias somxeTis politikur da kulturul sivrced

ganixilavda, o. senkovskis insinuaciebis erTaderTi sayrdeni im-

periis ideologiuri politika iyo kavkasiaSi. aseT situaciaSi

saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis sakiTxebze polemikam wminda

politikuri Seferiloba miiRo da is erovnul sakiTxSi

gadaizarda. SemTxveviTi sulac araa, rom XIX s. 70-80-ian wlebSive

somxuri istoriografia qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis moRvaweTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, ramdenadac

mTavroba, ZiriTadad, somxuri burJuaziisa da misi msaxuri is-

toriografiis xeliT cdilobda Tavisi xalxTmoZule politikis

gatarebas kavkasiaSi.

am droisTvis somxur burJuazias yvela SesaZlebeli privile-

gia ukve hqonda mopovebuli kavkasiaSi. rCeboda erTaderTi, ter-

itoriuli uflebebi. cxadia, somxebi imperias ver mosTxovdnen

maTTvis saqarTveloSi oranJis respublikis Seqmnas (am mxriv

sagulisxmoa geronti qiqoZis Tvalsazrisi saqarTveloSi mosaxle

somxebze, romelTac igi `Cvens oranJistebs~ uwodebda23). magram,

rogorc Cans, gabatonebuli reJimis interesebis dacvisa da

erTguli samsaxuris sanacvlod, somxur burJuazias SesaZleblad

miaCnda imperiis teritoriul-administraciul sistemaSi iseT

cvlilebebze mTavrobis dayolieba, romlebic saSualebas miscemda

mas mezobelTa teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawilis sakuTar eTni-

kur sivrceSi moqcevas, rac kidev ufro gaaZlierebda mis

ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs da safuZvels Seuqmnida momavalSi,

xelsayreli politikuri situaciis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, saocnebo

teritoriuli pretenziebis realizacias. amgvari ganwyobilebebi,

ra Tqma unda, uSualod ganapirobebda somex avtorTa Txzulebeb-

Si saqarTvelos istoriis ara marto muq ferebSi, aramed gayal-21 stefanos orbelianis “cxovreba orbelianTa”-s Zveli qarTuli

Targmanebi, qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosca e. cagareiSvilma, Tb.

1978, gv. 29-30.2 2 d. baqraZe, profesori patkanovi..., gv. 13. 2 3 geronti qiqoZe, erovnuli energia, Tbilisi, 1919, gv. 197.

106 107

bebuladac warmoCenas. XIX s. meore naxevridan mainc saqarTve-

los istoriis gayalbebam somxur istoriografiaSi, TiTqmis,

sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo.

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moR-

vaweTa yuradReba, gansakuTrebiT miipyro XIX s. meore naxevarSi

gamocemulma somex avtorTa im naSromebma, romlebSic somxeTis

istoriasTan kavSirSi ganixileboda istoriuli memkvidreobisa

da saerTod kavkasiis istoriuli geografiis mTeli rigi

problemebi. I858 w. moskovSi gamoica mkrtiC eminis mier Targmni-

li movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoria~, SesavliTa da komentar-

ebiT; I859 w. al. xudabaSevis `Îáîçðåíèå Àðìåíèè~, I877 w. q. patka-

nianma rusul enaze gamosca “somxuri geografia” gamokvleviTurT,

Tbilisis somxur da rusul periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba al.

ericianis werilebi istoriuli geografiisa Tu saqarTvelos

somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebze24. I898 w. peterburgSi

g. ezovma (eziani) gamosca dokumentTa krebuli saxelwodebiT

`Ñíîøåíèÿ Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî ñ àðìÿíñêèì íàðîäîì~ vrceli Sesavali

weriliT. imave XIX s. meore naxevarSi q. patkanianma da m. eminma

rusul enaze gamosces Sua saukuneebis somex avtorTa – sebeosis,

levondis, movses kalankatuacis, vardanisa da sxvaTa araerTi

(erT aTeulze meti) Txzuleba. saistorio mecnierebisaTvis,

TavisTavad, am erTob saSur saqmes seriozul Crdils ayenebda ga-

momcemelTa mcdeloba TavanTi komentarebiT uaryofiTi sazoga-

doebrivi azri SeeqmnaT saqarTvelos istoriaze, rac mxolod car-

izmis kavkasiur ideologiur politikasTan modioda srul Tanx-

mobaSi. somex mecnierTa am jgufis mWidro kavSiri mTavrobis

politikasTan da maTi arakeTilsindisieri, arsebiTad mtruli

damokidebuleba saqarTvelos warsulisa da momavlisadmi

saaSkaraoze gamoitana da kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara ilia Wav-

WavaZem. Tavis gaxmaurebul werilSi `qvaTa RaRadi~ igi werda:

`mTeli samoci weliwadia, rac erTi da igive Weqa-quxili erTisa

da imave tendenciisa Cven vinaobas erCis da dRemudam ufro

metis kadnierebiT, ufro metis gabedviT, meti silaRiT tyavs

aZrobs da warRvnas uqadis... is dRea da es dRe somxis mwignobarni

imis cdasa da metyvelebaSi arian, rom saqarTvelo rac SeiZleba

avis TvaliT daanaxvon qveyanas, rac SeiZleba meti wili

CamoaTalon da TviTon miiTvison, rac SeiZleba gaauqmon warsu-

lic, SebRalon awmyoca~25. ilia WavWavaZem damajereblad cxadyo,

rom somex mecnierTa am jgufis mier saqarTvelos istoriis neb-

ismieri sakiTxis uRirsad warmoCenis umTavresi mizezi yovelTvis

da yvelgan teritoriuli pretenziebi iyo, iqneboda es istoriu-

li geografiis, politikuri istoriis, konfesiuri urTierTobisa

Tu kulturis sakiTxebze msjeloba. didi mwerali aRniSnavda, rom

aSkara faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod emini, xudabaSaevi, ericovi

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos gvecilebian da amtkiceben, TiT-

qos, mtkvris saTavis adgilebi, mTeli Woroxis xeoba – did somx-

eTs ekuTvnodneno. maT imisTana somexTa momxre kacic ki amtyu-

nebs, rogoric sen-martenia. am evropeli mecnieris mtkicebiT,

seri mTebisa, romelic Woroxisa, mtkvrisa, evfratisa da araqsis

wyalTgamyrelia, mudmivi sazRvari iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa

Soriso, da miuxedavad amisa, somxebis mwignobarni mainc Tavisas

gaiZaxian da binas ikeTeben iq, saca ara hqoniaT. gana aSkara ar

aris, SeniSnavda ilia, rom am cuRlutur mecnierebiT swadianT

qveyanas daajeron, viTomc istoriuli ufleba miuZRviT am adg-

ilebSi binis dadebisa26. sxva adgilas ki, amxelda ra g. ezovs

faqtebis gayalbebaSi, iqve ganmartavda: _ zRapars maSin gamoic-

nobT, roca gaixsenebT ezovis dafarul azrsa: saqarTvelo

saqarTvelo ki ar aris, Zveli somxeTiao. es macduri da wyeuli

survili gzas ubnevs b-ns ezovs da sisuleles aroSvinebs mec-

nierebis saxeliTo27. axasiaTebda ra qarTul somxur urTierTo-

baSi bolo samoci wlis manZilze ganviTarebul movlenebs, ilia

werda: saocari aq kidev is aris, rom es samoci wlis mTeli xana

rusis mwerlisagan iwyeba da rusis mwerliTve Tavdeba. maTSua

mTeli mwkrivia somexTa mecnierT-mwignobrebisa ase, rom Tavidan

bolomde erTi lari gasWimoT, sul yvelas igi lari mxarze gada-

2 4 "Êàâêàçñêàÿ ñòàðèíà", 1872, ¹ 1. ñ. 20; ÂÇýÉÇëÇ Ñ³Ûù »õ Ýáó³

íÇ×³Ï³·ñáõÃÇõÝ« §öáñÓ¦« 1879« N 10« ¿ç. 1-34.

25 ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi, tV, Tbilisi, 1987, gv.29-30.2 6 iqve, gv. 31-32.2 7 iqve, gv. 77.

108 109

uvlis, ase mwyobrad mRaRadebelni arian erTisa da imave gangeb

akviatebul azrisa28.

ilias am miniSnebebidan kargad Cans, rom somex avtorTa sas-

tiki kritikis miuxedavad, codvas mTel somxur sazogadoebas ki

ara, politikur koniunqturas miawerda, romelic im dros

qarTvelTa Rirsebis sawinaaRmdegod da samtrod iyo momarTuli.

igi mxolod imperiisa da somxuri burJuaziis mtacebluri inter-

esebis samsaxurSi myof mecnier-mweralTa erT gunds adanaSauleb-

da, romelic Tavisi moRvaweobiT ara imdenad mecnierebis sasarge-

blod irjeboda, ramdenadac istoriul mezoblebs Soris undob-

lobasa da siZulvils Tesavda. ilia aRSfoTebiT werda: Zneli

mosaTmenni arian es xudabaSovebi, patkanovebi, qiSmiSovebi, ezove-

bi, arwrunebi da erTob igi erTi gundi somxebisa, romelTac

RmerTma moaxmaroT TavianT Tavis qeba-dideba da Cvens moTxras

ki ver davanebebT da amaSi, imedia, yvela WkvaTamyofeli somexi

dagveTanxmeba. ai, swored aq aris Tavi da bolo dasabami da dasas-

ruli im mwvave ganxeTqilebisa, romelic aseTis gulmodginebiT

STamoses CvenSi umecarTa mecnierTa da erTmaneTze aalurses

qarTveli da somexi. Torem sad iyo CvenSi im ormoc - samoci wlis

winaT erTmaneTis aseTi aTvaliswuneba, erTmaneTSi ar virCeodiT

da Tumca sxvadasxva modgmisani da sarwmunoebisani viyaviT, ma-

gram somxobiT qarTvelis Zulebas da qarTvelobiT somxebisas

CvenSi adgili ara hqonia Cvenda sabednierod da sasaxelod... Cven

kargad viciT, rom winandel saqarTvelos uZlureba daiwyo im

ubedur dReTagan, roca-ki pirqve daemxo – eg Cveni winandeli

zRude samxreTiT. Cven CrdiloeTiT vinaxavdiT somxeTs da somx-

ebi Cven gvinaxavdnen samxreTiT... daeca somxeTi, samxreTis kari

Ria darCa saqarTveloSi Semosasvlelad... gana CvenTvis ki sanatre-

lia eseTi daqsaqsuloba somxebisa. RmerTma misceT Rone da un-

ari erTad moiyaron Tavi iq, saidanac ayrilan da aqa iq gafantu-

lan. xolo Cven Cvensas nu gvecilebian, Cveni saxelis gatexiT nu

cdiloben TavianTvis saxelis keTebas da Semkobas29. ilias

gulistkivili sruliad samarTliani da gasagebi iyo. qarTvelebsa

da somxebs urTierTdapirispireba ki ara, Tanxmoba da urTierT-

gatana WirdebodaT, raTa saerTo mtris Semotevebisagan Tavis

dacva SeZlebodaT.

ilia WavWavaZis es gaxmaurebuli naSromi 1899 w. ìveriis~

Tormet nomerSi daibeWda (64-76), sul male ki calke broSuris

saxiTac gamoica qarTul da rusul enebze. imavdroulad, qarTu-

li da somxuri perioduli gamocemebis furclebze mwvave polemi-

ka iyo gaSlili konfesiuri da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis urTierT-

damokidebulebis sakiTxebze, rasac TeoriulTan erTad uaRresad

praqtikuli mniSvnelobac gaaCnda. saqme is iyo, rom qarTvelTa

da somexTa konfesiuri sxvaoba xelisuflebas konfesiuri dapir-

ispirebis provocirebis saSualebas aZlevda, ris safuZvelzec

ukve advili Canda rogorc istoriuli mezoblebis gaTiSva da maT

Soris mtrobis Tesva, ise qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi gan-

sazRvruli nawilis erovnul cnobierebaze ieriSis misatanad

niadagis Semzadeba. ganzraxulis realizacias isic uwyobda xels,

rom Sua saukuneebidan SemorCenili inerciiT sazogadoebrivi

azri, eTnikur kuTvnilebas jer isev, konfesiis mixedviT gan-

sazRvravda. somxuri sarwmunoebis wiaRSi sxvadasxva mizeziT ga-

dasuli qarTuli mosaxleobis, upiratesad, vaWroba-xelosnobaSi

CarTuli nawilis meryev eTnikur Segnebaze zemoqmedebisa da sab-

olood wasaSlelad, xelisufleba somxur eklesiasa da inteligen-

ciasTan SeTanxmebiT mTel rig RonisZiebebs saxavda. maT Soris

iyo iseTi uRirsi saSualebebi, rogoricaa am sazogadoebaSi

qarTuli enis devna mis srul akrZalvamde, somxuri eklesiisa da

ganaTlebisaTvis calmxrivad xelis Sewyoba da privilegiebis mini-

Weba, somxuris sasargeblo propagandis gaZliereba da saxelmwi-

foebrivi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac, saboloo jamSi, unda

uzrunveleyoT imperiuli politikis mTavari amocanis – qarTu-

li erovnuli sxeulis daSla-danawilebis daCqareba, rac sxva

RonisZiebebTan erTad Seamcirebda qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdego-

bis Zalas da mas mTavrobis nebas daumorCilebda.

kavkasiaSi somxuri eklesiis mizidulobis unaris gasazrdelad,

jer kidev nikoloz I-ma mas gaumravla mamulebi, gaanTavisufla

yovelgvari gadasaxadebisagan da gauzarda pensiebi30, rac Tavis-

2 8 ilia WavWavaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.2 9 ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi, gv. 110-111. 3 0 Àêòû..., ò. IX, ñ. 22.

110 111

Tavad, mis mrevlsac garkveul SeRavaTian pirobebSi ayenebda.

1862 wlis 30 aprils Sinagan saqmeTa ministri voluevi kavkasiis

mefisnacvlis movaleobis Semsrulebels grigol orbelians Se-

axsenebda, rom rusuli politikis warmatebisaTvis aRmosavleTSi

didi mniSvneloba hqonda somxur-grigorianul eklesiasTan maT

urTierTobas da miuTiTebda – `mxedvelobaSi iqonieT, rom somx-

uri eklesia yovelTvis sargeblobda Cveni mTavrobis mfarvel-

obiT da imperiis sazRvrebs gareT grigorianebs mxars uWerda

da amagrebda kaTolike misionerebis winaaRmdeg~31. somxuri ek-

lesiis mfarvelobis am fonze, yovelmxriv izRudeboda ruseTis

erTmorwmune qarTuli eklesia, romelic peterburgis sinodis

ubralo danamatad gadaaqcies. gasagebia, rom aseT viTarebaSi

somxuri eklesia qarTuli mosaxleobis gansazRvruli, gan-

sakuTrebiT, ekonomikurad SeWirvebuli nawilisaTvis cTunebis

sagani gaxda. araerTi SemTxvevaa aRniSnuli, roca ymobas

gamoqceuli qarTveli glexebi Tavs afarebdnen somxur eklesias,

romelic maTTvis socialuri dacvis ZiriTad saSualebad

qceuliyo. XIX s. xalxis aRweris davTrebSi, metadre, saojaxo

siebis cnobebSi sruliad naTlad ikveTeba qarTuli mosaxleobis

erTi mniSvnelovani nawilis somxur sarwmunoebaze gadasvlis

suraTi32, romelic amis gamo somxuri eTnosis kuTvnilebad

ganixileboda. XIX s. ruseTis oficialuri statistika yovel

aRweraSi somxur-grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mosaxleobas, misi

mSobliuri enisgan damoukideblad, somxur erovnebas

miakuTvnebda, riTac axerxebda somxuri erovnebis gaZlierebas

qarTuli erovnebis Sesustebs xarjze33.

mTavroba gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT iRvwoda qarTvel ka-

TolikeTa gasasomxeblad, risTvisac zogjer arc pirdapir Zala-

dobas erideboda. imperiis religiuri politika, Tumcaki, ver

egueboda mis sivrceSi kaTolikuri Temebis funqcionirebas, ma-

gram somexi kaTolikeni kavkasiaSi mainc privilegirebul mdgo-

mareobaSi hyavda, ris gamoc qarTveli kaTolikeni iZulebulni

xdebodnen laTinurTan erTad somxur tipikonzec mdgariyvnen.

XIX s. Sua wlebSi mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis cxov-

rebaSi gatareba qarTvel kaTolikeebs srul gasomxebas uqadda.

1852 w. 18 ianvars Sinagan saqmeTa ministri perovski somexTa kaTa-

likoss acnobebda, rom imperatoris nebiT mas ufleba eZleoda

somexi kaTolikeebi (maT Soris igulisxmebodnen somxur tip-

ikonze mdgari qarTveli kaTolikeebic) grigorianul sarwmunoe-

baze gadaeyvana34. somxur tipikonze mdgari qarTveli kaToli-

keebi protestiT Sexvdnen mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebas da ufro

dabejiTebiT moiTxoves maTTvis qarTulenovani mRvdelmsaxureb-

is daweseba eklesiebSi. mRvdelmsaxurebis enis garSemo gaSlili

brZolis pasuxad, mTavrobam aRar daayovna da 1886 w. kaTolikur

eklesiebSi qarTuli ena brZanebiT akrZala35. 1893 w. ki gamovida

umaRlesi brZaneba, sadac Tbilisis qarTvel kaTolikeTa eklesia

moxseniebuli iyo somxur eklesiad36.

xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT Segulianebuli somxuri eklesia da

burJuazia mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT (mRvdelmsaxure-

ba, presa da sxva) sul ufro aZlierebda fsiqologiur zewolas

somxuri da kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelebze maT cnobiere-

baSi erovnuli Segnebis sabolood aRmofxvrisaTvis. es procesi

miT ufro saSiSi xdeboda, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis eTnikuri

rRvevis SemTxvevaSi (imasTan erTad, rom mTavroba daJinebiT

cdilobda qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebis calkeul erovne-

bebad warmodgenas), SesaZloa, teritoriul-administraciuli cvli-

lebebic ganxorcielebuliyo, rac ukve qarTveli xalxis saarsebo

sivrcis Semdgomi da seriozuli SezRudvis momaswavebeli iqnebo-

da. amitomac eTnokonfesiur sakiTxebze qarTul da somxur peri-

odul gamocemaTa furclebze gaSlilma polemikam erTob farTo

xasiaTi miiRo da man istoriuli geografiisa da amierkavkasiis

politikuri istoriis sakiTxebic moicva. amis gamo publicistebis

wamowyebul kamaTSi qarTuli da somxuri istoriografiis warmo-

madgenlebic Caebnen, ramac mas mwvave politikuri debatebis saxe

3 1 Àêòû..., ò. XII, ñ. 548.3 2 r. TofCiSvili, XIX s. mosaxleobis aRweris masalebi saqarTvelos

eTnoistoriis da socialuri yofis Sesaxeb, “mnaTobi”, #12, 1987.3 3 k. anTaZe, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XIX s-Si, Tbilisi, 1973, gv.

54-56.

3 4 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, romelnic uaryofen

qarTvelTa kaTolikobas, Tbilisi, 1904, gv 31.3 5 ix. S. lomsaZe, mixeil TamaraSvili da qarTveli kaTolikeni,

Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 21-23.3 6 iqve, gv. 25.

112 113

misca. am ideologiur brZolaSi, Tu qarTvelTa Semwed simarTle

gamodioda, ekonomikuri da politikuri mxardaWeris mxriv

somexTa SesaZleblobani, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, Seudareblad

didi iyo. somexTa es upiratesoba imiTac gamoixata, rom XIX da

XX ss. aTiani wlebis, TiTqmis bolomde, somxuri Jurnal-gazeTe-

bi da calkeuli gamocemebi ricxobrivad Warbobda qarTuls. mar-

to 1846-1871 ww-Si somxur enaze TbilisSi gamodioda Svidi dasax-

elebis Jurnali da gazeTi: `kovkas~, àrarat~, `meRu haiastan~,

`garun~, `vaWarakan~, `krunq haioc aSxarh~, `haikakan aSxarh~. Sem-

deg maT daemataT sxvebi, magaliTad, `mSak~-i, `murW~-i da sxvebi.

kavkasiis kalendris cnobiT, 1913 w. TbilisSi somxur enaze gamo-

dioda 20-mde dasaxelebis Jurnal-gazeTi, romelTa saerTo ti-

raJi 20 aTass aRwevda. amave wels TbilisSi somxur enaze gamoica

241 dasaxelebis wigni da saswavlo saxelmZRvanelo37. albaT, sak-

marisia aRiniSnos, rom 1899 wlidan 1917 wlamde TbilisSi gam-

oica iseTi didformatiani wignebi, rogoricaa 12 tomiani `somx-

eTis istoriis divani~. somxuri propagandisaTvis gamoyenebuli

iyo TbilisSi gamomavali rusulenovani periodikac. ramdenadac

mokamaTe somxuri mxarisaTvis mTavari iyo Tbilissa da

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi somexTa siWarbis STabeWdilebis Seqmna,

yvela am tribunidan ubralod uaryofdnen rogorc qarTvel

kaTolikeTa, ise somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvelTa krebulis

arsebobis faqtsac ki. qarTvel kaTolikeTa winaaRmdeg gan-

sakuTrebuli agresiulobiT gamoirCeoda 1897-98 ww-Si gazeT

`mSak~-Si dabeWdili Tamazovis, saruxanis, naxapetianisa da sxvaTa

werilebi. 1879 w. Jurnal `forZ~-Si (#10, gv. 1-34) daibeWda a. eri-

cianis werili – `Tbiliseli somxebi da maTi statistikuri aR-

weriloba~, romelSic, cxadia, somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelTa

sazogadoebac mTlianad iyo mikuTvnebuli somxur eTnoss.

qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris sadavo kontigentis aRweras zaqar-

ia WiWinaZec adasturebs. misi TqmiT, somxebma aRweres qarTl-

kaxeTis somxebad miCneuli mosaxleoba da maTi sia Jurnal

“murW”-Si gamoaqveynes da mas `vrac xos haioc~ anu qarTulad

molaparake somxebi uwodes38. niSandoblivia, rom msgavs pozicias

inarCunebs Tanamedrove somxuri istoriografiac (amaze calke

visaubrebT Tanamedrove somex istorikosTa Sromebis

ganxilvisas).

qarTveli kaTolikeebisa da somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTveleb-

is Sesaxeb somxuri Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdeg XX s. dasawyisSi aq-

tiurad gamovidnen mixeil TamaraSvili da zaqaria WiWinaZe. mas

Semdeg, rac qarTvel kaTolikeTa laTinur ritze mdgar eklesie-

bSi ruseTis mTavrobam mxari dauWira somxuri tipikonisa da

somxuri enis damkvidrebas da sabolood qarTvel kaTolikeTa

baton-patronad somxuri eklesia gamoacxada, imis mtkicebac ki

gaxda saWiro, rom qarTuli kaTolikuri eklesia namdvilad

qarTulia da mas Tavisi erovnuli istoriac hqonda39. qarTulma

sazogadoebam am saqmis mogvareba mixeil TamaraSvils miando,

romelmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi sakmaod rTul amocanas. va-

tikansa da evropis sxva arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi mopovebuli

utyuari da didZali dokumenturi masaliT ara marto cxadyo

qarTvel kaTolikeTa namdviloba, aramed misi mdidari istoriac

warmoaCina XIII-XX saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze. misi 844 gverdiani

wigni ìstoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris~ 1902 w. gamoica

TbilisSi da man erTbaSad miipyro mkiTxveli sazogadoebis didi

yuradReba. ilia WavWavaZem am wigns meore `qarTlis cxovreba~

uwoda. ori wlis Semdeg 1904 w. stefane zubalaSvilis `warsage-

beliTa~ da p. mirianaSvilisa da z. WiWinaZis aqtiuri monawileo-

biT daibeWda m. TamaraSvilis romidan gamogzavnili naSromi `pa-

suxad somxis mwerlebs~, romelnic uaryofen qarTvelT kaTo-

likobas (istoriuli gamokvleva). dasaxelebuli wignebiT m. Tama-

raSvilma eTnokonfesiur sakiTxebze somxebTan kamaTi myar mec-

nierul niadagze gadaiyvana da, faqtobrivad, safuZveli gamoaca-

la yovelgvar zerele gancxadebebs. kidev ori wlis Semdeg ibe-

Wdeba, amjerad, z. WiWinaZis ukve xsenebuli mcire moculobis

wigni, sadac m. TamaraSvilis msgavsad, somxebTan kamaTs, isic

mecnierul kalapotSi gadayvaniT cdilobs. man pirvelma daiwyo

qarTvel `gigorianTa~ (ase uwodebda is somxur sarwmunoebaSi

gadasul qarTvelebs) gvarebis istoriis Seswavla uSualod am

3 7 Êàâêàçñêèé êàëåíäàðü íà 1915 ã. Òèôëèñ, 1914, ñ. 367-368.3 8 ix. qarTveli grigorianebi, istoriuli mimoxilva SavSeTisa, Tbili-

si, 1906

3 9 m. papaSvili, saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba VI-XX saukuneebSi,

Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 314-339.

114 115

wris respondentebisagan da informirebul TanamedroveTagan mo-

wodebuli cnobebis safuZvelze. z. WiWinaZis gamoTvliT mis dros

qarTlSi ramdenime aTasi `qarTveli grigoriani~ unda yofiliyo.

manve damajereblad gviCvena `qarTvel grigorianTa~ problemis

pirdapiri kavSiri qarTuli miwebis mimarT somexTa tradiciul

pretenziebTan, romlebic aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi somexTa

meqanikuri simravlis SeqmniT cdilobdnen qarTul miwebze `Tavi-

anTi istoriuli uflebis~ mtkicebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT z. Wi-

WinaZe gulistkiviliT werda “somxeTs Sua gul qarTlidam Tvlian,

sadac somexT xseneba aras dros ar yofila... somexT mweralni

somxur kartebzec saqarTvelos armenias aweren, wignebSiac aseve,

laparakSiac Tamamad amtkiceben... zogierT somxis swavlulni

imasac gaiZaxian, rom mTeli kaxeTi didi somxeTis nawils Sead-

genso da iq mcxovreb qarTvelnic mTlad somxis STamomavalni

ariano. amazed bevrs gzis kamaTic yofila. es dResac xSiria da

evropaSi somxis swavlulni aramc Tu martod kaxeTs hxveven xels,

aramed samxreT saqarTvelosac ki armeniad aRiareben~40.

z. WiWinaZisa da m. TamaraSvilis wignebi arsebiTad erT umTav-

res mizans emsaxurebodnen – qarTvelTa denacionalizaciis wina-

aRmdeg brZolas da qarTveli xalxis eTnikur konsolidacias, rac

Tavisi SinaarsiT erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Semad-

geneli nawili iyo. am wignebis Rirsebas Seadgenda, agreTve, maTi

avtorebis jansaRi politikuri xedva da alRo, romlebic kriti-

kas warmarTavdnen ara saerTod somexTa mimarT, aramed m. Tama-

raSvilis TqmiT, `somxis zogierT mweralTa~ winaaRmdeg, romelTa

saqmianoba erTnairad mavne iyo, rogorc qarTvelTa, ise somexTa

erovnuli interesebisaTvisac. amis gamo z. WiWinaZe SeniSnavda:

somex mweralTa qarTvelTa sawinaaRmdego mcdelobani didi Se-

cdomaa... SemcdarT aRar esmiT TavianTi viTareba da amitom xSirad

uZluri ebrZvis uZlurs, anu daCagruli sCagravs daCagruls... mere

ras unda gvandes is garemoeba dauZlurebuli eri Tavisave ms-

gavsad damonebul ers ebrZodes?41. ra Tqma unda, marTali iyvnen

qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moRvaweni, roca

werdnen, rom qarTvelTa gasomxebis mesveurebi, arsebuli

politikuri situaciis pirobebSi nebiT Tu uneblied carizmis

koloniuri politikis gamtarebelTa rigebSi dgebodnen.

mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa da Tanafardobis meqani-

kurad Secvlis mTavrobis RonisZiebaTa gverdiT da mxardaWeriT,

maTi cdebi ukve qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg demografiuli agresi-

is formas iRebda. ase rom, eTnikuri da konfesiuri Sesabamisobis

propagandistTa moRvaweoba XIX da XX ss. damdegisaTvis arc ise

uwyinari iyo Tavisi politikuri SedegebiT, rogorc es erTi

SexedviT SeiZleboda danaxuliyo. qarTuli eTnikuri koleqtiv-

idan konfensiuri niSniT misi erTi mniSvnelovani nawilis Camoc-

ileba, sxva pirobebTan erTad, droTa ganmavlobaSi gardauvalad

gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos teritoriis SekumSvis moTxovnasac. Cven

vnaxavT, rom sul male movlenebis am mimarTulebiT

ganviTarebisaTvis, mTavrobis RonisZiebebTan TanxmobiT, aqtiurad

amoqmeddebian somxuri politikuri wreebi, romlebic 1909-1916 ww-

Si saerobo krebebze daJinebiT moiTxoven amierkavkasiis mTeli

teritoriis erovnuli niSniT gamijvnas, xolo 1918 w. dekemberSi

somex-qarTvelTa samarcxvino oms gamoiwveven, raSic XIX s. somxur

istoriografiasac Tavisi wili edo.

XIX da XX s. damdegs somxuri istoriografiis ideologiuri

Tanxvedra rusul politikasTan gansakuTrebiT cxadad gamovlin-

da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis, metadre, misi bolo

periodis gadmocemisas. garda imisa, rom am xanis somxuri isto-

riografiis umetesi nawili gazviadebulad warmoadgenda saqar-

Tvelos somxuri mosaxleobis, somxuri savaWro kapitalisa da

somxuri eklesiis moRvaweTa rolsa da mniSvnelobas qarTl-kaxe-

Tis politikur cxovrebaSi, etyoba, rusuli administraciis saame-

blad, Zalze muq ferebSi, TiTqmis, katastrofulad gvixatavs XVIII s.

bolo meoTxedis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur, politikur

da saerTo kulturul viTarebas, rac met damajereblobas SesZenda

rusuli dapyrobis gamarTlebas saqarTveloSi. aseT istoriul

fonze, ruseTis mier veraguli xerxebiT saqarTvelos dapyrobas

somexi avtorebi, lamis aris, did humanur aqciad afaseben, xolo

am politikis Semdeg qveyanaze Tavsdamtydar yvela ubedurebaSi

qarTul mxares adanaSauleben. aqedan gamomdinare, qvecnobierad

keTdeba daskvna, rom erTaderTi jansaRi da gavleniani Zala

qveyanaSi rusi samxedroebi da somxuri elementi iyo.

4 0 z. WiWinaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 34.4 1 iqve, gv. 15-16.

116 117

aRniSnuli xanis somxuri istoriografiis kidev erTi damax-

asiaTebeli Strixi. jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe g. ezovis naSromis

ganxilvisas SeniSnavda: rac-ki sadme qarTvelebze cudi Tqmula,

b-ns ezovs yvela TiTqo raRac sixaruliT moukrebia da gulSi

gvaxlis. rac keTili Tqmula, yvela es saqeburad miumalavs42.

wyaroebis aseTi calmxrivi gaSuqebis araerTi magaliTi mohyavs

ilias g. ezovis naSromidan. maT Soris, qarTvelTa saxelis gasate-

xad ezovis mier damowmebuli ganZasaris kaTalikosis esai hasan

jalaliancis Txzulebis erTi adgili, sadac aRwerilia vax-

tang VI-is mxedrobis mier ganja-yarabaRis ramdenime somxuri sof-

lis darbevis faqti. saqme is iyo, rom ganjis xanma javadma

vaxtang VI-s sTxova lekebis Semawuxebeli Tavdasxmisagan misi sax-

anos dacva, risTvisac didZali Tanxis gadaxdas Sehpirda. vax-

tangma advilad gareka ganjas garSemomdgari lekebi, magram javad

xanma Sepirebuli Tanxa ver gadauxada, samagierod ki, mis xelisu-

flebas daqvemdebarebuli soflebis erTi nawili misca sarbevad,

sadac suniti Taraqamebis garda somxuri soflebic iyo. feoda-

luri urTierTobis xanis aRmosavleTSi valis gadaxdis aseTi

wesi arcTu iSviaTi ambavi iyo da, albaT, arc somexTa patriarqi

miiCnevda aseT saqciels maincdamainc ukanonod, magram, radganac

somxebi qristianebi iyvnen, vaxtangis qristian mxedrobas, misi

azriT, gamonaklisi unda daeSva da ar daerbia somxebi.

TanatomelTa mimarT TanagrZnobis gamosaxatavad esai kaTaliko-

si gmobs somex qristianTa mimarT gamoCenil sisastikes da

aRniSnavs: – rac gadaurCaT ugunur lekebs, is yovelive gaaCana-

ga xarbma da Seubralebelma qarTvelma ermao (aSkaraa erSi

mxedrobas gulisxmobs)43. amis miuxedavad, esai kaTalikosi Tavis

TxzulebaSi sakmaod xSirad aRniSnavs somexTa mimarT vaxtangisa

da qarTvelTa keTilganwyobisa da megobrobis faqtebs, rasac g.

ezovi dumiliT gverds uvlis. ilias gansakuTrebuli aRSfoTeba

gamoiwvia g. ezovis mier saqarTvelos istoriis sazianod faqte-

bis gayalbebam, kerZod, 1782 w. ruseTis xelisuflebasTan mola-

parakebis dros erekle II-is mier gamoTqmuli winadadebis komen-

tirebisas g. ezovi cinikurad ganmartavda, rom èrekle uTmobda

ruseTs imas, rac uflebiT ekuTvnoda sparseTs da ara TiTon,

uTmobda umaRles xelisuflebas saqarTveloze, romelic de

faqto uRonobiT xelSi veRar Seemagrebina da amis sanacvlod

iTxovda mefis Rirsebas, romelic mas ar hqonia sparseTSi (?)~44.

mxedvelobaSic rom miviRoT, marTlacda, am `wregadasuli

Tavnebobis~ pasuxad iliaseuli gamanadgurebeli kritika, g. ezovs

misive ideuri TanamebrZoli general-leitenanti s. qiSmiSovic ki

amtyunebs, roca erekle II-is mefobis pirvel periods Tamaris

droindel oqros xanas adarebs da miiCnevs, rom erekle II-m daamxo

sparselTa batonobis uReli saqarTveloSi45. esec, albaT, imi-

tom, rom erekle II-is `mmarTvelobis pirvel naxevars~ m. broses

naSromebze dayrdnobiT gadmogvcems; meore naxevars ki butkovi-

sa da artem araratelis Txzulebebis dasturiT, romlebic erek-

les sawinaaRmdegod SeTxzuli insinuaciebiT cdilobdnen ruse-

Tis dampyrobluri, mzakvruli politikis gamarTlebas

saqarTveloSi. etyoba, amiT unda aixsnas imperiis samsaxurSi my-

ofi generlis daintereseba qarTuli saxelmwifos maincdamainc

bolo wlebis istoriiT. misi mtkicebiT, èrekles gamudmebulma

omebma saqarTvelo gaaCanageso~46, sinamdvileSi ki, ruseTis did

samxedro gegmebSi CarTva iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikuri

krizisis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi, ris gamoc patara

saxelmwifo auracxel wvril-wvrilsa da zogjer farTo masSta-

bis brZolebSi aRmoCnda CarTuli. niSandoblivia, rom 80-iani

wlebis meore naxevridan (e. i. traqtatis dadebis Semdeg) aRin-

iSneba mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis Semcirebis tendencia47. TviT

ruseTis diplomatebi da samxedro moxeleebic ar malavdnen, rom

ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSiris gamo qarTl-kaxeTi

gaCanagda48.

4 2 ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi, t. V, Tb., 1987, gv. 63.4 3 esai hasan jalalianci, aRvanTa qveynis mokle istoria, karlo

kucias gamocema, Tbilisi, 1971, qarTuli teqsti, gv. 32, somxuri,

gv. 58; qarTvelTa Seuracxmyofeli sityvebi Targmnili ar aris.

4 4 Ã. Ýçîâ, Ñíîøåíèÿ Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî ñ Àðìÿíñêèì íàðîäîì, Ñïá,1898, ñ. XCÏ.4 5 Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû Ãðóçèíñêîãî Öàðñòâà, ïîñìåðòíûé òðóä Ãåíåðàë-Ëåéòåíàíòà

Ñ. Ã. Êèøèìèøåâà, Òèôëèñ, 1898, ñ. 1.4 6 iqve. gv. 60.4 7 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 732.4 8 iqve, gv. 707.

118 119

erekles samefos dasacavad gamoyofili rusTa ori batal-

ionis araefeqturobis gasamarTleblad s. qiSmiSovi brals sdebs

qarTul mxares da aRniSnavs, rom erekle II-m saqarTveloSi mo-

qmedi ruseTis jaris xelSesawyobad aRebuli arc erTi valde-

buleba ar Seasrulao: ar moawesriga saurme gza, ris gamoc rusi

batalionebi mTebSi gaiCxirnen da mxolod didi ZalisxmeviT, ris

vaivaglaxiT miaRwies daniSnulebis adgilso, batalionebi amave

mizeziT ver Rebulobdnen xelfass, ar yofnidaT fexsacmeli da

tansacmeli, sakvebis ukmarisobis gamo SimSilobdnen da

arasaimedo mokavSiris daudevrobiT mZime pirobebSi aRmoCndneno.

amitomac iZulebuli gaxda ekaterine II 1787 w. ukan gaewvia jario.

aseTi axsna, ra Tqma unda, sinamdviles moklebulia da ruseTis

politikis gasamarTlebladaa gayalbebuli. gza, romelsac

generali qiSmiSovi gulisxmobda – vladikavkazidan Tbilisamde

(saqarTvelos samxedro gza) ZvelTaganve gamoiyeneboda. am gziT

gadmoiyvana daviT aRmaSenebelma 40 aTasi yivCaRTa ojaxi

saqarTveloSi. am gzis Sesworeba da gafarToeba Zalze mokle

droSi, Tundac saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi moqceuli nawilisa, iseT

did xarjebsa da fizikur resursebs moiTxovda, rom qarTl-

kaxeTis samefosnair patara saxelmwifos Zalebs namdvilad

aRemateboda. TviT didma da Zlierma ruseTmac ki am samuSaos

Sesrulebas naxevar saukuneze meti moandoma. daiwyo 1803 w. da

daasrula 1861 w., xolo mis saboloo gasrulebas, TiTqmis

amdenive dasWirda, ramdenadac regularuli mimosvla Tbilissa

da vladikavkazs Soris mxolod 1909 wlidan damyarda. rac Seex-

eba ruseTis batalionebis puriT momaragebas, mousavliani wlebis

garda, mas drodadro aferxebda isic, rom ruseTis mTavroba

sabazro fasebTan SedarebiT samjer ufro iafad moiTxovda purs.

ruseTis jaris Sesanaxad erekles mTavrobis xarji yovelwliurad

30 aTas maneTs Seadgenda. am mizniT glexebs axdevinebdnen

specialur gadasaxads, romelsac `saruso~ ewodeboda, rac sakmao

ekonomikur zarals ayenebda qveyanas49. aseTi faqtebis fonze

ereklesadmi wayenebuli braldebebi aSkarad TvalTmaqcobad

gamoiyureboda. saqme is iyo, rom sinamdvileSi ruseTi sulac ar

apirebda erekle II-is dacvas da gaZlierebas. qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo mas imperiis batonobis gavrcelebis saSualebad miaCnda

kavkasiaSi da vidre am funqciis Sesasruleblad qarTvel

xelisufalTa moRvaweoba sargebels iZleoda maT dapirebebiT

kvebavda. im viTarebaSi, roca ruseTis metoqeebi sul ufro

sustdebodnen, xolo misi interesebi amierkavkasiaSi izrdeboda,

ramdenadac am qveynis uSualo daufleba SesaZlebeli xdeboda

(80-iani wlebi) `Zlieri da erTiani saqarTvelo mfarvelisaTvis

saWiro aRar iyo, piriqiT, is amieridan sasurvelic ar iyo~50.

amitomac ruseTis mTavroba georgievskis traqtatis Semdeg

saqarTvelos Tanamimdevruli da meToduri dasustebis politi-

kas daadga, raTa es qveyana didi xarjebisa da garjis gareSe

daepyro, mxolod ise ki, rom amierkavkasiis xalxebis `ganmaTa-

visuflebelis~ roli Seesrulebina. ruseTis dampyrobluri poli-

tikis gamarTleba da imperiis saerTaSoriso prestiJis dasaca-

vad sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna, ukve, msaxureuli istori-

ografiis saqme iyo, romelsac mxolod faqtebis gayalbebiT See-

Zlo kavkasiaSi ruseTis `ganmaTavisuflebeli~ misiis mtkiceba. am

mxriv damaxasiaTebelia xsenebuli istoriografiis tipuri war-

momadgenlis p. g. butkovis mtkiceba, TiTqos, TviTmpyrobeloba

mxolod qvelmoqmedebas eweoda saqarTveloSi da araviTari

sargebeli ar amoZravebda imperators, garda am ubeduri qveynis

mfarvelobisa51. aSkaraa, rom am ideologiuri formuliT xelmZR-

vanelobs s. qiSmiSovic, roca ukiduresad muq ferebSi, sruli

ganukiTxaobis damamcirebel suraTs gvixatavs erekle II-is sic-

ocxlis ukanaskneli wlebis istoriis gadmocemisas. misi TqmiT,

valerian zubovis samxedro eqspediciis CaSlis Semdeg (1797 w.),

rusis jaris mier mitovebuli `saqarTvelo riyeze gamogdebul

xomalds hgavda da visac Rone hqonda, rac undoda imas

aTlidao~52. aseT Ronemixdil da gaZvaltyavebul qveynad

saqarTvelos warmodgenis azri gasagebi xdeba, roca vkiTxulobT

s. qiSmiSovis ritorikul SekiTxvas: SeeZlo ki saqarTvelos

4 9 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 732-733.

5 0 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb., 1967,

gv. 124-125.5 1 Ï. Ã. Áóòêîâ, Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ íîâîé èñòîðèè Êàâêàçà ñ 1722 ïî 1803 ãîä.

÷. I, II, III, Ñïá, 1869, ñ. 472, 484 è äð.5 2 Ñ. Êèøìèøåâ, Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû Ãðóçèíñêîãî Öàðñòâî, ñ. 112.

120 121

arseboba, rogorc damoukidebel saxelmwifos? ar hqonda ra arc

fuli da arc jari, is unda STaenTqa an sparseTs, an TurqeTs...

yvelaze bednieri gamosavali misTvis iyo sakuTari bedis mindoba

erTmorwmune saxelmwifosaTvis, raSic is ar Semcdarao53. ai, Tavi

da bolo am wignis daniSnulebisac. somxuri istoriografiis war-

momadgenlis tendenciebis daxasiaTeba ar iqneba sruli, Tu ar

aRvniSneT kidev erTi saerTo Strixi – qarTul saxelmwifoSi

somxuri elementebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis hiperbolurad war-

modgena. krwanisis omis aseve tendenciurad gadmocemisas s. qiSmi-

Sovi wers: seqtembers laSqris mier mitovebuli erekle II Tbi-

lisSi dabrunda. sasaxleSi mas elodeboda mxolod erTaderTi

erTguli somexi msaxuri, romelic ganawameb mefes miexmara cx-

enidan CamosvlaSio. aseve, meore dRes, abanos karTan gamarTuli

brZolisas datyvevebas gadarCenilma mefem somexi msaxuris Tanx-

lebiT gaaRwia avlabars, iqidan ki ananurs. epizodi isea gad-

mocemuli, rom iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos, somex msaxurs ex-

snas erekle datyvevebisagan da ara mefis SviliSvils ioane

batoniSvils54. es da qarTvelTa damamcirebeli sxva epizodebi

s. qiSmiSovs artem araratelisagan aqvs aRebuli, romlis saeWvo

kavSirebi ruseTis samxedro-politikur wreebTan kargadaa cno-

bili istoriografiaSi55. eWvs aZlierebs isic, rom a. araratelis

gamogonili, zRapruli siuJetebiT gamdidrebuli avtobiografi-

uli Txzuleba rusul enaze peterburgSi gamoica 1813 w., roca

eqvsi Tve Zlivs iyo gasuli napoleonis gandevnidan da, gasagebia,

a. araratelis zRaprebis wasakiTxad aravis ecala. 1821-22 wlebSi

ki germanul da inglisur enebzec daibeWda da mxolod 1892 w.

rusulidan somxur enaze iTargmna da gamoica TbilisSi56. qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos ukanaskneli wlebis istoriis gayalbebuli su-

raTis saerTaSoriso sarbielze `TviTmxilvelis~ damowmebiT

saswrafod gatana, cxadia, mxolod politikuri miznebiT Sei-

Zleboda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, romelic gaamarTlebda ruse-

Tis daufarav agresias kavkasiaSi da patiosnad warmoaCenda mas

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe.

imperiis antiqarTuli politika kavkasiaSi, TavisTavad, masti-

mulirebeli faqtori iyo somxuri nacionalisturi Zalebis gaaq-

tiurebisaTvis, romelTa gavlena XIX s. somxur istoriografiaSi

Casaxuli aRniSnuli tendenciebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, droTa

ganmavlobaSi, sul ufro izrdeboda, gansakuTrebiT, 80-90-iani

wlebidan, roca somxuri sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi mniSvnelovan

adgils ikaveben axlad Seqmnili wvrilburJuaziuli partiebis na-

cionalisturi Sexedulebebi. am partiebs Soris moWarbebuli aq-

tiurobiTa da avantiurizmiT gamoirCeoda 1890 w. TbilisSi Seqm-

nili `daSnakcuTiuni~ (kavSiri), romelic antiTurqulTan erTad,

zomierebas moklebul antiqarTul propagandasac eweoda, adgen-

da somxur moxaliseTa razmebs da sxv. misi es mouzomavi qmedebe-

bi miT ufro saxifaTo iyo, rom am partias Tavisi adgilobrivi

organizaciebi saqarTvelos zogierT qalaqsa da raionSic hyavda.

àrmenakanebisa~ da `gnCakistebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, romlebic

somxeTis sakiTxis gadawyvetas e. i. dasavleT somxeTis osmalTa

batonobisagan daxsnas, ZiriTadad, berlinis kongresis gadaw-

yvetilebebs ukavSirebdnen da saswrafod moiTxovdnen 61-e mux-

liT gaTvaliswinebuli reformebis gatarebas, daSnakebma amasTan

erTad, wamoayenes `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis ambiciuri idea, romel-

ic gulisxmobda tigran II-is droindeli zRvidan zRvamde gada-

Wimuli somxeTis aRdgenas. TavianTi gegmebis realizaciis Sesa-

Zleblobas yvela es partia did saxelmwifoTa (ruseTi, inglisi,

germania, safrangeTi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) Carevaze am-

yarebda. am fantastikuri ideiT gamsWvaluli daSnakebi ruseTis

mTavrobasTan garigebiT iwyeben brZolas somexTa sasargeblo

administraciul-teritoriuli cvlilebebis misaRwevad kavkasia-

Si. kavkasiis mefisnacvalTan, voroncov-daSkovTan daaxloebuli

al. xatisovis saSualebiT maT borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazre-

bis Tbilisis guberniidan mowyveta da gumbrTan SeerTeba moiTx-

oves, gumbris somxuri guberniis Sesaqmnelad. aseTi moTxovna,

Tavisi arsiT, saqarTvelos teritoriul xelyofas udrida da

seriozulad laxavda qarTveli xalxis erovnul interesebs. sa-

gangebod Sedgenilma komisiam, sadac somxebs qarTvelebze bev-

5 3 Ñ. Êèøìèøåâ, Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû Ãðóçèíñêîãî Öàðñòâî, gv. 98.5 4 s. qiSmiSovi, xsenebuli naSromi, gv. 94-95.5 5 iase cincaZe, aRa-mahmad xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, Tb., 1969,

gv. 13-20.5 6 Ð³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ³ÕμÛáõñÝ»ñÁ ²Õ³ ØáõÑ³ÙÙ³¹ Ë³ÝÇ ³Ý¹ñÏáíÏ³ëÛ³Ý ³ñß³í³ÝùÝ»ñÇ

Ù³ëÇÝ (1795-1797ÃÃ©)« ºñ»í³Ý« 1981« ¿ç 148-156©

122 123

rad meti warmomadgeneli hyavdaT (6 kaci 2-is winaaRmdeg) da

sxva saxelmwifo organoebma 1913 w. 6 noembers da 1914 w. 24

ianvars geografiuli da ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT somexTa

moTxovnis dakmayofileba SeuZleblad cno57.

saqarTvelos teritoriebis mimarT daSnakTa pretenziebs ga-

napirobebda ruseTis sakolonizacio politikis agresiuli xasi-

aTic, romlis Sedegad saqarTvelos ganapira mxareebsa da mis max-

loblad ltolvili somxuri mosaxleobis siWarbe gamudmebiT

izrdeboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, iv. javaxiSvili werda: `rode-

sac amierkavkasiaSi erobis SemoRebaze laparaki daiwyes da

winaswar msjelobas Seudgnen, maSin yvelasaTvis cxadi Seiqmna, rom

somex politikosebs somexTa saqarTveloSi gadmosaxleba osmale-

Tisagan dabeCavebul TavianT TanamoZmeTa marto fizikurad ga-

darCenis TvalsazrisiT ar ainteresebdaT, aramed garkveuli

politikur-erovnuli gegmebis, gabneul somexTaTvis erTi mTli-

ani teritoriis Sesaqmnelad iyo saaxalSenod adgilebi arCeu-

li~58.

swored xelovnurad Seqmnili Warbi mosaxleobis argumentze

dayrdnobiT 1909-1916 ww-Si saerobo krebebze somxuri mxare da-

JinebiT ayenebda saerTod amierkavkasiis mTeli teritoriis

erovnuli niSniT gamijvnis sakiTxs. somexTa warmomadgenlebi

cdilobdnen amierkavkasiis administraciuli sazRvrebis Secvlis

aucilebloba sameurneo mosazrebebiTac daesafuZvlebinaT. maTi

mtkicebiT, rusulma biurokratiam amierkavkasiis administraciu-

li mowyobisas, somxeTi zedmetad Seaviwrova saqarTvelosa da

azerbaijans Soris, roca aRmosavleT yarabaRis provinciebi

elizavetopolis muslimanur gubernias miuerTa, xolo somxeTis

Crdilo borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazrebi Tbilisis guberniis

SemadgenlobaSi CarTo. amierkavkasiis cxra guberniidan mxolod

erTaderTi erevnis somxur guberniaSi iyo Tavmoyrili amierkav-

kasiis somxuri mosaxleobis 1/4, danarCeni ki azerbaijanelebsa

da qarTvelebs Soris iyo ganawilebuli. amitom, savsebiT bune-

brivad (igulisxmeba rogorc dazaralebulni) somxebi gamodian

amierkavkasiis teritorialuri gadanawilebis iniciatorado. ma-

Tive mtkicebiT, saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris sadavo terito-

riebze somxuri mosaxleobis didi ricxobrivi umravlesobaa da

somxebs Seudareblad meti kompaqturoba axasiaTebT. mezobelTa

pretenziebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi somxeTi aRmoCndeba

kldeebze mitmasnili da arsebuli teritoriebis mxolod 5%-s

miiRebda amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis 30%-o. ricxobrivad somxeb-

is Tanabari qarTvelebi miiRebdnen teritoriis 42%-s, e. i. somx-

ebze rvajer mets, azerbaijanelebi ki – 53%-s. amitom erovnuli

niSniT amierkavkasiis teritoriis gadanawilebis somxuri proeq-

ti ufro samarTliania da iTvaliswinebs miwebis arsebuli fon-

dis TiTqmis Tanabar, proporciul ganawilebas. ase magaliTad,

somxebs am proeqtiT ergebaT amierkavkasiis teritoriis 29%,

qarTvelebs – 30-33%, xolo TaTrebs – 38-41%-o59.

es somxuri proeqti, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod Sors idga

rogorc realobis, ise samarTlianobis principebisagan, mainc

bolomde ar asaxavda somxuri politikuri wreebis namdvil zrax-

vebs da, rogorc Cans, mxolod `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis daSnakTa

partiis gegmebisaTvis xelsayreli garemos Semzadebas isaxavda

miznad, rac, sul male, kavkasiaSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis

SeqmnisTanave gamomJRavnda.

daSnakTa es ambiciuri gegmebi, gasagebia, istoriul dasabuTe-

basac saWiroebda, ris gamoc somxur istoriografias am gegmebis

Sesabamisad uxdeboda amierkavkasiis istoriis gadakeTeba, rac

praqtikulad niSnavda xorenaciseuli ideebis xelaxal aRorZine-

bas. ase iqca XIX-XX ss. somxuri istoriografiis mTavar amoca-

nad kavkasiaSi somexTa teritoriuli pretenziebis dacvisaTvis

brZola, romelsac uSualod daeqvemdebara qarTul-somxuri urT-

ierTobis istoriis nebismieri sakiTxis mecnieruli Tu aramec-

nieruli ganxilva.

amgvari operaciebis mTavar samizned, rogorc Cans, arCeuli

iyo TiTqmis mTeli kavkasiis momcveli XII-XIV ss. centralizebuli

qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis samsaukunovani istoria, romlis

gadakeTeba-gasomxurebas erT-erTi pirveli Seudga cnobili somexi

5 7 scia, f.2080, saq. 6, furceli 82-111.5 8 iqve, gv.4.

5 9 Áàêèíñêèé àðìÿíñêî-íàöèîíàëüíû ñîâåò, Àðìÿíî-ãðóçèíñêèé âîîðóæåííûé

êîíôëèêò, 1919, ñ. 1-5

124 125

istorikosi leo (araqel babaxaniani). 1915 w. man TbilisSi somxur

enaze gamosca naSromi `yarabaRis eparqiuli sasuliero

saswavleblis istoria60. am saswavleblis istoriis gadmocemisas,

gansakuTrebiT sxva somxur sasuliero kerebTan mis urTierTobaze

saubrisas, leo SigadaSig urTavs politikuri Sinaarsis iseT

SeniSvnebs, romlebic ara marto gayalbebulad warmogvidgens

centralizebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis bunebas, aramed

samxreT kavkasiis politikur rukasac Tavdayira ayenebs. leos

azriT, `gugarqisa~ da arcaxis samTavro gvareulobaTa Soris

arsebuli naTesauri kavSirebi amagrebdnen ra lores, xaCenisa da

sxva mxareTa samTavro federaciis qsels, maTze dayrdnobiT

`zaqare spasalarma~ Tavis ZmasTan erTad gaakvirva qveyana

gamoCenili mxneobiT. es, ganmartavs leo, martooden Crdilo

somxeTis samTavro gvareulobaTa federacia ki ar iyo, aramed

imave dros kavSiri qarTvelTa Zlier samefosTan... am kavSirma

saSualeba misca `zaqares~ daepyro mTeli araratis olqi qalaq

anisiTurT da somexTa mravali sxva mxare, sadac karga xania, rac

mkvdari iyo somexTa politikuri cxovreba. da, amgvarad, TiTqos,

aRorZindeboda somexTa damoukidebloba, am SemTxvevaSi ufro

farTo sazomiT, vidre bagratunianTa dros61.

sasxvaTaSorisod gakeTebuli es komentarebi, faqtobrivad,

arsebiTad cvlian XII-XIII ss. samxreT kavkasiis politikuri istori-

is kargad cnobil suraTs: 1. am xanis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi

myofi somxeTi, leos mixedviT, mowyvetilia qarTul saxelmwifoe-

briobas da is e. w. `samTavro federaciis qselis~ saxiT arsebobs,

ramdenadac mxargrZelebis da maTdami sammarTvelod mindobili

saqarTvelos provinciis damokidebuleba centralur xelisufle-

basTan leos somxeT-saqarTvelos kavSiramde dahyavs. 2.

mxargrZelTa qarTuli feodaluri sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi

da qarTuli saxelmwifos cnobili didmoxeleebi leos somex moR-

vaweebad gamohyavs, ramdenadac maT `Crdilo somxeTis samTavro

gvareulobaTa federaciis Semqmnelad~ da somxeTis ganmaTavisu-

fleblad acxadebs 3. kidev ufro metic, leos mixedviT, Crdilo

somxeTis samTavro gvareulobaTa federaciis kavSirma qarTvelTa

Zlier samefosTan SesaZlebloba Seqmna bagratunianTa drois

somxeTze ufro “farTo sazomiT” (Tu masStabiT) aRorZinebuliyo

somexTa damoukidebloba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Sua saukuneebis

somxuri istoriografiis zogi warmomadgenlis mtkicebas, rom

bagratunianTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos samxreTi

da samxreT-dasavleT nawilebi igulisxmeboda da somexi bagra-

tunebi somexTa da qarTvelTa mefeebadac iwodebodnen, vfiqrob,

misaxvedri unda iyos leos am winadadebis qveteqstis Sinaarsic.

ramdenadac Crdilo somxeTis samTavro gvareulobaTa federacias

`zaqare spasalarma~ da misma Zmam qarTvelTa Zlieri samefoc

daukavSires, ra SeiZleba iyos bagratunianTa somxeTze ufro

farTo masStabiT somexTa damoukideblobis aRorZineba, Tu ara

qarTvelTa Zlieri samefos somexTa federaciaSi gaerTianeba da

misi gasomxureba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase SeiZleba ifiqros ten-

denciurad ganwyobilma mkiTxvelma, razec SeiZleba kidec iyo

gaTvlili leos xsenebuli komentarebi.

saqarTvelos Zlierebis yvelaze STambeWdavi xanis istoriis

Semdgom gayalbebas somxur istoriografiaSi gagrZeleba, erTxans,

TiTqos, aRar hqonda, radgan sul male, raRac or-sam weliwadSi,

mezobelTa teritoriuli problemebis mogvareba sul sxva

pirobebSi da doneze gaxda gansaxilveli. 1918 w. 26 da 28 maiss

saqarTvelosa da somxeTis damoukidebeli respublikebi iSvnen,

romelTa Soris sazRvrebis gamijvna Tavidanve mwvaved daisva.

saqmes isic arTulebda, rom `daSnakcuTiuni~ somxeTis mmarTveli

partia gaxda da `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis ambiciuri idea, axla

ukve, saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis praqtikul gegmad iqca. am gegmis

saerTaSoriso mxardaWerisaTvis maSinve aqtiurad amoqmedda somx-

uri mxare, miT ufro, rom ukve noembrisaTvis msoflio omSi antan-

tis saxelmwifoebis gamarjvebis Sedegad, saqarTvelos mxardamWeri

germaniis adgils amierkavkasiaSi inglisi ikavebda. 1918 w. 30 oq-

tombers mudrosis navsadgurSi xelmowerili britaneT-TurqeTis

droebiTi zavis konvenciis erTi muxlic, sadac naxsenebi iyo

somxeTi da TurqeTis eqvsi vilaieTi, somxeTis mmarTvel wres,

antantis mxardaWeris imeds aZlevda. aseT viTarebaSi somxeTis

SeuzRudav politikur madas farTo gza gaexsna da mis mier

Sedgenil rukebze, rogorc somxeTSi Semavali teritoriebi, aRniS-

6 0 È»û« ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ Ô³ñ³μ³ÕÇ Ñ³Ûáó Ã»Ù³Ï³Ý Ñá·»õáñ ¹åñáóÇ 1838-1913« î÷ÕÇë«

1915©6 1 dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 45-50.

126 127

nuli iyo Tbilisi, borCalos mazra, axalcixis mazra, axalqalaqis

mazra, mcxeTa, gori, baTumi da baTumis olqi62. imavdroulad,

somexTa tradiciulad aqtiuri propaganda gzas ikvlevs somxebis

momxre evropisa da amerikis mravali piris wminda kabinetur Sexed-

ulebebSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cnobili senatoris lajis

mier 1918 w. 10 dekembers amerikis senatSi Setanili rezolucia,

romlis mixedviTac, momaval damoukidebel somxeTSi unda Sesuliyo

TurqeTis somxeTi (eqvsi vilaieTi da kilikia), ruseTis somxeTi

da sparseTis azerbaijanis CrdiloeTi nawili (sparseTis somxeTi).

somxuri organizaciebis mier gamocemul dokumentTa krebulSi am

rezoluciisaTvis TandarTuli momavali somxeTis rukis mixedviT

misi Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari mtkvars mihyveba (daaxloebiT

elizavetopolidan, e. i. ganjidan zRvis SesarTavamde). somxeTi

(am rukis mixedviT) sam zRvaze gadis: Savsa, xmelTaSua da kaspiis

zRvaze63. es ruka somxebma ramdenjerme gamosces da mTel

msoflioSi gaavrceles. uwodebda ra am rukas fantastiurs, iv.

javaxiSvili SeniSnavda: `cxadia rom axali somxeTis

saxelmwifosaTvis aseTi sazRvrebi eTnografiuli principis

mixedviT ar aris Semofargluli, es gegma arc istoriul

safuZvelzea damyarebuli, radgan arasdros aseTi somxeTi,

romelic XI s. Semdeg politikurad aRar arsebobda, ar yofila,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis SemdgenelT odnavi litoni saRi go-

nierebac ki ar atyviaT~64.

lajis rezoluciis amerikis senatSi wardgenidan ramdenime

dReSi, 13 dekembers somxurma jarebma moqmedeba daiwyes loresa

da borCalos mazrebis dasakaveblad. somxuri gegmis mizani iyo

Tbilisis xelSi Cagdeba da mesxeTis dakaveba, ris Semdeg somxeTi

zRvasTan iqneboda SeerTebuli baTumiT. somxeTis mmarTvelma

wreebma omi gabedes mxolod im imediT, rom kavkasiaSi momavali

inglisi maT mxars dauWerda, da Tu somxeTi ingliselebs faqtis

winaSe daayenebda, mas xelSi SerCeboda yvela mis mier dakavebuli

teritoria65. magram samxedro operaciebi molodinis sawinaaRm-

degod warimarTa. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Rrmad SemoWrilma

(md. xramamde) somxuma jarma, general g. mazniaSvilis mier or-

ganizebuli kontrSetevis Sedegad ukan daixia da daifanta.

somxebi damarcxdnen. inglisuri piketebi loresTan mezobel

jarebs Sua Cadga, riTac somxeTi srul kraxs gadaurCa66. 31

dekembers saqarTvelo-somxeTis omi Sewyda. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen,

sazRvrebi sabolood gamorkveuli yofiliyo parizis sazavo kon-

ferenciaze. am konferenciaze ingliselTa mxardaWeris miuxe-

davad, somxeTma ver SeZlo qarTuli teritoriebis xarjze gasas-

vleli mieRo zRvaze. amis Semdeg sasazRvro davam, erTxans,

istoriografiaSi gadainacvla. 1919 welsve TbilisSi erTmaneTis-

gan damoukideblad da erTmaneTis sapirispiro daskvnebiT ori

naSromi gamoica: qarTul enaze ivane javaxiSvilis `saqarTvelos

sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT gan-

xiluli~ da somxur enaze leos `sasazRvro dava~67. es naSromebi,

Tavdapirvelad, parizis konferenciaze modave mxareebis po-

ziciebis Sesamagreblad iyo gaTvlili da amdenad, ganvlili omis

Tavisebur gamoZaxilsac warmoadgenda, romelTac sazoga-

doebrivi azris gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT warmarTvac unda

SeZlebodaT.

iv. javaxiSvili monografiis Sesaval nawilSive ganmartavs

kvlevis sagansa da mis daniSnulebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi

araerTgzis gascilebia Tavis eTnikur sazRvrebs, xolo XII s.

mTel amierkavkasiasac moicavda, mis wignSi `ganxilulia saqarTve-

los mxolod mWidrod Semofargluli sazRvrebi, ise rogorc

TviT igi istoriuli da politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi, agreTve,

geografiuli da ekonomikuri pirobebis wyalobiT Camoyalibda~.

aqedan gamomdinare, wers qarTveli mecnieri, gamokvlevis mizania

warsulsa da Tanamedrove pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTve-

los respublikis sazRvrebis imgvarad Semoxazva, rom uzrunve-

lyofili iyos rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnilebe-

bi, ise qarTveli eris politikuri uflebebi68.6 2 viqtor nozaZe, saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo,

Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 13.6 3 zurab avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-21 wlebis

saerTaSoriso politikaSi, I, Tbilisi 1990, gv. 188-189.6 4 scia, f. 471, saq. # 6, gv. 82-90.6 5 viqtor nozaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 45.

6 6 giorgi mazniaSvili, mogonebebi, baTumi, 1990, gv. 115-132.6 7 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. XII, Tbilisi, 1998,

gv. 459.6 8 È»á« ê³ÑÙ³Ý³í»×»ñ« ÈûéÇ-²Ë³Éù³É³ù-Ô³ñ³μ³Õ« î÷ÕÇë« 1919« ¿ç 20-96

.

128 129

iv. javaxiSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, leos mTeli yuradReba uSu-

alod somxeTis Crdilo sazRvrebiskenaa mimarTuli, misi mzera

loresa da axalqalaqs utrialebs da maTi somxuri samyarosaTvis

kuTvnilebis damtkicebas cdilobs. emociebiT datvirTuli misi

beletristuli pasaJebi, zogjer, mecnierul sabuTianobas enacv-

leba, rac problemis gabundovnebasa da mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi

Seyvanas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre rTul sakiTxebSi garkveulo-

bisa da sinaTlis Setanas.

leos mtkicebiT, lore-taSirisa da mTlianad gugareTis (somx.

gugarqis) mxaris somxuri istoria, sul cota, 2000 wels mainc

moiTvlis, ris gamoc lores gareSe SeuZlebelia somxeTis war-

modgena saukuneTa wyvdiadSi. amJamad ki (e. i. lores sadavo ter-

itoriis mimarT did saxelmwifoTa verdiqtis molodinSi) somxe-

Tis sxeulidan lores mokveTa niSnavda mTeli misi warsulisa da

kulturuli saganZuris ganiavebas da aseul TaobaTa diad saqme-

Ta datacebaso. somexi mecnieris am xmamaRal gancxadebebs, misda

samwuxarod, verafriT Svelis mis mierve naxevari simarTliT moy-

vanili faqtebi da argumentebi. maT Soris, TiTqosda, yvelaze

efeqturi – gugareTSi somexTa oriaTaswliani politikuri da

kulturuli mkvidrobis argumenti, romlis Sedegad adgilobrivi

mosaxleobac, TiTqos, gasomxda, ubralod simarTles ar Seefer-

eba. antikuri, qarTuli da TviT somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiTac,

gogarane-gugarqi odiTganve qarTul qveynad iTvleboda da misi

ZiriTadi mosaxleoba qarTuli iyo68. leo aRtacebiT saubrobs

V s. taSirSi literaturisa da qristianuli civilizaciis mdi-

dar tradiciebze, ganmaTavisuflebel sulsa da samSoblos

Rirsebis Segnebaze, gansakuTrebiT curtavis sapitiaxSo sasaxleze,

sadac somexTa brwyinvale gmiri vahan mamikoniani aRizarda da

sxv. paTetikurad aRniSnavs, agreTve, am xanis curtavis pitiaxS-

Ta moyvarul kavSirebs cnobil somxur samTavro sagvareuloebTan

da mTlianobaSi qmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos, arSuSa da varsqen

pitiaxSebis samTavro somxuri miwa-wylis nawili yofiliyos, ri-

Tac SecdomaSi Sehyavs Tavisi mkiTxveli da, aSkaraa, Segnebulad

umalavs am samTavros qarTulobas. leos sawinaaRmdegod, mis mi-

erve damowmebuli da didad Seqebuli lazar farpeci, savsebiT

naTlad da gasagebad wers, rom hmaiak mamikonianis colma `Tavisi

vaJebi aRzarda da aswavla maT qarTlis qveyanaSi, qarTlis bdeSx

arSuSas saxlSi. qarTlis bdeiSxma aSuSam isini ZRvnad gamosTxova

sparsTa mefes iazkerts da sxva.69

aseve cruobs leo, roca V-VII ss. qvemo qarTlis kulturul-

sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT somxurobaSi mkiTxvelis dasarwmu-

neblad amtkicebs, TiTqos, curtavis eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis

ena Tavidanve somxuri iyo da mxolod qarTvelebis survili iyo,

rom qarTuli enac somxuris Tanasworad RvTis msaxurebis enad

eqciaTo. am SemTxvevaSi leo realur situacias Tavdayira ayenebs.

sinamdvileSi curtavis somxurenovan TemSi somxuri mRvdelTm-

saxureba SuSanikma SemoiRo, qarTuli ki iq Tavidanve arsebobda70.

sinamdviles ayalbebs, agreTve, roca qarTul eklesias VII s.

somxuri eklesiis nawilad acxadebs da ierarqiulad `somxuri

eklesiis brZaneblur interesebs~ umorCilebs. mTeli V-VII sauku-

neebi aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi monofizitTa Setevis niSniT (Teo-

riul sferoSi mainc) mimdinareobs, wers zaza aleqsiZe, da cno-

bili uniebi, ekTezisebi da msoflio krebebze daTmobebi swored

am Setevaze pasuxisa da Tavdacvis gamovlinebis sxvadasxva saxea.

somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebi am mxriv saerTo viTarebidan arav-

iTar gamonakliss ar warmoadgendnen. qarTuli eklesia gadaudga

monofiziturs, aRiara qalkedonuri kreba da moxda is, rac unda

momxdariyo. mezobelma eklesiam scada misi SenarCuneba monofiz-

ituri samyarosaTvis, rac ar iyo somexTa kaprizi. es iyo sparse-

Tis xelisuflebis neba da es neba e. w. sparsul krebaze ofi-

cialurad iqna gancxadebuli. arsad, kamaTis arc erT etapze,

somxur eklesias Tavisi ierarqiuli pretenzia ar wamouyenebia.

muqaras da pretenzias igi mxolod sparseTis samefos saxeliT

6 8 ix. d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografis ZiriTa-

di sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 146-153; misive, Èç èñòîðè÷åñêîé

ãåîãðàôèè âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè, Òáèëèñè, 1982, ñ. 5-15; d. berZeniSvili,

narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan, qvemo qarTli,

1979, gv. 16-41.

6 9 l-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 242.7 0 n. janaSia, SuSanikis wameba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 249-250.

130 131

acxadebda. epistoleTa wignis masalebis skrupulozurma da

kritikulma Seswavlam mkvlevari daarwmuna, rom VII s. damdegs,

somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde qarTuli eklesia

avtokefaluri iyo da èpistoleTa wignis~ cnobebi sxva daskvnis

gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZlevian71.

naxevari simarTliT gadmogvcems leo qvemo qarTlis teri-

toriaze X s. bolos warmoqmnili kvirikianTa somxuri samefos

istoriasac. misi gancxadebiT, 982 w. lores sazRvrebSi daarse-

bulma somxurma samefom samas welze metxans gaZlo da misi

dedaqalaqi samSvildec msxvili somexTsamkvidro centri iyoo,

sadac XV s-Sic ki 20 aTasi somexi cxovrobdao. jer erTi, 1065

w. bagrat IV-m saerTod gandevna kvirikianebi samSvildidan da

kvirikianTa samefoc Tavis xelisuflebas daumorCila, rogorc

Cans, ymadnaficobis pirobiT. qarTveli mematianis mowmobiT am

droidan `samS¢lde oden iurva saxlad T¢sad, da egreTve mo-

nebdes somexni~72. 1118 w. ki daviT aRmaSenebelma selCukiani

Turqebis gandevnis Semdeg mTeli qvemo qarTli lore-taSiri-

anad kvlav da sabolood erTian qarTul saxelmwifos daubruna,

vidre 1918 wlis bolomde sadavod qceul lores olqs ruseTis

bolSevikuri xelisufleba somxeTs gadascemda. ubralo

ariTmetika cxadyofs, rom kvirikianTa samefom qvemo qarTlis

farglebSi samas welze metxans ki ara, mxolod (1118 – 982 = 136)

136 w. gaZlo. leos TvalTmaqcoba iqamdec ki midis, rom

saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli Zlierebis xanaSic (XII-XIV ss.) qvemo

qarTlis teritoria mis mier gamogonebul, ararsebul raRac

somxuri federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sehyavs. misi TqmiT,

mxargrZelebs wilad xvdaT `daarseba erTis Zlieris federaciisa,

romelic xSiri qseliT ebmeba aRmosavleT gugarqs, arcaxs,

siuniqs, gelarquns vidre aragawamde da aras mTebamde~73.

leos ukiduresad tendenciuri Txzulebis fonze kidev ufro

cxadad SeigrZnoba iv. javaxiSvilis naSromis uaRresad obieqturi,

mecnieruli xasiaTi. qarTveli mkvlevris mier moyvanili konkre-

tuli faqtebi mkafiod warmoaCens saqarTvelosa da somxeTis gam-

mijnavi zolis Tavgadasavals uZvelesi droidan 1919 wlamde, mis

strategiul, ekonomikur da politikur mniSvnelobas qveynisaTvis.

iv. javaxiSvili mkiTxvelis yuradRebas Tavidanve miaqcevs im um-

niSvnelovanes geografiul faqtorze, romelic aucileblobiT

gansazRvravs saqarTvelosaTvis gugareTis bunebriv kuTvnilebas.

igi wers: `mTeli es qveyana geografiulad ise mWidrod aris

saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli, rom rogorc TviT qveyanas, ise

yvela iqaur mdinareebsa da rasakvirvelia gzebsac CrdiloeTi-

saken, mtkvrisa da tfilisisaken aqvT piri mibrunebuli~74. faq-

tobrivad, is samxreTidan saqarTveloSi Semaval mTavar gzas da

kars warmoadgenda, ris gamoc es qveyana, rogorc saqarTvelos

xelisufalTa zrunvisa da yuradRebis sagani iyo, ise saqarTve-

los dapyrobis mosurneTa mTavari samiznec. iv. javaxiSvilis

dakvirvebiT, mTeli istoriis manZilze sul samjer scades somx-

ebma saqarTvelos samxreTis sazRvrebis gadmolaxva da iq damkvi-

dreba. pirveli cda jer kidev q. w. II s. dasawyiss miekuTvneba,

roca strabonis cnobiT, somxeTis mefeebma mezoblebs miwebi

waarTves, maT Soris qarTvelebs pariadris sanaxebi, romelic

taosa da spers Seicavda, agreTve, xorzeni da gugareTi. es,

qarTveli mecnieris ganmartebiT, somexTa pirveli ieriSia

qarTvelTa miwa-wylis dasapyrobad, magram amiT maTi bedi sab-

olood ar gadawyvetila. 35 wliTgan q. S. moyolebuli, rodesac

tacitis sityviT iberiis mefeebi imdenad Zlierni iyvnen, rom

somxeTSi SemoWril sparselebs ebrZodnen, da roca TviT somx-

eTSic ki qarTveli ufliswuli gamefda, cxadia, mdgomareoba

TvalsaCinod unda Secvliliyo. magram qarTvelTa mier gugare-

Tis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb pirdapiri cnobebi IV s-iTagan q. S.

moipoveba. 387 w. somxeTi or samefod gaiyo, romlebic sul male

sparseTma da bizantiam erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles. qarTvelebma

gugareTi, gardabani da karwaxi ukan daibrunes didi xniT. V s.c

gugareTi politikurad da saeklesio wyobiTac saqarTvelos

ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda. aseve grZeldeboda VI da VII sauku-7 1 epistoleTa wigni, somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokv-

leviTa da komentarebiT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem, Tbilisi, 1968,

gv. 005-056, 066.7 2 qarTlis cxovreba, 1, gv. 307.7 3 leo, `sasazRvro dava~, gv. 47. 74 ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 470.

132 133

neebSic. Tbilisisa da qarTlis saamiros Seqmnis Semdeg (VIII s. 30

ww.) gugareTic mis sazRvrebSi eqceva. IX s-idan saqarTvelosa da

somxeTis politikuri moRoniereba iwyeba. qarTveli mTavrebi

TrialeTs, taSirs da aSocs saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi aqceven.

saqmeSi ereva somxeTis samefos aRmdgeneli aSot bagratuni da

taSirs ikavebs, ris Semdeg Tavis Tavs somexTa da qarTvelTa

erisTavT-erisTavis saxelwodebas akuTvnebs. aqedan cxadia, wers

iv. javaxiSvili, rom gugareTi masac qarTlad da qarTvelTa mi-

wawylad miaCnda da swored am qarTvelTa qveynis dapatronebis

ZaliT man Tavis Tavs qarTvelTa erisTavTerisTavi daarqva75. amg-

varad, ganagrZobs iv. javaxiSvili, es somexTa ieriSi iyo saqarTve-

los samxreTis sazRvrebis gadmosaxalavad da gugareTis dasapy-

robad. magram, rogorc iqve SeniSnavs, verc am meoregzisma somex-

Ta mier dapyrobam Secvala arsebiTad qvemo qarTlis, anu guga-

reTis ZiriTadi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. saistorio geografias

somexTa drois am kuTxeSi politikuri mbrZaneblobis saxsovrad

termini `somxiTi~ SerCa. es saxeli Zvelad srulebiT ucnobi iyo

da mxolod X s-dan moyolebuli gvxvdeba. `somxiTi~ ewodeboda

mxolod bolnis-dmanisis xeobebs da lores velsac da sayuradRe-

bo isaa, rom viTarca sageografio termini marto qarTulad da

qarTul mwerlobaSi ixmareboda. somxebi da somxuri saistorio

mwerloba am qveyanas `somxiTs~ ar eZaxdnen. piriqiT, isini lore-

taSiris vels `qarTvelTa vels~ uwodebdnen. am terminSi utyuari

damamtkicebeli sabuTia Senaxuli, rom TavianT politikur ba-

tonobisda miuxedavad TviT qveyanas somxebic Tavisda-Tavad

qarTvelTa kuTvnilebad sTvlidnen76.

somexTa politikur batonobas qvemo qarTlSi 1065 w-dan bolo

eReba, xolo 1118 w. daviT aRmaSenebelma selCukian Turqebs lore

da agarani waarTva, ris Sedeg es kuTxe, qarTlis samxreTi naw-

ili, da TviT somxiTic, saerTod, saqarTvelos ucilobel da

ganuyofel nawilad iTvleboda da somxebs arasdros aRar sWe-

riaT77. 1783 w. traqtatis dadebis Jamsac, s. burnaSovis aRweri-

lobiT, somxiT-lore-fambak-borCalu saqarTvelos ucilobel

sakuTrebas Seadgenda da kvlavindeburad sazRvari ufro samxre-

Tisakenac mdebareobda da gamyof xazad erevnis (fambakis) mTebi

iTvleboda. realur faqtebze damyarebuli Zveli gugareTis aq

warmodgenili istoria, rogorc vxedavT, mTlianad uaryofs leos

gancxadebaTa paToss, mis mtkicebas somxeTis istoriasTan qvemo

qarTlis oriaTaswlovan kavSirze. iv. javaxiSvilis mier moyvani-

li konkretuli faqtebi cxadyofs, rom es kavSiri araTu oria-

Tas welze meti xnis ver iqneboda, aramed mis naxevarze bevrad

nakleb xanzec msjeloba saTuo unda yofiliyo. ase rom, leos

mcdeloba nebismieri saSualebiT mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanisa

sruliad aSkaraa.

iv. javaxiSvili calke Tavs uZRvnis qvemo qarTlSi demografi-

uli situaciisa da eTnikur urTierTobaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

movlenebis ganxilvas. am mxaris strategiuli mniSvneloba mas

xSirad mtris Tavdasxmebis asparezad aqcevda, ris gamoc mosaxle-

oba aq mravaljer dazaralebula da araerTxel mTlianad amowyve-

tila kidec. sparseTis Sahebma aq TavianTi sayrdeni bazis Sesaqm-

nelad Turqulenovani elebi Caasaxles. miuxedavad amisa, devnili

somxuri mosaxleobisaTvis es qveyana teritoriuli siaxlovis gamo,

mainc yvelaze moxerxebul TavSesafars warmoadgenda. XVIII s.

bolodan ki somexTa damokidebuleba Cveni qveynisadmi icvleba da

TavSesafris ZiebasTan erTad maT ltolvas Cvensken politikuri

elferi eZleva. kerZod, ruseT-saqarTvelos 1783 w. traqtatis

dadebis Semdeg somexTa winamZRvrebi uSualod ruseTis

qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas cdiloben, Tanac qvemo qarTlsa da

sxvagan ltolvilobiT dakavebuli teritoriebis CaTvliT. iv. jav-

axiSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, es ukve srulebiT Seuwynarebeli

saqcieli iyo: saqarTvelos damoukidebeli arsebobis wyalobiT

somxebi TavianTTvis saqarTveloSi aucilebel ganadgurebisagan

TavSesafars poulobdnen, madlobis magier ki saqarTvelos Sinaur

saqmeebSi gareSe Zalis CarevisaTvis cdilobdnen da ruseTis

qveSevrdomobisa da mfarvelobis miRebiT Cveni miwa-wylis miReba

hsurdaT. maTi saqcieli saqarTvelos damoukideblobas Zirs uTxr-

ida da Cven qveyanaSi ruseTis gabatonebas uwyobda xels. ofi-

cialurad ruseTis mTavroba saqmes ise warmoaCenda, TiTqos,

saqarTvelos sakeTildReod cdilobda, ris wyalobiTac, wers

7 5 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 472.7 6 iqve, gv. 473.7 7 iqve, gv. 474.

134 135

iv. javaxiSvili, – somxebma da ruseTis mTavrobam TavianT wadils

miaRwies: somxebma miwa miiRes, rusebma ki saqarTveloSi idumali

qveSevrdomebi da TavianTi gabatonebis uerTgulesi winamavali

razmi gaiCines. erekle II-m ltolvili somxebi imxanad Telavsa da

siRnaRSi daasaxla. rac Seexeba somxiTsa da lores, saqarTvelos

ruseTis imperiaSi gaerTianebis droisaTvis jer kidev ukacrieli

iyo da mxolod 1827-29 ww-Si osmaleTidan da sparseTidan 40 aTasi

sulis borCalos mazraSi Semoxizvnis Sedegad qvemo qarTlSi Cndeba

SedarebiT mravalricxovani somxuri mosaxleoba.

moyvanili didZali masalebis safuZvelze iv. javaxiSvili askv-

nis: amgvarad ori garemoebaa srulebiT cxadi. erTi is, rom am

kuTxis axalSeni somxebi im somexTa memkvidreebi ar arian, romel-

nic saqarTvelos am kuTxis somexTa mier zemoaRniSnuli poli-

tikuri motacebisa da batonobis gamo aq qarTvel mkvidr mcxov-

rebTa Soris gaCndnen, arc im somexTa memkvidreebi arian,

romelnic Semdeg saukuneebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis nebarTviT

drogamoSvebiT saxldebodnen (is mosaxleoba xom ramdenjerme

xan aiyara samudamod, xan mtris mravalgzisi Semosevebisagan

mkvidr qarTvelebTan erTad amowyda), – meorec is, rom somex

mcxovrebTa exlandeli simravle saqarTvelos samxreTis sazR-

varze garemoebaTa bunebrivi Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod

rusTa mTavrobis politikuri gegmis wyalobiT maTi ucxoeTiTgan

xelovnuri gamosaxlebis Sedegi78.

Semdeg iv. javaxiSvili mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miapyrobs 1897 w.

mosaxleobis aRweris masalebze, romelTa mixedviT, am regionSi

somxuri mosaxleobis zrdisaTvis xelovnuri xelSewyobis miuxe-

davad, es mosaxleoba aq umravlesobas mainc ver qmnida: 128 aTa-

sidan is mxolod 48 aTass Seadgenda. da mainc, rogorc amas

iv. javaxiSvili SeniSnavs, sagulisxmieroa da damaxasiaTebeli, rom

saqarTvelos da somxeTis politikuri ganaxleba da damoukide-

blobis aRdgena amJamadac somexTa ieriSiT da omiT daiwyo (ukve

mesamed) isev saqarTvelos samxreTis sazRvarze mdebare qveynis

qvemo qarTlis, anu rogorc igi rusebis mier wodebulia, bor-

Calos mazris dasapyrobad79.

iv. javaxiSvilis warmodgenili naSromi, vfiqrob, srulad

aaSkaravebs da sacnaurs xdis leos pretenziebisa da paTetikuri

msjelobis mTel usafuZvlobas. Zveli gugareTisa da kerZod

lore-taSiris istoria rom iseTi ar iyo, rogorsac leo war-

mogvidgenda, ra Tqma unda, es misma avtormac SesaniSnavad icoda,

magram, rogorc Cans, misTvis am naSroms ufro politikur-propa-

gandistuli mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre obieqtur-mecnieruli.

winaswar SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisis gamo rom leos SeeZlo

wyaros monacemebis Secvlac ki, amas zogi somexi istorikosic

aRniSnavda. magaliTad, p. aruTinianis mtkicebiT, burJuaziuli is-

torikosebi leo da ezovi sakuTari ideis dasacavd, arcTu ise

iSviaTad, wyaroebis teqsts amaxinjebdneno80. politikur-propa-

gandistuli pasaJebi leos sxva naSromebsac cxadad etyoba.

zogjer es gamoxatulia erTi winadadebiT an sulac erTi-ori

sityviT, magram zustadaa gaTvlili saqarTvelos istoriis dam-

croba-gaubraloebaze da mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi leoseuli WeS-

maritebis Rrmad CabeWdvaze, TiTqos, mTeli amierkavkasia da gan-

sakuTrebiT misi Suaguli – Tbilisi somxuri sinamdvilis anarek-

lia. aseTi adgilebi mravladaa warmodgenili gasuli saukunis

80-ian wlebSi gamocemul leos TxzulebaTa VI tomSi, sadac

saqarTvelo istoriuli somxeTis erT patara nawiladaa

gaazrebuli81. msgavsi miniSnebebi sakmaod mravladaa warmodgeni-

li, agreTve, leos `somxeTis istoriis~ mesame tomSic. magaliTad,

saubrobs ra vaxtang VI-is damsaxurebaze somxuri samxedro

formirebebis SeqmnaSi, aRniSnavs: `somex-qarTvelTa sabrZolo

kavSiris idea SesaniSnavi movlena iyo. zaqaria spasalaris drois

Semdeg (XIII s-dan) amgvari movlena qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris

jer ar aris SemCneuli~82. jer erTi, 5-6 saukuniT erTmaneTisagan

dacilebul droSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedareba da maT

Soris paralelis gavleba rom mizanSeuwoneli da saeWvo unda

iyos, vfiqrob, es davas ar unda iwvevdes. amas garda, leos mier

7 8 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 462-483.7 9 iqve, t. XII, gv. 483.

8 0 Ï. Ò. Àðóòþíÿí, Îñâîáîäèòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà â ïåðâîé

÷åòâåðòè XVIII âåêà, Ìîñêâà, 1954, ñ. 5.8 1 am tomSi saqarTveloze naTqvami kritikuladaa ganxiluli al.

abdalaZis werilSi àse uRmerTod?~. ix. `mnaTobi~, # 9-10, 1991,

gv. 165-169.8 2 È»á« »ñÏ»ñÇ ÅáÕáí³Íáõ« »ññáñ¹ Ñ³ïáñ« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1973« ¿ç. 128-129.

136 137

naxseneb XVIII s. `somex-qarTvelTa sabrZolo kavSirze~ wyaroebSi

araviTari cnoba an miniSneba ar moipoveba. am garemoebiT

gakvirvebuli somexi istorikosi wers: unda iTqvas, rom vaxtangi

petre didisadmi miwerils Tavis werilebSi arc erT adgilas ar

ixseniebs somxur jars, somex-qarTvelTa kavSirs da sxv. `qarTlis

cxovrebasac~ ara aqvs daculi amis Sesaxeb raime cnoba. igi (e.

i. vaxtangi) sakmarisad Tvlis ilaparakos qristianTa saxeliT

da pasuxobs ra rusTa imperatoris winadadebas, igi ambobs, rom

ganZas midis lekebTan omis dasawyebad da unda SeierTos im mxaris

somxebi da Turqebi. amgvarad, ganagrZobs leo, maSin, rodesac

somexi moRvaweebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen eCvenebinaT

rusebisTvis, rom maT warmoSves organizebuli, SeiaraRebuli,

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, vaxtangi dumiliT gverds uvlis

garkveuli miznisa da moqmedebis saxis am moZraobas, Tumca esoden

didi daxmareba gauwia somxuri jaris organizacias. aseT

damokidebulebas mas, albaT, garkveuli politikuri mosazreba

hkarnaxobdao, daaskvnis sabolood leo83.

leosgan gansxvavebiT, vaxtang VI somexi meliqebis razmebis

misi daxmarebiT gawrTvnas, ra Tqma unda, or ers Soris damyare-

bul sabrZolo kavSirad ar aRiqvamda. vaxtangisaTvis kavkasiis

saqristiano mTlianad misi winaprebis gansagebeli da sapatrono

qveyana iyo da rogorc XIII s. didi qarTuli saxelmwifos mefeTa

politikuri memkvidre, somxuri razmebis sabrZolod momzade-

bas, bunebrivia, im saerTo RonisZiebaTa Semadgenel nawilad

miiCnevda, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo petre didTan SeT-

anxmebuli momavali erToblivi sabrZolo moqmedebebisaTvis. am-

itomac iyo, rom leosave SeniSvniT, vaxtangi sakmarisad Tvlida

ruseTis imperatorTan elaparaka kavkasiis qristianTa saxeliT.

niSandoblivia isic, rom ganZasTan mdgomi vaxtang VI petre dids

moaxsenebda: àm alagebis beladoba gveTqmiso~84. amitom leos

gulmodgine cdebi somex meliqebTan vaxtang VI-is damokidebule-

baSi samxedro-politikuri kavSiri aRmoeCina, warumateblad unda

miviCnioT, miT umetes, rom am doneze kavSiri mxolod met-nak-

lebad Tanabar da damoukidebel politikur erTeulebs Sorisaa

SesaZlebeli. da mainc, ramdenadac yarabaReli da sivnieli somx-

ebi saqarTvelos mezobeli saxanoebis mcxovreblebi iyvnen da maT-

Tvis gaweuli samxedro-sawvrTneli daxmareba zog istorikoss,

pirobiTad mainc, SeiZleboda ganexila, rogorc qarTvel-somexTa

sabrZolo kavSiri, amave formatiT XIII s. qarTvel-somexTa urT-

ierTobaze msjeloba, ukve yovelgvar SesaZlebel zRvars scilde-

ba, radganac erTi saxelmwifos, Tundac eTnikurad gansxvavebul

moqalaqeTa erT jarSi samsaxuri ori eris samxedro-politikur

kavSirad warmodgena, miT ufro kidev, qveynis mxedarTmTavris mo-

TaveobiT, ubralod, absurdia. samagierod, faqtebis aseTi jamba-

zobiT gulubryvilo mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi saqarTvelos is-

toriis mniSvnelobis damcroba da gabiabrueba, mis avtors, Cans

savsebiT SesaZleblad miaCnda. masTan, XVIII s. dasasrulis istoriis

gadmocemisas, ar aviwydeba Tavis mkiTxvels gzadagza Seaxsenos,

rom aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo saqarTvelo ki ara – somxeTia.

magaliTad, misi TqmiT, lore upiratesad somxebiT dasaxlebuli

da somxuri ZeglebiT savse qveyana, daRistnelebis Tavdasxmebis

gamo ukve mTlianad dacarielebuli iyo85. amitom, leos sa-

marTlianad miaCnda yazax-loreSi yarabaReli somxebis Casaxleba,

radganac es miwebi somxeTisaao86. aseve Tbilisic, misi mtkice-

biT, upiratesad somxebiT dasaxlebuli qalaqi iyoo da aRa mahmad

xani ufro metad somxebs moevlina ubedurebado87. erTi sityviT,

leos am SedarebiT gviandel naSromebSic aSkarad SeiniSneba 1918

w. dekembris somex-qarTvelTa omis wina periodis daSnakTa gan-

wyobilebebi, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da TbilisSi

somexTa xelisuflebis damkvidrebas gulisxmobda. am ganwyobile-

baTa Sesaxeb Tavis mogonebebSi saqarTvelos pirveli de-

mokratiuli respublikisa da mTavrobis meTauri noe Jordania

werda: `somxebi iyvnen didad ukmayofilo Tbilisis gaqarTvele-

biT, saqarTvelos deda-qalaqad gadaqceviT. maT es qalaqi, Tavis

udao qalaqaT miaCndaT didi xania, mecxramete saukunis dawye-

bidan, sadac marTla somxebis mosaxleoba sWarbobda qarTveleb-

8 3 leo, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 132-133.8 4 Ïåðåïèñêà íà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêàõ ãðóçèíñêèõ öàðåé ñ ðîññèéñêèìè

ãîñóäàðÿìè Ñïá, ñ. 140.

85 leo, Txzulebani, t. 3, gv. 410-12 (somx. Eenaze).86 iqve, gv. 410-414.87 iqve, gv. 389.

138 139

isas. rusi batonobda politikuraT, somxebi ekonomikuraT. rusi

wavida, qalaqi somxebs unda darCenoda. maTi azriT, namdvili

saqarTveloa dasavleT saqarTvelo, xolo aRmosavleTSi areulia

sxvadasxva erebi da aq qarTuli wminda nacionaluri xelisufle-

ba ar unda yofiliyo. mTavroba unda gadavides quTaisSi, Tbi-

lisSi ki Seiqmneba Sereuli xelisufleba sxvadasxva erebisagan.

amas isini qadagebdnen somxebSi. mas swerdnen Tavis organoebSi~88.

88 noe Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 92-93.

Tavi I I I

qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis asaxva

mezobelTa sabWour istoriografiaSi

daSnakTa partiis ideebisa da politikuri programis propa-

ganda ara marto leos naSromebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, aramed

misi gavlena sxvadasxva dros, met-naklebi intensivobiT mTel

somxur istoriografiasac daetyo. daSnakTa ideebis dominirebas

XX s. somxur istoriografiaSi ki mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiro-

bebda gasabWoebuli ruseTis kavkasiuri politikac, romlis

strategiuli amocanebi samxreT kavkasiaSi, faqtobrivad, igive

rCeboda, rac carizmis dros iyo. Zveli rusuli koloniuri poli-

tika amjerad ukve, formalurad mainc, demokratiisa da social-

izmis samoselSi gamoewyo, ramac meti siverage SesZina mis ba-

tonobas kavkasiaSi. misi wyalobiT, gasabWoebis pirvel welsve

saqarTvelom Tavisi teritoriis meoTxedze meti dakarga (93 aTa-

sidan 70 aTas kvadratul kilometramde Semcirda), romelic

TurqeTze, azerbaijansa da somxeTze gadanawilda. is, rac somxe-

Tis daSnakurma mTavrobam ingliselTa daxmarebiTac ki ver SeZ-

lo, lores neitraluri zona, 1921 w. 7 ivliss stalinma kavbi-

uros xeliT somxeTs gadasca. kvlavac grZeldeboda da kidevac

farTovdeboda demografiuli agresiis politika saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg, sadac mTavari rolis Sesruleba isev somex migrant-

ebs ekisrebodaT. bolSevikuri imperiis politikiT waxalisebuli

somxeTis mmarTveli wreebi sasazRvro gamijvnis dasrulebis Sem-

degac ganagrZobdnen usafuZvlo teritoriuli pretenziebis

wamoyenebas. Llores yofili neitraluri zonis miRebidan sul

ramdenime TveSi maT axla borCalos sakiTxi dasves. Pproeqtis Ca-

vardnis Semdeg ukve centralur mTavrobas saqarTvelos adminis-

traciul dayofaSi TavisTvis sasargeblo cvlilebebis Setana

mosTxoves, kerZod, axalqalaqisa da borCalos mazrebis gaerTiane-

140 141

ba, raTa momavalSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sababiT

is somxeTisaTvis mieerTebinaT. roca am proeqtzec uari eTqvaT,

daSnakTa ideebis mimdevarma politikosebma yarai-Siraqis velis

somxebiT dasaxlebis gegma wamoayenes mebambeobis meurneobis mow-

yobis sababiT, rac, TiTqos, ruseTis safeiqro mrewvelobis in-

teresebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. bolos ki somxurma mxarem 1925 w.

sruliad Riad da SeuniRbavad pretenzia wamoayena axalqalaqis

raionze, moiTxova ra javaxeTisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba da

saqarTvelosgan misi gamoyofa1.

saqarTvelos miwa-wylis mitacebis somexTa es gauTavebeli

cdebi, ra Tqma unda, emyareboda rogorc centraluri mTavrobis

Semrigeblur damokidebulebas maTi pretenziebis mimarT, ise

samxreT kavkasiaSi somexTaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnil xelsayrel

demografiul situacias. lores e. w. neitraluri zonis somxeTi-

saTvis uceremoniod gadacemiT, xolo azerbaijanisaTvis zaqaTa-

lis olqis, eldarisa da daviT garejis velisa Tu sxva miwa-

wylis daTmobiT bolSevikurma xelisuflebam dausabuTebeli pre-

tenziebis dakmayofilebis precedenti Seqmna, ramac, bunebrivia,

gza gauxsna SemdgomSic msgavs usamarTlo pretenziebs. amas

garda, carizmisa da bolSevikuri ruseTis moxeleTa didi mec-

adineobiT samxreT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos

samxreTi sazRvris mTel perimetrze, somxuri mosaxleobis

siWarbis Seqmnac, somex politikosebsa da saqarTveloSi

Camosaxlebul somxur mosaxleobas droebiT dakavebuli

teritoriebis misakuTrebisa da mosazRvre somxeTTan mierTebis

TavSeukavebel survilsac aRuZravda. amgvari ganwyobilebis

ganviTarebas isic uwyobda xels, rom qveynis ganapira mxareebSi

ucxoeTnikuri kompaqturi dasaxlebebisa da afxazuri da osuri

avtonomiebis xelovnurad SeqmniT, centralurma mTavrobam

saqarTvelo ucxoeTnikuri masebis alyaSi moaqcia, riTac misi

istoriuli sazRvrebi praqtikulad waSala da mis teritoriul

sxeulze qirurgiuli eqsperimentebi sajarod nebadarTuli

gaxada2. yvelaferi es erTad ki, qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdegobis

Zalas, cxadia, mniSvnelovnad asustebda. amitomacaa, rom daSnakTa

partiisa da misi momxreebis cdebs saqarTvelos teritoriis

xarjze e. w. `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis idea TandaTan praqtikuli

moqmedebis gegmad eqciaT, faqtobrivad, bolo ar uCanda.

XX s. 20-ian wlebSi qarTuli teritoriebis misataceblad

wamoyenebuli somxuri mxaris argumentebi, rogorc ukve iTqva,

sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, radganac maT

mier miTiTebuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri geografiuli da sxva,

Tundac, politikuri faqtorebi, maTive survilis sawinaaRmdegod,

qarTuli mxaris sasargeblod metyvelebda da somexTa pretenzie-

bis usafuZvlobas cxadyofda. amitom, xsenebuli politikuri

wreebis azriT, amjerad ukve, `didi somxeTis~ ideisaTvis brZo-

lis mTeli simZime, realurad, somxur istoriografias unda

etvirTa, romelsac mTeli kavkasiis, kerZod ki, qarTul-somxuri

urTierTobis istoria am ideis Sesaferisad unda gaemarTa. aseTi

amocanis gadasawyvetad ki, garda m. xorenacidan momdinare mdi-

dari tradiciebisa, mas, rusuli politikis mxardaWeris pirobeb-

Sic, sakmao gamocdileba hqonda dagrovili. rusuli koloniuri

politikis saameblad XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli Seteva saqarTve-

los istoriaze misi mniSvnelobis damcrobisa da gabiabruebis

mizniT, XX s. 40-iani wlebidan ukve farTo frontiT, Tanmimdevrul

da gegmazomier laSqrobaSi gadaizarda, romelmac saistorio

kvlevis, TiTqmis, yvela sfero da dargi moicva. amjerad kvlevis

mizani araimdenad saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelobis damcro-

ba, ramdenadac daSnakTa mier Sedgenili rukebis (maT Sesaxeb ukve

iTqva) mixedviT `didi somxeTis~ Crdilo nawilSi qarTulis

nacvlad somxuri civilizaciis nakvalevis dadastureba iyo.

aseTi ganwyobileba sruliad Tavisuflad ikiTxeba mTel rig somex

mecnierTa im gamokvlevebSi, romlebic exeba somxeTis istoriul

geografias, toponomikas, politikur istorias, literaturas, xe-

1 ix. xelnawerTa instituti, iv. javaxiSvilis arqivi 9.47 # I. saq.

# 6. agreTve, b. arvelaZis werili am sakiTxze, “literaturuli

saqarTvelo”, 1988, 23 seqtemberi.

2 ix. aAgreTve, n. mirianaSvili, saqarTvelos teritoriuli cvlile-

bani amierkavkasiis respublikebTan 1918-1938 wlebSi, avtorefera-

ni, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 24 da sxv.

142 143

lovnebas da, saerTod, kulturis istorias. saqarTvelos istori-

is winaaRmdeg somexTa am axal laSqrobas mZlavri impulsi,

tradiciis mixedviT, kvlavac rusuli politikuri da samecniero

wreebis warmomadgenelma misca. amjerad Tavi isaxela arqiteqtur-

is mkvlevarma n. tokarskim, romelmac 1946 w. erevanSi somxeTis

mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis grifiT gamosca wig-

ni saTauriT `Zveli somxeTis arqiteqtura~. avtoris TqmiT, misi

amocana iyo moeca Zveli somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis zogadi mi-

moxilva, Tvali gaedevnebina somex xuroTmoZRvarTa Semoqmedebi-

Ti azris ganviTarebisaTvis saukuneTa sigrZeze da gaerkvia

rogor xdeboda mravalferovani arqiteqturuli formebis Seqm-

nis rTul procesSi gamocdilebis urTierTgacvla sazRvargare-

Tis profesiul TanamoZmeebTan3. miuxedavad aseTi xmamaRali

gancxadebisa, somexi xalxis mdidarma arqiteqturulma memkvidre-

obam, avtoris mankieri meTodologiis gamo, rogorc amas savse-

biT marTebulad aRniSnavda akad. s. janaSia, Rirseuli asaxva ver

pova wignSi4. rac Seexeba n. tokarskis mier TavSive gacxadebul

debulebas SemoqmedebiT procesSi sazRvargareTis profesiul

TanamoZmeebTan somex xuroTmoZRvarTa azrisa da gamocdilebis

urTierTgacvlis Taobaze, ubralod, deklaraciul xasiaTs

atarebs da sinamdvileSi mTeli msjeloba am `gacvlis~ sawinaaRm-

degodaa mimarTuli, raTa mkiTxveli ramenairad daarwmunos

Znelad dasajerebelSi, rom, TiTqos, yvela ZiriTadi arqiteqtu-

ruli forma adgilze, somxeTSi warmoiSva, ris Semdeg is sxva

qveynebSic gavrcelda.

n. tokarskim Tavis wignSi erTi Tavi mTlianad tao-klarjeTis

Zeglebis ganxilvas dauTmo. mezobel qarTul da somxur kultu-

rul samyaroTa Soris SemoqmedebiTi gacvlis faqtebis kvleva,

obieqturad, swored am TavSi unda yofiliyo mosalodneli, ma-

gram araTu aranairi kulturuli gacvlis xsenebas ar vxvdebiT am

ukiduresad tendenciur avtorTan, aramed calmxriv gavlenazec

araviTari miniSnebac ki ar SeimCneva. qarTuli arqiteqturisadmi

aseTi damokidebulebis mizezi ki isaa, rom s. janaSias zusti

gansazRvriT5, n. tokarskis warmosaxviT, mTeli samxreTi

saqarTvelo misi mosaxleobiTa da kulturiT ucxoeTnikuri anu

somxuri samyaro iyo da amitomac am Zeglebs somxuri arqiteqtur-

is rigSi ganixilavda. mis cdas, tao-klarjeTis Zeglebi mTlianad

moewyvita qarTuli arqiteqturisagan da is somxur arqiteqturasT-

an daekavSirebina, gasagebia, rom ar SeiZleboda warmateba hqono-

da. somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis TiTqmis yvela seriozulma

mkvlevarma SeuZleblad cno misi gaziareba6. oficiozTan SeTanxme-

buli da mis mierve sanqcionirebuli (amis gareSe ki sabWoTa

kavSirSi maSin wigni ar ibeWdeboda), miT umetes, erovnul kul-

turaTa urTierTobis Temaze Seqmnili naSromis, Tundac TavSekave-

buli kritika im dros arc ise advili iyo, radganac is TviT

saxelmwifos ideologiuri politikis winaaRmdeg gamosvladac

SeiZleboda gagebuliyo. miuxedavad amisa, n. tokarskis `naRvawis~

namdvilad mecnieruli da amasTan gamanadgurebeli kritika

mxolod s. janaSiam gabeda. Mmisma didma avtoritetma da gaba-

tonebuli ideologiis dogmebis ostaturad gamoyenebam aiZula

xelisufleba dumiliT Sexvedroda istoriuli simarTlis gayal-

bebis mxilebas, Tumca mis Semdgom gavrceleba-ganviTarebasac

zRvari daudo. tokarskis wignis mecnieruli kritika, TavisTavad,

did siZneles, miT ufro s. janaSiasTvis arc warmoadgenda, ram-

denadac qarTulis garda, berZnul-laTinuri da TviT somxuri

wyaroebis cnobebic gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegeboda misi avtoris ax-

irebul tendencias. s. janaSiam Tavis recenziaSi uxvad da efeq-

turad gamoiyena wyaroTa avTenturi cnobebi da ueWvelobiT cxad-

yo n. tokarskis araTanamimdevruli da winaaRmdegobebiT savse

msjelobis absurduloba. magram gabedulebas saWiroebda ara im-

denad istoriuli faqtebis gayalbebis kritika, ramdenadac da

upiratesad mankieri tendenciis macocxlebuli fesvebis gaSiSv-

leba. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom n. tokarskis wignSi gzadagza da

gamudmebiT Tavs iCens istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis mec-

nierebisaTvis uprecedento iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca erTi naciona-

luri kulturis ZeglTa didi kompleqsi sxva nacionaluri kul-

3 Òîêàðñêèé Í. Ì., Àðõèòåêòóðà äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè, Åðåâàí, 1946, ñ.VIII-IX.4 Ñ. Äæàíàøèÿ, Îá îäíîì ïðèìåðå èñêàæåíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïðàâäû, Òáèëèñè,

1947, ñ. 4.

5 Ñ. Äæàíàøèÿ, Îá îäíîì ïðèìåðå èñêàæåíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïðàâäû, gv. 11.6 Âàõòàíã Áåðèäçå, Ìåñòî ïàìÿòíèêîâ Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè â èñòîðèè ãðóçèíñêîé

àðõèòåêòóðû, Òáèëèñè, 1981, ñ. 16.

144 145

turis Zeglebad saRdeba da erTi qveynis, gansakuTrebiT warmate-

buli periodis istoria meore qveynis istoriaze damokidebulad

cxaddeba, roca tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba Tavisi kulturiT somx-

ur-erovnul kulturul samyaroSi gadahyavT da mis paralelurad

saerTo qarTuli Segnebis uZvelesi matarebeli svanebi da svaneTi

qarTuli erovnul-kulturuli koleqtividan iTiSebian, bunebriv-

ia, rom s. janaSias Sefasebebi Tavis kritikul narkvevSi sul ufro

mkacrdeba da bolos, gabedulad amxels n. tokarskis antimecnier-

uli naSromisa da mTeli am wamowyebis wminda politikur

mizandasaxulobas. misi samarTliani daskvniT, `n. tokarskis es

gamoxdoma warmoadgens kolonizatorTa da imperialistTa ZvelisZ-

vel hangs axal yaidaze gadaumRereblad~7, riTac Tanadroul

sazogadoebas mianiSnebda rusuli politikis ucvlelobaze XIX s-

dan mokidebuli mis Tanamedroveobamde, romelic aSkarad iyo

mimarTuli qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis winaaRmdeg. aseTi gabeduli

gamosvla im droisTvis, marTlac rom gmirobis tolfasi iyo.

n. tokarskis es gaxmaurebuli naSromi, romelmac samecniero

wreebis uaryofiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura da qarTuli sazogadoe-

briobis samarTliani aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, ra Tqma unda, emyare-

boda somxuri istoriografiis im nawilis naRvaws, romelic miznad

isaxavda daSnakTa politikuri programis istoriuli sabuTiano-

biT Semagrebas. maT mier saqarTvelos warsulis tradiciulad

somxeTis istoriis nawilad warmodgenas didad uSlida xels XI s.

meore naxevris Semdgomi samsaukunenaxevris metad niSandoblivi

faqtebi, romelTa mixedviT, kavkasiis istoriis asparezidan gam-

qrali bagratunTa samefoebis miwebis udidesi nawili qarTuli

centralizebuli saxelmwifos farglebSi moeqca. amitomac, XI-

XIV saukuneebis amierkavkasiis istoriis faqtebisa da movlenebis

Sefaseba da wina periodis somxeTis istoriasTan maTi morgeba

Tavidanve somex istorikosTa sagangebo yuradRebis sagani gaxda,

xolo sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis umetesi nawilis Zalisxme-

va ukve, faqtobrivad, am istoriis gadakeTebisaken warimarTa.

kvlevis sawyis etapze somex istorikosTa yuradRebis centr-

Si moeqca istoriuli somxeTis nawilSi umaRlesi qarTuli admi-

nistraciis warmomadgenelTa, e. i. mxargrZelTa vinaobisa da maTi

uflebamosilebis garkveva, ramdenadac maTi genealogiis somxur

fesvebTan dakavSirebis an kulturul-politikuri somxobis

damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, gasagebia, Sesabamisi Sefaseba unda misce-

moda erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Se-

mosuli somxuri nawilis centrTan damokidebulebis xarisxs. sa-

gulisxmoa, rom somxuri istoriografiis ufrosi Taobis bevri

warmomadgeneli (m. CamCiani, m. aliSani, e. lalaiani, as. Sahnazari-

ani da sxvebi) maincdamainc ar iCemebda mxargrZelTa somxur war-

momavlobas. TviT hakob manandianic, romelTanac, mgoni, pirve-

lad vxvdebiT termin `zaqarianebs~ mas qurTuli warmoSobisad mi-

iCnevda. XX s. 30 wlebidan somxuri istoriografia mxargrZelTa

vinaobis garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT, met yuradRebas uTmobs maTi

moRvaweobis mniSvnelobis gansazRvras somxeTis istoriaSi, rac

uSualod warmoSobda mxargrZelTa kontrolis qveS myofi somx-

eTis nawilis iuridiuli Tu faqtobrivi politikuri mdgomare-

obis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis moTxovnilebas, miT umetes, rom saxe-

lmwifoebrivi cxovrebis nostalgiiT gajerebuli XII-XIII saukune-

ebis somxuri wyaroebis mier qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebis Ta-

viseburi aRqma mniSvnelovanwilad xels uwyobda realuri viTare-

bis gverdis avliT sasurveli istoriuli suraTis daxatvas.

Ppirveli, vinc mxargrZelTa moRvaweoba saqarTvelos somxuri

nawilis politikur fizionomias daukavSira da maTdami sam-

marTvelod mindobili saqarTvelos provinciis damokidebuleba

centrTan somxeT-saqarTvelos kavSiramde daiyvana, rogorc ukve

iTqva, cnobili istorikosi leo iyo. Tumca am Tvalsazrisis ram-

denadme seriozuli argumentebiT Semagreba ar ucdia.

somxeTis istoriaSi mxargrZelTa rolisa da mniSvnelobis

amgvari gaazrebisaTvis xeli unda Seewyo, agreTve, somxur isto-

riografiaSi maTi gakeTilSobilebis cdebs. aslan Sahnazarianis

azriT, mxargrZelebi ZorogetSi gadmosaxlebuli da gasomxebuli

qaldevelebi iyvnen, malaqia ormanianis mixedviT – orbelianebi,

xolo karapet ter mkrtiCianis mtkicebiT – bagratunianebi8.

prof. leon meliqseT-begi mxargrZelTa warmomavlobaze sakuTar

7 s. janaSia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.52.

8 ix. Lleon meliqseT-begi, `Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni~ da

maTi vinaoba, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 39.

146 147

azrs ar gamoTqvams da ZiriTadad msjelobs saqarTvelos somxur

nawilSi maT uflebamosilebaze. erTi mxriv igi aRiarebs XII-XIII

ss. saqarTvelos politikur hegemonias somxeTSi, meore mxriv ki,

mxargrZelebs somxuri Temebis faqtobriv baton-patronebad acx-

adebs da fiqrobs, rom TviTon mxargrZelebs TavianTi Tavi somex

mefeTa memkvidreebad miaCndaT9.

somxuri istoriografiis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro av-

toritetuli mecnieri h. manandiani mxargrZelTa moRvaweobis

mTavar Sedegad miiCnevs `somxeTis aRdgenas saqarTvelos suve-

renitetis qveS~10, e. i. TviT saqarTvelos samefos farglebSi, mis

erT-erT vasalur olqad, Tumca am vasalobis xasiaTisa da

Sinaarsis Sesaxeb araferi aqvs naTqvami.

mxargrZelTa vinaobis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriaSi

maTi rolis Sesaxeb somxuri Tvalsazrisis formirebaze gadamw-

yveti gavlena, vfiqrob, mainc s. eremianis Sromebma moaxdina.

Tavisi Sexeduleba am sakiTxze man jer kidev 1944 w. gamocemul

mecnierul-popularul narkvevSi àmirspasalari zaqaria erkaina-

bazuki~ warmoadgina11. zaqarias pirovneba am narkvevSi uzomodaa

gandidebuli da Sesabamisad gazviadebulia misi mniSvneloba da

roli XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos istoriaSi. igi

dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis asparez-

ze zaqaria mxargrZelis dawinaurebis ambavs da misi gavlenis per-

manentul zrdas Tamar mefis karze. s. eremianis azriT, ramdena-

dac Tamars, rogorc qals, brZolebSi monawileoba ar SeeZlo,

yvela saqmis gadawyveta amirspasalars uxdebodao, gansakuTrebiT

mas Semdeg, rac Tamaris meuRle daviT soslani gardaicvala

1207 w. amis Semdeg ki s. eremianis mtkicebiT, zaqaria mxargrZeli

ara marto samxedro da saSinao saqmeebs, aramed Tamaris saxeliT

sagareo politikasac uZRvebodao. amitom zaqaria yvelaze gavle-

niani piri da samefos faqtobrivi gamgebeli iyoo. Tamar mefe

da zaqaria xelixelCakidebulni marTavdnen saxelmwifos, roca

saqarTvelom Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits miaRwia12. s. eremiani

imaze ki aRarafers ambobs, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos mmarTvelo-

bis saTaveSi mefis Semdeg vaziri – mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondide-

li idga, romlis xelqveiTi moxelec swored amirspasalari iyo

da am ukanasknels mis gareSe jaris Sekrebac ki ar SeeZlo.

aSkaraa, zaqaria mxargrZelis, rogorc pirovnebisa da moRvawis

hiperbolizacia s. eremians sWirdeboda somxeTis damoukidebel

mmarTvelad zaqarias warmosadgenad. s. eremianisave azriT, somx-

eTis politikuri damoukideblobis aRdgena zaqarias STaagona

misma sulierma moZRvarma mxiTar goSma, romelic saTaveSi edga

saxalxo moZraobas da zaqarias ganadidebda xalxis TvalSi13. amg-

var mtkicebulebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, agreTve, mxargrZelTa

qarTuli gvar-saxelis somxuri formiT èrkainabazukiT~ moxse-

nieba, riTac qarTveli mefis didmoxeles somexi xelisuflis

elfers aniWebs. niSandoblivia isic, rom qarTul gvar-saxels

mxolod zaqarias da ivanes mamis amirspasalar sargisis zedwode-

bad miiCnevs, rac Turme am ukanasknels TavdadebiTa da simamaciT

moupovebia qarTvelTagan. s. eremianis ganmartebiT, Zveli somexi

istorikosebi, sargisis mamis zaqarias (e. i. amirspasalar zaqar-

ias papis) saxelis mixedviT, am saxls `zaqarianebs~ uwodebeno. ase,

sruliad martivi manipulirebiT qarTuli gvar-saxeli `zaqari-

anis~ somxuri gvariT Secvala. MmxargrZelTa sxva ganStoebebic, maT

Soris gagelebi da Tmogvelebic Sesabamisad, aseve, somxur sag-

vareuloebad monaTla14.

amgvar manipulirebaTa xelovnuroba, romelTac araviTari

sayrdeni wyaroebSi ar gaaCniaT, sruliad cxadia. saqme isaa, rom

rogorc qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis, ise somxuri da qarTuli

epigrafikis cnobebi TanxmobiT mowmobs, rom mxargrZeli gvar-

saxeli iyo da ara pirovnuli zedwodeba. ase rom ar yofila,

rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs S. mesxia, sargis amirspasalaris

zedwodeba ver gadavidoda mis Svilebsa da SviliSvilebze da miT

ufro mxargrZelTa meore Stos warmomadgenlebze, varamis STa-

momavlobaze, iseve, rogorc ar gadasula andria bogoliubskis

9 leon meliqseT-begi, `Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni~ da

maTi vinaoba, gv. 36-39.1 0 Ð³Ïáμ Ø³Ý³Ý¹Û³Ý« »ñÏ»ñ« VI« ºñ»í³Ý« 1985« ¿ç 1911 1 ê© ºñ»ÙÛ³Ý« ²ÙÇñëå³ë³É³ñ ¼³ù³ñÇ³ »ñÏ³ÛÝ³μ³½áõÏ« ºñ»í³Ý« 1944

1 2 s. eremiani, amirspasalari..., gv. 2-62.1 3 iqve, gv. 22-23.1 4 iqve.

148 149

pirovnuli zedwodeba `bogoliubski~ mis Svil iurize, Tamaris

meuRleze, Tu giorgi brwyinvalisa – mis STamomavlobaze da

a. S.15. erTaderTi wyaro, sadac sityva `zaqariani~ gvxdeba SeniS-

navs S. mesxia, aris vardanis Txzuleba, magram iqac ara zaqari-

anTa sagvareulos, aramed zaqarias Zis azriT16.

am narkvevis gamosvlidan or weliwadSi s. eremiani ukve rusul

enaze aqveynebs imave xanis istoriis sakiTxebze gamokvlevas, sa-

dac Tamar mefis saqmros rusi ufliswulis iuris (giorgis) Tavga-

dasavlis gadmocemasTan erTad XII-XIII ss. qarTuli saxelmwifos

moxeleTa Soris somexTa simravlis Cvenebas cdilobs17. misi mtki-

cebiT, TviTneba didebulebis partikularizmis winaaRmdeg brZo-

laSi qarTuli saxelmwifos didi gardamqmneli emyareboda ucxo

jarsa da masTan TavSefarebul somex feodalebs18. s. eremianis

TqmiT, Tbilisis amirasa da masTan dakavSirebuli meWurWleTuxu-

cesis nacvlis Tanamdeboba mahkanaberdisa da axpatis mflobel

arwrunTa saxlis memkvidreobiT privilegias warmoadgenda. ufro

metic, Tamaris droindel saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucess (1187-

1188 ww.) abulasans amirqurd arwrunTan aigivebs da amiT masac

asomxebs, xolo misi kvalifikaciiT `somxur-qarTul sasazRvro

olqis~ – taiq (tao) da klarjq (qarT. klarjeTis) mmarTvel eris-

Tavs guzan, Tu gazans saqarTveloSi cnobil `guzan taoskarels~

mis mier gasomxebul abulasanis Svilad miiCnevs19. misive TqmiT,

Tuki giorgi III saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv asparezze yivCaRebs

awinaurebda, Tamari somxebs wyalobda. am politikis Sedegad qvey-

nis mmarTvelobaSi Zmebi dolgorukebi (e. i. mxargrZelebi) gaba-

tondnen da `zaqaria dolgorukma, daCrdila ra daviT soslani,

Tavisi marjve da moqnili politikiT SeZlo qveynis faqtobrivi

mmarTveli gamxdariyo, Tamari mTlianad aRmoCnda yovlisSemZle

Zmebis – zaqaria da ivane dolgorukebis Zalauflebis qveS~20.

somxur istoriografiaSi istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjeb-

is am cdebs gzadagza kidevac SevexebiT da qarTuli istori-

ografiis pozicias maT mimarT mkiTxvels kvlavac gavacnobT,

magram samwuxaro isaa, rom 40-iani wlebis dasawyisidanve am

dasagmobma tendenciam saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic iCina Tavi

da gayalbebul codnaze daamyara mozardi Taobis ganaTleba.

1944 w. erevanSi gamocemuli saSualo skolis istoriis

saxelmZRvanelo aseTi damokidebulebis erT-erTi tipuri

magaliTia, sadac kidev ufro gamrudebuladaa warmodgenili XII-

XIII ss. saqarTvelos istoria21. gasagebia, rom n. tokarskis wignic

am saerTo tendenciis uSualo nayofia. amitomac iyo, rom umniS-

vnelovanesi adgili am `mecnierul naSromSi~ somxuri arqiteq-

turis istoriis kvlevis sababiT politikuri istoriis sakiTxebze

msjelobam daikava, romlis mizani samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

istoriasa da kulturul memkvidreobaze qarTveli xalxis

uflebis uaryofa iyo. 40-iani wlebidan dawyebuli somexi

istorikosebi, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen qarTul-

somxur istoriul urTierTobaTa gamrudebaSi, magram, roca am

procesis tonis mimcemi qarTul wyaroebSi kargad

gaTviTcnobierebuli s. eremiani gvevlineba, aSkaraa amgvari

tendenciis winaswar gamiznuli politikuri Sinaarsic.

n. tokarskis wignze samecniero wreebisa da farTo sazogadoe-

briobis uaryofiTma reaqciam SesaZloa daaCqara kidec `somxuri

tendenciis~ gamovlinebis formebis daxvewa da koncefciis far-

glebSi misi moqceva. yovel SemTxvevaSi, s. eremianis mTel rig

naSromebSi 40-iani wlebis bolosa da mis Semdgom periodSic kar-

gad igrZnoba amierkavkasiis istoriis Teoriuli gaazrebis sur-

vili. sabWoTa kavSirSi gabatonebuli marqsistuli moZRvrebis

ideur da Teoriul safuZvlebs Sefardebuli s. eremianis kavkasiis

istoriuli ganviTarebis koncefcia isea agebuli, rom arsebiTad

progresis matarebel erTaderT fenomenad Cvens regionSi Zveli

da Sua saukuneebis somxeTi unda dausaxos mkiTxvels. aseTi cno-

biereba, gasagebia, farTo gasaqans uqmnis tendenciur avtorTa

1 5 S. mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII s.

saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 251.1 6 iqve, gv. 252.1 7 Ñ. Ò. Åðåìÿí, Þðèé Áîãîëþáñêèé ïî àðìÿíñêèì è ãðóçèíñêèì èñòî÷íèêàì,

Íàó÷íûå òðóäû ÅÃÓ, XXIII, 1946.1 8 iqve, gv. 391.1 9 iqve, gv. 399.2 0 iqve, gv. 415.

2 1 Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà, ïîñîáèå äëÿ ñðåäíèõ øêîë, ÷. I, 1944, ñ. 174,

175 da sxv.

150 151

SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs, ramac somxuri istoriografiis

erT mniSvnelovan nawilSi sakmaod Rrmad gaidga fesvebi, miT

umetes, rom amgvar fsiqikur ganwyobas ZvelTaganve momdinare

tradiciac uwyobda xels. sabWoTa periodis somxur istoriogra-

fiaSi Txrobis Cveulebriv normad iqca sakuTari qveynis istori-

is gazviadebiT warmosaCenad calkeuli istoriuli faqtebisa da

movlenebis gayalbeba-gadakeTebac. ase magaliTad, somex istori-

kosTa didi nawili, daaxloebiT imave 40-iani wlebidan mokidebu-

li, faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod, cdilobs amtkicos, TiTqos, Sua

saukuneebSi sagareo urTierTobaTa sferoSica da Sidakavkasiuri

politikuri da kulturuli procesebis ganviTarebaSic iniciativa

yovelTvis somxeTs epyra, romlis gavlenas emorCilebodnen am

regionis danarCeni qveynebi bagratunTa somxuri samefoebis

gauqmebamde da mogvianebiTac ki (XII-XIV ss.) saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifos SemadgenlobaSi myofi somxeTi, Turme, gansakuTrebuli av-

tonomiuri uflebebiT sargeblobda, ramdenadac maTive azriT,

maxlobeli aRmosavleTis im drois uZlieres saqarTvelos cen-

tralizebul monarqias, faqtobrivad, somxebi marTavdnen da ami-

tomac maTi zrunva somxeTis damoukideblobisa da keTildReobi-

saTvis bunebrivi iyoo. es azri gamosWvivis, rogorc somxeTis

istoriis sakiTxebze dawerili calkeuli naSromebis, ise umaR-

lesi da saSualo saswavlebelTa saxelmZRvaneloebis teqstebis

striqonebidan.

amosavals Tavisi koncefciisaTvis (anu kavkasiaSi somxeTis

upiratesi ganviTarebulobis ideis gasamarTleblad) s. eremiani

qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xasiaTSi uZebnis

TiTqos. misi TvalsazrisiT, romelic wamoyenebisTanave ZiriTadad

gabatonda somxur istoriografiaSi, Zveli somxeTis (II-I ss.) kla-

sobrivi sazogadoeba monaTmflobeluri iyo, miuxedavad imisa,

rom mas ar miuRwevia berZnul-romaul klasikur formamde.

Semdgomi saukuneebis somxeTis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ki vi-

Tardeboda ara monaTmflobelur urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebis

gziT, aramed feodalur urTierTobaTa warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.A

amdenad, Zveli somxeTis monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebisaTvis

niSandoblivma sakuTrebis ganviTarebulma formebma adridanve

ganapirobes miwis kerZo (feodaluri) sakuTrebis gaCena da eqs-

ploataciis monaTmflobeluri formebidan feodalurze organ-

uli gadasvla, ramac uzrunvelyo qveynis swrafi progresiuli

ganviTareba da radganac adrindelma feodalurma urTierTobam

somxeTSi upiratesi ganviTareba pova (igulisxmeba) saqarTvelos-

Tan SedarebiT, aman Tavidanve gansazRvra somxeTis politikuri

da kulturuli iniciativa Sua saukuneebis amierkavkasiaSi. ase-

Tia Zalze mokled s. eremianis koncefciis arsi amierkavkasiis is-

toriul ganviTarebaze22.

s. eremianis mTavari amosavali debuleba Zveli somxeTis kla-

sobrivi sazogadoebis socialuri bunebis Taobaze uSualod ukav-

Sirdeboda 1925-31 ww. warmoebul diskusias, sadac akad. struvem

daamkvidra mosazreba Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis klasobriv

sazogadoebaTa monaTmflobelurobaze. 60-ian wlebSi diskusia

ganaxlda, romelmac eWvs qveS daayena da, faqtobrivad, uaryo

struves Tezisi. 1970 w. gamocemul `saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebis~ I tomSi ukve gadaWriT uaryofili iyo Zveli qarTu-

li klasobrivi sazogadoebis monaTmflobeluroba. TiTqmis,

imavdroulad gamoqveynebul analogiur somxur gamocemaSi ki

`somexi xalxis istoria~, t. I s. eremiani da g. sarqisiani kvlavac

icavdnen Zveli somxeTis sazogadoebis monaTmflobelurobis

Teziss23, rasac ZiriTadad emyareboda s. eremianis Tvalsazrisi

kavkasiaSi somxeTis upiratesi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Tu gaviTval-

iswinebT, rom Zveli somxeTis monaTmflobelurobis Tvalsazriss

TviT somxur istoriografiaSic ki Tavidanve aRmoaCnda iseTi se-

riozuli mowinaaRmdege, rogoric iyo gamoCenili somexi istori-

kosi h. manandiani, s. eremianis koncefcia, aSkaraa, sxva ufro efeq-

turi argumentebiT Semagrebas iTxovda. KkavkasiaSi somxeTis mow-

inaveobis Tvalsazrisis momxreebma tradiciuli mxardaWera

2 2 ix. Î ðàáñòâå è ðàáîâëàäåíèè â äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè, ÂÄÈ, 1950; Ïðîáëåìà

ïàäåíèÿ ðàáîâëàäåëü÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà è çàðîæäåíèÿ ôåîäàëüíûõ îòíîøåíèé â

äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè (Äîêëàäû ñîâåòñêîé äåëåãàöèè íà XXIII ìåæäóíàðîäíîì

êîíãðåññå âîñòîêîâåäîâ, ñåêöèÿ Èðàíà, Àðìåíèè è Ñðåäíåé Àçèè), Èçäàòåëüñòâî

ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, Ìîñêâà, 1954; Ñ³Û ÛáÕáíñ¹Ç å³÷ÙáõÃÛáõÝ, Ñ. I, »ñ¿í³Ý, 1971;

Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà, ÷. I, Åðåâàí, 1951 da sxv.2 3 ix. MmeliqiSvili g. a., `maxlobeli aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis

uZvelesi klasobrivi sazogadoebis bunebis sakiTxisTvis~, ivane

javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo

krebuli, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 145-171.

152 153

`ruseTidan miiRes~, ZiriTadad, kavkasiis istoriaze orientire-

buli cnobili mecnieris (SemdgomSi ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis,

moskovis istoriis institutis direqtori) a. p. novosalcevis

saxiT. igi uaryofda ra kavkasiis qveynebSi monaTmflobelur

urTierTobaTa arsebobis SesaZleblobas, am regionSi somxeTis

mowinaveobis damtkicebas geopolitikuri xasiaTis argumentebiT

cdilobda. misi azriT, ramdenadac Zveli civilizaciis raionebTan

(mesopotamia, siria, mcire azia, irani) somxeTi teritoriulad

ufro axlos imyofeboda, klaswarmoqmnis procesi aq bevrad in-

tensiuri iyo. amitom es procesi ufro adre da intensiurad

somxeTSi daiwyo, ramdenadme gvian qarTlSi da sul gvian, ukve,

arabTa dapyrobebis win, Zireul albaneTSi24.

somxeTi rom teritoriulad da ganviTarebis xasiaTiTac iran-

Tan ufro axlos idga da, faqtobrivad, misi kulturul-poli-

tikuri samyaros Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda, samecniero

literaturaSi es sadavod aravis gauxdia. es Tvalsazrisi gatare-

bulia n. adoncis, h. manandianis, s. eremianis da sxvaTa cnobil

naSromebSi. magram amis gamo, misi, rogorc progresis matarebeli

qveynis gamorCeulad warmoCena ar unda iyos maincdamainc gama-

rTlebuli, radganac ZvelaRmosavluri sazogadoebebi aRmavali

tendenciebis ganviTarebas did dabrkolebebs uqmnida. amierkavka-

siaSi somxeTis upiratesi ganviTarebis s. eremianisa da a. novosel-

cevis Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa sayrdens poulobs ukeT Semonaxuli

da SedarebiT uxvi cnobebis Semcveli adreuli somxuri origi-

naluri wyaroebidan momdinare STabeWdilebebSi, razec araerT

miTiTebas vxvdebiT maT SromebSi. qarTuli wyaroebis Sesabamisi

da TanabarmniSvnelovani cnobebi, a. novoselcevis azriT, ufro

gviania somxurTan SedarebiT da naklebad asaxavs im epoqas, razec

weren maTi avtorebi, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli wyaro-

ebis warmoSobis problema jer kidev ar aris bolomde gadaw-

yvetili. a. novoselcevis es argumenti seriozulad namdvilad ver

CaiTvleba, ramdenadac `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ da `qarTlis cx-

ovrebis~ krebulebSi didi xania mkvlevrebi amCneven bevrad adre-

uli (IV-V ss.) xanis saistorio TxzulebaTa fragmentebs. amas

garda, amierkavkasiis uZvelesi ganviTarebis suraTis aRdgenis

simZime a. novoselcevis naSromebSi dakisrebuli aqvs bibliis

teqstebSi Semonaxuli socialur-ekonomikuri Sinaarsis Semcveli

terminebis analizs. am mxriv ki, bibliis qarTuli teqstebic somx-

uris TanabarmniSvnelovan adekvatur yvela termins Seicavs.

adrefeodaluri xanis qarTul da somxur wyaroebSi damowme-

buli socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis terminebis semantikuri

erTgvarovnebisa da feodaluri institutebis didi msgavsebis

miuxedavad, feodalizaciis procesi mezobel qveynebSi mainc

amJRavnebda xarisxobriv sxvaobas. Tu saqarTveloSi am process

Tan sdevda adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis gadmonaSTuri niSnebis

likvidacia, somxeTSi maT gacilebiT didxans Semoinaxes Tavi.

xolo iseTi umniSvnelovanesi gadmonaSTi, rogoric iyo Temi,

feodalur somxeTs bolomde SemorCa, rac Tavis mxriv feoda-

luri ganviTarebis process mudmivad borkavda. Zveli qarTlisa

da misi Tanadrouli arSakiduli somxeTis socialuri viTarebis

Sedarebisas akad. d. musxeliSvilma saintereso movlenas miapyro

yuradReba: niSandoblivad aRiniSneba feodalur senioriaTa

simravle da amdenadve sazogadoebis feodalizaciis meti siRrme

qarTlSi somxeTTan SedarebiT. amazeve miuTiTebs, mecnieris

azriT, feodaluri ierarqiis ararseboba arSakidul xanaSi da

agreTve sasoflo Temis didi sicocxlisunarianoba somxeTSi

TviT XVIII s-mde25. ra argumentic ar unda gamoinaxos eremian-

novoselcevis Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, erTi mainc udavo

da cxadia, qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoeba da misi saxelm-

wifo Senoba gacilebiT ufro gamZle da sicocxlisunariani

aRmoCnda istoriis gamocdis winaSe, vidre sxva danarCeni

amierkavkasiaSi. istoriuli procesis amgvari Sedegi ki

TavisTavad cxadyofs ganviTarebis bevrad myari niadagis

arsebobas CvenSi mezoblebTan SedarebiT. ase rom, s. eremianis

mier dasmuli sakiTxi amierkavkasiis istoriul ganviTarebaSi,

erTsaxad, somexTa gansakuTrebuli mowinaveobis Sesaxeb namd-

vilad gadasaxedia.

2 4 Íîâîñåëüöåâ À. Ï., Ãåíåçèñ ôåîäàëèçìà â ñòðàíàõ Çàêàâêàçüÿ, Ìîñêâà,

1980, ñ. 140-249.

2 5 daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 2003,

gv. 414-415.

154 155

1951 w. b. araqelianisa da a. ionnisianis redaqtorebiT rusul

enaze erevanSi gamodis s. eremianis xsenebuli koncefciis safuZ-

velze agebuli ganmazogadebeli naSromi `somexi xalxis istoria

(am wignis rukebisa da 17 sruli Tavis avtori s. eremiania), sadac

amierkavkasiis istoriis gadmocemisas Zvel da Sua saukuneebis

mTel sigrZeze mxolod somxeTis upiratesobis mtkiceba do-

minirebs, misgan gansxvavebuli da sawinaaRmdego faqtebi ki miCq-

maluli an gadakeTebulia. saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis Temac

calmxrivadaa gaSuqebuli da mezobeli xalxebis ìstoriuli me-

gobrobis~ saxeliT is somxeTis istoriasaa daqvemdebarebuli.

erTi sityviT, amierkavkasiis politikuri ganviTarebis mTavar

mamoZravebel Zalad somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi da

`somxuri fenomenia~ dasaxuli. seriozuli problemebisadmi amg-

vari antimecnieruli damokidebulebis winaaRmdeg pirvelma xma

aRimaRla cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma varlam donduam26. igi

miuTiTebda wignis avtorTa im mavne tendenciaze, romelic Zveli

kavkasiis istoriaSi, somexTa garda, sxva binadar tomTa kvals,

faqtobrivad, Slida. magaliTad, Zveli aRmosavleTisa da kavkasi-

is tomobriv Semadgenlobaze msjelobisas saWiro ganmartebis

gareSe subarebis moxsenieba mkiTxvels ver aZlevs masze poziti-

ur codnas. tomobrivi saxelwodebebis amgvari gamoyenebiT ki

masobrivi mkiTxvelis Tvalsawieridan aucileblad qrebian ibere-

bi da sxva eTnikuri warmonaqmnebi. iberiis qveynis lokalizaciac

iseTive zogadia da gaugebari, rogorc imdroindeli kavkasiis to-

mobrivi Semadgenloba.

amasTan erTad, samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTareba,

SeniSnavs v. dondua, demonstrirebulia mxolod somxeTis istori-

is aspeqtiT, ris Sedegadac Zveli qarTuli miwebi (gugareTi, kari-

nis da speris olqebi da a. S.) STanTqmulni aRmoCndnen somxeTis

istoriis nakadiT. wignSi ubralo cdac ki araa mocemuli eCvene-

binaT – romeli miwa romel qveyanas wydeboda da romels uerTde-

boda da rodis. ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli istoriuli gamocdil-

eba, kerZod, qarTvelologiuri specialuri literatura. magali-

Tad, dumiliT gverdi aqvs avlili wyaros mravalmniSvnelovan

Cvenebas imis Taobaze, rom Zv. w. II s. somxeTis sazRvrebi qarTuli

miwebis xarjze farTovdeboda da mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare

teritoriebi – pariadris ferdobebi, xorZene da gogarene maT

mitacebamde qarTuli miwebi iyo. istoriuli perspeqtivis dacvis

aucileblobis gareSe, wignSi isini warmodgenilia, rogorc somxe-

Tis nawilebi. recenzentis aRSfoTebas iwvevs isic, rom karinis

olqis saxelwodeba warsulTan misi kavSiris gareSe ucabedad

Cndeba III saukunis somxuri qalaqebis ricxvSi, aseve `karinis da

speris~ olqebis saxelebi `Sida somxeTis~ olqTa Soris. wignSi

gvxvdeba iseTi istoriul-geografiuli gansazRvrebebic, ganagr-

Zobs v. dondua, romlebic aiZuleben mkiTxvels daaskvnas, TiTqos,

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari `ZvelTaganve~ ucv-

lelad gadioda `gugarqis~ CrdiloeTiT (gugareTi, igive gogare-

ne samxreT qarTlSi), ramdenadac is usityvodaa dasaxelebuli

`Zveli somxeTis ZiriTadi olqebis~ ricxvSi. sinamdvileSi, wers

recenzenti, gugareTi im dros somxuri samefos eqspansiis obieq-

ti iyo da mogvianebiT IV s., somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, kvlav

daubrunda danarCen qarTls. somexTa Soris is cnobili iyo

`qarTvelTa velis~ `vrac daStis~ saxeliT. es olqi imave somxuri

wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveli kaTalikosis iurisdiqcias ganekuT-

vneboda.

arakeTilsindisieradaa gaSuqebuli wignSi I-III ss. istoriuli

movlenebi kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT I saukunis meore mesamedis

ambebi, roca somxeTis samefo taxtze qarTuli samefo saxlis

warmomadgenlebi isxdnen. s. janaSias dakvirvebiT es dro qarTul-

somxur sazRvarze teritoriuli samflobeloebis xelaxali gada-

nawilebis periodia da, Cans, swored amitomac gverdi aqvs avlili

romsa da parTias Soris somxeTisaTvis gaCaRebul did brZolaSi

imdroisTvis Zlevamosili iberiis farTo monawileobas. v. dond-

ua mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miapyrobs im niSandobliv faqtzec, rom

aTeuli wlebis manZilze iberiis saxelmwifos myarad epyra ini-

ciativa am regionSi, romelic uZlieres romsa da parTias gamo-

staca. amis Sedegia, rom maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mebrZol poli-

tikur ZalTa realuri Tanafardobis safuZvelze iberiis mefeebs

Zlevamosili `didi mefis~ saxeliT ganadidebdnen, rac ukve do-

2 6 Â. Äîíäóà, Íåêîòîðûå çàìå÷àíèÿ íà êîëëåêòèâíûé òðóä – Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî

íàðîäà, ÷. I, ïîä ðåä. Á. Í. Àðàêåëÿíà è À. Ð. Èîàííèñÿíà. Èíñòèòóò èñòîðèè

ÀÍ Àðìÿíñêîé ÑÑÐ, Åðåâàí, 1951 ñòð. 291 .`mimomxilveli~, III, Tbilisi,

1953, gv. 307-321.

156 157

kumenturadacaa dadasturebuli (mxedvelobaSia armazis biling-

va). sarecenzio wignis avtorebs ki saxelganTqmuli iberiis es

mefeebi udrood CamoqveiTebuli hyavT romis `dayenebul~ saTak-

ilo rangamde. ase yrud da Seufereblad moixsenieben wignis av-

torebi qarTul-somxuri politikuri urTierTobis erTob sain-

tereso da didmniSvnelovani periodis ambebs. mikerZoebisa da

gayalbebis faqtebi, TiTqmis, yovel nabijze gvxvdeba am wignSi.

ase magaliTad, roca IV s. 60-70-iani wlebis mijnaze brZolas

iberiisaTvis romsa da irans Soris am qveynis gavlenis sferoe-

bad gayofa mohyva Sedegad da sparseTis mefe Saburis mier adre

devnili saurmagi saqarTveloSi ukan dabrunda, es faqti wignSi

isea gadmocemuli, TiTqos, romis molaparakebas ki ara, aramed

iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg muSeR mamikonianis gmirul brZolas

ganesazRvros saurmagis bedi. amgvaradve da kidev ufro gamrude-

buladaa gaSuqebuli 482 w. vaxtang gorgaslis mier iranis winaaRm-

deg organizebuli ajanyeba saqarTveloSi. sarecenzio wignSi

faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod naTqvamia, rom vaxtangma daxmarebisaTvis

somxebs mimarTa TxovniT, ris pasuxadac somxuri jaris nawili

vahan mamikonianisa da saak bagratunis meTaurobiT gaemarTnen vax-

tangis dasaxmareblad. brZola warumatebeli aRmoCnda, brZolis

velze darCnen saak bagratuni da sxva somxebi, Sewires ra

sicocxle moZme qarTveli xalxis Tavisuflebas. erTi sityviT,

somex feodalTa nawilis mier qarTveli mefisaTvis aRmoCenili

daxmareba wignSi raRac filantropiis gamovlinebad aRiqmeba, rac

TiTqos stimuls aZlevda somex mTavarTa brZolas vaxtang gor-

gaslis jaris SemadgenlobaSi. sinamdvileSi, rogorc amas

dawvrilebiT aRwers am movlenebis Tanamedrove somexi istori-

kosi lazare farpeci, erToblivi brZolis ganmsazRvreli mTava-

ri mizezi saerTo interesebi iyo. ufro metic, sparselTa bato-

nobis pirobebSi somxeTi gacilebiT ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi

iyo im dros Cayenebuli, vidre saqarTvelo. mravali aTeuli we-

li iyo gasuli, rac aRmosavleT somxeTSi sparselebma adgi-

lobrivi samefo xelisufleba gaauqmes (428 w.) da mTlianad da

srulad daeuflnen dapyrobil qveyanas. amitomac cnobam saqar-

TveloSi sparselTa sawinaaRmdegod mowyobili ajanyebis Sesaxeb

somxebic aRafrTovana da Tavidanve gverdiT daudgnen ajanyebis

meTaurs – vaxtang gorgasals. am movlenis wignSi mocemuli

ganmarteba ki mTlianad aufasurebs avTenturi wyaros mniSvnelo-

bas da mxolod pasiur rols akuTvnebs ajanyebis namdvil

meTaursa da brZolebis warmmarTvels.

wignSi mTlianad miCqmalulia didi qarTveli mefis daviT III

kurapalatis mravalmxrivi nayofieri moRvaweobis didi mniSvnelo-

ba ara marto qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis, aramed TviT somxe-

Tis istoriisTvisac. Mmxolod erT winadadebaSi misi vinaobis moux-

senieblad naTqvamia, rom `bizantielebma miitaces taiqi (tao),

rasac qarTveli mefeebi ver Seurigdnen, radganac Tavi miaCndaT

daviT kurapalatis kanonier memkvidreebad~ (gv. 151). sinamdvile-

Si saqme exeba taoel bagrationTa mTel memkvidreobaze qarTvel

mefeTa kanonier uflebas. wignis avtorTa mocemuli formulebiT

ki ise gamodis, TiTqos, taos, rogorc qarTvel bagrationTa

memkvidreobis nawilis istoria saTaves daviT kurapalatidan

iRebdes da ara istoriis siRrmidan. taos istoriuli kuTvnileb-

is mimarT wignis avtorTa damokidebuleba kidev ufro gamokve-

Tiladaa gamJRavnebuli sxva adgilas, sadac 481 wlis ajanyebasTan

dakavSirebiT gvamcnoben, rom somxeTis naxararebma TavianTi ojax-

ebi da qoneba winaswar Seafares bizantiis momijnave Soreul

taiqs. mocemul konteqstSi, marTebulad SeniSnavs v. dondua,

mravaltanjuli da maRali kulturis qarTuli qveyana raRac

uTvistomo mxared gamoiyureba. aseTi bundovani geografiuli

gansazRvrebis gamo ki araspecialists SeiZleba is sadRac gada-

kargul qveyanadac ki moeCvenos. ase rom, qarTuli istoriuli

teritoriebis miCqmalvisa da mexsierebidan amoSlis survili,

TiTqmis, yovel nabijze avlens Tavs am tendenciur wignSi.

qarTvelTa da somexTa megobrobis mniSvnelobisaTvis fusfusi

sailustracio masalis SerCeviT ar xdeba, ris gamoc gauSuqebeli

rCeba daviT kurapalatis, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da misi memkvidree-

bis ganmaTavisuflebeli misia mTel kavkasiasa da kerZod somxeT-

Si, ris Sesaxebac sakmaod uxv da STambeWdav cnobebs Seicavs

swored somxuri wyaroebi.

mrude sarkiTaa areklili am wignSi XII-XIII saukuneTa saqarTve-

los centralizebuli feodaluri monarqiisa da mis Semadgenlo-

baSi Sesuli somxeTisa da mTlianad kavkasiis istoriis didmniS-

vnelovani epoqa. sul raRac 4-5 gverdze gaSlil TxrobaSi

saqarTvelo paradoqsul politikur organizmad warmogvidgeba,

158 159

sadac batonoben da movlenebs warmarTaven am saxelmwifos

`mfarvelobaSi~ myofi mezobeli qveynis warmomadgenlebi. wignis

am Tavis qvesaTaurebi, rogoricaa `zaqaridebis gaZliereba~,

`zaqariadebis samflobeloebi~, `zaqaridebis vasalebi~ da sxvebi

winaswar mowmobs avtorTa daJinebul cdebs, mkiTxvels Caunergon

Tamarisdroindeli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZlieres qarTul

saxelmwifoSi, kabinetur pirobebSi xelovnurad Seqmnili e. w.

`zaqaridTa~ sagvareulos gansakuTrebulobis azri. somexi av-

torebi saqarTvelos somxur samflobeloebSi maT ugvirgino me-

feebad gvixataven, ris safuZvelzec somxur miwebs saqarTvelos

politikur CarCoebSi moqceul saxelmwifod warmogvidgenen. wign-

Si vkiTxulobT: XIII s. dasawyisSi yofili somxuri samefoebis _

anisis, taSir-Zoragetisa da sivnieTis teritoriebi zaqaridTa xe-

lSi aRmoCnda mas Semdeg, rac isini Tamar mefem uwyaloba maT.

qarTuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali Crdilo somxeTi Sina-

gani sruli TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobda da qarTveli mefee-

bic somxuri miwebidan gadasaxadebsac ki ar krebdneno (gv. 164-

165). Tavi rom gavaneboT wyaroebis cnobebTan aseT mtkicebule-

baTa srul Seusabamobas, `keTili nebiTa~ da `megobrobis~ mizez-

iT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopoveba, vfiqrob, gauwafi

mkiTxvelisTvisac ki Znelad dasajerebeli unda iyos. samagierod,

s. eremianis xsenebul naSromebSi mxargrZelTa eTnikuri warmo-

mavlobis gadasinjvam da qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriaSi maTi

Rvawlis mniSvnelobis gazviadebam logikurad miiyvanes central-

izebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis bunebisa da misi somx-

uri nawilis politikuri statusis dasmamde, ris Semdeg somxuri

istoriografia gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT Seudga am ideis gasa-

marTleblad sxvadasxva logikuri Tu mecnierebasTan miaxloebu-

li konstruqciebis Ziebas. MmaT Sesaxeb calke kidev mogviwevs

saubari, ris gamoc mxargrZelebze msjelobas amjerad aq Sevw-

yvetT.

v. donduas mier recenzirebuli wignis mTavari tendencia

saqarTvelos istoriasTan damokidebulebis nawilSi, rogorc vnax-

eT, mimarTulia masobrivi mkiTxvelis ara mecnieruli cnobiere-

bis gasafarToeblad, rac amgvari ganmazogadebeli naSromis mTa-

vari amocana unda iyos, aramed gansazRvruli politikuri gan-

wyobilebis Sesaqmnelad, rac, vfiqrob, verafriT pasuxobs isto-

riuli mezoblebis WeSmarit, sasicocxlo interesebs. samwuxarod,

politizirebuli istoriis niSnebi, centraluri xelisuflebis

mxardaWeris pirobebSi, sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis kuTv-

nilebad iqca. sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa megobrobis oficialurad

gacxadebuli ideologiis fonze mTavrobis kavkasiuri politika

ukve cinizmis niSnebsac iZenda. erT SemTxvevaSi sruli Tavisu-

fleba hqonda miniWebuli mecnierTa erT koleqtivs nebismieri

darRveviTa da mikerZoebiT gaeSuqebina kavkasiis istoria,

amavdroulad ki mecnierTa sxva koleqtivs `xalxTa megobrobis

saxeliT~ ekrZaleboda simarTlis dacva. MmagaliTad, akad. s. jan-

aSias mier n. tokarskis wignis samarTliani kritika, faqtobrivad,

aikrZala, roca misi narkvevi wignis savaWro qselidan male amoi-

Res, xolo v. donduas kritikuli recenzia masobrivi tiraJiT

gamosul wignze mxolod SezRudul tiraJian gamocemaSi Zlivs

daibeWda. ufro metic, xelovnebis istoriis sayovelTaod aRiare-

buli specialistis giorgi CubinaSvilis metad saintereso wigni

`Ðàçûñêàíèÿ ïî àðìÿíñêîé àðõèòåêòóðå, Òáèëèñè, 1967 ã. ara marto uki-

duresad SezRuduli tiraJiT (sul 500 c.) ZlivZlivobiT gamoica,

aramed arc wignis bazarze misces gasaqani da arsebiTad bib-

lioTekebis Taroebze miajaWves. maSin, rodesac 1968 w. sabWoTa

kavSiris Tavdacvis saministros gamomcemlobam masobrivi tira-

JiT (65 aTasi) dabeWda mxargrZelTa gayalbebuli istoriis

masalaze agebuli kidev ufro damaxinjebuli da saqarTvelosTvis

Seuracxmyofeli g. vermiSevis istoriuli romani àmirspasalari~,

rac, gasagebia, istoriul mezoblebs Soris undoblobis gaRvive-

bis mets, albaT, arc isaxavda miznad. qarTuli mxaris reaqcia

amgvar gamocemebze ki, rogorc wesi, maqsimalurad izRudeboda.

aseT pirobebSi somex mecnierTa erTi nawili Seuferxeblad da

gegmazomierad ganagrZobda saqarTvelos istoriuli Tu amJa-

mindeli samxreTis teritoriebis kalmiT dalaSqvras.

aseTi damokidebulebis erT-erTi mkafio magaliTia 1971 wlis

gazafxulze somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mec-

nierebaTa ganyofilebis yovelTviur organoSi `lraberSi~ dabe-

Wdili paruir muradianis werili `braldebiTi formebi saxelo-

biTSi somxeTis toponomikis monacemTa mixedviT~, romelic gan-

sakuTrebiT gamoirCeva kvlevis lingvisturi meTodebis ignor-

160 161

irebaTa da TvalsaCino enobriv faqtebze uxeSi ZaladobiT27. saqme

exeba qarTuli enis normebis mixedviT, qarTveli xalxis mier

Seqmnil is-i sufiqsiT nawarmoeb toponimebs: Tbilisi, bolnisi,

krwanisi, quTaisi da sxvas. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcele-

bul am da msgavsi toponimebis mTeli sistema sayovelTao aRi-

arebiT araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs rogorc lingvisturi, ise isto-

riuli TvalsazrisiT. muradianma Sekriba is da s-ze daboloebuli

somxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli erTob mcirericxovani topo-

nimebi (magaliTad agulis, akanis, alberis, arnis, aksigoms), to-

ponimTa es ori tipi xelovnurad gaaerTiana erT klasSi da yo-

velgvari mecnieruli argumentaciis gareSe a priori somxuri war-

momavlobisad gamoacxada. misi azriT, somxuri toponimebi ar

saWiroebs specialur gamokvlevas, aprioriT cnobilia, rom isini

somxur niadagze aRmocendnen, samagierod is-i-ze daboloebuli

qarTuli toponimebis warmomavloba namdvilad saWiroebs gar-

kvevas. es alogikuri Tezisi daedo safuZvlad p. muradianis mtki-

cebas, TiTqos, is-iT daboloebuli qarTuli toponimebis udidesi

nawili somxuri warmomavlobisaa. magaliTad, misi mtkicebiT,

somxuri toponimebia: Tbilisi, bolnisi, krwanisi, manglisi, dma-

nisi da sxvebi. amgvari toponimebis meore nawili berZnuli war-

momavlobisaa: quTaisi, fazisi da mxolod mesame erTob umniSvne-

lo jgufia qarTuli. esenia nazmnari (magaliTad xerTvisi) da

nasaxelari toponimebi: ruisi, daTvisi, sacxenisi...,… sul erTad,

eqvsi.

p. muradianis am werilis qarTveli recenzentebi aleqsandre

oniani da zurab sarjvelaZe sruliad bunebrivad svamen kanon-

zomier kiTxvas: Tuki avtors (e. i. p. muradians) mxolod to-

ponomikis lingvisturi problemebi aRelvebs, riT unda aixsnas

aseTi gansxvavebuli midgoma somxuri da qarTuli toponimebis

mimarT? Tu somxuri toponimebis warmomavloba ar saWiroebs mec-

nierul argumentacias (im dros roca p. muradianis moyvanili

arc erTi toponimi ar Seicavs somxur sityvebTan aRmaval gam-

Wirvale etimologias), raRatom Cndeba eWvi yvelas mier aRiare-

buli qarTuli toponimebis mimarT da raRatom aris saeWvo

qarTuli saxelebis qarTuli sawyisis sagangebo dasabuTeba? da

piriqiT, Tu SesaZloa qarTuli toponimebis ucxoenovani war-

momavlobis mtkiceba, ratom ar Cndeba analogiuri kiTxva som-

xuri saxelebis mimarT? mecnieruli logikis TvalsazrisiT xom

aseTi midgoma savsebiT bunebrivi iqneboda.

saqmec is aris, rom mecnierebis moTxovnilebebi, misi kanon-

ebi, misi logika, am SemTxvevaSi p. muradianisaTvis arafers niS-

navs imasTan SedarebiT, ramac mas kalami aaRebina xelSi. amito-

mac mas ar SeuZlia angariSi gauwios im uaRresad TvalsaCino

faqts, rom qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli naTesaobiTi brunvis

formebis (isi) saSualebiT toponimebis warmoqmna saerToqarTve-

luri modelia da sityvaTwarmoqmnis es wesi gamoiyeneboda to-

ponimikaSi jer kidev proqarTul epoqaSi. 1961 w. sabWoTa

saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi aRniSnuli modelis 120 to-

ponimze meti aRiricxa (wkadisi, wnisi, yulaRisi, sxvilisi, duisi,

bolnisi, samwverisi, taZrisi, yvibisi, zindisi, tirZnisi da sxva

mravali). Tu es sia dausaxlebeli punqtebiTa da yvela mikroto-

ponimiT Seivseboda, gasagebia, maTi ricxvi Seudareblad gaizrde-

boda. am fonze ki erTob niSandoblivia, rom is-ze daboloebuli

toponimebidan p. muradianma somxeTSi mxolod 32 toponimi Zlivs

Semoikriba, rac cxadia, araTu misTvis sasurvel daskvnas waadge-

ba, aramed, piriqiT, sruliad sawinaaRmdegoze metyvelebs. is-iT

daboloebul qarTul da somxur toponimTa arsebuli ricxobrivi

Tanafardoba, vfiqrob, specialuri lingvisturi kvlevis gareSec

aSkaras xdis yvela am toponimTa qarTul warmomavlobas (am Tez-

isis enaTmecnieruli dasabuTeba ix. aleqsandre onianisa da zurab

sarjvelaZis xsenebul statiaSi). mezobeli qveynis toponimebis ase

xelaRebiT miTviseba rom ufro didi da praqtikuli amocanebis

gadawyvetisaTvis niadagis Semzadebas isaxavs miznad es arc ise

Zneli misaxvedria. eWvi araa, swored amgvari cduneba aiZulebda

b-n p. muradians mezobeli teritoriebis saxelebi – dmanisi, bol-

nisi, manglisi da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisi gauTaveblad ewvalebi-

na, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli mainc yvelaze gamWvir-

vale da damajerebeli qarTuli etimologiis mqone toponomia.

mecnieruli kvlevis es gansakuTrebuli meTodi, romelic sruli-

ad Seuferxeblad `sacnaurs xdis~ yoveli umniSvnelovanesi is-

2 7 Àëåêñàíäð Îíèàíè, Çóðàá Ñàðäæâåëàäçå, Ïðîòèâ èçâðàùåíèÿ âîïðîñîâ

ãðóçèíñêîé òîïîíèìèêè, `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1971, #3,

gv. 169-182.

162 163

toriuli faqtis somxur warmomavlobas, b-ma p. muradianma jer

kidev maSin gaacno mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, roca mcxeTis jvris

qarTuli arqiteqturuli Sedevri somxur arqiteqturas

miakuTvna, xolo bizantiis saxelmwifos didi qarTveli moRvawe,

yovladwminda RvTismSoblis qarTuli monastris damaarsebeli

(1083 w.) petriwonSi, sevastosi da domestikosi grigol bakurianis

Ze pirwmindad gaasomxa. MmaT Sesaxeb calke gveqneba saubari, ris

gamoc aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. muradianis kvlevis es

meTodi sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

CarCoebSi morgebulad jdeboda da amdenad, is moulodnels

arafers Seicavda. sayuradRebo sul sxvaa. muradianis kvlevis

interesebiT SemosazRvruli istoriul-geografiuli sivrce

saocrad emTxveva daSnakTa partiis politikuri programiT

saqarTvelos mimarT wayenebuli teritoriuli pretenziebis

sazRvrebs, rac mis Sromebs mecnieruli interesebis miRma ayenebs.

Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT am tipis naSromTa rigSi unda gan-

vixiloT 1978 w. somxuri arqiteqturis Zeglebis seriiT gamosuli

da somxeTis mweralTa kavSiris gamomcemloba `sovetakan groRis~

mier dastambuli t. maruTianis wigni `siRrmeTa somxeTi~. wignis

saTauri, rogorc vxedavT, ukve winaswar acxadebs mis mier

warmodgenili Zeglebis erovnul kuTvnilebas, rac, Turme, somxe-

Tis siRrmeebSi yofila saZiebeli, Tu rogor axerxebs wignis avtori

irealuris sinamdviled warmosaxvas, mousminoT qarTuli

arqiteqturis istoriis gamoCenil mkvlevars akad. vaxtang beriZ-

es, romelmac tao-klarjeTis Zeglebis Seswavlas kargad cnobili

fundamenturi naSromi uZRvna28. misi dakvirvebiT, wignis avtori-

saTvis (e. i. t. maruTianisaTvis) ucnobi unda iyos mecnieruli

kvlevis meTodebi da naklebad unda erkveodes sakvlevad aRebul

saganSi, ris gamoc brmad miyva ra n. tokarskis kvals, manac taos

taZrebi somxur ZeglTa wreSi moaqcia. is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs

sakuTriv arqiteqturul-mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa ganxilvas, e. i.

ZeglTa arsSi Cawvdomas, raSic Cveulebriv vlindeba maTi

nacionaluri Tavisebureba. Sedarebebi da Sepirispirebebi, romel-

Tac is axdens wmindad diletanturad da saukunovani xandazmu-

lobisaa Tavisi doniT. tokarskis msgavsad t. maruTianic SesaZle-

blad miiCnevs erovnuli kulturis erTi dargi, am SemTxvevaSi

arqiteqtura, ganixilos sxva dargebidan izolirebulad. mas

àviwydeba~, rom tao-klarjeTSi, istoriul niadagze rom araferi

iTqvas, qarTuli iyo ara marto arqiteqtura, aramed mdidari

literatura, xelnaweri wignebi, miniatiurebi, monumenturi ferw-

era, Weduri xelovnebis nawarmoebebi da yvela isini organulad

iyvnen dakavSirebulni saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze saqarTvelos

erovnuli xelovnebis saerTo ganviTarebiT. avtori mecnierul

uvicobasTan erTad, arakeTilsindisierebasac avlens – is mkiTx-

vels umalavs, rom tao-klarjeTis taZrebis warwerebi (umciresi

gamonaklisis garda) mTlianad qarTulia; amasTan, imasac malavs,

rom am warwerebSi dasaxelebuli arian qarTveli xuroTmoZRvrebi

(magaliTad, ivane morCaisZe iSxanSi) da mSeneblobis xelmZRvanelebi

(magaliTad, grigol oSkeli). iq ki, sadac iZulebulia aRiaros,

rom tao-klarjeTis ena qarTuli iyo, maSinve Tavis dasacavad

mimarTavs (marTalia, ara mis mier Seqmnil) qarTul enaze mosaubre

somex qalkedonitTa formulas. maruTianis logikiT, ramdenadac

arc ena, arc erovnuli literatura da xelovneba, arc

arqiteqturis TvalsaCinod mkafio Tavisebureba ar gansazRvraven

nacionalur kuTvnilebas, savsebiT SesaZlebelia mTeli qarTuli

kulturis waSla-gauqmeba imiT, rom ubralod is somxur-qalke-

donurad gamovacxadoT.

v. beriZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, t. maruTianisa da misi ms-

gavsebis nawerebi Zalze uSlian xels qarTuli da somxuri

xelovnebis seriozul mkvlevrebs da, ra Tqma unda, araviTari

sargebloba ar moaqvT mravalsaukunovani, mkafiod Taviseburi

somxuri arqiteqturisaTvis, romelic sulac ar saWiroebs msgavs

`damcvelebs~29.

erTaderTi da universaluri argumenti, riTac istoriuli

sinamdvilis damaxinjebis moRvaweebi cdiloben samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobisa da maTi sabinadro qveynis

somxuri samyarosTvis mikuTvnebas aris istoriul procesebSi

somex qalkedonitTa rolisa da mniSvnelobis usazRvrod gazvi-

2 8 Âàõòàíã Áåðèäçå, Ìåñòî ïàìÿòíèêîâ Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè â èñòîðèè ãðóçèíñêîé

àðõèòåêòóðû, Òáèëèñè, 1981. 2 9 v. beriZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 16-17.

164 165

adeba. ramdenadac es argumenti somxur istoriografiaSi sxva-

dasxva SemTxvevebsa da viTarebaSi sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba,

mogvixdeba masze sagangebod SeCereba.

1905 w. `Âèçàíòèéñêèé Âðåìåííèê~-is XII tomSi daibeWda niko maris

werili `Àðêàóí ìîíãîëüñêîå íàçâàíèå õðèñòèàí â ñâÿçè ñ âîïðîñîì îá

àðìÿíàõ-õàëêåäîíèòàõ~, romlis Seqmnasac biZgi misca imave organoSi

cota ufro adre lui ptis mier petriwonis tipikonis buqares-

tis berZnuli redaqciis teqstis gamoqveynebam. Nn. maris yuradRe-

ba miipyro teqstis im adgilma, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom `winamde-

bare tipikoni… daiwera berZnulad, qarTulad da somxurad... xel-

mowerilia... saTno grigoris da dasavleTis didi domestikosis

bakurianis mier, somxuri asoebiT... daiwera berZnulad, qarTulad

da somxurad imitom, rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi

arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva; amitom saWiroa es tipikoni

Sesrulebuli iyos qarTuladac da somxuradac30. tipikonis qar-

Tuli redaqcia am droisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo mikvleuli, ris

gamoc n. mars, gasagebia, ufro Rrma da sruli analizis saSua-

leba ar hqonda. somex qalkedonianTa istoriul sve-bedze da-

fiqrebul mecnierze, aSkaraa, rom berZnuli redaqciis am cnobam

didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, ramdenadac es erTgvarad amarTleb-

da da TiTqos sayrdensac aZlevda mis naCqarev koncefcias somex

qalkedonitTa warsulze, romlis Tanaxmadac IX saukunidan somx-

eTis antiqalkedonianuri eklesiis nacionalizacias somexi

qalkedonianebis denacionalizacia mohyva, ramac somex xalxs ro-

gorc ricxobrivad, ise moralurad, didi ziani moutana. somexi

qalkedonianebi gavlenis sferoebis mixedviT erwymodnen erT-

morwmune qarTvelebs, berZnebs da sirielebs. am denacionaliza-

ciis procesis wyalobiT iyoo, rom saqarTvelo gamdidrda taosa

da klarjeTis uaRresad mwarmoebluri, pirdapir brwyinvale kul-

turuli SemoqmedebiTi unariT dajildoebuli olqebiT31. faq-

tebis gauTvaliswineblobiTa da calmxrivad warmarTuli msje-

lobiT n. mari istoriuli sinamdvilisaTvis sruliad Seuferebel

eTno politikur suraTs gvixatavs, romlis mixedviTac tao-klar-

jeTis qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi somexi qalkedonianebis de-

nacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmni iyo. igi imdenad gaitaca

somex qalkedonitTa mis mier Seqmnilma konstruqciam, rom

winaaRmdegobebiT moculi teqstis (daiwera berZnulad,

qarTulad da somxurad imitom, rom am monastris monazonebi

qarTvelebi arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva) cnobebi Tavisi

koncefciis Tumca mcire, magram niSandobliv monacemad miiCnia.

amgvari damokidebulebis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda, agreTve,

ana komninisa da petriwonis monastris tipikonis

urTierTsapirispiro Cvenebebis SeTanxmebis survilic, ris gamoc,

Cans, gaugebrobaze agebuli sul ramdenime argumenti sakmarisi

aRmoCnda, raTa mas vrceli msjeloba gaemarTa da mTeli Teoria

Seeqmna somex qalkedonitTa erovnuli Segnebisa da maTi msof-

lmxedvelobiTi warmodgenebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze.

sakuTari Teoriis tyveobaSi myofma mecnierma Zeglis xsenebul

cnobebs misTvis Sesaferisi axsna mouZebna: radgan tipikoni ofi-

cialur berZnulTan erTad qarTulad da somxuradac yofila

Sesrulebuli, Cans, qarTvelebTan erTad monasterSi somxebic

sakmaod yofilan, ra Tqma unda, qalkedonitebi, romlebic am

niSniT qarTvelebad arian wodebulnio. tipikonis moTxovnas

`qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis codnaze~ isini, cxadia, akmay-

ofilebdnen, magram ufro Zlierni iyvnen somxur mwignobroba-

Sio. amgvari movlenis dasturad n. mars miaCnda cnoba monastris

damaarseblis mier berZnul oficialur teqstze somxurad

xelismowera. xolo grigol bakurianis Zis sruliad gasageb da

naTel gancxadebas mis qarTul warmomavlobaze imiT xsnida, rom,

TiTqos, grigolis enaze sityva qarTvels wminda kulturuli

mniSvneloba hqondao da misi warmodgeniT yvela somexi

qalkedoniti aris qarTveli wminda sisxlis qarTvelis

Tanasworado. somexi qalkedoniti Tavs qarTvelad imitomac

grZnobda, rom warmoSobiT is tao-klarjeTidan iyo, odesRac

somxuri, magram XI saukunisaTvis ukve mTlianad gaqarTulebuli

raionidan. vin iyvnen am qveynis aborigenebi mocemul momentSi

mkvlevars ratomRac ar ainteresebs, Tumca ki mainc aRniSnavs,

rom es unda yofiliyo romeliRac lazuri an megruli tomi da

iqve ganmartavs: lazebi da megrelebi qarTvelTa moZmeebi ariano.

VII s. am qveyanas somxuri saxe hqonda da aq somxuri qalkedoni-

toba ifurCqnebodao, amave periods ganekuTvneba somxuri monas-

3 0 georgika, t. 5, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 253-255.3 1 Í. ß. Ìàðð, Àðêàóí..., ñ. 17.

166 167

tris iSxanis ayvavebac, romlis restavrireba VIII-IX ss. mijnaze

moaxdina wminda sabam mxolod ukve qarTuli monastris saxiT.

daoblebul somxur nagebobebze, romelTac jer kidev SeinarCunes

somxuri saxelebi iSxani, Satberdi, mijnaZori da sxv. dam-

kvidrdnen qarTveli ber-monazvnebi. am epoqaSi IX-dan da TviT X

s.c ki qarTveli ber-monazvnoba garSemortymuli iyo erTmorw-

mune, magram ucxotomeli somxuri mosaxleobiT. da qarTvelTa

politikuri batonobis miuxedavad, Tavis uflebas am qveynisaTvis

qarTuli ewodebinaT amyarebdnen imaze, rom eklesiebSi RvTism-

saxureba qarTul enaze warmoebda. qalkedoniti somxebi amiT Tan-

daTan qarTveldebodnen. 1083 w., roca petriwonis monasteri

efuZvneboda, tao-klarjeTis somexi qalkedonitebi Tavs ukve nam-

dvil qarTvelebad miiCnevdnen da maT qarTul metyvelebas,

bunebrivia, adgilobrivi somxuri sityvebic unda Seewova. aseT

sityvaTa ricxvs, romelTac qarTul enaSi moqalaqeobrivi uf-

leba moipoves, miekuTvneboda `tanuteri~ (gv. 22). Semdeg miu-

TiTebs ra am sityvis xmarebis sxva SemTxvevebs, askvnis, rom am

sityvam tao-klarjeTis qarTul enaSi moipova moqalaqeobrivi

ufleba. umTavresad amitom, ganmartavs n. mari, vbedav amJamad

vamtkico, rom grigol bakuriani, petriwonis qarTul monastris

damaarsebeli iyo tao-klarjeTis gaqarTvelebuli somexi

qalkedonitebis wridan. statiis bolos n. mari akeTebs metad

sayuradRebo SeniSvnas: igi ganmartavs, rom ar miiCnevs

warmodgenil Tvalsazriss bolomde da yovelTvis damtkicebu-

lad da misi mizani iyo specialistTa yuradReba miepyro somxuri

qalkedonitobis Seswavlis maRal kulturul-istoriul interesze

da yvela imaze, rac xels uwyobs an SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mis

gaSuqebas32. am SeniSvnis Semdeg mainc, vfiqrob, sruliad aSkaraa,

rom n. mars Tavisi Tvalsazrisi somxur qalkedonitobaze

mecnierul hipoTezad miaCnda da ara sabolood damtkicebul

utyuar WeSmaritebad.

marTlac, mis msjelobaSi gamokveTili winaaRmdegobebi da

faqtebis zedapiruli analizi cxadad avlens aRniSnul sakiTxze

n. maris ganzogadebaTa naCqarev xasiaTs. daviwyoT Tundac imiT,

rom qarTuli sakuTari saxeli bakuriani somxuri formis (iani)

gvarad miiRo da Tavidanve mcdar safuZvelze aago axali Teoria.

tipikonis berZnuli da qarTuli redaqciebis teqstis dasawyis-

Sive sruliad garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom bakuriani grigolis ma-

mis saxeli iyo da ara misi gvari. qarTulSi weria: `romeli ese

aRiwera da daemtkica brZanebiTa Cem grigolisiTa, nebiTa RmrTi-

sa¡Ta sevastosisa da didisa demestikosisa yovlisa dasavleTi-

sa¡Ta, Zisa sanatrelisa erisTavTa mTavrisa bakurianisa¡Ta~. igives

imeorebs berZnuli, romelsac n. maric icnobda: `... monasterSi,

romelic aRvaSene me grigolma RvTis nebiT sevastosma da mTeli

dasavleTis domestikosma, RviZlma Svilma netari bakurianisa,

brwyinvale erisTavT-erisTavisa~. tipikonSi bakuriani sxvaganac

aris dasaxelebuli grigolis mamad; berZnulSi ikiTxeba: `didi

xuTSabaTis patiosansa da wminda dRes aResrulos saxsenebeli

netarisa da saxelovanisa mamisa Cuenisa bakurianisa erisTavTa-

erisTavisa~; qarTuladac igivea: `dResa didisa xuTSabaTisasa

sa£senebeli aResrulebodis mamisa Cuenisa erisTavT-erisTavisa

bakurianisaT¢s~. igivea gameorebuli sxvaganac. berZnuli teqstiT:

`netari mama Cueni bakuriani~, qarTuliT: `mamisa Cemisa bakuria-

nisaT¢s~. akaki SaniZe amasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve, SeniSnavs, rom

bakuriani qarTuli formaa, somxurad ki bakuran iTqmoda33.

aSkaraa, n. mari petriwonis tipikonis berZnul redaqciasac

jerovnad ar icnobda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas ecodineboda,

rom bakuriani am teqstSi sagvareulo saxeli ki ar aris, aramed

piris aRmniSvnelia da kerZod grigolis mamis sakuTari saxelia,

rac araorazrovnad da naTladaa naCvenebi teqstis kidev erT

adgilas: èrT dRes unda moixseniebodes netari mama Cveni

bakuriani wmida JamiswirvaSi, xolo meore dRes – misi RviZli

Zma xuasrovani, mesame dRes ki amisi Svili da Cemi biZaSvili

bakuriani~34. ufro metic, rogorc irkveva, adamianis es sakuTari

saxeli qarTlis warCinebulTa saxelebSi, saerTod, ucxo arc man-

amde yofila. magaliTad, qarTlis moqcevis matianesaTvis dar-

3 2 n. mari, arkauni..., gv. 50-51.

3 3 akaki SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni,

tipikonis qarTuli redaqcia, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 37-38; georgika, t.

5, gv. 99, 215 da sxv.3 4 georgika, t. 5, gv. 235.

168 169

Tul e. w. did erisTavTa siaSi VIII saukunisaTvis moixsenieba vinme

`bakuriani, Ze¡ baldadisi~35.

aseve, erTob susti argumentia tao-klarjeTis eTnikur-kul-

turuli warsulis n. mariseuli suraTis warmosadgenad berZnuli

redaqciis cnobaze damyarebuli msjeloba tipikonis somxuri

redaqciis SesaZlo arsebobasa da grigolis somxuri xelmoweris

Taobaze, gansakuTrebiT im dros, roca Zeglis dedani mkvlevrebs

saerTod ar moepovebaT da maT aslebze arian damokidebulni.

berZnuli redaqciis ganmarteba tipikonis teqstis somxur enazec

Sedgenis saWiroebaze winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia da gaugebari. amis

Sesaxeb s. yauxCiSvili mis mier gamocemuli berZnuli redaqciis

kvleviT nawilSi werda: im adgilas, sadac berZnul teqstSi lapar-

akia tipikonis daweris Sesaxeb sams enaze Camatebuli moCans sity-

va `somxurad~ da `da somxuradac~. am azris siswores is amarTlebs,

rom am mTliani winadadebis SuaSi ar Cans dasabuTeba imisa, Tu

ratom iyo saWiro daewera `somxuradac~. dasabuTebaSi naTqvamia,

`rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi arian da ar ician berZnu-

li kiTxva~ da ar Cans, riT aris gamowveuli somxuradac tipikonis

daweris saWiroeba. rom sityva `somxurad~ iyos teqstis organuli

nawili, maSin unda werebuliyo: ìmitom rom am monastris

monazonebi qarTvelebi /da somxebi/ arian da ar ician berZnuli

kiTxva~36. qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebis Sedarebisas ki s. yaux-

CiSvili aRniSnavda, rom Tavidan bolomde ise gasdevs wesdebis

mTel teqsts mTavari debuleba: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT~ an

“qarTvelni arian da ar ician berZnuli wakiTxva (da es aris ara

marto qarTuli redaqciis teqstSi, aramed berZnulSic) – ise

gasdevs es wiTeli zoliviT, rom tipikonis teqstis qarTuli

redaqcia SegviZlia miviCnioT pirvel-dednad37. qarTul redaqcia-

Si ki, rogorc aRiniSna, cnoba somxuri redaqciis arsebobisa da

grigolis mier somxuri asoebiT xelmoweraze ar moipoveba.

damajereblobasaa moklebuli, agreTve, n. maris mtkiceba,

TiTqos, monasterSi qalkedoniti somxebic iyvnen, romlebic

wesdebis somxur teqsts saWiroebdneno. Tu aseT azrs dauSvebT,

maSin irRveva wesdebis moTxovna qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis

codnaze, xolo Tu zogierTebs, romlebic qarTuls ukve flobd-

nen, magram somxuri ufro emarjvebodaT, rogorc amas n. mari

ganmartavs, mxolod am mizeziT somxuri teqstis Sedgena namd-

vilad gaumarTlebeli Cans. Sors rom aRar wavideT da grigol

bakurianis Zis mier monastrisaTvis `didi xarjis gaRebiT~ Sewir-

uli wignebis sakmaod grZel sias gadavavloT Tvali, iq verc erT

somxur wigns ver mivagnebT qarTuli da berZnuli wignebis garda.

monasterSi rom qarTvelebis gverdiT Tundac maTi erTmorwmune

somxebi yofiliyvnen, anda TviT grigol bakurianis Ze warmoSobiT

somexi yofiliyo, romelsac Turme somxuri ufro exerxeboda,

rogor davijeroT, erTi somxuri wigni mainc ar daedo monastri-

saTvis sakuTari xarjiT Seqmnil biblioTekaSi? aSkaraa, somxuri

wignis momxmarebeli petriwonis monasterSi aravin iyo da arc

aravin eloda, rom momavalSi mainc aseTi saWiroeba gaCeniliyo,

radganac wesdeba qarTvelis garda, ucxo warmomavlobis monaz-

vnebis mosvlas principulad gamoricxavda.

grigol bakurianis Zis warmomavlobisa Tu tao-klarjeTis

mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis gansazRvrisaTvis Zalze

Znelia argumentis mniSvneloba mieniWos ZeglSi moxseniebul somx-

ur sityva `tanuters~, ris saSualebiTac, agreTve, cdilobs n. mari

mis mierve dasmuli problemis gadaWras. jer erTi, rogorc es

akaki SaniZem dokumenturad daadastura petriwonis monastris

tipikonis berZnul teqstSi naxmari `tanuteri~ uadgiloa, ram-

denadac is mekuWnavis magieradaa gamoyenebuli maSin, rodesac

am somxur sityvas qarTulSi da somxurSic xelisufalis mniS-

vneloba aqvs. cxadia, pirvandeli teqsti gadakeTebulia da iq

arsebuli mekuWnavis aRsaniSnavi kelari Tu ostigani qarTulSi

xmarebuli somxuri sityviTaa Secvlili Sinaarsis damaxinjebis

xarjze. ase rom, sityva `tanuteri~, romelsac n. mari ase did

mniSvnelobas aniWebda, tipikonis teqstebSi, Tavdapirvelad saer-

Tod, arc yofila. rac Seexeba qarTul enaSi somxuri sityvebis

gamoyenebas, iseve rogorc qarTuli sityvebisa somxurSi, gansa-

kuTrebiT calkeuli SemTxvevebisas, mxaris eTnikuri saxis war-

mosaCenad ar SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba mieniWos, radganac aseTi

viTareba mezobelTa xangrZlivi urTierTobisa da enobrivi kon-

3 5 a. bogveraZe, grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis gagebisaTvis, kr-

Si àmierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi~, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 154.3 6 georgika, t. 5, gv. 274.3 7 iqve, gv. 275.

170 171

taqtebis sruliad bunebrivi Sedegia. saTanado magaliTebi

sakmaod bevria da specialistebisaTvis kargad cnobili. moviyvanT

ramdenime maTgans. a. SaniZe asaxelebs megrul-lazuri sityvebis

damkvidrebis SemTxvevebs somxurSi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT

gamohyofs sityva Wanjs (buzi), romelic uZveles somxur

teqstebSi gvxvdeba. aseve Zvelia lazuri jinj Ziridan nawarmoebi

sityvebi somxurSi38. somxeTSi da saerTod amierkavkasiis xalxTa

enebSi specialistebi qarTulidan Sesulad Tvlian sameurneo

daniSnulebis iseT uZveles terminebs, rogoricaa Toxi, bari,

oCxari da sxv. ase rom, somxeTis mezobel tao-klarjeTSi

zogierTi somxuri terminis, maT Soris `tanuteris~ xmareba

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis movlenad ver CaiTvleba.

erTaderTi pirdapiri cnoba, romelic grigol bakurianis

Zes somxur warmomavlobas miawers ana komnenes àleqsiada~-dan

iRebs saTaves. anas TqmiT, grigol bakurianis Ze `warmoSobiT

somxis warCinebuli gvarisa iyo~. imperatoris qaliSvilis am

cnobas gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegebian berZnul-bizantiuri, somxuri

da, cxadia, qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi, romelTa mixedviT

grigol bakurianis Ze warmoSobiT iyo ìberTa brwyinvale

gvaridan~. rogorc vxedavT, istoriuli wyaroebi adamianis

warmomavlobas gvar-tomisadmi misi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvravs.

miuxedavad amisa, n. mars misaRebad da unaklod mxolod ana

komnenes cnoba miaCnia, sxva danarCenis analogiuri principiT

gadmocemul cnobas ki sarwmunoebriv moments ukavSirebs da kul-

turul mniSvnelobas miawers. ase rom, sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis

urTierTSesabamisobis mis mierve gacxadebul princips, rasac

safuZvlad udebs tao-klarjeTis eTnikur-kulturuli saxis

gansazRvras, TviTonve yovelTvis ar icavs. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi,

kerZod somexTa Segnebis simyaris saCveneblad, sarwmunoeba ver

Slida erovnebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki, roca qarTuli tao-

klarjeTi somxurad unda moenaTla, sarwmunoeba Slis erovnebas.

ratom aris, rom petriwonis monastris tipikonis `qarTvels~

kulturuli mniSvneloba hqonda, ana komnenes ki ara? am kiTxvaze

pasuxs n. mari ar iZleva. marto sarwmunoeba rom ver waSlida

erovnebas, amas TviT n. maris mier moyvanili magaliTebic

mowmoben, romelTa mixedviT berZnul eklesiaSi, berZnul enaze

mlocveli da mwirvel-mgalobeli marTlmadidebeli somxebi,

maris Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, berZnebad da romaelebad ki ar

iwodebian, aramed somxebad, rasac eWvmiutaneblad adastureben

amotvifruli warwerebi, magaliTad ÀñìÝíßïs ðñåüâýôåños~ da

sxv.39 ana komnene, ra Tqma unda, cdeba, roca grigol bakurianis

Zes somxad miiCnevs. igi cdeboda iseve, rogorc araerTi berZeni

avtori Semcdara bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTvelebisa da somxebis

erovnuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxSi. Tu rogor da ra pirobebSi unda

mosvloda Secdoma imperatoris qaliSvils, saintereso dakvirve-

bas warmogvidgens a. bogveraZe: ana sul sami wlisa iyo, roca

grigoli daiRupa, xolo àleqsiada~ sibereSi dauweria. anam is

ki icoda, rom es kaci àRmosavleli~ iyo da somxeTSi didxans

namsaxuri da ra gasakvirvelia amis mere, Tu somxadve CaTvala.

anas is rom scodnoda, grigol bakurianis Zes Tavis brwyinvale

qarTuli warmoSobiT Tavi mohqonda, rom qarTul saqmes is

bizantiaSic ar iviwyebda (aTonis qarTvelTa monasterze

mzrunveloba, petriwonis qarTuli monastris daarseba), rom `to-

miT qarTvelad~ miaCnda es kaci TviT anas Tanamedrove somex

istorikossac (maTeos urhaecis), gana oriode sityviT ityoda,

somexi iyoo da amis mizezs saTanadod ar ganmartavda? anas is

mainc rom scodnoda, rom grigoli taos erisTavTerisTavis

bakurianis Svili iyo, im taosi, romelsac bizantiis samefo kari

anamde sami saukuniT adre uciloblad iberiad scnobda da mis

mosaxleobas iberielebad miiCnevda (marto konstantine porfiro-

genetis Txzuleba rad Rirs), ase erTi kalmis mosmiT grigol

bakurianis Zes somxad gamoacxadebda? ra sakvirvelia ara.40

rogorc vxedavT, saeWvo sabuTianobis safuZvelze miRebuli

urTierTgamomricxveli daskvnebis mTeli wyeba naTlad warmoaCens

n. maris msjelobis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. mis mier daxatuli

IX-XI ss. tao-klarjeTis eTnokulturuli suraTi ara marto

3 8 À. Øàíèäçå, Âåëèêèé äîìåñòèê Çàïàäà Ãðèãîðèé áàêóðèàíèñ-äçå è

ãðóçèíñêèé ìîíàñòûðü, îñíîâàííûé èì â Áîëãàðèè, Òáèëèñè, 1970, ñ. 30.

39n. mari, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.

40a. bogveraZe, grigol bakurianis tipikonis gagebisaTvis, gv. 158.

172 173

daujerebelia, aramed, zogjer kuriozul Seferilobasac iRebs.

n. mari rom gvarwmunebs, qarTuli tao-klarjeTi Tavisi brwyin-

vale kulturiT, romlis dominanti maRalganviTarebuli qarTu-

li ena da qarTuli mwerloba iyo, somexi qalkedonitebis dena-

cionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmniao, e. i. im somxebisa, romelT-

ac jer kidev XI s. bolos mSobliuri somxuri ufro emarjvebo-

daT, gana ra Zalas SeeZlo iseTi saswaulis moxdena, rom isini

erTbaSad brwyinvale qarTuli kulturis Semoqmedni gamx-

dariyvnen? Tuki n. maris warmodgeniT, XI s. gasuls tao-klarje-

Ti, Tundac qarTvelTa erTmorwmune kompaqturi somxuri mase-

biT yofiliyo dasaxlebuli, nuTu masTan SedarebiT erTi muWa

qarTveli ber-monazvnebis moRvaweobas SeeZlo mTeli qveynis eT-

nokulturuli suraTis ise Secvla, rom qarTvelTa politikuri

batonobac uzrunvelyo? amgvari absurduli situaciis dajereba

xom SeuZlebelia. da miT ufro gasakviria n. marisagan yovelgvar

saR azrs moklebuli aseTi msjeloba.

n. maris maRali samecniero avtoritetis gamo misi Teoria

qarTul kulturaSi somexi qalkedonitebis rolis Sesaxeb, erTx-

ans farTod gavrcelda. gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT aitaces

igi somexma mkvlevrebma, miiCnies ra somxuri geopolitikuri amo-

canebis gadaWris erT-erT efeqtur saSualebad. albaT, amito-

macaa, rom somxuri istoriografia dRemde (e. i. mTeli saukune)

Seunelebeli energiiT cdilobs uamravi wylulebisagan n. maris

Teoriis gadarCenas. tipikonis teqstis qarTuli aslis aRmoCenisa

da ak. SaniZis mier misi gamoqveynebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda

grigol bakurianis Zis problematikasTan dakavSirebuli yvela

sakiTxis gacilebiT Rrmad da srulad Seswavla, ramac n. maris

Teoriis mowinaaRmdegeTa ricxvi mecnierTa samyaroSi Seudare-

blad gazarda. ucxoel mecnierTa im ricxvs, romlebic Tavidanve

iziarebdnen grigol bakurianis Zis qarTvelobas rogorc warmo-

SobiT, ise sarwmunoebiT (p. bezobrazovi, l. pti , i. ivanovi,

a. protiCi, e. honigmani, v. lazarevi da sxv.), daemataT a. kostovi,

a. kostova, d. kazarovi, g. cankova-petkova, i. lubarski, a. vasi-

lievi, m. ivanovi, g. ostrogorski, a. kaJdani, e. bakalova, m.

deriberi da sxva mravali (maTi Sromebi ix. l. menabdis wignSi

“Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi@~, II, Tbilisi, 1980). garda imisa,

rom qarTuli teqsti ucvleladaa gadmowerili dednidan da kar-

gadaa Senaxuli da amdenad, didi upiratesoba aqvs berZnulTan

SedarebiT, is imavdroulad qarTuli saliteraturo enis

brwyinvale Zeglicaa. niSandoblivia agreTve, rom ZeglSi aqa-iq

SemorCenili meditaciur-lirikuli wiaRsvlebi mkvlevrebs sa-

fuZvels aZlevs teqstis literaturul avtoradac grigol ba-

kurianis Ze miiCnion41, rac TavisTavad seriozuli argumentia

Zeglisa da misi avtoris warmomavlobisa da masTan dakavSirebu-

li sxva sakiTxebis gasarkvevadac.

tipikonis qarTuli teqstis aRmoCenis Semdeg akaki SaniZe

savsebiT marTebulad werda: grigol bakurianis Ze rom qarTveli

iyo, es garkveviT aris naTqvami tipikonis dasawyisSive, grigolma

rom monasteri daaarsa qarTvelTaTvis, es ara erTxel aris aRniS-

nuli imave tipikonSi da rom petriwonis monastris berebi

qarTvelebi iyvnen, esec garkveviT aris aRniSnuli: `monazonni mo-

nastrisa Cemissani guarad qarTvelni arian~. yvela amis Semdeg

visac ra unda, is amtkicos, pirs veravis aubam da qaRaldic

aitans42.

marTlacda, aSkara faqtebze Tvalis daxuWva da naZaladevi

argumentebis mopovebis mcdeloba, bunebrivia, Znelad Tu daim-

saxurebs sxvagvar Sefasebas.

n. maris xsenebuli Teoriis kritikisagan dacva, Tanac nebis-

mieri saSualebiT misi Semagreba, rogorc ukve iTqva, somxurma

istoriografiam iTava. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gam-

oirCevian p. muradiani da v. aruTinova-fidaniani, romlebmac

n. maris Secdomebis uarsayofad araerTi moxseneba da werili da-

beWdes, gansakuTrebiT ki q-ma viaidam mTeli Tavisi mecnieruli

Zalisxmeva, faqtobrivad, am Temas miuZRvna (maT Soris ZiriTadia:

Àðóòþíîâà – Ôèäàíÿí Â. À., Ê âîïðîñó îá ànqrwpoi~ â `Òèïèêå~

Ãðèãîðèÿ Áàêóðèàíà, Âèçàíòèéñêèé âðåìåííèê, 1968; misive, Ãðèãîðèé

Ïàêóðèàí (Áàêóðèàí) è öåëè îñíîâàíèÿ èì ìîíàñòûðÿ â Ïåòðèöîíå, – Ìàðð

è âîïðîñû àðìåíîâåäåíèÿ, Åðåâàí, 1968; misive Âèçàíòèéñêèå ïðàâèòåëè

ôåìû Èâåðèÿ, Èñ³μ»ñ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ« 1973« N 2, misive,

4 1 l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, II, gv. 263-265.4 2 ak. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni,

tipikonis qarTuli redaqcia, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 33.

174 175

`Èâåð~ â âèçàíòèéñêèõ èñòî÷íèêàõ XI â., ³́Ýμ»ñ Ø³ï»Ý³¹³ñ³ÝÇ« ºñ»í³Ý«

1973 N 11 misive, Òèïèê Ãðèãîðèÿ Ïàêóðèàíà. Ââåä., ïåð. è êîììåíò. Â. À.

Àðóòþíîâîé – Ôèäàíÿí, Åðåâàí, 1978; misive, Àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû íà

âîñòî÷íûõ ãðàíèöàõ Âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè (XI â.,), Åðåâàí, 1980; misive, Ê

âîïðîñó î òåðìèíå `Âîñòîê~ â êîíöå X-XI â., Âèçàíòèéñêèå î÷åðêè, Ìîñêâà,

1982; da sxvebi. Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý ä©Ø©« ¶ñÇ·áñ ³́ÏáõñÇ³ÝÇ §ê³ÑÙ³Ýù¦-Ç

ÑáõÝ³ñ»Ý »í íñ³ó»ñ»Ý ËÙμ³·ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ñóÇ ßáõñçÁ«

ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹»ë« 1968« N 1« misive, Ãðóçèíñêèé ïåðåâîä

`Ïîâåñòâîâàíèÿ~ Àðèñòàêåñà Ëàñòèâàðòöè, Èñ³μ»ñ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý

·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ« 1975« N 2© misive, Êóëüòóðíàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü àðìÿí-

õàëêèäîèòîâ â XI-XIII ââ, Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ñèìïîçèóì ïî àðìÿíñêîìó

èñêóññòâî, Åðåâàí, 1978 da sxv.). kritikisgan n. maris Teoriis dasa-

cavad saWiro cnobebis deficitis gamo am avtorebma isev n. maris

kvalobaze, qarTvelis aRmniSvneli TiTqmis yvela eTnikuri termi-

ni konfesiuri Sinaarsis matareblad gamoacxades. amiT, etyoba,

sul cota ori amocanis gadawyveta scades: 1. ana komnenes cnoba

grigol bakurianis Zis tomiT somxobaze amis Semdeg gamonaklisad

da oblad aRar unda aRqmuliyo da 2. samxreT taodan gamosuli

yvela didi qarTveli moRvawe, romelic saistorio wyaroebSi

qarTvelad moixsenieba somex qalkedonelad SeiZleboda monaT-

luliyo. amgvari manipulaciebis sawinaaRmdegod iZulebuli vxdeb-

iT Cvenc mowinaaRmdegis xerxi gamoviyenoT n. maris somex mimde-

varTagan gansxvavebiT, somxur enaSi qarTvelisa da qarTvelTa

qveynis aRmniSvneli yvela ZiriTadi terminis namdvili Sinaarsi

gavacnoT mkiTxvels. qarTul istoriografiaSi amgvari samuSaos

Sesruleba cnobilma armenologma el. cagareiSvilma itvirTa. misi

gamokvlevebi §í»ñÇ³¦« í»ñÇ³óÇ¦-is mniSvnelobisaTvis somxur

werilobiT ZeglebSi43 da `qarTvelisa~ da `saqarTvelos~ aRmniS-

vneli terminebi somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi”44 zedmiwevniT

gamoirCeva mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiTa da gansakuTrebuli

koreqtulobiT. masala amokrebili da gaanalizebulia Sua sauku-

neebis somex avtorTa Txzulebebidan, movses xorenacidan dawye-

buli (V s.) da XVIII s. avtorebiT esaia hasan jalalianciT, abraam

kretaciT da sxvebiT damTavrebuli. amdenad, q-ni elene Tvalwin

gviSlis dasaxelebul somxur terminTa SinaarsSi SesaZlebel yve-

la cvlilebaTa dinamikas Sua saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze.

Zvel somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi `qarTvelis~ aRsaniSnavad

(iseve rogorc sxva eTnosebis aRniSvnisas), Cveulebriv, ramdenime

termini gvxvdeba §íÇñù¦« §íñ³óÇ¦« iSviaTad §íñ³óÇ ³½·³õ¦ da

§í»ñÇ³óÇ || í»éÇ³óÇ¦© qarTvelTa qveyana ki iwodeba §³ßË³ñÑ íñ³ó¦«

§»ñÏÇñ ìñ³ó¦« §ìÇñù¦« §íñ³ó ïáõÝ¦« §ìñ³ëï³Ý¦. iSviaTad gvxvdeba

§í»ñÇ³ || í»éÇ³¦« §ì»ñÇ³óõáó ³ßË³ñÑ¦ da sxva. qarTvelTa warmomav-

lobisa da maTi adgilsacxovrisis aRmniSvneli am terminebis das-

adastureblad el. cagareiSvilis mier moyvanili uamravi sailus-

tracio masala rogorc adrindeli, ise mogviano xanis somxuri

werilobiTi Zeglebidan srul ndobas imsaxurebs da maT marTe-

bulebaSi eWvis Sesatanad iotis odena adgilic ar rCeba. somxur

werilobiT ZeglebSi am sakiTxze arsebuli gamokveTilad erTm-

niSvnelovani uxvi masalis arsebobis miuxedavad, p. muradiani

sakamaTod xdis qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli somxuri terminis `veria-

ciq~-is da qarTvelTa qveynis `veria~-s mniSvnelobas. aristakes

lastivertcis Txzulebis qarTuli Targmanis gamoqveynebasTan

dakavSirebiT daweril recenziaSi p. muradiani sayvedurobs

el. cagareiSvils somxuri teqstis `veriaciq~-is qarTvelebad

Targmnis gamo. misi azriT, Zeglis avtori qarTvelis eTnikuri

cnebis gadmosacemad Tanamimdevrulad iyenebs termin `vraci~-so,

amitom terminebi `veriaci~ da `vraci~ realurad identurni ar

ariano. terminebis `veriaciq~ – `veriacvoc~, ganagrZobs p. mura-

diani, fuZea veria anu qveyana veria. a. lastivertcis mier aRwer-

ili movlenebi ki viTardeboda im teritoriaze, romelic daviT

kurapalatis sikvdilis Semdeg Seadgenda bizantiur axal admin-

istraciul erTeuls – Tem iverias. a. lastivertci ki mogviT-

xrobs àfxazis~ anu giorgi I-is mier am Temis teritoriaze Sek-

rebili jaris marcxze. amdenad saubaria iveriis Temis mosax-

leobaze – iverielebze, terminis axlebur gagebaze da ara

qarTvelebze, ramdenadac qarTvelTa garda Temis mosaxleobas

Seadgendnen somxebic da berZnebic. `veria – es Tema iveriaa~45.4 3 ix. krebuli amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1991,

gv. 103-114.4 4 ix. krebuli, saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri

da qarTuli terminologia, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 153-209.

4 5 Ï. Ì. Ìóðàäÿí, Ãðóçèíñêèé ïåðåâîä "ïîâåñòâîâàíèÿ" Àðèñòàêåñà

ëàñòèâåðòöû, Èñ³μ»ñ, N 2, »ñ¿í³Ý, 1975, ¿ç. 109.

176 177

jer erTi, rogorc TviT p. muradianisTvisac kargadaa cno-

bili, lastivertcis Txzulebis sxva gamomcemel-mTargmnelebsac,

maT Soris somxuri kritikuli teqstis gamomcemel karen iuzba-

Siansac `virq~ da `veriaci~ identur eTnikur terminebad miaCnia,

ris gamoc a. lastivertcis istoriis rusuli Targmanis gamoce-

mis saZiebelSi ganmartavs `Ãðóçèÿ ñì. Èâåðèÿ~, xolo `veriaciq~

xsenebul konkretul SemTxvevaSi qarTvelTa eTnikurobis aRmniS-

vnelad da ara e. w. ìberiis Temis~ mcxovrebTa zogad maCvene-

blad Tvlis46. amave Zeglis axal somxur enaze Targmnili teqs-

tis gamocemaSi eTnikuri termini `veriaci~ qarTvelad aris

Targmnili (vrac zorqer – qarTvelTa jarebi), masze darTul

komentarSi ki ganmartebulia, rom somxur mwerlobaSi

saqarTvelos ewodeba ara mxolod `virq~, aramed agreTve `veria~,

ìveria~, xolo qarTvelebs – ìveraciq~, `veriaciq~. a.

lastivertci wers: `virq~, `vrac~, aq ki `veriacvoc~47.

am CvenebaTa sawinaaRmdegod p. muradians ra axali masala

eguleba arsaidan Cans, qarTvelebis sinonimuri terminebiT moxs-

enieba ki ar aris uCveulo somxuri wyaroebisaTvis. qarTvelebis

msgavsad isini sxva xalxebsac ramdenime sinonimuri terminiT ix-

senieben. magaliTad, TviT `somxebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben `haika

zavak~, `haika tohm~, `hai azgav~, berZnebisa `horom azg~, àzgav

Join~ da sxv. amitom `veriaci~ aristakes lastivertcisTan, am

konkretul SemTxvevaSi, niSnavs `qarTvels~ da ara ìberiis Te-

mis~ mcxovrebs. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad el. cagareiSvils

mohyavs mTeli rigi amonawerebi werilobiTi wyaroebidan, rom-

lebic erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs p. muradianis mier dasax-

elebuli giorgi I-is jaris qarTulobas. qarTul wyaroebSi es

jari `spani qarTvelTad~ iwodeba, xolo somxurSi – `zorq

veriacvoc~ an `zorq vrac~, e. i. qarTvelTa jarebi. amasTan

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom somxur wyaroebSi, romlebSic XI

s. pirveli naxevris ambebia aRwerili, garkveviTaa erTmaneTisagan

gamijnuli, vTqvaT, `somexTa jari~, `qarTvelTa jari~ an erTad

aris naxsenebi `jari somexTa da qarTvelTa~, `jari berZenTa,

somexTa da qarTvelTa~. cxadia, a. lastivertcisTan moxseniebuli

`veriaci~ konkretuli mniSvnelobisaa, eTnikur termins warmoad-

gens da `veriacvoc zorq~ igivea, rac sxva somxur wyaroTa `zorq

vrac~, arabuli wyaros àfxazTa laSqari~, berZnuli wyaros

àbazgebis jari~, qarTul wyaroTa `spani qarTvelTa~, e. i. giorgi

I-is jari. ase rom, `veria~ fuZiani terminebis, kerZod ki termin

“veriacis” muradianiseul “axlebur” gagebaze msjeloba sruliad

uadgilo da usafuZvloa. niSandoblivia, rom jer kidev VIII s.

somexma istorikosma levondma kargad icoda `veria~ fuZiani

sityvebis mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac ì veria~ iyo `virq~-i anu

qarTli48.

p. muradianis kvals gahyva da Semdgom gaafarTova Tavisi

winamorbedis àxleburi~ gageba v. aruTinova-fidanianma. 1978 w.

erevanSi mis mier gamocemul grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis

berZnulidan naTargmn rusul teqstSi yvelgan SeinarCuna da

uTargmneli datova qarTvelis aRmniSvneli berZnuli saxeli

ìvir~-i, riTac, cxadia, Seecada am sityvaSi, misi namdvili mniS-

vnelobis `qarTvelis~ nacvlad, gaqarTvelebis gzaze damdgari

somexi qalkedonelis Sinaarsi Caedo, rogorc amas Tavis recen-

ziaSi SeniSnavda akaki SaniZe. qarTveli mecnieris gakvirvebas isic

iwvevda, rom sityva ìvir~-idan nawarmoeb berZnul zedsarTav

saxels Targmnida `qarTulis~ meSveobiT, roca saqme exeboda

wignebs an weras. magaliTad, qarTuli wera-kiTxvis mcodne bere-

bi, qarTuli oTxTavi da sxv49. amgvari orgvari damokidebuleba

sityva ìvir~-Tan anu ormagi standartiT midgoma sakvlevi obieq-

tisadmi, vfiqrob, mTlianad amJRavnebs avtoris winaswarganzrax-

ul miznebs, romlisTvisac obieqturi mecnieruli kvleva, ubral-

od, mizanSeuwoneli xdeba.

qarTvelis aRmniSvneli somxuri wyaroebis termin `vraci

azgav~-is (gvarad qarTveli) mimarTac msgavsi damokidebulebaa

4 6 ix. amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, gv. 106-108; agreTve, saqar-

Tvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli termi-

nologia gv. 170-172.4 7 ²ñÇëï³Ï»ë È³ëïÇí»ñïóÇ© ä³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ã³ñ·Ù³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ì©²©¶»áñ·Û³Ý© ºñ»í³Ý«

1971« ¿ç. 10-118.

4 8 ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ Ô»õáÝ¹»³Û Ù»ÍÇ í³ñ¹³å»ïÇ Ñ³Ûáó« ë©ä»ï»ñμáõñ·« 1887« ¿ç 138-

139.4 9 À. Ã. Øàíèäçå. Î ñòðîèòåëÿ Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ Ãðèãîðèè Áàêóðèàíèñ

äçå, `macne~, #4, 1978, gv. 171.

178 179

gabatonebuli, xsenebul avtorebTan erTad, TiTqmis mTel somx-

ur istoriografiaSi, romelTa mtkicebiT, es termini (àzgav~ –

gvari, tomi, naTesavi) niSnavs ara warmoSobiT qarTvels, aramed

somex qalkedonels. somxuri werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa

umarTebulo analiziTa da interpretaciiT xsenebul avtorebs

SesaZleblad esaxebaT `vraci azgav~-iTac moxseniebul qarTvel

moRvaweTa _ ioane Tornikesa da misi naTesavebis, grigol bakuri-

anis Zis, lipartis, ratis da zviadis, zaqaria valaSkertelisa da

sxvaTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis waSla, masTan erTad ki aTonisa

da petriwonis qarTuli monastrebis istoriis, tao-klarjeTis,

zemo da qvemo qarTlis istoriuli geografiis, am mxareTa eTni-

kuri Semadgenlobisa da politikuri viTarebis maTTvis sasurve-

lad gadakeTeba da sxv. maSin rodesac àzg~-iT sarwmunobisa, xolo

eTnikuri terminiT `vraci azgav~-iT (tomiT, gvarad, naTesaviT

qarTveli) somex qalkedonelTa aRniSvnis SemTxvevebSi somxur

werilobiT wyaroebSi saerTod ar dasturdeba. Sua saukuneebis

somex istorikosTa SromebSi dadasturebuli xsenebuli termine-

bi da maTi sinonimebis Semcveli sityvebi yovelTvis ama Tu im

pirovnebis warmomavlobaze, nacionalobaze miuTiTebs da aras-

dros ar niSnavs qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis mimdevar somexs.

xsenebul somex avtorTa mtkicebulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod,

eTnikuri terminiT sarwmunoebis aRniSvnis saWiroeba arc adreul

periodSi da arc Semdeg somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi ar Seqmnila.

iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens eTnikuri termini `vraci~ (qarTve-

li), romelic gviandel xanaSi zogjer qarTuli kulturis adami-

anis aRsaniSnavadac gamoiyeneboda calkeuli avtorebis mier.

eTnikurobis aRmniSvneli terminebi somxur wyaroebSi mkafiodaa

gamijnuli sarwmunoebis gamomxatveli terminebisagan. am uka-

nasknelTa aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia specialuri terminebi:

`kronq~ (rjuli), `havat~ (sarwmunoeba), ùxt~ (aRTqma), àvandu-

Tivn~ (aRmsarebloba) da sxva. qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis da

TviT qalkedonelis aRsaniSnavadac specialuri terminebia dac-

uli somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi: `qaRkedoni havat~ – qalkedonis

aRmsarebloba, èrkabnak~ – orbunebiani, `qaRkedonik~ – qalke-

doneli da sxvebi. agreTve `kronq vrac~ – qarTvelTa rjuli.

aSkaraa, rom religiur-konfesionaluri terminebis simravlisas

sarwmunoebis mniSvnelobiT eTnikuri terminebis gamoyenebis

saWiroeba arc arsebobda50. amitom v. aruTinova-fidanianis, p.

muradianisa da sxvaTa mier eTnikuri terminis `vraci azgav~-

isTvis konfesiuri mniSvnelobis miniWebis cdebi sxva araferia,

Tu ara faqtebze winaswarganzraxuli aSkara Zaladoba.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba termin `vraci azgav~-is mimarT,

ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar aris. is didi sizustiT gamoscems

am terminiT dasaxelebuli piris eTnikur warmomavlobas, ris

gamoc somxuri terminebis SinaarsSi kargad gaTviTcnobierebu-

li maTeos urhaecis mier grigol bakurianis Zis warmomavlobis

am sityviT aRniSvna yovelgvar mniSvnelobas ukargavs ana komnenes

cnobas imperiis didmoxelis erovnul kuTvnilebaze. es ki ara

marto ewinaaRmdegeba somxur qalkedonizmze n. marisa da misi

Teoriis mxurvale damcvelebis pozicias, aramed mTlianad aclis

safuZvels maT mtkicebulebebs IX-XI ss. tao-klarjeTis

mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze. ganvixiloT mravalTagan

ramdenime magaliTi. v. aruTinova-fidanians mohyavs maTeos ur-

haecis cnoba bagrat vxkacisa (e. i. vixikelis) da grigol baku-

rianis Zis mier selCukTa Semotevisagan anisis dacvis Taobaze

da yuradRebas amaxvilebs somexi mematianis Txzulebis teqstis

im nawilze, sadac naTqvamia, rom urjulo romaeli Tavadebi

(³Ýûñ»Ý ÇßË³ÝùÝ ÑáéáÙáó), romlebic imperatorma somexi qveynis

dasacavad daayena: bagrati, smbatis mama da grigoli bakurianis

vaJi, qarTuli gvarisa (`vraci azgav~) – daiwyes gamagreba zeda

da qveda citadelSi... moqalaqeebma SeamCnies ra, Tu sarwmunoe-

bidan ganmdgari damcvelebi (½³ëïáõ³Ãáõñ³ó å³Ñ³å³Ý³ó) TviT

rogor gamagrdnen, miatoves kedlebi da gaiqcnen51. v. aruTinova-

fidanianis ganmartebiT, maTeos urhaieci anisis damcvelebs

Zraxavs ara rogorc uniWo mxedarTmTavrebs, aramed rogorc

ùrjuloebs~, rogorc sxva sarwmunoebis da sxva warmomavlobis

adamianebsac. amasTan sul mcire nawyvetSi samjer xasiaTdebian

amgvarad: ukeTuri romaeli Tavadebi, bagrati smbatis mama da

grigori bakurianis vaJi – qarTuli modgmisani, sarwmunoebidan

5 0 e. cagareiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 179-193.51 Ø³ïÃ»áë àõéÑ³Û»óÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³·ñáõÃÇõÝ« ì³Õ³ñß³å³ï« 1898« ¿ç. 148.

180 181

ganmdgari cixis damcvelebi. samive epiTeti ùkeTuri, qarTuli

modgmis, sarwmunoebidan gamdgari~, ganagrZobs q-ni viaida, erTi

rigis gansazRvrebebia da orive Tavads erTnairad ekuTvnis. iqve

SeniSnavs, rom zogi mkvlevari, kerZod a. SaniZe `vraci azgav~-s

(e. i. gvariT, tomiT qarTveli) mxolod grigors akuTvnebs. magram

es varaudi imsxvreva gamoTqma `sarwmunoebidan ganmdgarni~-ze,

romelic mravlobiT ricxvSia mocemuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom

grigorica da bagratic orive sarwmunoebidan gandgomilebi

arian52. Semdeg ki ganagrZobs: grigorica da bagratic somexi

istorikosis TvalSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda miC-

neuliyvnen sarwmunoebidan ganmdgarad, Tuki isini somxebi

iqnebodnen da sakuTari sarwmunoebidan `gadaxveviT~ sxvas rome-

liRacas miiRebdneno. epiTeti `íñ³ÛÇ~ (qarTveli) miuTiTebs, al-

baT, imaze, rom maT mier miRebuli sarwmunoeba qarTuli qalke-

doneloba iyoo53.

somexi mkvlevari, ra Tqma unda, TvalTmaqcobs. imisaTvis, rom

eTnikuri termini `vraci azgav~ (gvariT, tomiT qarTveli) konfe-

siur terminad moaCvenos mkiTxvels, moyvanil termins eTnikuro-

bis maCvenebeli nawilis àzg~-is gareSe (gvari, tomi) warmogvid-

gens da gamoTqvams varauds, rom mocemul konteqstSi, sxva kon-

fesiuri terminebis gverdiT `vraci~, e. i. qarTveli, am SemTxveva-

Si konfesiis, kerZod qarTuli qalkedonizmis aRmniSvneli unda

iyoso. rogorc iTqva, `vraci~-s (qarTveli”) iSviaT SemTxvevaSi

somexi avtorebi qarTuli kulturisa da Segnebis piris aRsaniS-

navadac iyenebdnen (magaliTad, qurTuli warmomavlobis qarTve-

li didmoxeleebis zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis mimarT), xolo

`vraci azgav~ yovelTvis da yvelgan mxolod da mxolod tomiT,

warmomavlobiT qarTvelis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda Zvel somex

istorikosTa mier. amitomac aris, rom grigol bakurianis Zis

umcrosi Tanamedrove maTeos urhaeci (gardaicvala 1140 wlis

axlo xanebSi), romelic qarTvelebsa da somxebs kargad arCevda

da konfesiur terminologiaSic SesaniSnavad erkveoda, grigolis

qarTvelobis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs uyoymano eTnikur termins `vra-

ci azgav~ (tomiT, gvariT qarTveli). ar aris marTali q-ni viaida,

roca gvimtkicebs maTeos urhaeci bagratsa da grigols sarwmu-

noebidan gamdgars ar uwodebda, isini somxebi rom ar yofil-

iyvneno. saqme isaa, rom VII s. dasawyisSi qarTvelTa da somexTa

Soris momxdari saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg somxuri samRvde-

loeba da masTan erTad somxuri sazogadoebac qarTvelebs WeS-

mariti sarwmunoebidan da RvTisgan ganmdgarad miiCnevdnen. amis

Sesaxeb uxtanesi X s. werda: `(qarTvelebma) Secvales wminda mamaTa

sjuli da daiviwyes RvTaebrivi aRTqma~54. amis Semdeg savsebiT

bunebrivia, rom maTeos urhaecis TvalSi qarTvelic somxuri

sarwmunoebidan iseTive ganmdgari da urjulo iyo, rogoric

somexi qalkedoneli, amitomac XII s. somexi istorikosis xseneb-

uli cnoba am mxriv araviTar kiTxvas ar unda badebdes. amave

mizeziT grigol bakurianis Zis eTnikur warmomavlobaze mar-

Cieloba ubralod gaugebaria. `vraci azgav~ mxolod grigol

bakurianis Zes miemarTeboda Tu bagratsa da grigols erTad, am

SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, mniSvneloba arca aqvs, radgan arc bagrat-

is somxobaa maincdamainc damtkicebuli. bagratis gvarsaxeli

`vxkaci~ (vixikeli) nawarmoebia geografiuli saxelis sof. vix-

ikidan (oSkis maxloblad mdebareobda). geografiuli saxelidan

gvar-saxelis warmoebis wesi ki qarTulisa da somxurisaTvis saer-

To movlenaa, amitom somexi istorikosis mier aseTi gvar-saxelis

somxuri formiT gadmocema moulodneli araa.

cxadia, v. aruTinova-fidanianis mier dasaxelebuli eTnikuri

da konfesiuri terminebi erTgvarovani Sinaarsis saxelebad ver

CaiTvleba, miT umetes, rom somxuri ena nebismieri azris gamo-

saxatavad saWiro terminTa gaWirvebas ar ganicdis da konfesi-

uri Sinaarsis gadmosacemad eTnikuri terminis gamoyenebas ar

saWiroebs. aseTi viTarebis saukeTeso magaliTebi, Sors rom aRar

wavideT, ukve moxmobil maTeos urhaecisac sakmaod moepoveba.

grigol bakurianis Zisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis eTnikur kuTv-

nilebasac maTeos urhaeci `vraci azgav~-iT aRniSnavs, namdvilad

somexi qalkedonelis, antioqiis Temis bizantieli gamgeblis (1078-

5 2 Â. À. Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí, Àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû íà âîñòî÷íûõ ãðàíèöàõ

Âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè (XI â.), Åðåâàí, 1980, ñ. 60-61.5 3 iqve.

5 4 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, somxuri te-

qsti qarTuli TargmaniT da gamokvleviT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem,


182 183

1084) filartos varaJnunis eTnikur warmomavlobasa da konfesi-

ur kuTvnilebas maTTvis Sesaferisi da araorazrovani sityvebiT

gadmogvcems. igi wers: filareti mamiTac da dediTac somexi iyoo,

konfesiiT ki rjuli horomTa ÏñûÝù ÑáéáÙáó hqonda, e. i. berZnuli

sarwmunoebisa iyoo55. amgvari masalis fonze `vraci azgav~-is kon-

fesiur terminad monaTvla sxva araferia, Tu ara seriozuli

sakiTxis sxvadasxva standartiT ganxilva. amasTan dakavSirebiT

el. cagareiSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs: eTnikur ter-

mins `vraci azgav~-s somexi mkvlevrebi swored grigol bakuri-

anis Zis konfesionalobis (e. i. qalkedonelobis) aRmniSvnel ter-

minad acxadeben da mas somex qalkedonelad miiCneven. aRniSnuli

gaugebroba winaswarganzraxuli gadawyvetilebiTaa gapirobebuli,

Torem rogor SeiZleba eTnikuri terminiT `vraci azgav~-iT qalke-

donelis aRniSvnis saWiroeba warmoqmniliyo mxolod grigol

bakurianis ZisTvis im dros, rodesac imave periodis moRvawis,

warmoSobiT somexis, filaretosis qalkedoneloba savsebiT

garkveviT konfesionaluri terminiT ÏñûÝù ÑáéáÙáó (rjuli horom-

Ta) aris miTiTebuli56. n. berZeniSvilisa ar iyos, bizantiis im-

periis samsaxurSi myofi somexi didmoxele ra Tavs itkivebda

qarTuli sarwmunoebisaTvis, roca berZnuli aRmsarebloba misTvis

gacilebiT momgebiani iyo. TviT v. aruTinova-fidanianic xom xaz-

gasmiT aRniSnavs, rom imperiis eklesiisadmi kuTvnileba aucile-

beli iyo imperiis samsaxurisaTvis, ris gamoc somxuri aris-

tokratiis warmomadgenlebi imperiis samsaxurSi CadgomisTanave,

rogorc wesi, icvlidnen sarwmunoebas da bizantiis eklesiis wiaR-

Si gadadiodnen57. cxadia, grigol bakurianis Zec rom somexi yo-

filiyo, rac somex mkvlevrebs nametnavad surT, isic berZnuli

aRmsareblobisa iqneboda da ara qarTulis. erTi sityviT, sxva

gza ar arsebobs, yvelam unda daujeroT TviT grigol bakurianis

Zes, romelmac sxvaze, miT umetes n. marisa da Tanamedrove somex

istorikosebze ukeT icoda sakuTari eTnikuri warmomavloba.

aSkaraa, n. marma mcdar safuZvelze aago Tavisi Teoria da

amitomac damaxinjebulad warmogvidgina qarTuli tao-klarje-

Tis erovnul-kulturuli suraTi, romelic somexi qalkedoneleb-

is denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmnad miiCnia. aseTi

daskvnisaTvis sakmarisi masala rom ar arsebobda mecnierma

TviTonve aRniSna, roca grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis

berZnuli redaqciis gacnobis Semdeg werda: `â îòíîøåíèè èõ (e. i.

tao-klarjeTis mimarT) ìû ðàñïîëàãàåì òåïåðü íåìíîãèì, íî

õàðàêòåðíûìè äàííûìè~58. es mcire da damaxasiaTebeli monacemebi

ki iyo tipikonis berZnuli redaqciis teqstis cnoba, rom arse-

bobda tipikonis somxuri teqstic da masze grigol bakurianis

Zis xelmowera somxuri asoebiT, rac dRemde jer aravis unaxavs.

magram am cnobam n. marze, Cans, Tavidanve Rrma STabeWdileba

moaxdina da erTi da erTi daijera ra am cnobis namdviloba,

SemdegSic Seecada axali argumentebiTa da sabuTebiT misgan

gamomdinare daskvnebis yovelmxriv gamarTlebas. maris yuradReba

miipyro tipikonSi gamoyenebulma somxuri warmoSobis sityva

`tanuterma~, romelic somxeTis mezobel taoSi didi xnis dam-

kvidrebuli iyo. mezobelTa metyvelebaSi erTmaneTis socialuri,

ekonomikuri Tu sxva Sinaarsis terminebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi

arc ise iSviaTia da misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis

miniWeba, TiTqos, arc iyo mosalodneli, magram, rogoc Cans, is

mwiri da saeWvo cnoba tipikonis somxuri teqstisa da somxuri

asoebiT xelmoweraze, n. marsac afiqrebda da arasakmarisad

miaCnda, ris gamoc Seecada axla ukve namdvilad somxuri warmo-

mavlobis terminze aego msjeloba. misi TqmiT, radganac `tanu-

turma~ tao-klarjeTis qarTul enaSi moipova moqalaqeobrivi

ufleba `ïî ýòîìó-òî ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì è ðåøàþñü ÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ

óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî Ãðèãîðèé Áàêóðèàí, îñíîâàòåëü ãðóçèíñêîãî Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî

ìîíàñòûðÿ áûë èç òàî-êëàðäæåòñêèõ îãðóçèíèâøèõñÿ àðìÿí-õàëêåäîíèòîâ“59.

am susti argumentaciis Sesamagrebeli masala, gasagebia, qvey-

nis kulturul-politikur warsulSi unda eZia. da, radganac mis-

Tvis kargad cnobili qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis cnobebi

scada winaswarganzraxul Sedegebze mosargebad gamoeyenebina,

faqtobrivad, urTierTgamomricxveli daskvnebis mTeli wyeba mi-

iRo. miuxedavad imisa, rom tao-klarjeTis aborigenebi, misi

5 5 maTeos urhaeci, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 206.5 6 el. cagareiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 194.5 7 Â. À. Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí, Àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû, gv. 59-60, 149 da sxv.

58 Í. ß. Ìàðð, Àðêàóí... gv. 17.59

iqve, gv. 22-24.

184 185

TqmiT, romeliRac lazuri Tu megruli tomebi iyvnen, VII s. es

qveyana iyo somxuri, yovel SemTxvevaSi somxuri saxe hqondao da

aq, albaT, hyvaoda somxuri qalkedonitobao60. somxeTSi somexi

qalkedonelebis gavlenis zrdaze saubrisas ki aRniSnavs, rom IX

s. dasawyisSi Crdilo-dasavleTi somxeTi klarjeTisa da taos

olqebiTurT ukve maT xelSia moqceuli. somexTa qalkedonelobas

aq mxurvale mxardaWera hqonda ara marto berZenTa, aramed

qarTvelTa Sorisac. am mxaris mebatone mTavrebi – artanujeli

bagratidebi ukve qalkedonelebi iyvnen da es garemoeba

aramcired uwyobda xels qalkedonelTa srul gamarjvebas

somxeTis am ganapira mxareSio61. IX s. somexi qalkedonelebi TviT

centralur somxeTSic cdilobdnen gabatonebas da somexi

bagratidebis saxlis gaqalkedonebac moindomes. magram Semdeg

antiqalkedonuri somxuri eklesiis nacionalizaciis Sedegad

iwyeba somex qalkedonelTa denacionalizaciis procesi, ris

Sesaxebac ukve iTqva. VIII-IX ss. mijnaze tao-klarjeTis

daqvrivebul somxur monastrebSi qarTveli ber-monazvnebi

mkvidrdebian, wm. saba aRadgens iSxanis monasters, romelic male

qarTveli episkoposis rezidenciad iqceva. es qarTveli

monazvnebi aq garSemortymuli aRmoCndnen erTmorwmune, magram

eTnikurad ucxo somxuri mosaxleobiT da, qarTvelTa

politikuri batonobis miuxedavad, qveynis ufleba qarTulad

wodebuli, emyareboda im faqts, rom RvTismsaxureba eklesiebSi

qarTul enaze warmoebdao. amis Sedegad adgilobrivi somxebi,

romlebic qalkedonelebi iyvnen TandaTan qarTvelebad iqcneno.

didi Zieba da analizi araa saWiro, raTa aq warmodgenil

urTierTgamomricxvel debulebebs Soris aSkara winaaRmdegobani

“aRmovaCinoT”. Tuki n. marisave ganmartebiT am mxaris aborigene-

bi lazebi da megrelebi iyvnen, rogor moxda, rom VII s. mas

mTlianad somxuri saxe hqonda? misi msjelobiT ise gamodis,

TiTqos, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacia somex qalke-

donelebs moexdinoT, ramdenadac iq `maSin somxuri qalkedonizmi

hyvaodao~, Tumca berZnul-bizantiuri da qarTuli kulturuli

gavlenis am zonaSi piriqiT procesebis ganviTareba ufro iyo

mosalodneli. kidev ufro gaugebaria da faqtebTan sruliad Se-

usabamoa IX s. dasawyisSi taosa da klarjeTis Crdilo-dasavleT

somxeTis olqebad gamocxadeba im dros, roca tao-klarjeTis

bagrationTa dinastia aq politikur Zalas ikrebda da iberiis

anu qarTvelTa samefos aRdgenas iwyebda. n. maris warmodgeniT,

erTi mxriv, IX s. dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTi somex qalkedonelTa

xelSia, isini Seadgenen mosaxleobis ZiriTad birTvs da, meore

mxriv, daqvrivebul somxur eklesia-monastrebs qarTlidan gadmo-

suli mcirericxovani bermonazvnoba eufleba da RvTismsaxurebasac

eklesiebSi qarTul enaze aRavlens, rasac, Turme, emyareba qveynis

ufleba, rom qarTulad wodebuliyo. am winadadebaSi, rogorc

vxedavT, elementaruli logikac ki araa daculi. Tuki IX s.

dasawyisSic taoc da klarjeTic somxeTis olqebs warmoadgenda

da iq qalkedoneli somxebi batonobdnen, vis da ras unda

daeqvrivebina saxelganTqmuli `somxuri~ eklesia-monastrebi? mere

kidev, Tundac erTmorwmune somxebiT garSemortymul

mcirericxovan qarTvel monazvnebs ZiriTad somxur masaze iseTi

ra gavlena unda moexdinaT, rom jer maTi eklesia-monastrebi

CaegdoT xelSi, mere ki TviT isinic gaeqarTvelebinaT? amgvari

procesis warmodgena xom Zalze Znelia? ufro metic, irkveva, rom

taosa da klarjeTSi somexi qalkedonelebis gamarjveba-gabatoneb-

isaTvis xeli SeuwyviaT berZnebisa da qarTvelebis mxurvale mxar-

daWeras. Tu qarTvelebi aq ar cxovrobdnen, maS saidanRa Cndebian

somxebis xelSemwyobi qarTvelebi `somxeTis am ganapira mxareSi~?

gadamwyveti mainc artanujeli `bagratidebis~ mxardaWera yofila,

romlebic am droisaTvis ukve qalkedonelebi iyvneno. artanujeli

bagrationebis qalkedoneloba aq iseT konteqstSia moxseniebuli,

rom gauTviTcnobierebelma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba es maTi eTnikuri

somxobis mniSvnelobiTac miiRos. aseT SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod

ulogikobasTan gveqneba saqme, aramed kuriozTanac, ramdenadac

aseTi msjelobiT gamodis, TiTqos, somxebi aqarTvelebdnen somxebs.

kidev erTi sayuradRebo ulogikoba. somexi qalkedonelebiT dasax-

lebul `somxeTis am ganapira mxareSi~ n. mari qarTvelTa poli-

tikur batonobaze laparakobs. qveynis somxurobis mtkicebasTan

ki aseTi gancxadeba xom sruliad SeuTavsebelia. romel sazoga-

doebriv fenas an politikur Zalas unda dayrdnoboda qarTvel-

6 0 Í. ß. Ìàðð, Àðêàóí... gv. 21.6 1 iqve, gv. 5-6.

186 187

Ta politikuri batonoba, Tuki es qveyana ucxo, araqarTuli

mosaxleobis sabinadro iqneboda? nuTu ramdenime aTeuli ber-

monazonis moRvaweobas? cxadia, ara.

piriqiT, am qveynis qarTulobis mowmobaa swored grigol xan-

ZTelisa da mis TanamoRvaweTa saarako Tavdadeba da WirTa Tmena

arabTa mier gaukacrielebuli mxaris àxal SenebisaTvis~. mxolod

samSoblos did patriotebs SeeZloT gaudaburebuli qveynis asa-

RorZineblad saswaulebis moxdena da `keTilad ganmgebeli moRu-

awe da udabnoTa qalaqmyofeli~ Seqmniliyvnen. antiqalke-

donelebTan brZolaSi damarcxebuli somexi qalkedonelebi tao-

klarjeTSi berZnebis, qarTvelebisa da adgilobrivi xelisufleb-

is – artanujeli bagrationebis mxardaWeras rom saWiroebdnen es

mxolod imas mowmobs, rom isini TavSesafris maZiebeli

ltolvilebi iyvnen, amasTan mcirericxovannic, radgan sul male

gaqarTvelebulan. n. mari ki faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod gvixatavs

sul sxva suraTs, romlis dasacavad somxuri istoriografiis

warmomadgenlebi, ager ukve mTeli saukunea, warumateblad irje-

bian da n. maris msjelobaSi arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis

magier, mas axali SecdomebiT avseben. magaliTad, a. mnacakanianis

mtkicebiT taos somxuri mosaxleoba qalkedonizmSi gadasvlis

Semdeg qarTuli eklesiis samwysos Seeria da amis gamo qarTvele-

bad iTvlebodneno, ena, wignebi da mwerloba ki, raRa Tqma unda,

maT somxuri rCebodaTo. Tu am xalxis asimilacia mainc moxda,

imitom, rom qarTvelebisgan Zlier iCagrebodneno. Tumca a. mna-

cakanianis ganmartebiT, am qveynis xelisuflebi daviT kurapalati

da misi warCinebulebi warmoSobiT somxebi yofilan, rac iqidan

Cans, rom somxurad naTargmn romanebs etanebodnen da somxebi-

save cxovrebis wess misdevdneno62. moyvanil nawyvetSi yoveli wi-

nadadeba Tavisi SinaarsiT erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. pirveli wi-

nadadebis mixedviT taos somxuri mosaxleoba X-XI saukuneTa

mijnaze formalurad iTvleboda qarTulad, ramdenadac is kul-

turul-eTnikuri individualobis niSnebs (ena, wignebi, mwerloba

da a. S.) inarCunebda. momdevno winadadebiT ki avtori taos somx-

uri mosaxleobis asimilacias aRiarebs, ris mizezad qarTveleb-

isgan somexTa Zlier Cagvras asaxelebs, Tanac iseT pirobebSi,

roca qveynis xelisufalni warmoSobiT somxebi yofilan. ra

gamodis, somxebi somxebs aqarTvelebdnen? erTi sityviT,

gaugebrobaTa mTeli Taigulia warmodgenili a. mnacakanianis am

gaxmaurebul naSromSi.

istoriuli taos eTnikuri saxis gansazRvrisas bevrad ufro

radikaluria s. eremiani, romlis gancxadebiTac taiqis mosaxle-

oba mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze somxuri rCebodao, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom CrdiloeTis raionebma XII s. marTlmadideblobac

miiReso. XV-XVI ss. taiqis qarTuli sarwmunoebis mosaxleobam

muslimanobac miiRo da Turqebs Seeria. Tavis eTnikur saxes aq

mxolod somxur sarwmunoebaze mtkiced mdgari somxuri mosaxle-

oba inarCunebdao63. ase rom, s. eremianis azriT, tao, faqtobri-

vad, istoriis mTel manZilze qarTuli da somxuri sarwmunoebis

somxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rac, saboloo jamSi, am qveyanas

somxuri samyaros kuTvnilebad warmogvidgens. es azria gatare-

buli somxeTis istoriis umaRlesi Tu saSualo skolis saxelmZR-

vaneloebsa da somex mecnierTa mTel rig SromebSi da dafiqsire-

bulia saistorio rukebSic64. somxeTis umaRles saswavlebelTa

studentebisaTvis daweril saxelmZRvaneloSi65, misi avtori s.

poRosiani wers: smbat II-is mefobis wlebSi taiqsa da basenSi

Camoyalibda somxur-qarTuli erTi samTavro daviT kurapalatis

meTaurobiT. bizantiaSi warmoSobili Sinauri SfoTis dros mTa-

varma daicva imperatori barseRi (e. i. basil II) da imperatoris-

agan jildod miiRo kurapalatis wodeba da aRiarebuli iqna,

rogorc taiqis qveynis TviTmpyrobeli mTavari. taiqis

sakurapalato Tavisi uflebebiT da saxelmwifo funqciebiT

TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo somxuri sxva samefoebisa, magram Tavisi

samxedro SesaZleblobiT am samefoebze ramdenadme Zlieri iyo66.

moyvanil amonawerSi yuradRebas iqcevs taos samefos metad

saeWvo, SeiZleba iTqvas, sruliad gaugebari definicia. mosaxle-

6 2 À. Ø. Ìíàöàêàíÿí, Î ëèòåðàòóðå Êàâêàçñêîé Àëáàíèè, Åðåâàí, 1969, ñ.

173.

6 3 ºñ»ÙÛ³Ý Æ© ü©« Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÁ Áëï §²ßË³ñÑ³óáÛóÇ¦« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1963« ÐêêÐ ¶²

Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝ« ¿ç 846 4 ÐêêÐ ²ïÉ³ë« ºñ»õ³Ý-ØáëÏí³« 1961« ÐêêÐ ¶² Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝ6 5 ê© ä© äáÕáëÛ³Ý« Ñ³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ³ïáñ II (IX-XIX¹¹)«ºñ»õ³Ý«19656 6 iqve, gv. 55.

188 189

obis Semadgenlobis gaTvaliswinebiT (ramdenadac daviTis samefo

vanis tbamde vrceldeboda da somxuri Temebis mniSvnelovani naw-

ili mis SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli) zogierTis mier qveyana

marTlac SeiZleboda pirobiTad `somxur-qarTulad~ aRqmuliyo,

magram roca es gansazRvreba samefos miemarTeba, mas araviTari

gamarTleba ara aqvs, radganac Sua saukuneebSic saxelmwifos mkac-

rad gamokveTili politikuri mimarTuleba gaaCnda da funqcion-

irebda mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis interesebis Sesabamisad.

Tavis damokidebulebas am e. w. `somxur-qarTuli erTi samTavros~

mimarT imiT amJRavnebs, rom mas udarebs da ganixilavs sxva somx-

ur samefoebTan erTad. mkiTxvels ki qvecnobier STabeWdilebas

uqmnis, TiTqos, taos sakurapalatoc Cveulebrivi somxuri poli-

tikuri erTeuli iyo, mxolod samxedro TvalsazrisiT sxvaze

Zlieri.

daviT kurapalatis eTnikur kuTvnilebaze saubars Tavs

aridebs karen iuzbaSiani da qarTvel mefes ubralod amierkavkasi-

is erT-erT uZlieres feodalur dinastTagans uwodebs. aseve

bundovania taos samefos miseuli gansazRvrebac. es xan wminda

somxur saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebisgan gansxvavebuli, Sereu-

li somxur-qarTuli mosaxleobis taos samTavroa, xan ki somxur-

qarTuli olqi – tao67.

1976 w. erevanSi gamocemuli somexi xalxis istoriis akademi-

uri gamocemis me-3-e tomSi68 mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba taos

samefosa da daviT kurapalatis politikur Tavgadasavals. miuxe-

davad amisa, mkiTxvels sruli gaurkvevloba eufleba daviTis

vinaobasa da mis samefoze. ZiriTad teqstSi daviTi arc qarTve-

lebsaa mikuTvnebuli da TiTqos arc somxebs, aseve sakurapala-

tod wodebuli misi samefoc. am dabindul viTarebaSi raRaca

garkveulobis Setanas paragrafis avtori r. maTevosiani, TiTqos,

mainc cdilobs, roca wers, rom IX s. taiqis istoriis Sesaxeb

Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebi mcire kia, magram cxadia X s. naxevri-

saTvis ukve iq dawinaurebulia sakurapalato qarTveli bagra-

tionebis taiqis Stos meTaurobiT, magram, ganmartavs iqve, mosax-

leoba ZiriTadad somxuri iyo, romelTagan bevri qalkedonelobas

mimxrobodao da ganagrZobs: somxuri da qarTuli samefoebis da

taiqis sakurapalatos Soris damyarebuli iyo mWidro TanamSrom-

loba, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda maTi TavdacvisTviso69. ra

gavarkvieT? I. taos samefos saxelisuflo dinastia qarTveli

bagrationebis taos Stos kuTvnilebaa 2. mosaxleoba ZiriTadad

somxuria 3. samefos politikuri fizionomia (sakurapalato) ki

berZnul-bizantiuria. Cans, amitomac, Tundac garegnulad, weri-

lis avtori taos samefos arc somxur da arc qarTul samefoTa

rigs ar akuTvnebs da CamoTvlisas maT erTmaneTisagan aSkarad

mijnavs. niSandoblivia, rom teqstis aTeulobiT gverdebze am-

ierkavkasiis calkeuli politikuri erTeulebis xelisufalTa

xsenebisas umravles SemTxvevaSi, roca maT eTnikuri niSniTac

moixsenieben, magaliTad, somexTa mefe gagiki, qarTvelTa mefe

bagrati da sxva, imave winadadebaSi taos mefes mxolod kurapala-

tobiT aRniSnaven, riTac cdiloben danarCeni qarTuli samyarodan

mis gansxvavebul xasiaTze gaamaxvilon mkiTxvelis yuradReba.

imavdroulad ki taos somxuri formiT `taiq~-iT gadmocema, rac,

faqtobrivad, qarTuli taonis Targmans warmoadgens (`q~ somxurSi

mravlobiTis maniSnebelia) da am qveynis politikuri movlenebis

somxeTis istoriis WrilSi mowodebiT, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroe-

bis Cvenebebis sawinaaRmdegod wignis avtorebi mkiTxvels

qvecnobierad Sua saukuneebis taoze somxuri qveynis STabeWdile-

bas uqmnian. v. aruTinova-fidanianma da p. muradianma ki am qveynis

somex qalkedonelTa samkvidrod warmodgenis funqcia, ratomRac,

berZnuli wyaroebis ìvirs~ (ibers) da ìverias~ (iberias) daak-

isres, romelic yovelTvis qarTvelsa da qarTvelTa qveyanas aRni-

Snavda70. SemTxveviTi sulac araa, rom bizantiis imperiis Semad-

genlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, samxreT taos, misi qarTuli eTnikuri

Sinaarsis mixedviT, imperiis administraciul sistemaSi ìberiis

Temi~ daerqva, iseve rogorc àrmeniakis Temis~ saxeli warmosdga

6 7 Ïîâåñòâîâàíèå âàðäàïåòà Àðèñòàêåñà ëàñòèâåðòöè, ïåðåâîä ñ äðåâíåàðìÿí-

ñêîãî, âñòóïèòåëüíàÿ ñòàòüÿ, êîììåíòàðèé è ïðèëîæåíèÿ Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿíà,

Ìîñêâà, 1968, ñ. 17, 19.6 8 Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© III« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1976.

6 9 Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© III, gv. 108.7 0 am terminis mniSvnelobaze ix. agreTve Íîäàð Ëîìîóðè, Ê èñòîðèè

ãðóçèíñêîãî Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ, 1981, ñ. 55-66.

190 191

iq arsebuli mosaxleobis mixedviT71. uTuod eTnikuri Sinaarsi edo

safuZvlad berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis cnobebs, roca maTi av-

torebi politikurad gancalkevebul taos ganapira iberiad aRiq-

vamdnen Sida iberiisagan, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos cen-

traluri raionebisagan gansxvavebiT da saqarTvelos am orive naw-

ils erTnairad iberiad moixseniebdnen72.

v. aruTinova-fidanianis analiziT, XI s. bizantiur wyaroebSi

termini ìvir~-i xuT sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas aerTianebda Tavis

TavSi. is aRniSnavda espanels, qarTvels, bizantiuri Temis iberi-

is mkvidrs, qarTuli aRmsareblobis somexs da aTonis ivironis

monastris bers. pirveli mniSvnelobiT XI s. wyaroebSi is iSviaTad

gvxvdeba, sityva ìvir~-is bolo sami mniSvneloba ki zogjer

Tanaarsebobda erTi da imave piris daxasiaTebaSio. samxreTi taos

somexi qalkedonelebi ìvirebi~ iyvnen iberiis Temidan warmomav-

lobisa da sarwmunoebrivi niSniTaco. amasTan Tavisi azris dasa-

dastureblad mohyavs Tornike erisTavis ojaxis magaliTi, romel-

ic, misi TqmiT, Turme, taos TornikianTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi

iberiis Temidan (samxreT taiqidan) warmomavlobdnen, aRiarebdnen

ivirul rjuls da iyvnen ivironis monastris berebi. aseTi samgzisi

ìviri~ iyo ioane Tornike, romelmac karinTan axlos datova

qvajvari somxuri warweriT. msgavsive qvajvari datova misma Zmam

ioane varazvaCem anisis somxur-qalkedonur taZarSio73. gasagebia,

rom mTeli es msjeloba Tornike erisTavisa da samxreTi taos

somxurobis dasamtkicebladaa moyvanili. aseTi mtkicebis sirTules

somexi mkvlevari, etyoba, TviTonac kargad grZnobs da mis

Sesamsubuqeblad damatebiT ganmartebebsac iZleva. Tu wyaroebi

erTi da imave pirovnebas `somxobasac miaweren da qarTvelobasac~,

es imas niSnavs, rom `somexi~ pirovnebis eTnikur maxasiaTeblad

unda miviRoT, xolo `qarTveli~ konfesiis niSnad. amasTan, ufro

xSirad, aseTi `somex-qarTveli~ iberiis Temidan iqneba, sadac

gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo qarTuli sarwmunoebao74.

Cveni azriT, analizi calmxrivia, gamotanili daskvnebi ki

naZaladevi. sityva ìvir~-is pirvel mniSvnelobaze arafers

vityviT, wyaroebSi misi moxsenieba marTlac iSviaTia da, rac

mTavaria, gasarkvev, sakiTxTan Sexeba mas arca aqvs. mkvlevris

mier meore adgilze dasmuli ìvir~-is mniSvneloba eTnikuri

`qarTvelis~ SinaarsiT ki, praqtikulad, mTavari da ZiriTadia

da terminis yvela CamoTvlil gagebas Tan axlavs. amitomac

sruliad gaugebaria, ratom unda iyos taos pirobebSi somxuri

wyaroebis `qarTveli~ aucilebad konfesiis maCvenebeli, xolo

imave wyaroebis `somexi~ maincdamainc eTnosis aRmniSvneli.

sruliad gasagebi terminebis Sinaarsis amgvari klasifikacia

yovelTvis calmxrivi da xelovnuri iqneba, vidre pasuxi ar

gaecema kiTxvas, Tu bizantielebma dapyrobis Semdeg samxreT taos

ratom daarqves ìberiis Temi~ da berZnul-somxur eTnikur

garemocvaSi teritoriulad Rrmad SeWril am qveyanaSi ratom

iyo, v. aruTinova-fidanianisave aRiarebiT, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri

qarTuli sarwmunoeba? misive dakvirvebiT, imperiis samsaxurSi

CadgomisTanave somxuri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi,

rogorc iTqva, icvlidnen sarwmunoebas, radgan imperiis ekle-

siisadmi kuTvnileba pirveli da aucilebeli piroba iyo75. aseT

viTarebaSi, somexi, taodan iqneboda, Tu Suagul saqarTvelodan,

qarTuli sarwmunoebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, Tavs ar aitkivebda,

radganac berZnuli misTvis ara marto aucilebeli, aramed mo-

mgebianic iyo. ase rom, dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi erTob martivia:

samxreTi tao, romelic bizantiis politikur mesveurebs jer

kidev adre, misi politikuri gancalkevebisas, ganapira iberiad

(qarTlad) miaCniaT, bizantiur samxedro-administraciul

erTeulad gardaqmnis Semdegac, Tavisi ZiriTadi mosaxleobis

eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT, cxovrebis wesisa da mTlianad Tavisi

kulturiT kvlav iberiad (e. i. qarTlad) rCeboda, ris gamoc

umTavresad mas imperiaSi miRebuli saerTo wesiT, Tavisi

istoriuli saxelwodeba (iberia) SeunarCunes76. niSandoblivia,

rom Tanadrouli somxuri wyaroebi, rasac k. iuzbaSianic

iziarebs77, taos qveyanas uwodeben `virqs~, e. i. qarTls, àSxarh

71 À. Øàíèäçå, Î ñòðîèòåëå Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ Ãðèãîðèè áàêóðèàíèñ

äçå, `macne~, # 4, 1978, gv. 175.72 g. kedreni, georgika, 5, gv. 46.73 Â. À. Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí, àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû íà âîñòî÷íûõ ãðàíèöûõ

Âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè, ñ. 68-69.74 iqve, gv. 69.

75 v. aruTinova-fidaniani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 50-59.76 bizantiur TemTa struqturis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿí,

Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòóèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-XI ââ., Ìîñêâà, 1988,

ñ. 191-196.77 iqve, gv. 193.

192 193

vracs~ – qarTvelTa qveyanas, iberiis Tems ki `gavarn vrac~

(qarTvelTa mxareebi)78

. ase rom, qarTul wyaroebTan TanxmobiT

somxuri wyaroebic samxreT taos qarTlis nawilad da qarTlad

aRiqvamen, rac TavisTavad Seicavs pasuxs imazec, Tu iberiis Tem-

Si, anu taos mosaxleobaSi, ratom iyo gansakuTrebiT Zlieri

qarTuli sarwmunoeba. cxadia, sakuTari saxelis `Tornikes~ TviT-

neburad somxur gvarad `Tornikianad~ gadakeTebiT termin

`qarTvels~ eTnikuri Sinaarsi ver gamoecleba. Tornike erisTavisa

da misi ojaxis qarTvelobis utyuari sabuTi maTi moRvaweobis

xasiaTi da bizantiis politikursa da somxur kulturul-eTnikur

garemocvaSi moqceuli am taoelebis ukiduresad gamZafrebuli

erovnul-kulturuli Rirsebisa da Segnebis didi grZnoba iyo,

romlis gamovnilebasac warmoadgenda sakuTari safasiT aSenebu-

li aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri. am STabeWdilebas odnavadac ki

ver uSlis xels v. aruTinova-fidanianis miTiTeba Tornikesa da

misi Zmis mier karinis maxloblad da anisis qalkedonur taZarSi

somxurwarweriani qvajvaris aRmarTvaze. jer erTi, rodis iyo,

rom enis codniT eTnikuri vinaoba isazRvreboda. Tornike

erisTavma, albaT, berZnulic SesaniSnavad icoda, magram misTvis

amis gamo berZnoba aravis Seuwamebia. somxuri enis codnas ki

wminda praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda Tornikesa da misi

ZmisTvis. mas mere, rac daviT kurapalatma Tavisi samefo

samxreTiT Sors vanis tbamde ganavrco, taoeli aznaurebi axlad

SemoerTebul provinciebs feodalur aristokratiad moevlinen,

radganac es iyo am miwa-wylis iberiaSi politikuri Sesvlis erTi

umTavresi gamoxatuleba da niSani79. am droidan es taoelebi

somxuri miwebisa da somxuri mosaxleobis mepatroneni gaxdnen,

ris gamoc somxuri enis codna maTTvis aucilebeli Seiqmna da

savsebiT bunebrivia, Tuki karinel memamule Cordvanelis Zeebs

somxuri epigrafikuli Zeglebic daukavSirda. erTob

niSandoblivia, agreTve, rom yovelive amis Semdeg Tornikes

umcrosi Tanamedrove somexi istorikosi asoRiki mas tomiT

qarTvelad àzgav vrac~-ad moixseniebs80.

tao-klarjeTis qarTul samefo-samTavroebze n. maris sax-

eldaxelod SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisi, rogorc somexi qalke-

donelebis denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmnze, mniSvnelo-

vanwilad emyareboda im faqts, rom erT dros samxreTi tao xan-

grZlivad imyofeboda somxeTis politikur daqvemdebarebaSi, ris

gamoc saWiro xdeba taos politikuri Tavgadasavlis gaxseneba da

imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad realuri iyo es Tavgadasavali n. marisa

da misi mimdevrebis Tvalsazrisis gasamarTleblad. iberiis

samxreT-dasavleTis sazRvari somxeTTan Zvel xanaSi ar iyo

maincdamainc stabiluri, ris gamoc am sasazRvro zolSi rTuli

eTnopolitikuri procesebi viTardeboda. am procesebis orbita-

Si myof taosTan VIII s-mde mainc klarjeTis dakavSireba, ra Tqma

unda, gaumarTlebeli iqneboda, ramdenadac igi politikur-admin-

istraciulad yovelTvis qarTlSi Sedioda. farnavazis dros (Zv.

w. IV-III s.) is iberiis saxelmwifos erT-erTi saerisTavoa. am dros

uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifos samxreTi sazRvari mtkvar-araq-

sis wyalgamyofze gadioda, xolo ukiduresi – samxreT-dasav-

leTiT – Worox-evfratis wyalgamyofze81. qarTlis samefom tao

da speri, strabonis mowmobiT, Zv. w. II saukunis dasawyisSi dakarga

da sakmaod xangrZlivi dro dasWirda, rom igi kvlav daebrune-

bina. ax. w. I-II ss. qarTlis samefos politikuri aRmavlobisas,

misgan adre waRebuli teritoriebi kvlav missave farglebSia

sagulvebeli, ufro gvian ki (IV s. meore naxevramde) kvlav kar-

gavs da taos myarad dabruneba mxolod VIII s. moxerxda, xolo

sperisa – kidev ufro gvian82. rac Seexeba klarjeTs, `didi somx-

eTis~ daSlamdec (IV s. bolo) is saqarTveloSi Semavali qveyanaa.

movses xorenaci klarjeTs qarTvelTa qveynis erT-erT kuTxed

miiCnevs, sadac wm. ninom iqadaga saxareba83. qarTuli saistorio

78 ix. agreTve, el. cagareiSvili, `í»ñÇ³~, `í»ñÇ³ÛÇ~ –is mniSvnelobi-

saTvis somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi, gv. 103-114.79 a. bogveraZe, grigol bakurianisZis tipikonis gagebisaTvis, gv.198.

80 êï»÷³ÝáëÇ î³ñûÝ»óõáÛ ²ëáÕÏ³Ý ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ ïÇ»½»ñ³Ï³Ý« ä»ï»ñμáõñ·« 1885«

¿ç. 164« 171« 172.81 d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 60.82 iqve, gv. 80.83 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, a. abdalaZis gamoc. Tb, 1984,

gv. 172.

194 195

wyaroebic, berZnul-romaul wyaroebTan TanxmobiT, Zveli

droidanve klarjeTs jer politikur-administraciulad, Semdeg

ki eklesiuradac yovelTvis qarTlSi uCveneben84.

sxvagvarad warimarTa taos eTnikur-politikuri ganviTare-

ba. strabonis mowmobiT, somxeTis mier mezoblebisgan warTmeul

yvela olqSi TiTqos imTaviTve dawyebulia armenizaciis procesi:

àxla yvela isini laparakoben erT enazeo~. hakob manandianis

ganmartebiT, strabonis es mtkiceba mxolod garkveuli SeniSvni-

Taa misaRebi. jer kidev sasanidebis dros da Semdegac somxeTis

raionebSi sxvadasxva tomebi cxovrobdnen. amitom strabonis mow-

moba im azriT unda gavigoT, rom mis dros somxeTSi gabatonebu-

li da ufro gavrcelebuli ena somxuri iyo85. somxeTis poli-

tikur sivrceSi moqceul iberiis olqebSi armenizaciis procesis

intensivobis warmosadgenad niSandobliv faqtad gvesaxeba gog-

arene (`gugarqis~) sapitiaxSos magaliTi. jer kidev Zv. w. II s.

taosTan erTad dapyrobili qarTlis es mxare V s. qarTuli qris-

tianuli mwerlobisa da aRmSeneblobis dawinaurebul qveynad gam-

oiyureba. taos metxans mouwia yofna somxur politikur sivrce-

Si da, albaT, amitomac SesaZloa im Zvel dros maT gansazRvru-

li kulturul-politikuri erTobac hqonodaT somxebTan, magram

ara imdenad, rom aqaur aborigenebs TavianTi eTnografiuli saxe

daekargaT. saamiso kvali SemorCa taos toponimikis da sxva ma-

terialur Tu enobriv masalas, sadac uwinares qarTul istoriul

geografiul saxelebTan somxuri saxelebic Tanaarseboben. n. ad-

onci aRiarebda, rom somxeTis ganapira olqebs politikur-ad-

ministraciuli warmoSoba hqondaT, romelic gamarTlebuli iyo

eTnikuradaco86. am erTeulebis eTnikurma individualurobam yve-

laze ufro cxadad iCina Tavi sivnielTa da taoelTa saeklesio-

politikuri orientaciis sferoSi, sadac xsenebuli olqebi somx-

ur nacionalur mimarTulebas daupirispirdnen. magaliTad,

somex-qarTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqilebisTanave taoelebi

qalkedonur aRmsareblobas miemxrnen, ris Semdeg tao somxeTis

sxva olqebidan devnili qalkedonelebis TavSesafari gaxda. am

TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa, agreTve, somxeTis cnobili marTl-

madidebeli kaTalikosis nerses III-is tomiT taoelobac. im dros

taoSi qarTuli aRmsareblobisaTvis niadags, SesaZloa, misTvis

Sesaferisi eTnikuri faqtoric qmnida, gansakuTrebiT, albaT,

taos Crdilo nawilSi, klarjeTTan da sxva qarTul olqebTan

siaxlovis da mWidro urTierTobis gamoc. taoSi ganviTarebul

eTno-kulturul procesebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda am-

ierkavkasiaSi politikuri viTarebiT gamowveuli migraciuli

procesebic. saqarTvelosa da somxeTis centralur raionebSi

arabTa gabatonebam da qristianuli kulturisa da maRalganvi-

Tarebuli feodaluri qveynebisaTvis autanelma reJimma (araboba)

mosaxleobis nawili aiZula bunebrivad ukeT daculi qveynis

dasavleT ganapira mxareebSi eZia TavSesafari. VII-VIII ss. ukve

samcxis gziT qarTlidanac daiZra mosaxleoba klarjeTisa da

taosaken. murvan yrus (736-738 ww.) damarbeveli laSqrobisa da

moaruli epidemiis (`srva satlobisa~) Sedegad mosaxleobis

Semcirebis miuxedavad es qveynebi arc umkvidro qmnila da arc

patroni moklebia maT, rogorc es qarTuli wyaroebis mier zed-

metad muq ferebSi daxatuli suraTiT SeiZleba gveCvenos87. amis

dasturia àxlad Senebis~ is didi erovnuli procesi, romelsac

saTaveSi qarTlis aznauroba edga erismTavris moTaveobiT.

qarTuli samTavros aRmoceneba, ra Tqma unda, Sesaferis da

saimedo eTno-socialur sayrdensac gulisxmobda. abasianebis

droidan (VIII s. Sua wlebidan) taosa da klarjeTSi qarTuli

elementis momZlavreba ukve saxezea, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi

ki gabatonebul mdgomareobasac aRwevs. Tuki 747 w. ajanyebis

monawile naxararebi grigol mamikonianis meTaurobiT, TavianTi

saxleulobiTa da avladidebiT taos cixesimagreebs afareben

Tavs ise, rom saamiso nebarTvas ar saWiroebdnen, ramdenadac am

droisaTvis samxreTi tao, Cans, Wanuri warmomavlobis mamikonianTa

mamulad da sagamgeod iTvleboda88, 788 wlisTvis ukve politikuri

84 a. bogveraZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 186.85 ß. À. Ìàíàíäÿí, Òèãðàí âòîðîé è Ðèì, Åðåâàí, 1943, ñ. 19-20.86 Í. Àäîíö, Àðìåíèÿ â ýïîõó Þñòèíèàíà, ñ. 230.

87 d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi, gv. 155.88 el. cagareiSvili, somxuri wyaroebi arabeT-saqarTvelos urT-

ierTobis Sesaxeb (sebeosi, levondi), mravalTavi, I, 1971, gv. 485;

Ô»õáÝ¹»³Û í³ñ¹³å»ïÇ ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ êä́ « 1887« ¿ç 122-123 agreTve, ix.

À. Í. Òåð-Ãåâîíäÿí, Àðìåíèÿ è àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò, Åðåâàí, 1977, gv. 117-118,

193 da sxv.

196 197

situacia aq mkveTrad Secvlilia. arabebs gamoqceuli ltolvili

somxebi taos ki aRar afareben Tavs, aramed mama-Svils Sapuh da

hamam amatunTa meTaurobiT `qarTvelTa qveynis sazRvrebTan,

kolis gavarSi mosulebs md. Woroxi gadaulaxavT da bizantiis

samflobeloebisaken gauweviaT, sadac konstantine keisars kidec

dausaxlebia89. aSkaraa, am droisTvis samxreTi tao somxur

(mamikonianTa) sagamgeblo qveyanas aRar warmoadgenda. VIII s. meore

naxevarSic aq adrindeli politikuri viTareba rom yofiliyo,

sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad ltolvili somxebis erTi nawili mainc

daidebda binas amjeradac. saistorio wyaroebis mwiri cnobebis

mixedviT, politikuri situacia aq erTob aramyari Cans. xelisu-

flebisaTvis bagratovanTa Stos warmomadgenlebi ibrZvian,

mamikonianebi ki, TiTqos, arc Canan. VIII s. 70-iani wlebisaTvis

arabTa winaaRmdeg warmatebiT mebrZoli bagratuniani aSot

msakeri (xorciWamia) erTxans ikavebs taos, aSenebs cixe kamaxs

(qarTuli kalmaxi) da Sig Tavis saxleulebs abinavebs90. TiTqmis

imave periods miemarTeba `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ cnoba adarnase

bagratonianis (qarTvel bagratovanTa warmomadgenlis) mflobe-

lobaze tao-klarjeTSi, romlis mixedviTac ìcvala adarnase

bagratonianman nasamali klarjeTisa, SavSeTisa, aWarisa, nigalisa,

asisforisa, artanisa da quemosa taosa, da cixeTaganca, romelni

hqondes SviliSvilTa vaxtang mefisaTa. da wavida adarnase

klarjeTad da mun mokuda~91. qarTvel mefeTa (vaxtangisa da misi

SviliSvilebis) samkvidroze mjdomi adarnases gadawyvetileba

ìcvala nasamali~, rac moyvanil cnobaTa SejerebiT irkveva, iZu-

lebiTi RonisZieba unda yofiliyo, romelic eWvi araa, adarnas-

es somexi biZaSvilis eqspansiis Sedegi iqneboda. movlenebis amgvar

ganviTarebas, faqtobrivad, iziarebs d. musxeliSvili, roca

adarnases klarjeTSi gadasvlas taoSi aSot msakeris axal

mflobelobas ukavSirebs92. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis

ramdenime Cvenebaze misive dakvirvebiT, VIII saukunis miwuruls

aSot adarnases Ze (SemdgomSi aSot didi) samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi mamis samkvidro SavSeT-klarjeTTan erTad ukve

orive taosac flobs93. amis Semdeg aSot I didisa da misi memkvi-

dreebis xelSewyobiT tao-klarjeTSi Tavi moiyara da farTod

gaSala frTebi qarTveli xalxis aRmSeneblobiTma Zalam da kul-

turuli Semoqmedebis unarma. aSenda naoxari soflebi, ganaxlda

jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis daxmarebiT agebuli artanujis cixe

da gaSenda amave saxelwodebis didi qalaqi, agreTve, qarTuli

arqiteqturis didebuli Zeglebi – xanZTa, Satberdi, iSxani `meo-

red aSenebuli~, bana, oSki, xaxuli, parxali da mravali sxva,

romelTa mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia aramarto qarTuli kul-

turis istoriisaTvis. niSandoblivia, rom tao-klarjeTisa da

saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli provinciebis arqiteqturul Ze-

glebs aerTianebT saerTo arqiteqturuli da dekoratiuli Teme-

bi, taZris sivrcobrivi agebulebis saerTo principebi da sxva, rac

samSeneblo xelovnebis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis saerTo

qarTul safuZvelze migvaniSnebs94. CamoTvlil qarTuli arqite-

qturis brwyinvale Zeglebs didi mxatvruli Rirebulebis garda,

saganmanaTleblo da mecnierul-saliteraturo kerebis mniS-

vnelobac gaaCndaT. korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, aq duRda liter-

aturuli Semoqmedeba. misive ganmartebiT, udidesi nawili im sa-

ganZurisa, rac Cven mogvepoveba IX-X s-idan am monastrebSia Se-

qmnili. aq Camoyalibda tao-klarjeTis sagangebo saliteraturo

skola, erovnul niadagze aRmocenebuli, romelmac SeimuSava

Tavisi sakuTari gramatika, ena, xeli da mimarTuleba. Semdeg ki

ganagrZobs: qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTi energia imdenad gaizarda

am monastrebSi, rom tao-klarjeTis sazRvrebSi veRar daetia,

gamovida Tavisi kalapotidan da farTo nakadiT gadavida mcire

aziis sxvadasxva punqtSi da mere aTonis naxevarkunZulze Seqmna

man Cveni mwerlobis axali centri iveriis monastris saxiT,

romelic pirvel xanebSi ikvebeboda tao-klarjeTidan momdinare

tradiciebiT95.

amis mere, n. maris saxeldaxelod Seqmnili Teoriis mimdevar-

ma somexma mecnierebma rogorc unda gvimtkicon, rom es didi89 levondi, xsenebuli gamocema, gv. 168-169.90 vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, n. SoSiaSvilisa da eka kvaWan-

tiraZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 102.91 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 251.92 d. musxeliSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 157.

93 d. musxeliSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 159-160.94 Âàõòàíã Áåðèäçå, Àðõèòåêòóðà Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè, Òáèëèñè, 1981, ñ. 132.95 korneli kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I,


198 199

qarTuli kultura, TiTqos somexi qalkedonelebis Seqmnili yo-

filiyos, Tanac im pirobebSi, roca maT Turme bolomde hqondaT

SenarCunebuli mSobliuri somxuri ena, somxuri Segneba da patri-

otizmi da v. aruTinova-fidanianis sayvareli gamoTqmac rom gam-

oviyenoT, `somexi yovelTvis somxadve rCeboda~. aseTi SeuTavse-

beli debulebebis SeTavsebis cda xom ubralod absurdia.

tao-klarjeTis uaRresad erovnuli, brwyinvale qarTuli

kulturis Semoqmedi, ra Tqma unda, qarTveli tomebi, qarTveli

xalxia, romelsac IX-X ss. aq gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebi

Seeqmna didi SemoqmedebiTi energiisa da unaris gamosavlenad.

aborigeni qarTuli Tu qarTveluri mosaxleoba am ganapira ibe-

riaSi arasdros gadaSenebula, maSinac ki, roca tao gansazRvrul

istoriul periodebSi somxur politikur sivrceSi eqceoda.

mogvianebiT ki, roca arabTa damarbeveli laSqrobebisa da moaru-

li epidemiebis Sedegad mosaxleobis didi nawili amowyda da

VIII s. gasuls axali moaxalSeneebi gaCndnen, ZiriTadad IX-X ss.

aRdga da moSenda qarTlis sxvadasxva Temebidan, upiratesad mesx-

eTidan masobrivad mosuli moaxalSeneebis xeliT. istoriuli

kanonzomiereba iyo, albaT, rom swored mesxebi daeuflnen Tavi-

anT uZveles pirvelsacxovriss96. tomiT mesxebi iyvnen XI s. Sua

wlebSi kalmaxisa da artanujis erisTavebi sula kalmaxeli,

grigol artanujeli da maTze daqvemdebarebuli mravalricxo-

vani aznaurebi, romelTac Seipyres gamZlavrebuli separatisti

feodali lipariti da mefes mihgvares97, Tuxarisis erisTavi be-

Sqen jayeli, giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi mwerali da sxva gamoCe-

nili pirebi. erTob niSandoblivia, agreTve, rom IX s. sxva qarTul

samefo-samTavroTagan mxolod tao-klarjeTs miemarTeboda si-

tyva `qarTvelTa~: qarTvelTa sakurapalato, qarvelTa samefo,

riTac yuradReba maxvildeboda am samefos uaRresad qarTul,

erovnul xasiaTze. niSandoblivia isic, rom brZolas erovnuli

qarTuli feodaluri samyaros warmoqmna-gamarjvebisaTvis am-

ierkavkasiis masStabiT swored taos saxelganTqmulma mefem dav-

iT III didma kurapalatma Cauyara safuZveli da pirveli gadam-

wyveti mniSvnelobis politikuri nabijebic gadadga rogorc

qarTuli qveynebis politikuri gaerTianebis mimarTulebiT, ise

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da qarTuli feodaluri kulturis

erovnuli sazRvrebis iqiT gasavrcelebladac.

cxadia, somxuri istoriografiis xsenebul warmomadgenelTa

cdebi Tavdayira warmoaCinon tao-klarjeTis politikuri da

eTno-kulturuli istoria, sakmaod Sors dgas mecnieruli

amocanebisagan da, aSkarad, sxva interesTa sferos ganekuTvneba.

sabWoTa somxuri istoriografia aseve tendenciurad gad-

mogvcems saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis politikur Tavga-

dasavalsa da mis eTno-istorias. igi misdevs ra sakiTxze XIX s.

somxuri publicistikidan da samecniero wreebidan momdinare

tradicias, romelic gulisxmobs saqarTveloSi somxuri mosax-

leobis gansakuTrebuli siWarbisa da TviT qarTuli mosaxleobis

gansxvavebuli konfesiis nawilis eTnikuradac somxuri warmomav-

lobis iluziuri suraTis Seqmnas (mis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva), somex

mkvlevarTa axalma Taobam, Cans, Tavis movaleobad miiCnia am prob-

lematikis Semdgomi damuSaveba da mecnieruli gansjis CarCoeb-

Si, Tundac, formalurad moqceva. amgvari ganwyoba mkafiod Sein-

iSneba p. muradianis sadoqtoro disertaciasa da wyaroTmcod-

neobiTi xasiaTis mis sxva naSromebSi, romelTagan amjerad gam-

ovyofT 1985 w. erevanSi rusul enaze gamocemul wigns `Àðìÿíñêàÿ

ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè) da 1988 w. dastambul imave sa-

Tauris wigns Tbilisze. dasmuli amocanis gadasawyvetad batonma

paruirma Tavis istoriul-filologiur Ziebebs safuZvlad dau-

do dReisaTvis somxur istoriografiaSi farTod gaziarebuli

koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac XI-XVIII saukuneebis somexi xalxis

istoria moicavs ara marto sakuTriv somxeTis, aramed aziisa da

evropis qveynebSi gafantuli somxuri dasaxlebebis istoriasac98.

zogadad es debuleba, SesaZloa, sworic iyos, magram saqarTve-

los somxuri mosaxleobisa da evropasa da aziaSi gafantuli

somxuri dasaxlebebis (koloniebis) erT sibrtyeze ganxilva araTu

mizanSeuwoneli, aramed umarTebulocaa sruliad gansxvavebuli

96 a. bogveraZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 194.97 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 301-304.

98 Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì., Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè), àâòî-

ðåôåðàò íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè äîêòîðà èñò. íàóê, Åðåâàí, 1985, ñ.4.

200 201

geografiuli, istoriuli, socialur-ekonomikuri Tu kulturu-

li pirobebis gamo. ucxoeTSi gafantuli avtonomiuri niSnebis

mqone koloniebi da kompaqturi eTnikuri Temebi, rogorc Tav-

dacvis erTgvari saSualeba, umTavresad im qveynebSi iqmneboda,

sadac somxebi Cagvrasa da Seviwroebas ganicdidnen. magaliTad,

iranSi, indoeTSi, ruseTSi da sxv. somxuri dasaxlebebis xasiaTi

da organizaciuli formebi rom TavSesafari qveynis xelisufleb-

is politikazec didad iyo damokidebuli, amaze jer kidev

b. borianma gaamaxvila yuradReba99 da miuTiTa sxvadasxva qveya-

naSi somex ltolvilTa gansxvavebul mdgomareobaze. magaliTad,

misive dakvirvebiT, holandiasa, poloneTsa da italiis zRvispi-

ra qalaqebSi somxuri koloniebi xelisufalTagan politikur

Seviwroebas ar ganicdidnen, ris gamoc droTa ganmavlobaSi

moxda maTi asimilacia da somxur sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi

aRaraviTar rols aRar TamaSobdnen. da yvela im qveynisgan

gansxvavebiT, saiTkenac somex ltolvilTa nakadebi miemarTeboda,

saqarTvelo ara marto geografiulad, aramed kulturiTa da

istoriuli kavSirebiTac ufro maxlobeli qveyana iyo. amasTan

qarTvel xelisufalTa Semwynarebluri politikac savsebiT

uzrunvelyofda somexTa pirovnul Rirsebas, ris gamoc Cveni

qveyana maTTvis yvelaze mimzidveli iyo. es WeSmariteba araviTar

davas ar iwvevs da savsebiT gaziarebulia somxur istoriogra-

fiaSic. miuxedavad amisa, mezobeli didi saxelmwifoebisagan

gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT SezRuduli sasicocxlo sivrcisa da

specifikuri geopolitikuri pirobebiT gamowveuli gamudmebuli

TavdacviTi omebis gamoc, ltolvilTa didi nakadis misaRebad

da vrceli kompaqturi ucxo dasaxlebebis Sesaqmnelad, gan-

sakuTrebiT XV s-idan dawyebuli XVIII s. CaTvliT, saqarTveloSi

Sesaferisi situacia da saWiroeba, namdvilad ar arsebobda.

amitom p. muradianis cdas, mTeli saqarTvelo, amjerad isto-

riuli qarTli da kaxeTi, kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebebiT da-

farul qveynad warmogvidginos, araviTari mecnieruli safuZveli

ar gaaCnia. marTalia, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferatSi

aRniSnavs, rom somexTa gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi TandaTano-

biTi infiltritaciiTa da mTeli Temebis (igulisxmeba rogorc

sasoflo, ise saqalaqo) gadanacvlebiT xdeboda, magram

sinamdvileSi, mTeli masalis analizi da vrceli msjeloba,

faqtobrivad, meore SesaZleblobaSi mkiTxvelis dasarwmunebladaa

mimarTuli. misi mtkicebiT, somxuri sakulto Zeglebisa da

warwerebis adgilmdebareoba, rogorc wesi, mowmobs im adgilebSi

gadmosaxlebulTa Temebis arsebobas. amasTan, iqve SeniSnavs, rom

am Zeglebis raodenoba gacilebiT mcirea, vidre realurad

arsebuli somxuri dasaxlebebi. somxuri eTnikuri elementi,

misive ganmartebiT, arsebobda ruxSi, CixorSi, CxarSi, quTaisSi,

TamaraSenSi, bazarSi, agreTve, soflebSi – saRoreSi, gorisTavSi,

akurasa da tabaxmelaSi, maRaroSi, nukrianSi, nasomxarSi, fanianSi,

fxovelSi, bodbisxevSi, maCxaansa da tibaanSi, mirzaanSi da a. S.,

magram am adgilebSi somxuri epigrafikuli Zeglebi ara gvaqvso100.

p. muradianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am tipur msjelobaSi eT-

nikuri `Temisa~ da èlementis~ cnebebi TavianTi mniSvnelobiT,

faqtobrivad, gaTanabrebulia, e. i. mTeli da misi nawili erT

sididedaa warmodgenili, riTac mkiTxvels, gansakuTrebiT saqme-

Si Cauxedavs, uqmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos, CamoTvlili qalaqe-

bi da soflebi erT mTlian somxur eTnikur Temebs warmoadgenda,

anda am punqtebSi damoukidebeli somxuri Temebis arseboba main-

caa savaraudebeli. somxuri elementis arsebobas CamoTvlil

qalaqebsa da soflebSi qarTuli wyaroebic adasturebs da am

mxriv arc Cvena gvaqvs sadavo pat. mkvlevarTan. magram isic xom

aSkaraa, rom b-ni paruiris mizans es ki ara, mTel, gansakuTrebiT

ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centralur raionebSi somxuri eTni-

kuri Temebis arsebobis mtkiceba Seadgens, ris cdebic am wignis

TiTqmis yvela Tavsa da paragrafSia mocemuli da xazgasmiTaa

aRniSnuli, rom `saqarTveloSi somxebi sasoflo Temis mTeli Se-

madgenlobiT esaxlebodnen101

. q. gorze saubrisas ki aRniSnavs:

somxebs bedad dahyvaT sxvadasxva qveynebSi xSirad gadasaxleba,

magram, rogorc, wesi mTeli TemebiT, amitom ar arsebobs safuZ-

veli, rom gorSic imave viTarebas ar hqonoda adgili. sxvadasxva

99 Á. Áîðÿí, Àðìåíèÿ, ÷. 1-2, Ì-Ë. 1929, ñ. 17-18.

100 p. muradiani, saqarTvelos somxuri epigrafika (rus. enaze), gv.

11-12.101 iqve, gv. 81.

202 203

formiTa da variantebiT msgavsi situaciebia daxatuli aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos sxva soflebsa da qalaqebSi102. ufro metic,

amgvari naxevarsimarTliTa da orazrovani msjelobiT p. mura-

diani mkiTxvels arapirdapir mianiSnebs, TiTqos, somxebs saqarTve-

loSi maTive kanonebi icavdnen da sazRvargareTis somxuri kol-

oniebis msgavsad saqarTveloSic somxuri Temebi am mxriv raRac

avtonomiur niSnebs flobdnen. misi mtkicebiT, sasamarTlo garCe-

visas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo somexTa eTnokulturuli TviTmyo-

foba, rasac mowmobs daviT batoniSvilis erTi cnoba, romlis

mixedviTac vaxtang VI qveyanas marTavda berZnuli kanonebiT,

vaWrebisaTvis ki iyenebda somxur kanonebs... am sityvebidan Canso,

rom saqarTveloSi vaWrebi ZiriTadad somxebi iyvnen. amasTan

gasaTvaliswinebeliao, ganagrZobs somexi mkvlevari, rom daviT

bagrationi XIX s. dasawyisSi werda, roca vaWarTa fenaSi saqarTve-

los TiTqmis yvela msxvili eTnikuri erTeuli iyo warmodgeni-

li, amitom somxuri kanonebi ar SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo

mTel vaWarTa fenaze. erTi sityviT, uTqmelad amtkicebs, rom

somxuri kanonebi vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebulSi mxolod somx-

ebisaTvis gamoiyenebodao da magaliTad moyavs somxuri warmo-

mavlobis qarTvel Tavadebs, begTabegisSvilebs Soris syidvaze

gaCenili davisas `somxuri samarTlis~ normebis gamoyenebis

faqti103. erTi sityviT, cdas ar aklebs, raTa saqarTvelo av-

tonomiuri somxuri dasaxlebebiT mofenil qveynad

warmogvidginos. b-ni p. muradianis msjelobas rom mivyveT da mis

SromebSi mocemuli somxuri dasaxlebebis sqema da formebi

gaviziaroT, miviRebT yovlad araistoriul suraTs: gamova rom

saqarTveloSi somxebi ki ar cxovrobdnen qarTvelTa Soris,

aramed, piriqiT, qarTvelebi somexTa Soris. Tu imasac gaviTval-

iswinebT, rom evropasa da aziaSi gafantuli somxuri

avtonomiuri dasaxlebebis istoria, somxuri istoriografiis

TvalsazrisiT, somxeTis erTiani istoriis Semadgenel nawilebs

warmoadgens, maSin am logikiT saqarTvelos istoriac somxeTis

istorias unda mivaTvaloT.

sinamdvile, ra Tqma unda, sul sxvagvaria. vidre am sakiTxze

Cvens xedvas warmovadgendeT, vnaxoT, ramdenad myaria b-ni p. mu-

radianis mier moyvanili argumentebi. misi warmodgeniT, rogorc

iTqva, sakulto nagebobebisa da warwerebis gaCena da maTi adg-

ilmdebareoba ganpirobebuli iyo kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebe-

bis sulieri moTxovnilebebiT, romlis ZalisxmeviTac, ZiriTadad,

iqmneboda es Zeglebi, e. i. sakulto Zeglebis Seqmnas win uswreb-

da dasaxlebebis gaCena, magram faqtebi amis sawinaaRmdego araerT

Cvenebebsac Seicavs. TviT p. muradianis wignebSi Tavmoyrili masa-

lis mixedviT, ufro xSirad, TbilisSi, saerTod qarTlisa da kax-

eTis soflebSi somxur eklesiebs mdidari somexi vaWrebi, anda

sulac ekonomikurad Zlieri somxuri ojaxebis calkeuli wevrebi

agebdnen. magaliTad, Tbilisis wm. giorgis somxuri eklesiis

p. muradianis mierve pirobiTad aRdgenili samSeneblo warwera

gvauwyebs: ès kaTedraluri eklesia agebulia somexTa mTavris

omekis saxsrebiT~104. gorijvris somxuri eklesiis (Calabandis say-

dris) warweraSi naTqvamia: `940 (e. i. 1491) w. me, jalapma aRvaSene

es eklesia Cemi da Cemi mSoblebisa da Zmebis sulis mosaxsenie-

blad~105. RvTismSoblis yandis somxuri eklesiis warwera ki gvam-

cnobs: `somxuri welTaRricxvis `ji~ 920 (1471), me, astvawatur

mRvdelma Cemma vaJma xaCaturma da daviTma da Cemma qristesmi-

erma sulierma Zmebma sargis sarkavagma (diakvanma) da ami...elma

avaSeneT wminda RvTismSoblis (eklesia) Cveni da mSoblebis

sulis(xsnisaTvis) amen~106. ufro gviandeli xanisTvis msgavsi Ze-

glebis raodenoba kidev metad izrdeba, xolo eklesiaTa ganax-

lebisa, Tu misi nawilebis SekeTebis, gansakuTrebiT ki qvajvare-

bis aRmarTvis SemTxvevebi TiTqmis yovelTvis erT

pirovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli da calkeuli personebis

interesebiTaa gansazRvruli107. am da misi msgavsi Zeglebis

kavSirze somxur kompaqtur dasaxlebebTan warwerebSi ubralo

miniSnebac ki ar moipoveba. xolo XIX s., roca rusi moxeleebis

102 p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 104, 122, 155-156 da sxv.

103 iqve, gv. 118.

104 Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì., Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè, Òáèëèñè, Åðåâàí, 1988, ñ. 20-

21.105 Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì., Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè), Åðåâàí,

1985. ñ. 91.106 iqve, gv. 51.

107 iqve, gv. 120, 123, 127, 138, 139 da sxv.

204 205

mier organizebuli migraciuli procesebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi

somexTa masobrivi Semosaxleba daiwyo da msxvili kompaqturi

somxuri dasaxlebebic Seiqmna, es movlena maSinve aisaxa

epigrafikul ZeglebSic. am droidan somxur sakulto nagebobebze

gakeTebul warwerebSi maT mSeneblebad calkeuli pirebi ki ara,

ufro xSirad mTeli somxuri dasaxlebebi da soflebi moixse-

niebian. magaliTebs TviT p. muradianisave gamoqveynebuli war-

werebidan movitanT. niCbisSi – `1867 w. eklesia avageT Cvena

somxisa sazogadoebama Cveni sakuTari SromiTa~108, muxranSi – `1843

w. SemweobiTa da RvawliTa somexTa guariT, romelnic imyofebian

sofelsa Sina muxrans dadga eklesia es somxisa”109. anda `1839 w.

aRvaSeneT eklesia (wminda) giorgisa Cven zertSi mcxovrebelT

erTobiT qarTvelTa da somexTa sasaflaod Cvenis muSakobiTa~110.

es ukanaskneli warwera konfesiuri urTierTobis Tvalsazrisi-

Tac erTob sainteresoa da masze calke vimsjelebT. aq moyvani-

li Sua saukuneebisa da XIX s. epigrafikuli masalis Sedareba ki,

vfiqrob, sakmaod garkveviT cxadyofs, rom somxuri eklesiebis

ageba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis ar iyo da arc SeiZleboda yo-

filiyo somxuri Temebis gaCenis uSualo Sedegi. piriqiT, ekle-

sias SeeZlo, albaT, mosaxleobis Tavis garSemo Semokreba, magram

amjerad ukve konfesiuri da ara mxolod eTnikuri niSniT, isic

gansazRvrul drosa da sivrceSi. amitom araa aucilebeli yoveli

sakulto nagebobis ukan somxuri Temi veZioT, somxuri eklesiebis

ricxvis mixedviT ki somxuri Temebis da miT ufro somexTa

raodenobis gansazRvra saqarTveloSi, aSkarad, uimedo saqmea.

Sua saukuneebis, kerZod ki XIV-XV ss. saqarTveloSi ltol-

vili somxebi, Tu marTlac, mTeli soflebiT moemarTebodnen da

qveynis centralur raionebSi saxlebodnen, rogorc amas p. mu-

radiani amtkicebs, maSin es movlena toponimikaSi mainc unda

asaxuliyo da maTi adrindeli sacxovrisis saxelwodebis mixed-

viT sexnia toponimebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSic gaCeniliyo. cnobil-

ia, rom iq, sadac did koleqtivebad moxda somexTa gadasaxleba

kidec saTanadod aisaxa es movlena toponimikaSi. magaliTad,

somxeTis julfidan iranSi gadasaxlebulebma TavianT axal dasax-

lebas `nor julfa~, e. i. axali julfa uwodes, ruseTis somxur-

ma koloniam àxali naxiWevani~ da sxv. aRniSnuli xanis saqar-

Tvelos socialur-ekonomikuri, Tu saerTod, fizikur-geog-

rafiuli pirobebi ltolvilTa msxvili dasaxlebebis Seqmnas xels

ver uwyobda, ris gamoc somexTa saqarTveloSi Semosaxleba,

etyoba, mainc TandaTanobiTi infiltraciis gziT xdeboda.

saqarTveloSi Semosaxlebis formebze saintereso miniSnebebs

vxvdebiT somxur xelnawerTa anderZebSi. erT maTganSi

vkiTxulobT: daiwera `somexTa welTaRricxvis `pZa~ (1432) w.

araratis gavaris upatronobisas, (iqaurebis) qarTvelTa naTesavs

Soris msxemobisas... gafantvisas~111. daaxloebiT imave xanis sxva

xelnawerSi ki aRniSnulia: `Cveni Zmobis wevrebi gaviqeciT da

gavifanteT qarTvelTa qveyanaSi~112. n. maris dakvirvebiT, somxuri

migraciis Taviseburebas savaWro wreebis interesebi

ganapirobebda, ris gamoc ucxo qveynebisaken daZruli pirveli

nakadebi miedineboda savaWro kavSirTa mimarTulebiTo, Semdeg

ki somxuri savaWro fenis mier aTvisebul raionebSi TanmiyolebiT

saxldeboda mwarmoebeli sazogadoebaco113. sagulisxmoa, rom Sua

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis ganlagebis

suraTi, romelic saistorio wyaroebis monacemebiT ixateba,

TiTqmis, srulad emTxveva savaWro gzebsa da maT Sesayar adg-

ilebs. magram somex vaWarTa mier garemos aTvisebasa da Tavis

garSemo eTnikur TanamoZmeTa Semokrebas sakmaod xangrZlivi da

mSvidobiani periodi sWirdeba, ris gamoc didi kompaqturi somx-

uri dasaxlebebis Seqmna, miT umetes gamudmebuli omianobis vi-

TarebaSi, Zalze Zneli iyo. esec ar iyos, ZiriTadad somxuri

savaWro kapitalis interesebiT stimulirebuli migraciuli pro-

cesebi umTavresad didi da Zlieri saxelmwifoebisken iyo mima-

rTuli, romelTac Sua saukuneebis pirobebSi vaWris pirovnebisa

108 p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 41.109 iqve.110 iqve, gv. 92.

111 somxur xelnawerTa anderZis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIV-

XV ss.) a. abdalaZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 47.112 iqve, gv. 51.113 n. mari, arkauni...gv. 47; misive, Êàâêàçñêèé êóëüòóðíûé ìèð è Àðìåíèÿ,

Ïåòðîãðàä, 1915, ñ. 48.

206 207

da misi qonebis dacvis bevrad ukeTesi SesaZleblobani gaaCndaT.

gasagebia, rom samefo-samTavroebad daSlili gviani Sua sauku-

neebis saqarTveloSi, sadac komerciuli saqmianobis aRmavlobi-

saTvis asparezi SezRuduli iyo, somxuri mosaxleobis raodeno-

ba ver iqneboda maincdamainc didi. 1770 w. erekle II-is mier

ruseTis rezidentisaTvis gacemuli demografiuli cnobis

mixedviT, qarTlSi 500 komli somexi cxovrobda, rac qarTveli

marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis 1/8 -s udrida, kaxeTSi ki – 450

komli somexi, rac adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis 1/16-s

Seefereboda114. amave cnobiT, SedarebiT mravalricxovani Cans

somxuri mosaxleoba qvemo qarTlSi, magram aq is mahmadianur

mosaxleobas Soris aris dafantuli. aseTi Tanafardoba TavisTa-

vad somxuri kompaqturi dasaxlebebis Sesaqmnelad didad xelS-

esawyobi garemo, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo. feodalur-naturaluri

meurneobis pirobebSi ki somex vaWarTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebis

Seqmna maSinac ki, roca amiT qarTveli xelisuflebic iyvnen dain-

teresebulni, ramdenadme mniSvnelovani xniT mainc SeuZlebeli

xdeboda. amis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens cnobili `mefis

qalaqis~ istoria. 1632-1636 ww. TeZmis piras somex vaWarTaTvis

gaSenebuli qalaqi sul male gamodis mefis xelisuflebis daqvem-

debarebidan da qarTlis Tavadebis _ TarxniSvilebis samflo-

belod iqceva, saxelsac icvlis da `mefis qalaqis~ magier `qar-

Tlis axalqalaqis~ saxels imkvidrebs115. mefis vaWrebic gaifant-

nen da, Cans, amitomac somxebis xsenebas `qarTlis axalqalaqSi~

naklebad vxvdebiT. igive bedi ewia erekle II-is cdas, qarTl-

kaxeTis soflebsa da qalaqebSi daemagrebina mis mier Camosax-

lebuli rva somxuri soflis mosaxleoba. didi nawili ukan, som-

xeTSi gabrunda, rac darCa isic mcire jgufebad gaifanta ya-

raias, lilos, Tbilissa da TelavSi. feodaluri karCaketilobis

viTarebaSi araqarTuli mosaxleobis garedan mosvla SezRuduli

masStabebiT mimdinareobda, ris Sedegadac XIX s. damdegs saqarTve-

los TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi aborigenuli mosaxleoba didad

Warbobda, qarTvelebis xvedriTi wona 4/5-s uaxlovdeboda. amave

mizeziT XIX s-mde somxebis Camosaxleba xdeboda mcire jgu-

febiT116. niSandoblivia isic, rom saqarTveloSi somxuri mosax-

leobis odenobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli – 6% mxolod 1800

welze modis117.

Tbilisis somxuri epigrafikis Zeglebis kvlevisas mkiTxvelze

sasurveli STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad p. muradiani ramdenjerme

exeba qalaqis eTnikur struqturas da komentaris gareSe mohyavs

turneforis erTob saeWvo cnoba 1701 w. Tbilisis mosaxleobis

eTnikur Semadgenlobaze, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelTa

dedaqalaqis 20 aTasi mcxovrebidan 14 aTasi yofila somexi, 3000

mahmadiani, 2000 qarTveli da 500 kaTolike da es ukanasknelic

moqceuli somxebi yofilan118. saqme isaa, rom turneforis arc

winamorbed da arc misi Semdgomi xanis avtorebs Sua saukuneebis

Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis amgvar ricxobriv

Tanafardobas ramdenadme mainc miaxloebuli suraTi saerTod ar

moepovebaT, amitom moyvanili cifrebis namdviloba, bunebrivia,

yovelTvis seriozul eWvs aRZravda qarTvel istorikosTa Soris.

undobloba am cnobebis mimarT Cvenc gamovTqviT am aTiode wlis

win119. frangi mogzauri, bunebismetyveli Jozef piton de turne-

fori Cven qveyanaSi mogzaurobisas mecnier botanikosis inter-

esebiT (mcenareebis SegrovebiT) ufro iyo dakavebuli, vidre is-

toriuli xasiaTis cnobebis SekrebiT, ris gamoc misi Txzuleba

kidev ufro metad iyo damZimebuli im drois evropuli infor-

maciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi saerTo naklovanebebiT,

rogoric faqtebis damaxinjeba da subieqtur ganwyobaTa ganzo-

gadeba iyo. amasTan, xuTi dRe, rac man Cven dedaqalaqSi dahyo,

metad mcire dro iyo avTenturi cnobebis Sesagroveblad, ram-

denadac statistikuri masalis mosapovebeli wyaro mis dros

TbilisSi realurad arc arsebobda. misi wasvlidan mxolod 20

wlis Semdeg, 1721 w. vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT ganxorcielda Tbili-

sis mosaxleobis aRwera. sruli saxiT aRweris masalebi moRweuli

114 qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba 1770 w., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II,

gv. 420-421.

115 S. mesxia, saistorio Ziebani, t. II, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 190.

116 v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVIII-XX ss-Si, Tbilisi, 1984,

gv. 210, 227 da sxv.117 iqve, gv. 79.118 Ï. Ì. Ìóðàäÿí, Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè, Òáèëèñè, Åðåâàí,1988,ñ. 29.119 ix. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 12.X.1990, gv. 13-14.

208 209

araa, magram rac SemogvrCa Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikur Se-

madgenlobaze SedarebiT realur warmodgenas mainc gviqmnis. am

masalaze Cveni dakvirvebiT, XVIII s. pirveli meoTxedisaTvis somx-

uri mosaxleoba TbilisSi qalaqis saerTo raodenobis erTi

mesamedi unda yofiliyo, rac am mosaxleobisaTvis yvelaze maRa-

li maCvenebelia saqarTvelos sxva danarCen regionebTan Sedare-

biT.

eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Cvens mier navaraudevi Tanafardoba

dasturdeba, agreTve, saistorio sabuTebis monacemebiT da vax-

uStisa da misi momdevno avtorebis mier Sedgenili Tbilisis

rukebiT120. amaT mixedviT Tbilisis yvelaze vrceli da cen-

traluri nawili – kala, gansakuTrebiT misi zemo ubani, mTli-

anad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. aq iyo ganlagebuli mefisa

da kaTalikosis, batoniSvilebisa da msxvili saero da sasuliero

feodalebis sasaxleebi, samefo dawesebulebebi. qalaqis es naw-

ili ara marto yvelaze vrceli, aramed ufro mWidrod dasax-

lebuli adgilic iyo, radgan xsenebul sasaxleebsa da mis mimde-

bare teritoriaze saxlobda maT patronTa Sina da gare

mosamsaxureTa rangis Sesaferisad, mravalricxovani jgufebi, sa-

mefo amala, dacva da sxva. didi jalabiT gamoirCeodnen TbilisSi

mcxovrebi muxranbatonebi, amilaxorebi, orbelianebi, zedgi-

niZeebi, ciciSvilebi, abaSiZeebi da sxvebi. TbilisSi qarTvel did-

gvarovanTa simravles aRniSnavda Sardenic121.

qvemo ubanSi, Cans, qarTvelebs somxebi sWarbobdnen. 1721 w.

mosaxleobis aRweris monawile vaxuSti batoniSvilic aRniSnavda:

`cixis gareT ufros somexni da mcired qarTvelni saxloben~,

magram rac gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia, mecnier batoniSvilis

mowmobiT, es somxebi `qceva-zniT~ gaqarTvelebulebi yofilan122.

TbilisSi qarTvelTa Warbi garemocvis gareSe `qceva-znis~ Secv-

la, gasagebia, rom SeuZlebeli iqneboda. arc Tbilisis midamoe-

bis soflebSi Cans somxuri umravlesoba, rogorc amas zogjer

somxuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben. Tbilisis

midamoebis 22 soflis 1781 w. xalxis aRweris davTris123 mixedviT

840 komlidan mxolod 222 komli somxuri warmoSobis piri dav-

iTvaleT, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 1/4¼-ze cota metia. es da sxva

gamoangariSebani, ra Tqma unda, miaxloebiTia da savaraudo, rad-

ganac xalxis aRweris qarTul davTrebSi mosaxleoba eTnikuri da

konfesiuri niSniT ar aris gamijnuli. amas garda, qarTuli da

somxuri mosaxleobis garCeva am davTrebSi mocemuli saxelebisa

da gvarebis mixedviTac xSirad Wirs imitomac, rom qarTvelTa

Soris gavrcelebul saxelebs zogjer somxebic atarebdnen da

piriqiTac, somexTa Soris gavrcelebul saxelebs – qarTvelebi.

Semdeg ki am saxelebidan nawarmoebi gvarebi, Tavis mxriv, kidev

ufro abundovnebdnen konkretuli piris eTnikur warmomavlobas.

rogorc Cans, arsebuli sinamdvile ar iTxovda qarTuli da

somxuri mosaxleobis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas, ris gamoc xalxis

aRweris davTrebSi isini erTi siiTa da erTmaneTTan Sereulad

arian warmodgenilni. ZiriTadi qarTuli mosaxleobis masasTan

amgvari Serwyma–SekavSireba, eWvi araa, mxolod somexTa Sedare-

biTi ricxobrivi simcirisa da orive mosaxleobis uflebrivi Ta-

nasworobis pirobebSi SeiZleboda momxdariyo. es ki niadags aclis

p. muradianis xsenebul Tvalsazriss somxuri Temebis gansakuTre-

bul samarTlebriv statusze, ris safuZvelze, TiTqos, XVIII s.

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi somexTa mimarT gamoiyene-

boda mxolod somxuri samarTlis normebi.

saqme isaa, rom somxuri Temebis samarTlebriv statusze msje-

lobisas p. muradiani naxevarsimarTliTa da misTvis Cveuli ara-

pirdapiri miniSnebebiTa da sinamdvilis gamrudebis gziT cdilobs

mkiTxvelis darwmunebas ararsebulSi124. b-ni paruiris mier xseneb-

uli vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebulSi Sesuli `somxuri samarTali~

anu mxiTar goSas kanonmdeblobis normebi, sxva ucxo kanonmde-

blobaTa (moses samarTali, berZnuli samarTali, siriul-romau-

li samarTlis wigni da sxv.) normebis msgavsad damxmare mniS-

vnelobisa iyo da mxolod im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda, roca

120 m. berZniSvili, Tbilisis garegani saxe XVIII s-Si, Tbilisi, 1965.121 Sardenis mogzauroba, m. mgalobliSvilis Targmani, Tb.,1975, gv. 325.122 qarTlis cxovreba, IV , Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 338.

123 iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis Zeglebi, I,

gv. 157-182.124 p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 118.

210 211

esa Tu is norma gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo erovnuli kanonmde-

blobis ZeglebSi125. rogorc i. doliZe SeniSnavs, sasamarTlo gan-

CinebebSi `somxuri samarTlis~ kanonTa muxlebis damowmeba TiTq-

mis ar gvxvdeba126. p. muradianis mier moyvanili mamulis gayidvis

magaliTis gamo ki ganmartavs: am erTaderT SemTxvevaSic ki sasa-

marTlo mxiTar goSis samarTlis wignis 367-e muxlze miuTiTebs

rogorc vaxtangis samarTlis 161-e da 167-e muxlebTan Sesa-

darebel masalas. saqme ki wydeba vaxtangis `samarTlis wignis

ZaliT~127. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi urTierTobani mosulsa

da damxvdurs Soris, rom qarTuli batonymuri samarTlis safuZ-

velze wydeboda, amas ltolvili somxuri mosaxleobac aRniSnav-

da. am mxriv tipuria erTi maTganis mier qarTveli Tavadis sax-

elze dawerili sabuTi, sadac vkiTxulobT: `...Cemi Tavi Cemis

SvilebiT xeCaturaTi da avetiqaTi Tqven mogyide, rogorc

saqarTvelos batonymobis rigia dRes da dReis iqiT ise unda

gemsaxuroTo~128. cxadia, `qarTuli batonymobis rigi~ da `qarTu-

li samarTali~ iyo qveynis mosaxleTa Soris nebismieri urTier-

Tobis momwesrigebeli. amitom arc saqarTvelos somxur mosax-

leobas, romelic sazogadoebis sruluflebian nawilad

iTvleboda da qveynis xelisufalTagan zogjer gansakuTrebuli

SemwynareblobiTac sargeblobda, ar gaaCnda safuZveli

gancalkevebuli, miT umetes, sakuTari kanonebiT marTuli Temebis

Sesaqmnelad da isic qveynis centralur raionebSi, rogorc es

b-n p. muradians warmoudgenia. qveynis sazRvrispira raionebSi,

gansazRvrul drosa da pirobebSi somxuri Temebis Camoyalibeba,

ra Tqma unda, gamoricxuli ar iyo, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi

misi Serwyma saerTo qarTul kulturul procesTan mainc

gardauvali xdeboda. magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges curtavis

somxuri mosaxleobis Tavgadasavali, romelic jer kidev VII s.

damdegs iq sakuTar soflebad da Temebad cxovrobda. Semdeg ki

qarTul kulturul samyarosTan TandaTanobiTi Serwymis Sedegad,

imave mosaxleobisaTvis X s. ukve somxeTi gaxda ucxo qveyana129.

saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriasTanaa gansazRv-

rulwilad dakavSirebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis erTi SedarebiT

mcire, gansakuTrebiT vaWroba-xelosnobaSi Cabmuli nawilis mier

somxuri sarwmunoebis miReba da e. w. `qarTvel grigorianTa~ eT-

nokulturuli erTobis Camoyalibeba. amgvari erTobis arsebobis

SesaZlebloba, araTu gviani Sua saukuneebis, aramed XIX s.

saqarTveloSic p. muradians dauSveblad miaCnia da nametani gaRi-

zianebiT xvdeba am sakiTxze qarTul istoriografiaSi msjelo-

bas. misi gancxadebiT `qarTvel grigorianTa~ cneba gamogonili

iyo XX s. dasawyisSi qarTuli burJuaziuli sazogadoebis gark-

veul ganwyobilebaTa zegavleniT da am saqmis mTavar `damnaSaved~

zaqaria WiWinaZe gamoyavs130. `z. WiWinaZis Tvalsazrisis ganvi-

Tarebis cdis~ gamo mkveTr gaRizianebas gamoxatavs Cvens

mimarTac, rac SemdgomSic araerTxel gaimeora somxeTSi gamo-

maval sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi (§¶ñ³Ï³Ý Ã»ñÃ¦« §Ð½áñ

Ñ³Ûñ»ÝÇù¦ da sxv.) dabeWdil werilebSi.

marto is faqti, rom XIX s. dasasrulisa da XX s. dasawyisis

qarTuli da somxuri perioduli gamocemebis furclebze mwvave

debatebi imarTeboda xsenebul sakiTxze publicistebsa da mec-

nierTa Sorisac, mas ukve `gamogonils~ veRar uwodeb. rac Seexeba

z. WiWinaZes, igi TviT iyo `qarTvel grigorianTa~ sazogadoebis

arsebobis uSualo mowme da aRmweri. Tavis wignSi saTiTaod

CamoTvlis misi Tanamedrove `grigoriani qarTvelebis~ 105 gvars,

romelTagan mxolod ramdenime gvaris eTnikuri kuTvnileba Tu

SeiZleba iyos sadavo, Torem danarCenis qarTveloba iotis odena

eWvsac ar badebs. magaliTad, avaliSvili, baraTaSvili, baqraZe,

giorgaZe, maCabeli, muCaiZe, lomiZe da131 sxva mravali, romelTa

zogi warmomadgeneli sxvadasxva mizezisa da garemoebaTa gamo

125 samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, teqsti daadgina, gamokvleva da sa-

Zieblebi daurTo isidore doliZem, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 61.126 iqve, gv. 59.127 iqve, gv. 60.128 ssa, 229, davTari #6, sabuTi 83.

129 ix. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, zaza

aleqsiZis TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT, gv. 6.130 ix. misi Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè), gv. 90, Sen. 29.131 z. WiWinaZe, qarTveli grigorianebi, Tbilisi, 1906, gv. 103-113 da

sxv.

212 213

somxur sarwmunoebas mihkedlebia. bevr maTganTan z. WiWinaZes

piradi nacnoboba da megobroba akavSirebda, rac saSualebas

aZlevda ukeT Seeswavla maTi ucxo sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis

istoria, ris Sesaxebac mis wignSi konkretul miTiTebebsac vx-

vdebiT. ase rom, z. WiWinaZe TviT aris erT-erTi pirvelwyaro

`grigorian qarTvelTa~ istoriis Sesaswavlad da pretenziebi mis

mimarT am sakiTxis gamo, vfiqrob, gaumarTlebelia.

p. muradianis xsenebuli wignis sxva gverdze ki, roca mis

avtors istoriuli sabuTebis qarTuli formis gvarebis mqone

personaJebSi eTnikuri somxebis Secnoba dasWirda, qarTvelTa

mier somxur sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis SemTxvevebs gamogonebuls

aRar uwodebs da avitabiles cnobebze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs, rom

iyo SemTxvevebi, roca somexi monofizitebi qalkedonizmis wiaRSi

gadadiodnen, xolo qarTvelebi somxebi xdebodnen (e. i. monofiz-

itebi). amitom eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxi rTulia da si-

frTxiles saWiroebso132. sadisertacio naSromis avtoreferatSi

ki xazgasmiT acxadebs: Cven uarvyofT jer kidev arsebul kon-

cefcias, romlis mixedviTac qarTlisa da kaxeTis amJamindeli

qarTulenovani somxuri mosaxleoba `somxuri~ gaxda `grigori-

anobisadmi~ mimxrobis gamo. Cven sulac ar gamovricxavT

qarTvelTa armenizaciisa da somexTa qarTvelizaciis calkeul

SemTxvevebs, magram es procesi ar iyo mudmiv moqmedi faqtori133.

rogorc vxedavT, eTnikuri da konfesiuri gaucxoebis Temas

p. muradiani calmxrivad, misTvis saWiro kuTxiT ganixilavs da

misadmi damokidebulebas icvlis imisdamixedviT, Tu rogor

ujobs. amasTan SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkiTxveli, roca amtkicebs,

TiTqos, Cven uarvyofdeT Sua saukuneebisa da Semdgomi xanis

saqarTveloSi somex ltolvilTa arsebobis faqts. piriqiT,

p. muradiani cdilobs somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvelebis

somxuri eTnosisadmi miTvlas da am gziT isedac mravalricxo-

vani somxuri mosaxleobis ufro metad gazrdas qarTuli mosax-

leobis Semcirebis xarjze. aseTi damokidebulebis TvalnaTeli

magaliTia, agreTve, somxeTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri

yovelkvireuli rusulenovani gazeTis èpoxa~-s 1990 w. me-8 no-

merSi rubrikiT `politika~ gamoqveynebuli p. muradianis werili

erTob emociuri saTauriT `qarTveli grigorianebi~ – miTi Tu

realoba? ase, xan “gamogonebuli cneba, xan `koncefcia~, xan ki

`miTi~. es ukanaskneli epiTeti Zlieri gaRizianebis Sedegia, rac

gamowveuli iyo im xanebSi somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvel-

Ta aTeuli aTasobiT Tanamedrove STamomavalTa mier, TiTqmis

mTeli saukunis Semdeg, sakuTari gvarisa da erovnebis oficial-

urad (iuridiulad) dabrunebiT, riTac TavisTavad daimsxvra

`qarTvel grigorianTa~ eTnokulturuli kategoriis uaryofis

p. muradianiseuli miTi. xsenebul werilze Cveni pasuxi saTauriT

`vin arRvevs keTilmezoblobis tradiciebs?~ daibeWda `literatu-

ruli saqarTvelos~ 1992 wlis 22 maisis nomerSi. amave sakiTxze

msjeloba gavSaleT da p. muradianis mtkicebulebaTa sawinaaRm-

dego damatebiTi kontrargumentebi moviyvaneT Cvens wignSi

`saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebi (IV-

XVIII ss.)~, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 185-194. sailustraciod p. muradianis

mier moxmobili argumentebis sawinaaRmdego ramdenime kontrar-

guments aqac moviyvanT. daviwyoT p. muradianis araerTgzisi

gancxadebiT, TiTqos, mxolod misioner avitabiles werilis erT

pasaJSia naxsenebi qarTvelTa armenizaciis faqti, rac calkeul

SemTxvevaTa rigs unda miekuTvnoso. b-ni paruiri amjeradac mis-

Tvis sasurvel ganmartebas moyvanili Sinaarsis mcire gamrudeb-

iT aRwevs. avitabiles werilSi moyvanilia XVII s. pirveli nax-

evris cnobili qarTveli politikuri moRvawis nikoloz Colo-

yaSvilis sityvebi, romelSic gamoTqmulia SeSfoTeba am movlenis

gafarToebis gamo. avitabiles mixedviT n. ColoyaSvils uTqvams:

`yoveli dRe Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT, rom mravalni qarTvelni

somxdebian...~134, rac muradianisagan sruliad gansxvavebul daskv-

nas iTxovda. amgvari cnobebi ki sakmaod mravlad iZebneba ital-

iel misionerTa moxsenebebSi. imave xanebSi patri ambrozio Tavis

xelmZRvanelobas romSi moaxsenebda: `Cveni monazonebi am qris-

tianebSi didis sikeTis qmnas SeiZleben ramdenisame soflis yid-

132 p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 125.133 p. muradianis xsenebuli disertaciis avtoreferati, gv. 10.

134 don piedro avitabile, cnobebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi, 1977,

gv. 66.

214 215

viT, rogorc Svrebian somxebi. Tumca qarTvelebs didi simZul-

vare aqvT somxebis sarwmunoebis mxriv, garda, rodesac maTi ymebi

xdebian, bevri maTgani gadadis somxis wesze135~. aqac calkeul

SemTxvevebze ki ara, mTel soflebzea saubari. `grigorian qar-

TvelTa~ sazogadoebis damadasturebeli sabuTebi TviT p. mura-

dianis mier gamoqveynebul `ZeglebSic~ sakmaod moipoveba,

romelTagan mxolod erT niSandobliv warweras moviyvanT: `CylT

(1839) wels aRvaSeneT eklesia ese wminda giorgisa Cven zertSi

mcxovrebelT erTobiT qarTvelTa da somexTa sasaflaod Cvenis

musakobiTa, SemweobiTa...~136. am warweris komentarSi p. muradiani

ganmartavs, TiTqos, xangrZlivma Tanacxovrebam am soflis

qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris ara marto eTnikuri, aramed konfe-

siuri sazRvrebic waSalao. aseTi axsna damajereblobas, ra Tqma

unda, moklebulia. vinc ki Sua saukuneebis, Tundac gviani xanis,

sazogadoebis bunebas icnobs, man kargad icis (maT Soris p. mu-

radianmac), rom konfesiurad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebis war-

momadgenlebi araTu erTmaneTis sasaflaoze micvalebuls ar

daasaflavebdnen, aramed eklesiaSic ar Sevidodnen. warweris

teqstSi xsenebuli eklesia erTobliv maSenebelni qarTvelebica

da somxebic, ra Tqma unda, erTi sarwmunoebisani iyvnen, sxvag-

varad maTi TanamSromloba, miT ufro sasaflaos eklesiis

mSeneblobaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amis aRiareba ki p. muradianis

Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeboda. amitomac, Cans, teqstis axsnis im

droisaTvis garegnulad momgebian variants mimarTa. magram

saqmec isaa, rom XIX s., romelsac es warwera ekuTvnis, yvelaze

Seuferebeli droa eTnikuri da konfesiuri sazRvrebis waSlis

SesaZleblobis samtkiceblad. is ufro konfesiur urTierTobaTa

gamwvavebis xanadaa cnobili. saqarTvelos rusuli administracia

qarTvelTa da somexTa gaTiSvisa da dapirispirebisaTvis iRvwo-

da. am politikuri amocanis Sesabamisad qarTvelTa somxur

sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlas ara marto axalisebda, aramed zogjer

aiZulebda kidec. es da msgavsi RonisZiebebi rusuli kolo-

nialuri politikis arsenalSi erT-erTi efeqturi saSualeba iyo

qarTuli eTnikuri koleqtivis dasasusteblad.

amdenad, b-ni p. muradianis cdebs, uaryos e. w. `qarTvel

grigorianTa~ eTnokulturuli kategoriis arseboba gviani Sua

saukuneebisa da gansakuTrebiT XIX s. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba-

Si, ramdenadme seriozuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia da aseT mtkice-

bulebebs mxolod mecnieruli interesebis miRma motivebi Tu

SeiZleba rom asuldgmulebdes.

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis gan-

sakuTrebuli siWarbisa da siZvelis STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad,

aRniSnuls garda, b-ni p. muradiani calkeuli qarTuli gvarebis

warmomavlobaSi eWvis Setanasa da somxurTan dakavSirebas cdi-

lobs, risTvisac mecnieruli sabuTianobis nacvlad zogadi da

arapirdapiri miniSnebebiT kmayofildeba, rac, eWvi araa, saqmeSi

Cauxedavi mkiTxvelis fsiqikaze zegavlenis mosaxdenadaa mxolod

gaTvlili. am mxriv tipuria cnobili qarTuli feodaluri sag-

vareulos – musxeliSvilTa gasomxurebis p. muradianiseuli xe-

rxi. sof breZis grigol ganmanaTleblis monastrisaTvis gaTval-

iswinebuli xelnaweri saxarebis (1469) Tavgadasavalze saubrisas,

mkiTxvels moulodnelad sqolioSi Catanil aseT cnobas awvdis:

sof. breZis mcxovreblebi amJamad somxurs uwodeben wm. giorgis

eklesias, sadac dakrZalulni arian musxelovebis (musxeliSvili)

sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi. Tuki gamovricxavT, ganagrZobs

p. muradiani, kidev erTi somxuri savanis arsebobis SesaZleblo-

bas, maSin unda davaskvnaT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi breZis somx-

ebis gaqarTvelebis procesSi, wm. grigoli gaazrebuli iyo (Secv-

lili?) rogorc wm. giorgi, qarTul wreebSi am ukanasknelis kul-

tis gansakuTrebuli popularobis gamo137.

b-ni p. muradianis aq warmodgenil msjelobaSi, TiTqmis, yvela

sityva erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. jer erTi, mis mier moyvanil

anderZminawerSi, sadac xsenebul saxarebazea saubari, saerTod

araa naxsenebi sof. breZa. xelnaweris damweri barseRi politikuri

movlenebis gadmocemasTan erTad aRniSnavs, rom dazianebuli saxa-

reba 1584 w. gaanaxla da somexTa arqiepiskopos xaCaturis Txov-

135 m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris XIII-XIX

ss., tfilisi, 1902, gv. 236.136 p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 62. 137 p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 53.

216 217

niT masve gorSi daubruna, am ukanasknelma ki Tavis ZmisSvils

diakvan kirakoss sof. yandaSi gaugzavna. Tuki es xelnaweri sax-

areba, p. muradianis TqmiT, breZis wm. giorgis eklesiisaTvis iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin misamarTis Secvlis mizezi barseRs mainc

unda aReniSna, miT umetes, rom saxarebis TavgadasavalTan dakav-

Sirebul yovel detals skrupulozurad aRwers. am gaugebrobis

axsnis sxva variants verc p. muradiani gvTavazobs. cxadia, wm.

grigolis eklesia sof. breZaSi ar yofila da, bunebrivia, amitom

verc ganaxlebuli somxuri saxareba gaigzavneboda iq. sof. breZis

eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli yvela es variaciebi, Cans, p. muradi-

ans imisTvis dasWirda, rom wm. giorgis qarTuli eklesia somx-

urad gamoecxadebina da amiT iq dasaflavebuli cnobili qarTu-

li feodaluri sagvareulos – musxeliSvilebis qarTvelobaze

mkiTxvelSi eWvi aReZra. rac Seexeba wm. grigolis giorgid

gaazrebas, Tu gardasaxvas, es araTu varaudebis, aramed fantaziis

sferos SeiZleba, albaT, mivakuTvnoT. met-naklebad msgavsi

meTodebiT manipulirebs qarTuli gvarebis somxuri eTnosisadmi

miTvlis sxva SemTxvevebSic. metadre maSin, roca saqme exeba

orenovan qarTul-somxur warwerebSi moxseniebuli gvarebis

warmomavlobis garkvevas. aseT SemTxvevaSi p. muradiani yovelTvis

somxuri teqstiT xelmZRvanelobs, sadac qarTuli saxelebi (da

ara marto qarTuli) Cveulebriv somxuri formiT gadmoicema.

magaliTad, biWiaSvili – biWiancad, RarRaZe – RarRaZeancad,

bagrationebi – bagratunebad, batoniSvili somxurSi

gavrcelebul paronad da a. S. amitomacaa, rom misTvis mxolod

qarTulenovani somxebi arseboben da arasdros somxuri

sarwmunoebis wiaRSi nebiT Tu uneblied moxvedrili qarTvelebi138.

qarTlis centralur raionebSi somxuri mosaxleobis siWarbisa

da siZvelis STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad igi, amasTanave,

cdilobs es regioni ZvelTaganve somxuri kulturis gavrcelebis

sivrced warmogvidginos, risTvisac calkeuli kulturuli faqtis,

misTvis Cveuli meTodebiT, gamrudebul axsnasac ar erideba.

magaliTad, `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ misTvis saWiro erTi siuJetis

gadmocemisas eyrdnoba maincdamainc leonti mrovelis im variants,

romelic `ninos cxovrebis~ arc erT ZiriTad redaqciaSi ar

moipoveba. saqme exeba javaxeTSi faravnis tbasTan wm. ninos

Sexvedras mcxeTel mwyemsebTan da maTTan saubars. ZiriTad À

redaqciaSi aseT Sexvedraze saerTod araferia Tqmuli, meore B

redaqciaSi ki aRniSnuli ar aris romel enaze Sedga maT Soris

saubari. am garemoebaze TviT muradianic miuTiTebs. mxolod

leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSia naTqvami, rom `wmida nino mecnier

iyo mcired enasa somxursa, rameTu pirvel eswavla niaforisgan,

da pova mwyemsTa maT Soris somxurad mzraxveli da hkiTxa mas,

viTarmed `romlisa soflisani xarT?~ xolo man miugo da rqua,

viTarmed: `dabiT elarbiniT da safurcliT, da qinZarelni, ra-

batelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani~139. ramdenadac es ukanaskne-

li cnoba `moqceva¡~-is arc erT ZiriTad redaqcias ar moepoveba,

obieqturi mkvlevris movaleobas Seadgenda, albaT, gaerkvia le-

ontis TxzulebaSi misi moxvedris mizezebi. amis magier sakuTari

versia p. muradianma Tavs moaxvia XI s. avtors da ganacxada, rom

`ninos cxovrebis~ saerTo konteqstidan gamomdinare, leonti

mrovelis logikuri daskvniT ucxo xalxis warmomadgenlebTan

urTierTobis damyareba ninos SeeZlo mxolod somxur enaze, e. i.

wm. ninosTvisac da mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovreblebi-

sTvisac ucxoelebTan sakontaqto ena mxolod somxuri iyoo.

rogorc ar unda yofiliyoo, ganagrZobs p. muradiani, XI s. is-

torikosi verafers xedavs ucnaurs imaSi, rom mcxeTisa Tu misi

mimdebare soflebis mcxovrebs `cotaTi~ mainc SeZleboda somx-

uris codna da CamoTvlis mTel rig garemoebebs, romelTac unda

ganepirobebinaT qarTvelTa mier somxuris `cotaTi~ codna. somx-

uris codnis ganmapirobebel garemoebaTa Soris mniSvnelovnad mi-

aCnia: somxuridan uZvelesi qarTuli Targmanebis (ZiriTadad bib-

liuri wignebis) mniSvnelovani raodenoba, koriunis Txroba qarTu-

li anbanis Seqmnaze da jalas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, mezobel

gugarqSi orenovani qarTul-somxuri eparqiis arseboba da bolos,

somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenelTa mqadageblobiTi moRvaweoba

`CrdiloeTis qveynebSi~. yvela am sadavo da saeWvo garemoebaTa

CamoTvlas agvirgvinebs qarTuli Zeglis `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡~-Si

138 p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 38, 46, 48 da sxv. 139 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 85-86.

218 219

Semonaxuli `zogierTi cnobiT~ saqarTvelos sulier da adminis-

traciul centrSi somexTa yofnaze140. ra Tqma unda, b-ni paruiri

aq somexTa ubralo yofnas ar gulisxmobs. mas saubari aqvs leontis

mier ìob somexad~ wodebul qarTlis mTavarepiskoposze. moyvani-

li faqtis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, arc am

garemoebaTa Seswavla da, miT ufro, faqtis namdvilobis gamorkve-

va, rogorc Cans, mis interesebSi ar Sedis. igi kvlav misTvis Cveul

miniSnebebs mimarTavs, romlebmac mkiTxvels qarTlis centrSi

somxuri garemos SesaZleblobis STabeWdileba unda Seuqmnas. igi

wers: samwuxarod, Cven araferi SegviZlia vTqvaT im garemoebaTa

Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganapirobes iobis gamoCena am Tanamdebobaze,

miT ufro imis Sesaxeb, flobda Tu ara is qarTuls, anda misma

garemomcvelma samRvdeloebam Tu icoda somxuri ena, Tumca

RvTismsaxureba jer isev berZnul an siriul enebze unda

warmarTuliyo141. erTi SexedviT savsebiT SesaZlebeli da uwyinari

msjelobaa b-ni p. muradianis mier warmodgenili, magram mis

mravalricxovan da Tanamimdevrul miniSnebebs Tu erTad movuyriT

Tavs, miviRebT Zveli qarTlis centrSi eTnokulturuli situaciis

yovladSeuferebel da gamrudebul suraTs.

daviwyoT mcxeTel mwyemsebTan wm. ninos Sexvedris epizodiT

da vnaxoT, ramdenad safuZvliania am erTob mwiri cnobiT ganma-

zogadebeli daskvnebis keTeba. wm. ninom rom somxuri icoda co-

taTi dvineli miaforisgan es leontisaTvis ukve cnobili iyo

`moqceva¡~-is avtorisagan142, ris gamoc somxeTis mezobel javax-

eTSi ninos kontaqti iqaurebTan, bunebrivia, SeiZleboda somxur

enazec warmarTuliyo, ramdenadac sasazRvro zolSi mezoblebi

erTmaneTis enas ramdenadme, albaT, mainc flobdnen. magram mwyem-

sebi mcxeTelebi iyvnen da amitom saWiro gaxda maT Soris somx-

uris `mzraxvelis~ moZebna, rac kidec moxerxda. cxadia, aseTi

SezRuduli informacia ganzogadebis saSualebas ar iZleva da

erTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevis mcxeTisa da misi mimdebare sofleb-

is mosaxleobaze gavrceleba, vfiqrob, yovlad gaumarTlebelia.

qarTvelTa Soris somxuri enis farTod gavrcelebis Tval-

sazrisis dasadastureblad p. muradianis mier moyvanili kultu-

ruli mniSvnelobis faqtebi maTi avtoris sasargeblod sulac ar

metyvelebs. bibliuri wignebis somxuridan Targmna TavisTavad

didmniSvnelovani kulturuli movlenaa, magram arafriT ar aris

somxuri enis gavrcelebis maniSnebeli. somxur bibliur wignebs

saqarTveloSi rom mkiTxveli hyoloda, maSin xom arc maTi Targ-

mna iqneboda saWiro? niSandoblivia isic, rom somxebTan kultu-

rul-literaturuli kavSiri calmxrivi arasdros yofila. somx-

ebic iseve Targmnidnen qarTulidan, rogorc qarTvelebi somx-

uridan143. arc maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis legenda

sZens rames p. muradianis ideas, radganac kargadaa cnobili, rom

mesropma qarTuli ar icoda, enis ucodinrad ki ucxo anbanis

Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba curtavis orenovani qarTul-

somxuri eparqiis arsebobas V s. qvemo qarTlSi da iq mimdinare

eTnokulturul procesebs, yvelaze ukeT amaze am mosaxleobis

Tavgadasavali gviCvenebs. ramdenime saukuneSi, rogorc iTqva, es

mosaxleoba ukve somxeTs miiCnevda ucxo qveynad. somxuri ek-

lesiis warmomadgenelTa mqadageblobiT moRvaweobas ki qvemo

qarTlSi aqa–iq ZvelTagan SemorCenili somxuri mosaxleoba Tu

saWiroebda, Torem iqaur mkvidr qarTvelobas arc eklesiebi

aklda (marto bolnisis sioni rad Rirs) da arc mqadageblebi.

maS raSi dasWirda b-n paruirs somex mqadageblebze aqcentireba?

rogor unda ganexorcielebinaT maT TavianTi misia qarTul mo-

saxleobaSi, Tu isini, mosalodnelia, ar flobdnen qarTuls?

cxadia, p. muradianis mizani sul sxvaa. etyoba, surs mkiTxvelSi

aRZras eWvi da daafiqros – xom ar iyo qarTlis mosaxleoba

somxuri kulturis matarebeli. aSkarad, am tendenciiTaa gaazre-

140 p. muradiani, xsenebuli naSromi, gv. 15.141 iqve, gv. 15142 dvinel miaforTan ninos Sexvedris mizezi axsnili aqvs p. mura-

dianisaTvis yvelaze sando avtors k. kekeliZes, romelic ase

ganmartavs: wyaros avtors imitom miuyvania nino dvinel

miaforTan, rom am ukanasknelma Tavisi sakuTari piriT aRiaros

upiratesoba qarTlisa sxva qveynis winaSe, mas qarTli anu

`CrdiloTa mcxeTelTa~, rogorc somexi miafori ambobs, RvTis

gangebam wiliT arguna iseTi didi siwminde, rogoricaa kvarTi

uflisa. ix. korneli kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli li-

teraturis istoriidan, I, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 78-79.143 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, gv. 48.

220 221

buli mis xsenebul wignSi ìob somexis~ Temac. mas ar ainteresebs

mcxeTis saydris taxtze iobis gamoCenis garemoebani, magram mis

somxobaSi eWvi ar epareba, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT informacias

avTenituri wyaroebi ar floben144. p. muradians mxolod enis

problema awuxebs: icoda Tu ara iobma qarTuli, xolo misma

garemomcvelma samRvdeloebam somxuri ena. Zneli araa imis

mixvedra, Tu saiTken mianiSnebs mkvlevari mkiTxvels. Tu iobis

garemomcveli samRvdeloeba flobda somxurs, gamodis rom iobis

gamo wirvac am enaze unda Catarebuliyo, rac gasagebia, Sesabamisi

codnis mrevlsac gulisxmobda. aseTi arabunebrivi STabeWdileb-

is Sesasusteblad, etyoba, isev neitralur pozicias arCevs da

gamoTqvams varauds, rom iobis dros RvTismsaxureba isev

berZnul da siriul enebze unda warmarTuliyo, rogorc imJamad

es somxeTSi xdeboda. samwuxarod, mas mxedvelobidan gamorCa

erTi mniSvnelovani detali. mezoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, RvTis-

msaxureba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi yovelTvis qarTul enaze

warmoebda145.

msgavsi kulturuli gavlenis ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, ag-

reTve, mcxeTis jvris taZris mimarT jer kidev adre, 1968 w.

gaxmaurebuli vnebis ganviTareba xsenebul mis wignSi. Tavis droze

p. muradianis am Ziebebma aRiarebul specialistTa mkacri kriti-

ka daimsaxura da arc erTma seriozulma specialistma misi das-

kvnebi mcxeTis jvris taZris warweris daTariRebisa da misi in-

terpretaciis Taobaze ar gaiziara. xsebul wignSi p. muradiani,

faqtobrivad, imeorebs Zvel argumentebs, ise rom saWirod ar

miiCnevs maSindel kritikaze pasuxis gacemas, ramdenadac, misi

TqmiT, Tavisi damokidebuleba am kritikisadmi man ukve gamoxata

1969 w. parizSi gamoqveynebul werilSi da mis gameorebas aq

uadgilod miiCnevs. magram aRmoCnda, rom mcxeTis jvris somxuri

grafituli warweris magier mkiTxvels falsificirebuli warwera

miawoda, rac Tavis droze SeamCnia da samecniero wreebs

gaumJRavna safrangeTSi moRvawe, aw gardacvlilma qarTvelma

mecnierma, kalistrate saliam146. rogorc ityvian aq ukve

komentaric zedmetia.

erTi sityviT, b-ni p. muradianis didi mcdeloba, rom Sua

saukuneebis aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo somxuri kulturis tota-

luri gavlenis qveynad dagvixatos, ara marto yovelgvar safuZ-

velsaa moklebuli, aramed mis avtorsac realobis miRma da movs-

es xorenacis koncefciis tyveobaSi aqcevs, romelic qarTlis

istorias somxeTis istoriis nawilad ganixilavda.

XX s. 40 wlebidan dawyebuli, rogorc vnaxeT, qarTuli Tema

somxur istoriografiaSi sakmaod aqtiurad ganixileboda. sakiTx-

isadmi midgoma arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda XIX s. Casaxuli

tendenciebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve ganvlili iyo so-

cialur-politikuri cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis sakmaod grZe-

li gza da qveyanaSi gabatonebuli oficialuri ideologia isto-

rikosebs mouwodebda ekvliaT sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa da pirv-

el rigSi, am xalxebis rus xalxTan urTierToba-TanamSromlobis,

megobrobis da Zmobis istoria. saukunis 60-iani wlebidan mok-

idebuli iqmneboda mTeli rigi naSromebisa kavkasia-ruseTis,

somxeT-ruseTis istoriuli urTierTobis Temaze, sadac amave

WrilSi qarTul-somxuri urTierTobanic poveben asaxvas, miT

umetes, rom saxelmwifoebriv doneze ruseTTan urTierTobis

SesaZlebloba mTeli kavkasiidan mxolod qarTul samefoebs hqon-

daT, ris gamoc ruseTTan kontaqtebis damyarebisa da gafarToe-

bis mosurne qarTvelTa istoriuli mezoblebisaTvis am procesSi

CasarTavad qarTvel politikosTa mxardaWerasa da Suamavlobas

TavisTavad didi mniSvneloba hqonda.

amierkavkasiis xalxTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Temaze

daweril naSromebSi am wlebidan kidev ufro mkafiod ikveTeba Sua

saukuneebis amierkavkasiaSi wamyvan politikur Zalad kvlavac

somxeTis warmodgenis tendencia. niSandoblivia, rom somexi is-

torikosebi am upiratesobaze msjelobas ar eridebian istoriis

im monakveTebis gaSuqebis drosac ki, roca somxeTs sakuTari

saxelmwifoebrioba aRar gaaCnda da mis beds ucxo didi saxelm-

144 ix. Cemi, saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebi,

Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 27-34.145 k. kekeliZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 32.

146 ix. gazeTi “komunisti”, 1990, 7 oqtomberi, agreTve, Áîíäî Àðâåëàäçå,

"Àðìÿíñêèå" èëè ãðóçèíñêèå öåðêâè â Ãðóçèè?!, Òáèëèñè, 1996, ñ. 4-6.

222 223

wifoebi gansazRvravdnen. erT-erTi aseTi periodia

amierkavkasiaSi arabTa batonobis xana. am epoqis somxeTze

monografiuli naSromis avtori a. n. ter Revondiani wers, rom

siriis gamgeblis, Semdeg ki omeadTa dinastiis pirveli xalifa

muavias mier somxeTis iSxanis (mmarTveli mTavris) Teodoros

rStunis xelisuflebis cnoba somxeTze, qarTlsa da aranze

derbendamde, pirveli nabiji iyo provincia àrminiis~ Seqmnis

gzaze147, riTac, aSkaraa, cdilobs gamarTleba da axsna mouZebnos

sebeosis erTob saeWvo cnobas, TiTqos, somxeTis es upiratesi

mdgomareoba kavkasiaSi emyareboda arab da somex xelisufalTa

Soris 652 w. zafxuls damaskoSi dadebul xelSekrulebas. sebeosis

am cnobas yovelgvari SeniSvnisa da ganmartebis gareSe iziarebs

b-ni karen iuzbaSianic148. safuZveli aseTi optimizmisaTvis,

vfiqrob, ar unda arsebobdes. garda imisa, rom sebeosis mier

xsenebuli xelSekrulebis arseboba arabuli wyaroebisaTvis

sruliad ucnobia, teqstis Sinaarsic praqtikul mniSvnelobas

saerTod moklebulia, ramdenadac CamoTvlili qveynebis damor-

Cileba am SeTanxmebiT TviT T. rStunis evaleboda. amis gamo s.

janaSia moswrebulad SeniSnavda: `moavias `sulgrZeli~ saCuqari

carieli aRTqma iyo da igi realuri SinaarsiT TviT Teodoross

unda aevso CamoTvlili qveynebis dapyrobiT~149, rac im drois-

aTvis arabebs jer kidev ver moexerxebinaT. somexi mTavris

xelisuflebis masStaburobas TviT misi biografiis cnobili

faqtebic gamoricxavs. imperiasa da saxalifos Soris moqceulma

somxeTis iSxanma didi Zalebis dapirispirebiT gamowveul

sirTuleebs Tavi veRar gaarTva da jer somexi naxararebis

SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda, roca is somxeTis mmarTvelis Tan-

amdebobidan gadaayenes da misi mamulebi erTmaneTs Soris ga-

inawiles, xelisuflebis aRdgenis Semdeg ki T. rStunma arabTa

sapatio tyveobaSi daasrula sicocxle samSoblodan Sors – dam-

askoSi. aseTi Tavgadasavlis mqone xelisufalis pretenziebi mTel

kavkasiaze, gasagebia, rom moklebuli unda iyos realur safuZ-

vels.

adreul Sua saukuneebSi somxeTze qarTlis damokidebulebis

saCveneblad aRniSnuls garda, a. ter-Revondiani kidev or mo-

mentze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. misi sityviT, somxuri eklesiis

moRvaweobam kulturulad erTgvarovani saxe mianiWa amierkavkasi-

is qveynebs, amitom sasanuri epoqis tradiciebis gamgrZelebel

arabebsac es qveynebi erT erTeulad miaCndaT, ris gamoc maT

àrminia~ uwodeso150. meore argumenti ki feodaluri somxeTis

mmarTveli fenis socialur struqturaSi momxdar cvlilebebs da

maTi gamomxatveli terminebis axsnas ukavSirdeba. ìSxanis~ gver-

diT ìSxan iSxanacis~ titulis gaCenas a. ter-Revondiani sazoga-

doebis socialuri ganviTarebiTa da Sesabamisad administraciu-

li mmarTvelobis formebis SecvliT ki ar xsnis, aramed ter-

minebis funqciuri sxvaobiT. misi mtkicebiT, ìSxanisa~ da ìSxan

iSxanacis~ funqciebi erTmaneTisgan imiT gansxvavdebodnen, rom

pirvelis xelisufleba mxolod somxeTze vrceldeboda, meorisa

ki iberiasa da albaneTzeco151. msgavsi Sinaarsis debulebebs sxva

somex avtorTa naSromebSic araerTgzis vxvdebiT. ZiriTadad, s.

eremianis xelnawer Sromebze miTiTebiT, g. mkrtumiani argumen-

tirebis gareSe gvauwyebs, rom amierkavkasiaSi Seqmnil samxedro-

administraciul erTeuls arabebma àrminia~ uwodes am regionis

wamyvani qveynis – somxeTis saxelis mixedviTo. misive ganmarte-

biT, qarTvel da albanel feodalTa meTaurebi daaxloebiT iseT-

save damokidebulebaSi imyofebodnen somxeTis iSxanTan, rogorc

Tbilisisa da bardavis emirebi àrmeniis~ valTan, e. i. qarTlis

erismTavrebi emorCilebodnen dvinSi mjdom somxeTis iSxans152.

arabuli provincia àrminiis~ farglebSi somxeTisa da somexi

dinastebis gansakuTrebuli uflebebisa da wamyvani mdgomareobis

dasadastureblad somex avtorTa mier moyvanil garemoebebsa da

mtkicebulebebs, ra Tqma unda, araferi aqvT saerTo realur

viTarebasTan. ar Seefereba sinamdviles, TiTqos, somxeTis iSxans

147 Òåð-Ãåâîíäÿí, Àðìåíèÿ è àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò, Åðåâàí, 1977, ñ. 155.148 Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿí, Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-

XI ââ., Ìîñêâà, 1988, ñ. 30-31.149 s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, Tbilisi, 1952, gv 360.

150 a. ter-Revondiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 155.151 î»ñ-Ô»õáÝ¹Û³Ý ²© « Ñ³Ûáó ÇßË³ÝÁ ³ñ³μ³Ï³Ý ïÇñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý

Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³ÝáõÙ« ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹»ë« 1964« N 2« ¿ç 129-130152 Ã. Ã. Ìêðòóìÿí, Ãðóçèíñêîå ôåîäàëüíîå êíÿæåñòâî Êàõåòè â VIII-XI ââ è

åãî âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ñ Àðìåíèåè, Åðåâàí, 1983, ñ. 63-64.

224 225

qarTlis erismTavari da albanel feodalTa meTauri emorCile-

boda. dapyrobili qveynebis samarTavad arabebi, Cveulebriv, adg-

ilobriv administraciul aparats iyenebdnen, ris gamoc yvelgan

mmarTvelobis stereotipuli forma iyo gavrcelebuli. arabebs

daqvemdebarebuli adgilobrivi xelisufali erTgvari Suamavlis

rols asrulebda ucxo administraciasa da mosaxleobas Soris da

Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebiTa da funqciebiT adgilobrivi uzen-

aesi arabi moxelis moadgiled iTvleboda. aseTi iyo qarTlis

erismTavari, somxeTis iSxani, Tu ranis mTavari. arabuli wyaroe-

bi uflebrivad maT ar asxvavebdnen da yovel maTgans erTi da

imave xarisxis tituliT – `batrikad~ moixseniebdnen. sayuradRe-

boa, rom am Tvalsazriss zogjer a. ter-Revondianic iziarebda153.

Tundac amitom ìSxanisa~ da ìSxan iSxanacis~ gansxvavebul fun-

qciur datvirTvaze b-n ter-Revondianis msjeloba Cveni azriT,

naZaladevi da erTob xelovnuria. ìSxan iSxanacis~ titulis gaCe-

nis saWiroeba, eWvi araa, ganapiroba somxeTSi arabTa xelisu-

flebis Sesustebis pirobebSi mravalmTavrobis tendenciis ganvi-

Tarebam, roca calkeuli gamTavrebuli naxararebi ìSxanis~

titulsac ikuTvnebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi TanabarTa Soris

pirvelis gamosarCevad, etyoba, gamoinaxa ufro Sesaferisi ìSxan

iSxanacis~ anu mTavarTa mTavris ganmadidebeli saxelwodeba, iseve

rogorc ufro adre (VI s.) imave mizeziT qarTlSi SemoRebuli

iyo erismTavris instituti.

aseve simarTlesaa dacilebuli arabuli saamiros àrminiis~

saxelwodebis dakavSirebis mcdeloba amierkavkasiaSi somxeTis

kulturul Tu socialur-politikur mowinaveobasTan. vfiqrob,

Znelia erTsaxad daijero im qveynis kulturuli Tu socialur-

ekonomikuri mowinaveoba regionSi, sadac man yvelaze adre dakarga

damoukidebloba (bizantiam da iranma erTmaneTs Soris somxeTi

gaiyves 385-7 ww. dasavleT somxeTSi mefoba gauqmda 390 w., aRmo-

savleT somxeTSi – 428 w., albaneTSi _ 463 w., xolo qarTlSi

523 w.) da didi dampyroblebis sayrden bazad iqca, ris gamoc

Tavisi bunebrivi ganviTarebis gzas ascda da didxans

dampyrobeli arabebis momTabaruli feodalizmis reJimis

kalapotSi moeqca, misgan gamomdinare yvelaze mZime Se-

degebiTurT. rac Seexeba amierkavkasiis asparezze somxuri

eklesiis mier kulturuli erTgvarovnebis miRwevas, am

mtkicebulebis sruliad sawinaaRmdego movlenaze metyvelebs VII

s. dasawyisidan qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis mwvave konfesi-

uri dapirispireba, rac, amasTanave, cxadia, am qveynebis

kulturul metoqeobasac mowmobs da ara maT erTgvarovnebas.

yovelive Tqmulis safuZvelze ki uarsayofi xdeba àrminiis~

saxelwodebis gaCenis garemoebaTa zemoxsenebuli axsna da, bu-

nebrivia, is daukavSiroT maxlobel aRmosavleTSi arabuli

dapyrobebis Sedegad ganviTarebul politikur procesebs.

cnobilia, rom arabuli administracia Tavdapirvelad somxeTSi

damkvidrda teritoriuli siaxlovisa da, gansakuTrebiT, iq

arsebuli Sesaferisi sayrdeni socialuri da politikuri bazis

SedarebiTi sifarTovis gamo154. somxeTis dapyrobiT amierkavka-

siaSi gaCnda axali arabuli samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli,

romlis sazRvrebi aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan far-

Tovdeboda mis SemadgenlobaSi mezobeli qveynebis teritoriebis

SeyvaniT. aseT pirobebSi somxeTis saxelma arabTa batonobis ga-

momxatveli, principulad axali Sinaarsi SeiZina, ris gamoc is

am regionSi saxalifosadmi daqvemdebarebul mTel teritoriaze

unda gavrcelebuliyo. amgvari movlenebi istoriisaTvis sulac

ar aris ucxo. magaliTad, politikur SinaarsSi momxdari cvli-

lebisas erTi qveynis saxelis meoreze gavrcelebis pirdapir

analogias warmoadgens bizantiuri samxedro-administraciuli

Temis – iberiis sakatepanos saxelis gavrceleba anisis samefozec.

taos dapyrobis Semdeg bizantielebma Tavdapirvelad daviT kura-

palatis samefos bazaze Seqmnes TavianTi administraciuli er-

Teuli, romelsac qveynis eTnikuri da politikuri saxis mixedviT

“iberiis Temi” uwodes. aqedan berZnebma somxeTis did nawilze

gaavrceles TavianTi xelisufleba da yvela isini administraci-

ulad iberiis TemSi gaaerTianes. bolos ki TviT anisis yofili

153 ix. janaSia, araboba saqarTveloSi, Sromebi, II, gv. 379; À. Í. Òåð-

Ãåâîíäÿí, Àðìåíèÿ è àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò, ñ. 171-172.

154 dawvrilebiT maT Sesaxeb ix. Cemi `narkvevebi saqarTvelosa da

somxeTis urTierTobis istoriidan IV-XII ss-Si, Tbilisi, 2002. gv.

76-124.

226 227

samefos teritoriebic miuerTes, riTac somxurma farTobiTa da

mosaxleobiTac mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba qarTuls da amis mi-

uxedavad, es bizantiuri samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli

isev ìberiad~ iwodeboda. gasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSic arabuli

àrminiis~ msgavs movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos somxeTis nawilad warmodgenis mcde-

loba somxuri istoriografiis erT nawilSi apogeas aRwevs IX-

XI ss. anu bagratunTa somxeTis istoriis gadmocemisas. am-

ierkavkasiis istoriis amgvari gaazrebis Teoriuli dasabuTeba ki,

rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, b-ma s. eremianma warudgina mkiTxvel

sazogadoebas erTob mimzidveli saTauriT `Îáùíîñòü ñóäåá è

êóëüòóðíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî íàðîäîâ Çàêàâêàçüÿ â IX-XIII ââ.~,

romelic daibeWda 1979 w. maSin axlad daarsebul krebulSi `Êàâêàç

è Âèçàíòèÿ~-s pirvel nomerSi. mezoblebis istoriis gadmocemisas

saerTo, gamaerTianebeli Zirebis kvleva da maTi mniSvnelobis win

wamoweva, ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis aqtualuri da keTilSobiluri

saqme iyo, magram saqmec is aris, rom es saerTo, calmxrivad, mxo-

lod somxeTis istoriis kuTxiTaa gaSuqebuli, rac misi Teoriis

mimdevrebs realuri, ibieqturi istoriuli suraTis kidev ufro

metad damaxinjebis safuZvels aZlevs.

amierkavkasiis IX-XIII ss. istorias s. eremiani or periodad

yofs. pirvels miakuTvnebs IX-X ss., roca misi azriT, amierkavkasiis

qveynebis politikur cxovrebaSi mTavar rols somexi bagratide-

bi TamaSobdnen, ramdenadac isini Caudgnen saTaveSi arabi da

bizantieli agresorebis winaaRmdeg brZolas erTiani centrali-

zebuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. meore ki misi varaudiT, moicavs

XI-XIII ss. dasawyis periods, roca wamyvan rols amierkavkasiis

politikur cxovrebaSi ukve qarTveli bagratidebi TamaSoben.

isini axerxeben yvela qarTuli miwis erTian centralizebul sax-

elmwifod gaerTianebas. Semdeg ki gaerTianebuli qarTuli sax-

elmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis agreTve Crdilo somxeTic.

somex bagratidTa Sirakis Stos gaZlierebasTan erTad, misi

TqmiT, yalibdeba politikuri doqtrina, romlis mixedviTac am-

ierkavkasiis qristian xalxTa miwebi Seadgens erTian saxelmwi-

fos Sirakel bagratidTa meTaurobiT. jer kidev arabTa

saxalifos batonobis periodSi, ganagrZobs b-ni s. eremiani,

bagratidebi xSirad eqcevian amierkavkasiis xalxTa saTaveSi `so-

mexTa da qarTvelTa iSxanis (IX s. iSxanac iSxanis) tituliT~.

ukanasknelma iSxanac iSxanma aSot bagratunim gamoiyena ra Tavisi

mdgomareoba Sirakel bagratidTa siuzerenuli uflebebis

dasafuZneblad, SeiZina samefo pativi. bagratidebi cxaddebian

`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefeebad~, xolo mogvianebiT – `somexTa

da qarTvelTa SahanSahebad~ (922 w.). somexi mefe, rogorc

bagratidTa dinastiis yvela Stos meTauri, amas garda, atarebda

azgapetis tituls; is `dinastiis meTauris~ xarisxSi gamodis.

somexi bagratidebi am titulaturas atarebdnen 1044 wlamde,

gagik II-is Camogdebamde. es gaerTianeba, romelic bolomde war-

moadgenda somex, aRmosavlurqarTul da somex-àlbanTa~ samefo-

samTavroTa konfederacias, iyo aramyari da bizantiis agresiisa

da selCukianTa Semosevebis Sedegad male daiSala.

mkiTxvelis yuradRebas SevaCereb faqtis ostaturi gamrude-

bis kidev erT SemTxvevaze. b-ni s. eremiani wers: erTiani bag-

ratiduli samefos Seqmnas somxeTSi gansakuTrebiT SeuSala xeli

bizantiis agresiam. imperiasTan taronis (966 w.) da taiqis (1001

w.) mierTebam, amis miyolebiT vaspurakanis samefos gadacemam

(1021 w.) da anisis samefos aneqsiam (1044 w.) sabolood moSales

somxuri politikuri warmonaqmnebis Semdgomi arsebobis

safuZvelio. somxur samefoTa rigSi taos somxurive formiT

moxseniebiT teqstis avtors mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Sehyavs da mis

somxurobaze eWvis safuZvelsac aRar utovebs. taosTvis brZola

ki Zlierebis zenitSi myof bizantiis imperias qarTvel mefeebTan

kidev didxans uxdeboda, ramac amis, e. i. 1001 wlis Semdeg kidev

21-22 wels gastana.

g. mkrtumiani sityvasityviT imeorebs s. eremianis aq warmod-

genil ganmazogadebel debulebebs da Tavis mxriv umatebs, rom

`somexTa da qarTvelTa iSxanisa~ da Semdeg ìSxan iSxanacis~ tit-

ulebi saxalifos karis wyaloba iyo da mas pirveli somexi bagra-

tidi mefeebi aSot I da smbat I atarebdnen. am ukanasknelma ki

realobad aqcia is, rac aqamde Teoriulad iyo miRebulio155. am

uneburi aRiarebidanac kargad Cans xsenebuli titulebis calmx-

rivi da formaluri xasiaTi. ar aris marTali g. mkrtumiani,

155 Ã. Ìêðòóìÿí, Ãðóçèíñêîå ôåîäàëüíîå êíÿæåñòâî Êàõåòè VIII-XI ââ. ñ.90-91.

228 229

roca cdilobs adarnase qarTvelTa kurapalatis TanamSromloba

smbat I-Tan somexi mefisadmi morCilebad warmosaxos. rogorc ki

smbat I-isa da adarnases politikuri interesebi erTmaneTs das-

cilda, qarTvelTa mefe mkveTrad daupirispirda somexTa mefes

da mis winaaRmdeg somxeTSi msxvil feodalTa SeTqmulebac moaw-

yo, romlis mizani smbat I-is taxtidan Camogdeba da mis magier

adarnase qarTvelTa mefis dasma iyo. ioane drasxanakertecis

gadmocemiT, adarnase Turme, didi laSqriT (Tumca naadrevad)

SeWrila Sirakis gavarSi da anisis cixec daukavebia. adarnases

politikuri gavlena somxeTSi smbat I-is sikvdilis Semdegac

igrZnoba. somexi mematianis TqmiT, aSot smbatis Ze gaamefes

somxeTSi qarTvelTa mefem da misma jarma156.

bevrad ufro marTali iyo ioseb orbeli, romlis Sefasebi-

Tac gagik I-is tituli `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~ dakavSire-

buli iyo gagikis mier qvemo qarTlis flobasTan. somexi

swavlulis TqmiT, gagik I Tavs somexTa da qarTvelTa mefed

SeigrZnobda, radganac qarTuli miwebi misi samefos farglebSi

iyo moqceuli157. movlenebis amgvari gageba SeigrZnoba zogierT

Zvel somxur wyaroSic, romelTa mixedviT, taSir-Ziragetis

samefos Seqmnas qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze, saqarTveloSi

somexTa gamefebad miiCneven. magaliTad, mxiTar airivaneci wers:

àm dros (981 w.) daiwyo bagratunianTa mefoba qarTvelebze,

rameTu gurgeni gamefda saqarTveloSi, xolo misi Zma smbati –

somxeTSi~158. bagratunTa panegirikosi istorikosebisgan

gansxvavebiT, es movlena mxiTar episkoposTan qvemo qarTlSi

momxdar politikur movlenebs ukavSirdeba da mTel qarTls, miT

ufro, mTel saqarTvelos ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac cnobaSi

xsenebuli gurgeni taSir-Ziragetis samefos kvirikiani mefe iyo

da, miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemo qarTli mTliani qarTlis erTi

SedarebiT mcire nawili iyo, mxiTaris warmodgeniT, is mainc

saqarTvelo iyo istoriuladac da Tavisi eTno-kulturuli

saxiTac.

rac Seexeba àzgapetis~ instituts, realobas moklebuli misi

arseboba Teoriul sferoSi Tu SeiZleba vivaraudoT, miT ufro

gaugebaria misi gamoyeneba qarTveli monarqebis mimarT, romelT-

ac TviT gaaCndaT rogorc gvaris ufrosobis, ise somxeTis taxtis

flobis pretenziebic, rac yvelaze adre adarnase qarTvelTa me-

fem gaamJRavna, roca `naadrevad~ SeiWra Sirakis gavarSi, anisis

cixe daikava da somxeTis taxtis dakavebac scada. didi daviT III

kurapalati ki, somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, praqtikulad axor-

cielebda Tavis siuzerenul uflebebs Sirakis mefe smbat II-sa da

yarsis mefe muSeRze, romelmac am ukanasknelTa Soris arsebuli

konfliqti sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT gadaWra. asoRikis das-

turiT, `yvela mefe nebiT damorCilda mas~159. asoRikis am gancxa-

debis fonze erTob cinikurad JRers q-ni v. aruTinova-fidanianis

gancxadeba, TiTqos, daviT kurapalati ìmdenad Zlieri xelisu-

fali iyo, rom misi daqvemdebareba Sirakis bagratidebisadmi, misi

siuzerenebisadmi... ufro nominalur xasiaTs atarebda~160. cxadia,

q-ni viaida somxuri istoriografiis im mimarTulebis erTguli

rCeba, romelsac amierkavkasiis istoriis tendenciuri gaSuqeba

Tavisi moRvaweobis mTavar amocanad dausaxavs. bagrationTa qar-

Tveli mematiane sumbat daviTis Ze, momdevno qarTvel mefes bag-

rat III-s ukve mTeli kavkasiis mpyrobel monarqad warmogvidgens,

romelic `somxiTisa £elmwifebiTa, nebierad ganagebda~161. bagrat

III-is vaJi giorgi I ki, somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, anisisa da

yarsis samefoebze iseTive gavleniT sargeblobda, rogoriTac ta-

os saxelganTqmuli mefe daviT III. cxadia, rom aseT xelisufalTa

mimarT Sirakel bagratunTa azgapetobaze msjeloba yovlad usag-

no da gaugebaria. ufro metic, TviT somxeTSic ki àzgapetis~

institutis funqcionirebas, faqtobrivad, praqtikuli sarbieli

ar gaaCnda, amasTan Sirakis bagratunTa garda am titulis ma-

Ziebelni sxvebic iyvnen (magaliTad, lore-taSiris mefe daviT umi-

wawylo). yvelaferi damokidebuli iyo konkretul pirobebsa da

ZalTa realur Tanafardobaze. am mxriv ki, rogorc akad. hakob

156 ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria, el. cagareiSvilis

Targmani da gamokvleva, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 115-117, 195 da sxv.157 È. À. Îðáåëè, Èçáðàííûå òðóäû, Åðåâàí, 1963. ñ. 5.158 mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, Targmani da komen-

tarebi l. davlianiZe-tatiSvilisa, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 74.

159 stefanos taroneci asoRiki, xsenebuli gamocema, gv. 275.160 Àðóòþíîâà Â. À. Èç èñòîðèè ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûõ îáëàñòåé Âèçàíòèéñêîé

èìïåðèè â XI â., ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹»ë« 1972 N 1« ¿ç 92.161 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 382.

230 231

manandiani aRniSnavda, bagratidTa samefo dinastiam sruliadac

ver moaxerxa urCi feodalebis Tavisi xelisuflebisaTvis

daqvemdebareba. msxvili feodalebi ar iyvnen TavianTi mefis damy-

olni, romelic isev xalifis vasalad da moxarked rCeboda. Tavne-

ba feodalebi daxmarebas eZebdnen an saxalifoSi, anda bagratide-

bze aranakleb mZlavr mezobel emirebTan... bagratidTa samefo

tituli realuri Sinaarsis gareSe SiSvel titulad darCa. rogorc

cnobilia, X s. somxeTisa da amierkavkasiis msxvili feodalebi

iseTive `mefeebi~ gaxdnen da iseTive samefo Sesamoseli da

gvirgvini hqondaT, rogoric aSot I-is memkvidreebs162.

yovelive amis miuxedavad, X-XI ss. amierkavkasiaSi ganviTare-

bul politikur procesebSi qarTvel xelisufalTa aqtiuroba

somxur istoriografias SeumCneveli rCeba, ufro metic, vidre

somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba arsebobas ganagrZobda qarTvelTa

nebismieri TvalsaCino politikuri aqcia an mifuCeCebuli anda

gafermkrTalebuli saxiT iCens Tavs somex istorikosTa SromebSi.

amis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia 1044 Tu 1045 ww. anisisaTvis

brZolaSi bagrat IV-is monawileobis damcrobis didi survili, rac

sakmaod mkafiodaa gamoxatuli b. karen iuzbaSianis SromebSi. misi

ganmartebiT, a. lastivertecis cnobaSi anisis dasacavad bagrat

IV-is miwvevis mxolod ganzraxvazea saubari. misgan gansxvavebiT,

XI s. qarTveli mematiane faqtebiT adasturebs saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebisaTvis anisis gadacemas, rasac win uZRoda bagrati-

saTvis anisis 9 cixis gadacemac. k. iuzbaSiani Tvlis, rom

bagratisaTvis 9 cixis da dedamisisTvis anisisis gadacema

qronologiurad sxvadasxva dros momxdari faqtia da uneblie kon-

taminaciasTan unda gvqondes saqme. misi azriT, bagratisaTvis 9

cixis gadacemis cnoba dakavSirebuli unda iyos 1041 w. sargis

vestis ajanyebasTan. aseTi varaudisTvis sakmarisad miaCnia maTeos

urhaecis cnoba, TiTqos, sargis vestis mier mitacebuli samefo

xazina dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaemaloT. qarTuli cnobis meore

nawili ki udavod miekuTvneba anisis bizantielebisTvis Cabarebis

wina periodso, e. i. 1045 w.163 `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ moyvanili cnobis

or nawilad gayofiTa da droSi erTmaneTisgan gaTiSviT k. iuz-

baSiani, aSkaraa, amcirebs daculi faqtebis mniSvnelobas, xolo am

faqtebidan gamomdinare, qarTvel istorikosTa logikur daskvnas,

rom bagratisaTvis anisis gadacemis Semdeg iq droebiT qarTvelTa

mmarTveloba damyarda, aradamajereblad miiCnevs, ramdenadac

`matiane qarTlisa¡~ anisSi qarTvelTa administraciuli funqcie-

bis Sesaxeb arafers ambobso. im dros, roca bizantielTa jarebi

alyaSi aqcevdnen qalaqs, axali administraciis funqcionirebi-

saTvis pirobebi ver iqneboda, Tuki saerTod adgilobrivi admin-

istraciis Secvlis moTxovnileba gaCndebodao. mas eWvi ar epareba,

rom bagrat IV -is wargzavnilebi mxolod samefo elCebi iyvnen164.

qalaqisa da cixeebis gadacema-Cabareba TavisTavad gulisxmobs iq

mcvelTa axali kontingentis Seyvanasa da gamgeblebis daniSvnasac.

qarTveli mematiane konkretulad asaxelebs kidec anisis axal

gamgeblebs. isini samxedro pirebi da sakuTari laSqris patronebi

arian: artanujis erisTavi, xixaTa, cixisjvaris da awyveris cixis

patroni abuseri, ivane erisTavi, ivane dadiani da beWis cixis

patroni guaram goderZis Ze165. aseTi Semadgenloba savsebiT

pasuxobda saomari viTarebis moTxovnilebebs. aniss, pirvel rigSi,

mtrisgan dacva sWirdeboda da am mTavari funqciis Sesasruleblad

swored is kontigenti iyo saWiro, romelsac qarTveli mematiane

asaxelebs, umaRles samxedro xelisuflebas ki, gasagebia, rom sxva

administraciuli funqciebic unda SeeTavsebina. amitom damajere-

blobas moklebulia k. iuzbaSianis argumenti, TiTqos, bizantiis

jarebis Setevis pirobebSi axali administracia ver

ifunqcionirebda. faqtebis gafermkrTalebis aseTi cdebis

miuxedavad, k. iuzbaSiani erTgvari TavSekavebiT simarTlisken

mainc ixreba da aRniSnavs: `movlenebma gviCvena, rom qarTulma

samefom anisze Tavisi uflebebis realizacia raRaca zomiT

kidevac SeZloo~166.

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos wamyvan rols amierkavkasiis

politikur cxovrebaSi somxuri istoriografia mxolod somx-

uri saxelmwifoebis gaqrobis xanis Semdgomi periodidan aRi-

162 Ð³Ïáμ Ø³Ý³Ý¹Û³Ý« ºñÏ»ñ« VI, ºñ»í³Ý« 1985« ¿ç. 145.163 k. iuzbaSiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 168.

164 dasaxelebuls garda ix. misive, qarTveli elCebi anisSi 1045 w.,

bizantinologiuri etiudebi, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 156-160.165 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 300.166 Þçáàøÿí Ê. Í., Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-

XI ââ., ñ. 167.

232 233

arebs, rogorc es IX-XIII ss. amierkavkasiis istoriis s. eremiani-

seuli periodizaciiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. Tumca am aRiarebas

imdeni da iseTi ganmartebebi axlavs, rom zogjer SeiZleba

daujerebelic daijero da ifiqro, rom qarTvelma bagratovneb-

ma TavianT saxelmwifoSi kavkasiis qristianuli nawili ki ar

gaaerTianes, aramed somxuri samefo-samTavroebi feniqsis msgavsad

aRadgines. aseT tendencias, rogorc iTqva, adreve Caeyara

safuZveli, 60-iani wlebidan ki somxur istoriografiaSi axali

SemarTebiT iwyeba msjeloba mxargrZelTa politikur rolsa da

Crdilo somxeTis statusze, rasac ZiriTadad s. eremianis ukve

xsenebul naSromebSi mocemuli ideebi da debulebebi edo

safuZvlad. imxanad dabeWdil mravalricxovan naSromTa Soris

problema met-naklebi sisruliTaa ganxiluli 1964 da 1969 ww-Si

somxur da rusul enebze gamocemul l. babaianis wignSi `somxeTis

socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri istoria XIII-XIV ss.~. sak-

iTxis uSualo ganxilvas wignis ori Tavi eTmoba da masze saubari

SigadaSig momdevno TavebSic grZeldeba. avtori cdilobs Tavisi

azri axali argumentebiT, qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebiTa da

zogierTi qarTveli istorikosis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi-

Tac Seamagros. l. babiani Tavis winamorbedebTan SedarebiT

`zaqariduli somxeTis~ warmoqmnis gansxvavebul redaqcias

gvTavazobs. misi TqmiT, `namestnikobis~ dros (monapireoba wignis

avtors mefisnacvloba hgonia) mxargrZelebs gauerTianebiaT

somxuri feodaluri Zalebi da somxuri samxedro danayofebi

SeuqmniaT qarTuli armiis sistemaSi, rac, Turme, maTi sakuTari

didi politikuri gegmebiT yofila gansazRvruli. am gegmis

mixedviT ki, saqarTvelos mfarvelobiTa da misi SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis uSualo monawileobiT, maT selCukiani Turqebisagan unda

gaenTavisuflebinaT somxeTis teritoria da aRedginaT misi

politikuri damoukidebloba, moexdinaT somxuri feodaluri

Zalebis konsolidacia da SeeqmnaT avtonomiuri somxuri

saxelmwifo, romelic vasalur damokidebulebaSi iqneboda

qarTul samefosTan. `zaqarianTa~ 25 wliani brZola xsenebuli

gegmis xorcSesxmisaTvis, l. babaianis gancxadebiT, warmatebiT

dagvirgvinda: Crdilo da centraluri somxeTi ganTavisuflda

da, q. karisa da misi mimdgomi qveynebis garda, `zaqarianebs~

gadaecaT. Tamaris meore istorikosis zogierTi cnobis

TviTneburi gagebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom `zaqaridebisaTvis~

gadacemul miwebs Tanamedroveni qarTulad aRar miiCnevdnen da

mas mxolod “zaqaridTa” damoukidebel samflobeloebad ganix-

ilavdneno. amasTan, wignis avtori saqmes ise warmogvidgens,

TiTqos, mxargrZelebi ki ar iyvnen saqarTvelos samefos samsax-

urSi, aramed piriqiT, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi maT

politikur interesebs emsaxurebodnen167.

es Tema somxur istoriografiaSi aqtiurad musirebs Semdgom

aTwleulebSic. 80-90 wlebSi somxur da rusul enebze zedized

iqmneba naSromebi, sadac XII-XIII ss. somxeTis statusis erTmaneTis-

gan gansxvavebuli gaazrebis miuxedavad, principulad erTnairia

damokidebuleba mxargrZelTa vinaobis mimarT. yovelgvari

mtkicebis gareSe, rogorc anbanur WeSmaritebaze, ise msjeloben

mxargrZelTa somxobaze, `zaqarianTa somxur feodalur saxlze~

da maT gansakuTrebul rolze saqarTvelosa da somxeTis isto-

riaSi. x. Torosiani aRSfoTebasac ver malavs `zogierTi qarTve-

li mecnieris~ (S. mesxia, m. lorTqifaniZe da sxvebi) mimarT, rom-

lebic, Turme, mxolod imis gamo, rom zaqarianebi romeliRac

periodSi (daaxloebiT 1120-1185 ww-Si) xan qarTveli mefis vasalebi

iyvnen, xan ki – orbelebisa, Tvlian ra, TiTqos, aseTebad yofil-

iyvnen saerTod, imasac ki amtkiceben faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod,

rom isini qarTveli mTavrebi iyvneno168. mxargrZelTa somxur

feodalur sagvareulod warmosaxvidan gamomdinare, saqarTve-

los feodalur laSqarsac qarTul-somxur jarebad iazreben, ris

safuZvelzec Semdeg laSqris qarTul da somxur nawilebs erT-

maneTis mimarT damoukideblobasac miaweren. ase magaliTad,

g. grigoriani Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi e. w. qarTul-somx-

ur laSqars samokavSireo jarebs uwodebs169. x. Torosiani ki, ase-

Ti gansazRvrebis safuZvelze, somex-qarTvelTa samxedro-poli-

tikur TanamSromlobazec msjelobs170. maTgan gansxvavebiT, a. Sah-

167 Ë. Î. Áàáàÿí, Ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ è ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè

XIII-XIV âåêàõ, Ìîñêâà, 1969, ñ. 16-17.168 Õîñðîâ Òîðîñÿí, Ñóä è ïðîöåññ â Àðìåíèè X-XIII ââ., Åðåâàí, 1985, ñ.24.169 Ãðèãîðÿí Ã. Ì., Îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ è ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èñòî-

ðèÿ Ñþíèêà â XIII-XV âåêàõ, àâòîðåôåðàò, Åðåâàí, 1984, ñ. 13.170 x. Torosiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 23.

234 235

nazariani `zaqarianTa somxur feodalur saxls~ imavdroulad

qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erT mZlavr Tavadur gvarad miiCnevs,

magram maTi sardlobiT laSqrobaSi monawile qarTul jars mainc

`qarTul-somxur~ jarad naTlavs171. SedarebiT zomieria igi

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semosuli somxeTis politikuri sta-

tusis gansazRvraSi. misi TqmiT, zaqarianTa meTaurobiT qarTul-

somxuri jarebis mier selCukiani Turqebisgan ganTavisuflebu-

li Crdilo somxeTi feodaluri subordinaciis sawyisebze Sevida

qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi172, riTac is, faqtobrivad,

qarTul saxelmwifosTan somxeTis vasaluri damokidebulebis

ideas emxroba. mkveTrad radikaluria am sakiTxisadmi x. Toro-

sianis midgoma. misi mtkicebiT, selCukiani Turqebis winaaRmdeg

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi somxuri jaris warmateb-

is kvalobaze, somexi xalxisa da zaqarianebis SegnebaSi izrdeba

bunebrivi ltolva teritoriuli gancalkevebisa da saxelmwi-

foebriobis aRdgenisken. SeiZleba kidevac davasaxeloT,

ganagrZobs x. Torosiani, damoukideblobis dawyebis TariRi –

1185 w. am wels Tamar mefem sargis zaqarians uboZa lore

saTavadod da samTavro somxiTsa Sina. am aqtiT qarTulma

saxelmwifom cno Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTis damoukidebloba

zaqarianTa meTaurobiT173. saqarTvelos istoriaSi met-naklebad

Caxeduli nebismieri avtorisaTvisac ki, vfiqrob, cxadia aseTi

daskvnis sruli gaugebroba. miwis `samTavrod da saTavadod

boZeba~ feodaluri Sewyalebis Cveulebrivi forma iyo Sua

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi da misi Sinaarsi sulac ar gulisxmobda

saxelmwifos uars Tavis uflebaze Sewyalebulis mimarT. etyoba

x. Torosiani grZnobda Tavisi radikaluri poziciis sisustes

sxva avtorebTan kamaTSi, ris gasaneitralebladac, Cans, Tavis

msjelobas am sakiTxze aseTi gancxadebiT asrulebs: zaqarianTa

politikur-samarTlebrivi statusisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT

somxeTis mdgomareobisagan damoukideblad, istoriografiaSi

erTi ram mainc usityvodaa aRiarebuli – zaqarianuli somxeTi

Tavis saSinao saqmeebSi damoukidebeli iyo. samwuxarod, arc es

gancxadebaa maincdamainc zusti. arc erTi feodaluri samTavro

XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi ar yofila, Tundac saSinao

saqmeebSi bolomde damoukidebeli. amas TviT somxuri isto-

riografiis warmomadgenlebic aRiareben, roca saubari aqvT

mxargrZelTa samflobeloebSi sasamarTlo-administraciuli

imunitetis SesaZleblobebze.

somxur istoriografiaSi kvlavac dominirebs s. eremianis mier

SemuSavebuli koncefcia selCukianTagan ganTavisuflebul somx-

eTSi vasaluri somxuri samTavroebis qselis, rogorc somxuri

saxelmwifoebriobis Taviseburi formis aRmocenebaze. am kon-

cefciis dadasturebas emsaxureba XII-XIII ss. somxeTSi arsebuli

calkeuli feodaluri saxlebis istoriis monografiuli Seswav-

lisa da maTi samflobeloebis saqarTvelos centralur xelisu-

flebasTan vasaluri damokidebulebis xarisxis gansazRvrisa da

am samTavroebSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis

niSnebis met-naklebad gamovlenis cdebi. b. ulubabianis `xaCenis

samTavros istoria~, g. grigorianis òrbelianTa sivnieTis

samTavro~, a. Sahnazarianis `vahramianTa samTavro~ da sxvebi kvle-

vis amgvari mimarTulebis aSkara mowmobaa. b. ulubabiani jer

kidev 1973 w. werda: qvemo xaCenis politikuri mdgomareoba

mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda zaqarianTa samTavroebis vasalitetisa-

gan da mas Taviseburi suvereniteti gaaCnda. XII s. bolosa da XIII

s. dasawyisis wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami qvemo xaCenis samTavros

damokidebulebaze vinmes mimarT, gansakuTrebiT ki, qarTvelTa

samefoze an zaqarianebze174. g. grigoriani Tavis mxriv, sivnieTis

orbelianebs miawers somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis cdebs.

misi ganmartebiT, sumbat orbelianma sikvdilamde SeinarCuna

`mefis~ tituli, Tumca pirvelwyaroebis mowmobiT, ganagrZobs g.

grigoriani, es tituli nacvlis Tanamdebobas uTanabrdeboda da

ar hqonda samoqalaqo aRiareba sivnieTis mTianeTis farglebs

gareT. somxuri suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis orbelianTa

yvela cda sruli marcxiT dasruldao175. sumbatis Semdeg

171 ²© Æ© Þ³ÑÝ³½³ñÛ³Ý« ì³Ññ³ÙÛ³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1990« ¿ç39-62.172 iqve, gv. 41-62, 192.173 x. Torosiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 23.

174 Á. À. Óëóáàáÿí, Èñòîðèÿ õà÷åíñêîãî êíÿæåñòâà (X-XVI ââ.), àâòîðåôåðàò

äîêòîðñêîé äèññåðòàöèè, Åðåâàí, 1973, ñ. 30.175

g. grigoriani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 15.

236 237

sivnieTis mmarTveli xdeba misi umcrosi Zma tarsaiW orbeliani,

romelic, wyaroebis mowmobiT, saqarTvelos samefo taxtis

gansamtkiceblad iRvwoda, risTvisac demetre II-m is aTabagad

daniSnao. a. Sahnazarianis monografia gagelTa samTavros

istoriis Seswavlas eZRvneba da is mTlianad agebulia s. eremi-

anis xsenebuli koncefciis mixedviT. amitomac gagelebs vahrami-

anebs uwodebs iseve, rogorc Tmogvelebs – `Tmogveci-s, e. i. mxar-

grZelebsa da maT ganStoebebs somxuri formiT warmogvidgens

(qarTuli gvarebis somxuri formiT gadmocema saerTod axasi-

aTebT somxuri istoriografiis umetes nawils). e. w. `vahramianTa

samTavros~ igi monapireTa institutis farglebSi ganixilavs da

paralels avlebs Zvelsomxur sabdeSxoebTan (Zveli somxeTis

sazRvrispira samTavroebi), riTac, etyoba, surs monapireTa

qarTul instituts somxuri Zirebi mouZebnos.

XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri monarqiis Semad-

genlobaSi somxuri Temebi kavkasiis sxva qristianul nawilTan

erTad rom myarad iyvnen Semosuli da qarTuli saxelmwifoebri-

obis organul nawils Seadgendnen es kargad Cans TviT somexi

istorikosebis naSromebSi nebiT Tu uneblied, wyaroebis zegav-

leniT, zogjer CarTuli realisturi pasaJebidanac. magaliTad,

axali feodaluri saxlebis separatizmis gziT ganviTarebas, faq-

tobrivad, gamoricxavs s. eremianis xsenebul werilSi SeniSnuli

garemoebani, romelTa mixedviT Crdilo somxeTis teritoriebis

selCukianebisgan gamoxsnas mniSvnelovanwilad xeli Seuwyo msx-

vili qalaqebis (anisis, dvinis, yarsis da sxv.) somxurma Temebma,

axlad warmoqmnilma savaWro da savaxSo aristokratiis warmo-

madgenlebma da xelosnurma gaerTianebebma, romlebic dainter-

esebulni iyvnen qarTvel bagratidTa centralizebuli feo-

daluri monarqiis ganmtkicebiT. qarTvel mefeTa farTo rjulT-

Semwynareblobis politikam qalaqebis somxuri da muslimanuri

Temebis mimarT da maTma mfarvelobam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos

Semdgom konsolidacias176. p. muradianis TvalsazrisiTac XII-XIII

ss. saqarTvelo da somxeTi politikurad gaerTianebuli iyo

bagratidTa qarTuli Stos skiptris qveS. igi msjelobs fulis

mimoqcevis da sagadasaxado saerTo sistemis arsebobaze im drois

saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi, aRniSnavs, agreTve, saqarTvelos somx-

ur nawilSi qarTuli enis oficialurobas177. roca saxezea qveynis

suverenitetis gamomxatveli iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa fuli,

saerTo sagadasaxado sistema da saxelmwifo ena, aseTi qveynis

romelime nawilis separatizmsa Tu damoukideblobaze msjeloba,

aSkaraa, rom Zalze Znelia. amierkavkasiis qristianuli nawilis,

da ara mxolod, gaerTianeba am qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis

saerTo kanonzomierebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da amitomac am gaer-

Tianebas myari niadagi gaaCnda. am mxriv niSandoblivia kirakis

ganZakecis erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac “erT dros arSakuni-

ani somexi mefeebis kuTvnili Zvirfasi taxti da saocari gvir-

gvini, romlis msgavsi arc erT mefes ar hqonia, qarTvel mefeebs

ergoT da dRemde maTTan rCebao178. qarTvel mefeTa ufleba, am

gadmocemiT, ara marto saqarTveloSi Semosul nawilze vrcelde-

boda, aramed mTel istoriul, did somxeTzea aRiarebuli da

isini somex mefeTa kanonier memkvidreebad arian miCneuli. aseTi

gadmocemebis literaturuli dafiqsireba, gasagebia, xelsayrel

ideologiur garemos qmnida xelisufalTaTvis saqarTveloSi Se-

mosul somxur nawilSi da qveynis danarCen nawilTan mis Serwymas

uwyobda xels.

saqarTvelos erTian feodalur monarqiaSi somxeTis myarad

Semosvlis dasturia, agreTve, XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos am nawilis

socialuri fizonomia da kulturuli saxe. politikurad

saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi SemosvlasTan erTad somxeTi qarTuli

feodaluri urTierTobis ganviTarebis farvaterSi CaerTo, ri-

Tac is socialurad da kulturulad kidev ufro metad dauax-

lovda qarTuls. mxiTar goSis samarTlis muxlebidan aSkarad

gamosWvivis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli urTierTobani, rac imis mowmobac iyo, rom xsenebuli

somxuri saero samarTlis Seqmnis droisaTvis SemoerTebuli somx-

eTis teritoriaze ukve feodalizmis qarTuli tipi gabatonebu-

liyo da es qveyana ara marto politikurad, aramed socialura-

176 ix. Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ, ¹1, ñ. 9.

177 ä© Ø© Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý« Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ íñ³ó»ñ»Ý ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ« ºñ»í³Ý« 1977«

¿ç. 283« 286« 288178 Êèðàêîñ Ãàíäçàêåöè, Èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè, Ìîñêâà, 1976, ñ. 195.

238 239

dac saqarTvelos organuli nawili gamxdariyo179, rac TavisTavad

gamoricxavda qveynis am nawilSic socialur-politikuri nebis-

mieri institutis damoukidebel arsebobas. es socialur-poli-

tikuri erTianoba imdenad myari aRmoCnda, rom monRolebi Tavi-

anTi samflobelo qveynis administraciuli mowyobisas Tavidanve

iZulebuli iyvnen somxeTic saqarTvelosTvis (gurjistanis vilai-

eTisaTvis) mieTvalaT da, rogorc n. berZeniSvili varaudobda,

aseTi gadawyvetileba maT miiRes `somexTa~ politikur moRvaweTa

aqtiuri moqmedebis Sedegad, amitom iyo, SeniSnavda n. berZeniS-

vili, rom araviTari tomobrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZola

feodalurma saqarTvelom ar icoda180. niSandoblivi faqtia: ma-

Sinac ki, roca XIII-XV ss. ganviTarebulma decentralizaciis pro-

cesma qarTuli saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli day-

ofis moSla da mis magier senioraluri principis TandaTan gaba-

toneba gamoiwvia, somxur TemebSi arsebuli feodaluri samTavro-

ebis qarTuli socialur-politikuri Sinaarsi ar Secvlila da

qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas is ar gaTiSvia, vidre XV s. damdegs

Turqmanebma ZaliT ar mowyvites is saqarTvelos da iq pirSeu-

qcevlad aRmosavluri barbarosul-feodaluri urTierTobani ar

gaabatones.

amrigad, somxuri istoriografiis Tvalsazrisi Sua sauku-

neebis saqarTvelos centralizebuli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi

myofi somxeTis, qveynis sxva nawilebisagan sruliad gansxvave-

bul, politikur statusze, araa gamarTlebuli saistorio

wyaroebis monacemebiT da ewinaaRmdegeba realurad arsebuli

socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli xasiaTis

faqtorebs.

samwuxarod, qarTveli da somexi xalxebis socialur-poli-

tikuri erTianobis samsaukunovanma epoqam, faqtobrivad, ver pova

Sesaferisi asaxva somexi xalxis istoriis akademiur gamocemaSi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom s. eremianisave dakvirvebiT, am xanis gav-

lena somexTa cnobierebaze imdenad didi iyo, rom mogvianebiT,

roca somxur politikur wreebSi ganixileboda rusuli iaraRis

daxmarebiT somxuri miwebis ganTavisuflebisa da somxuri sax-

elmwifos aRdgenis sakiTxi, is mxolod gaerTianebuli qarTul-

somxuri saxelmwifos farglebSi moiazrebodao181. Sesabamisi Tave-

bis avtoris l. babaianis mixedviT, qarTuli saxelmwifos

istoriuli roli somxeTisa da somxebisaTvis, ZiriTadad,

selCukiani Turqebisagan somxuri miwebis gamoxsnaSi aRmoCenili

daxmarebiT ganisazRvreba. amave rigis movlenad miiCnevs,

ratomRac, daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qvemo qarTlis

ganTavisuflebasac182. somexi avtoris pretenziebi istoriuli

qarTuli teritoriebis mimarT TanamimdevrobiT iCens Tavs,

TiTqmis, wignis bolo gverdebamde. magaliTad, monRolTa mier

qveynis samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad (dumnebad)

dayofaze saubrisas, aRniSnavs, rom gurjistanis vilaieTSi

Sedioda aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da zaqarianTa feodaluri

samTavroebi, romlebic xels xvevdnen (anu moicavdnen) somxeTSi

airarats, siuniqs, arcaxs, gugarqs. es ukanaskneli, mtkvris auzis

qarTuli qveyana – gugareTi anu qvemo qarTli – yovelgvari

SeniSvnis gareSe somxur samTavro olqebsaa miTvlili, Tanac im

istoriuli periodisaTvis, roca somxeTis qristianuli nawili

mTlianad da uSualod jer isev qarTuli saxelmwifos

SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda183. amasTan, TviT qarTuli wyaroebidan

citirebisasac ki mTeli rigi geografiuli da sakuTari saxelebi

mxolod somxuri formiTaa gadmocemuli. magaliTad, Tbilisis

magier `TfRis~, javaxeTis nacvlad `javaxq~ da a. S. aseve, `vahram

gageci~, `sargis Tmogveci~ da sxv.184, somxuri feodaluri

saxlebis warmomadgenlebad warmosaxuli mxargrZelebis adgili

did qarTul saxelmwifoSi da maTi uflebrivi mdgomareobac

cnobili tendenciis mixedviTaa gaSuqebuli, ris safuZvelzec

cdiloben am saxelmwifodan misi somxuri nawilis gamocalkevebas,

rac mkafiodaa asaxuli somxeTis atlasis rukaze, sadac is mon-

Rolebisdroindeli saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebuli feriTaa

gamoyofili da, rac mTavaria, mTeli qvemo qarTli somxeTis

aRmniSvnel ferSia moqceuli. sakiTxisadmi amgvarsave damokide-

179 z. ratiani, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis politikuri da socialuri

urTierToba mxiTar goSis samarTlis wignis mixedviT, wyaroTa Ra-

Radi, Tb., 1989, gv. 15, 16.180 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 416.

181 Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ, I, ñ. 9.182 Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© III« ºñ»í³Ý« 1976« ¿ç. 524-525.183 iqve« gv. 614.184 iqve, gv. 617, 621 da sxv.

240 241

bulebas avlenen gamocemis meoTxe tomis avtorebic. magaliTad,

Temur-lengis mesame laSqrobis aRwerisas l. xaCikiani wers, rom

Temurma daarbia saqarTvelo da Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTis

mxareebi da sailustraciod moyavs Tanamedrovis, grigol

xlaTecis cnoba, sadac naTqvamia: Temuri `movida, moaRwia

qveyanasa qarTvelTasa Semodgomidan vidre gazafxulamde, Svid

Tves... daipyro mravali simagre da mravalni maTgani~...185. is rac

pirvelwyarosTvis saqarTvelo da qarTvelTa qveyana iyo, sabWo-

Ta istorikosisaTvis retrospeqtivis darRveviT or mezobel

qveynad iqca.

amgvaradve warmogvidgens monRolebisdroindel saqarTvelos

g. stefanianic werilSi `1247-1249 ww. qarTvel-somexTa ajanyeba

TaTar-monRolTa despotizmis winaaRmdeg~, sadac koxtasTavis

SeTqmulebas saqarTvelos feodalTa gamosvlad ki ar ganixilavs,

aramed qarTvel da somex feodalTa ajanyebad, romlis mizani,

misi azriT, iyo orive qveynisaTvis politikuri damoukideblobis

mopoveba186. ase rom, amjeradac calke politikur erTeuladaa

gaazrebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi jer isev myofi somx-

uri nawili istoriuli qvemo qarTliTurT.

Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis damaxin-

jeba-gadakeTeba rom sabWoTa somex avtorebs kulturuli mov-

lenebis gayalbebis survilsac aRuZravda, es savsebiT mosalod-

neli iyo. amjeradac lideris rolSi kvlavac b-ni p. muradiani

mogvevlina. amgvari aqtiurobis niSandobliv magaliTs

warmoadgens korneli kekeliZis 100 wlisTavis saiubileo

TariRisadmi miZRvnili misi werili, sadac mimoixilavs ra

iubilaris ètiudebis~ XII da XIII tomebSi dabeWdil statiebs,

rusTvelologiur naSromebze saubrisas ixsenebs qarTveli

mecnieris mier 1931 w. Jurnal mnaTobSi (#7-8 da 9-10) gamoqvey-

nebul werils `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris vinaobaze. k. kekeliZe

maSin SesaZleblad miiCnevda poemis avtori sargis Tmogveli

yofiliyo, Tumca es azri maleve uaryo. p. muradianis werilis

gamoqveynebis droisaTvis, TiTqmis 40 wlis winaT avtorisave mier

uaryofili Sexedulebis gaxseneba da masze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebas, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos, arc hqonda

azri, magram p. muradiani, Cans, sxvagvarad sjida. k. kekeliZis am

saxeldaxelo Tvalsazriss da amitomac mis mier maleve

uaryofils, p. muradianma originaluri daskvna uwoda da xaz-

gasmiT ganacxada, rom `...àâòîðîì ïîýìû îí ñ÷èòàåò íå Ðóñòàâåëè, à

Ñàðêèñà Òìîãâåöà~187. jer erTi, ramdenadac p. muradiani k. kekel-

iZis citirebas axdens, valdebuli iyo es saxeli da gvaric ise

moeyvana, rogorc es mis avtors aqvs mocemuli anu qarTuli

formiT – sargis Tmogveli. amas garda, sxva somexi avtorebisgan

gansxvavebiT, p. muradiani qarTul gvar-saxelebs, araiSviaTad,

originalis enazec gadmogvcems. Sors rom aRar wavideT,

citirebuli teqstis Semdgom abzacSi sxva qarTuli gvar-saxeli

– serapion zarzmeli dednis formiT aqvs gadmocemuli. maS raRa-

tom dasWirda k. kekeliZis citirebisas qarTuli gvar-saxelis

somxurad gadakeTeba, ra safuZveli gaaCnda saamisod? ra Tqma

unda, araviTari. sargis Tmogvelis qarTveloba araviTar eWvs

ar iwvevs, is qarTuli literaturis asparezze cnobili moRvawe,

visramianis qarTul enaze brwyinvale mTargmnelia. saqme isaa,

rom amjerad didi literaturuli ganZis `vefxistyaosnis~

avtoris vinaobaze msjelobasTan uSualod Sexvedrisas, etyoba,

p. muradianSi mikerZoebis instinqtma imZlavra, cdunebas veRar

gauZlo da Sua saukuneebis popularul qarTvel moRvawes saxeli

da gvari somxurad gadaukeTa, Semdeg ki poemis avtorobac

miawera, riTac mkiTxvels yalbi gancda gauRviZa. ra Tqma unda,

amiT rusTvelologias arc araferi daklebia da arc araferi

Sematebia. ubralod, samwuxaroa, roca profesionali mkvlevari

mecnieruli interesebidan Sors mdgom ganwyobilebas ase SiSvlad

amJRavnebs.

Sua saukuneebis kavkasiaSi somxeTis kulturuli mowinaveobis

Temas aviTarebs p. muradiani 1982 w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi

`kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro da grigol ganmanaTleblis

kulti~, romelic daibeWda krebulSi `Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ~-s #3-Si.

kavkasiis kulturuli erTianobis n. mariseul Tezisze dayrdno-

185 Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© IV« ºñ»í³Ý« 1972« ¿ç. 30.186 ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹»ë« N 1« 1986« ¿ç. 97-105. 187 ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹»ë« N 1« 1975« ¿ç. 214.

242 243

biT, igi cdilobs am erTianobis gamoxatulebad da simbolod

somxeTis gamqristianebeli grigol ganmanaTlebeli warmogvidgi-

nos. misi mtkicebiT, lazar farpecis cnoba arSuSa qarTlis

pitiaxSis mier grigolis ganmanaTleblad aRiarebis Taobaze,

somxebis tendenciuri gamonagoni ki ar aris, aramed samive

eklesiis – somxuris, qarTulis, albanuris – oficialuri

koncefciaa188. misive mtkicebiT, m. xorenacis masalebi mowmobs

nune/ninos TandaTanobiTi daviwyebis process da misi saxis

grigolis saxeSi Serwymas, ramdenadac qarTvelebi grigols,

rogorc ganmanaTlebels, ukve V s. meore naxevridan

aRiarebdnen189.

Sua saukuneebis kavkasiaSi somxeTis kulturuli upiratesobis

Tema dominirebs somxuri arqiteqturis istoriis mkvlevarTa

SromebSic. ukve dasaxelebul avtorTa garda (tokarski, marTuni-

ani da sxv.) tipuria s. mnacakanianis naSromi `somxeTsa da bizan-

tiaSi jvargumbaTovani taZrebis genezisis sakiTxisaTvis~, romel-

ic somxeTis istoriul-filologiuri Jurnalis 1978 wlis #1 -Si

gamoqveynda. misi ganmazogadebeli daskvniT, taZrebis jvargum-

baTovani tipi, romelic pirvelad somxeTSi Seiqmna V-VI saukunee-

bis mijnaze (tekoris taZari), aqve ganicada ayvaveba da mTlianad

Secvala ra gumbaTovani bazilika, iqca ZiriTad, wamyvan tipad

saSualobizantiur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. bizantiidan is gavrcelda

marTlmadidebluri qveynebis arqiteqturaSi, sadac sul male

wamyvani mdgomareoba daikava Suasaukunovani bevri ostatis Semo-

qmedebaSi190. aqedan gamomdinare daskvniT, somxur arqiteqturasa

da mis gamomsaxvel mxatvrul formebs saqarTveloSic SemouRwevi-

aT, magram ara uSualod somxeTidan, aramed bizantiis gziT.

somexi istorikosebis tendenciuri damokidebuleba istoriu-

li Temebis gaSuqebisas adreve SeamCnies da aRniSnes ara marto

CvenSi, aramed msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSic. mravalTagan

sailustraciod moviyvanT cnobili bizantiologis, xelovnebaTm-

codnisa da saeklesio istoriis mkvlevris remon Janenis (1882-

1972) zogierT SeniSvnas. 1924 w. igi werda: somexma istorikosebma

wminda ninos cxovrebis Sesaxeb SeTxzes mTeli seria legendebisa,

aSkarad im mizniT, rom kavkasiis regionebSi WeSmariti sarwmunoe-

bis SemoRebis pativi TavianTi qveynisaTvis mieniWebinaT... dRei-

saTvis kargad aris cnobili movses xorenacis mier istoriis

sistematuri damaxinjeba Tavisi samSoblos sasargeblod... saku-

Tari eris prestiJis asamaRleblad somexi istorikosebi erTsu-

lovnad Tvlian, rom wminda grigol ganmanaTlebeli RmerTma mou-

vlina mwed wminda ninos mis samociqulo moRvaweobaSi191. somxuri

tradiciis gaziarebas remon Janeni SeuZleblad Tvlis rig gare-

moebaTa gamo. maT Soris 1. grigol ganmanaTlebeli 315-320 wlebs

Soris, e. i. CvenTvis saintereso movlenebze ramdenime wliT adre

unda gardacvliliyo. 2. laTini da berZeni avtorebi, rogoricaa

rufinusi, Teodorite, sokrate, sozimene, romlebic am movlenebT-

an sakmaod axlo epoqaSi werdnen da, romelTac araviTari interesi

ar hqondaT, rom daemaxinjebinaT faqtebi somexTa sazianod,

saerTod arafers amboben wminda ninos urTierTobis Sesaxeb

grigol ganmanaTlebelTan. arc Semdgomdroindeli bizantieli

istorikosebi, magaliTad, gelasi kvizikelic ambobs raimes amis

Taobaze. 3. Tuki saqarTvelom WeSmariti sarwmunoeba somxeTisagan

miiRo, maSin rogor unda avxsnaT is garemoeba, rom igi ase didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi antioqiis eklesiaze iyo damokidebuli? somexTa

kaTalikosebi emorCilebodnen kesarias da ara antioqias192. remon

Janenis sityviT, somxebi ufro Sorsac midiodnen da amtkicebdnen,

rom maTi kaTalikosebi faqtobriv iurisdiqcias axorcielebdnen

am mezobel qveyanaze WeSmariti rwmenis SemoRebidan VI s. bolomde,

e. i. daaxloebiT sami saukunis manZilze. misi azriT, qarTul da

somxur eklesiebs Soris Seqmnili daZabuli situacia mainc garedan

momarTuli iranis politikis Sedegi iyo. SesaZloa, zogi provincia

da ara mTeli eri emorCileboda somex kaTalikosebs, roca es

nawili sparselTa uRelqveS moeqca 498 wlidan.

qarTvel mecnierTa uaxlesma gamokvlevebma ZiriTad nawilSi

daadastura remon Janenis dakvirvebebis siswore kavkasiaSi qris-

tianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebaSi qarTvel da somex misioner-

Ta rolsa da maT urTierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. magaliTad,

q-ma nino afciaurma `grigolis cxovrebaTa ciklis dawvrilebiT188 p. muradiani, kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro da grigol ganmanaT-

263leblis kulti, gv. 10-11.189 iqve.190 ix. ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹»ë« N 1« 1978« ¿ç. 239.

191 remon Janeni, saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 21.192 iqve, gv. 22.

244 245

Seswavlis safuZvelze cxadyo, rom somexi ganmanaTlebeli mx-

olod somexTa momqcevelia, ramdenadac sxvadasxva redaqciebSi

dasaxelebuli toponimebi didi somxeTis teritoriuli

sazRvrebis konturebs hqmnian. somexTa momaqcevelis mniSvnelobis

kavkasiis masStabiT gafarToeba ki `grigolis cxovrebis~ cnoba-

Ta araswori interpretaciis Sedegia193. m. CxartiSvilis gamokvle-

viTac `qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis

problemebi~, Tbilisi, 1987 w., grigol ganmanaTleblis saerTo

kavkasiur moRvawed gamoyvana tendenciuri interpretaciis Se-

degia. misive daskvniT, nino, rogorc qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli,

qarTlSi qristianobis mTeli istoriis manZilze iyo aRiarebuli

da `ninos cxovrebis~ adgilobrivi versia ukve IV saukuneSive

arsebobda. rac Seexeba qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis ierarqi-

uli damokidebulebis Taobaze somxur istoriografiaSi gavr-

celebul Tvalsazriss, didi damajereblobiTaa is uaryofili

zaza aleqsiZis gamokvlevebSi, razec ukve iTqva.

bizantiur kulturul tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs

remon Janeni qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis xasiaTs da

erTob sayuradRebo daskvnebamdec midis, romelTa gaTvaliswine-

ba, vfiqrob, ufro zomiers gaxdis somxuri arqiteqturis is-

toriis mkvlevarTa gazrdil pretenziebs. igi wers: kavkasiaSi

agebuli pirveli Zeglebi bizantiuri xuroTmoZRvruli

nagebobebis nimuSebs warmoadgenda. umniSvnelovanesi epoqis XI-XV

ss. Zeglebs aqvT bizantiuri konstruqciebis ZiriTadi ele-

mentebi: berZnuli jvris formis gegma, gumbaTi da sxv. Sua

saukuneebis bolo periodSi saberZneTis eklesiebTan ufro

TvalsaCino msgavseba igrZnoba. mravalricxovan analogiebs

vxvdebiT, agreTve, wina aziaSi, siriaSia kerZod, horanSi pirvel

saukuneebSi agebul eklesiebTan. miuxedavad aseTi mravalmxrivi

gavlenisa, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, ZiriTadad mainc, TviT-

myofadia. masSi gamoxatulia individualuri niSnebi, romlebic

mkafiod ganasxvavebs mas mezobeli somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebisagan,

romelmac iseTive gavlenebi ganicada194.

amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis

mniSvnelovani nawili, agrZelebs ra Tavis winamorbedTa

tradiciebs, qarTul-somxur istoriul urTierTobaTa Temis

gaSuqebisas, istoriuli da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mniSvnelo-

van nawils – tao-klarjeTs, samcxe-javaxeTs da qvemo qarTls

mTlianad A(zogjer kaxeTsac) somxuri kulturisa da politikuri

Tu eTnikuri istoriis asparezad warmoudgens mkiTxvels, riTac

cdilobs damajerebloba SesZinos saqarTvelos mimarT aSkara Tu

farul teritoriul pretenziebs, ris garegnul gamovlinebasac

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi warmoadgens mis mier qarTuli topon-

imebis somxuri formiT gadmocema, magaliTad, `taiq~, `klarjq~,

`javaxq~, `Trelq~ da a. S.

193 n. afciauri, grigol ganmanaTleblis qadagebaTa sazRvrebi, kr.

amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 85-102.194 remon Janeni, saqarTvelo, gv. 62.

246 247

Tavi I V

axali xedva, Tu Zveli inercia?

saqarTvelosa da misi istoriis mimarT wina TavebSi aRwer-

ili damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoikveTa sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlisa da gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

damoukidebeli qarTuli da somxuri saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis Sem-

deg, roca sazogadoeba sabolood ganTavisuflda sabWoTa ideo-

logiis marwuxebidan da somxuri istoriografiis rigma warmo-

madgenlebma, romelTac siTamame isedac ar akldaT, daufaravad

gamoxates Sors mimavali geopolitikuri zraxvebi. akad. lendruS

xurSudianma erevanSi gamoaqveyna statia – `somxeTis erovnuli

ideologia: arsi da Sinaarsi~, sadac wamoyenebulia `didi somxe-

Tis~ (zRvidan zRvamde) aRdgenis etapobrivi gegma1 . daSnakTa

partiis am cnobili fantastikuri gegmis realizaciisaTvis brZo-

lis asparezze amjerad, ZiriTadad, axali Taobis warmomadgen-

lebi gamoCndnen, romelTa Soris Jurnalistebma, mwerlebma, poli-

tologebma, sxvadasxva dargis araprofesionalebma imZlavres. war-

sulis kritikuli Seswavlis nacvlad, maT winamorbedi da ufro-

si Taobis mier gayalbebuli istoriis bazaze daSnakuri ideebis

propagandas mihyves xeli da am procesSi araseriozulobis

yovelgvar zRvars gadaabijes. sicrue, siyalbe, arakompetentur-

oba am rigis `mkvlevarTa~ saerTo damaxasiaTebel niSnad iqca.

samagierod, es propaganda organizaciulad ufro qmediTunari-

ani da farTo masStabisa aRmoCnda.

am kampaniis avangardSia somxuri arqiteqturis Semswavleli

organizacia, inglisuri abreviaturiT – RAA, romelic aqveynebs

`samecniero Sromebis krebulebs, seriul gamocemebs, maT Sorisaa

– “somxuri istoriuli dasaxlebani~, am dasaxlebaTa calkeul

bukletebs, ruka-cnobarebs da a. S. am organizaciis wevrTa mTe-

li Zalisxmeva niSandoblivad mimarTulia maincdamainc Tavisi

Crdiloeli istoriuli mezobeli qveynebisaken maSin, rodesac

samxreTisa da samxreT-dasavleTis sivrceebze TavianTi istoriu-

li uflebis damtkicebas, eWvi araa, rom marTlac SeZlebdnen,

mTeli es wamowyeba axla ukve samwuxaro anaqronizms rom ar

ganekuTvnebodes.

1992 w. xsenebulma organizaciam `somxuri istoriuli dasax-

lebebis~ seriiT erevanSi gamosca samenovani (somxur, rusul da

inglisur enebze) bukleti saTauriT àxalqalaqi~. garekanis bolo

gverdze `didi somxeTis~ ruka da momavalSi gamosacemi buklete-

bis rukaa mocemuli, sadac qvemo qarTlis, javaxeTisa da samcxis

30 sofeli da qalaqi istoriuli somxeTis dasaxlebebsaa miTv-

lili. TviT teqstis Zalze mcire moculobac (sul raRac or

gverdamde) Tavidanve cxadyofs, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis axalqala-

qis warsulsa da awmyoze obieqturi, mecnieruli codnis miwode-

ba misi avtoris interesebSi ar Sedis. igi kmayofildeba zogadi

da kategoriuli gancxadebiT, romlis mixedviTac àxalqalaqi

mTavari dasaxlebaa gugarqis gavar (anu provincia) javaxqSi~. amg-

varive gancxadebiT somxuri mosaxleoba aq IX-X saukuneebidanaa,

ris dasamtkicebladac miTiTebulia Zveli naqalaqaris terito-

riaze aRmoCenili saflavis qva 1301 wlisa da axal eklesiaSi

CaSenebuli 1289 w. somxuri qvajvari, agreTve, qalaqis maxloblad

mdebare XII-XIII ss. eklesia, rac namdvilad arasakmarisia. teqstis

danarCeni nawili eTmoba rusuli jaris mier axalqalaqis aRebas

da maT mier arzrumidan Camosaxlebuli somxebiT am mxaris

kolonizaciis aRweras. Tu Sua saukuneebis axalqalaqis istori-

is gadmocemas 22 striqoni eTmoba, XIX s. qalaqis istoriis

gadmocemas – orjer meti, rac arapirdapir imazec miuTiTebs,

rom axalqalaqisa da javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobis istoria,

realurad am droidan iwyeba. miuxedavad amgvari Sedegebisa, gamo-

cemis arCeuli forma (e. i. bukleti) mis avtors ufro met saSu-

alebas aZlevs mkiTxvels is codna miawodos, rac mas awyobs, saw-

inaaRmdegos ki ufro moxerxebulad aaridos Tavi. normalur vi-

TarebaSi, aseTi naSromebi mecnierul monacemebs unda emyarebodes

da ara, piriqiT, politika gansazRvravdes faqtebis ganxilvis1 ix. gaz. `kavkasioni”, 1999, 17-23 Tebervali.

248 249

wess. xsenebuli organizaciis sagamomcemlo gegmebi da ukve

gamocemuli produqcia eWvs aRar gvitovebs, rom am bukletiT

istoriis gayalbebis kerZo SemTxvevasTan ki ar gvaqvs saqme,

aramed, antimecnierul da antimezoblur farTo kampaniasTan.

amitom misasalmebelia Jurnal àrtanujis~ redaqciis iniciati-

va, romelmac cnobil mecniers, istoriuli geografiis special-

ists, devi berZeniSvils sTxova pasuxis gacema bukletSi aRZrul

problemebze, risTvisac mas Jurnal àrtanujis~ mTeli nomeri

daeTmo (1998 w. # 7).

pirvelwyaroebis farTo speqtris safuZvelze d. berZeniSvilma

axalqalaqisa da javaxeTis istoriis Tanamimdevruli suraTi war-

moudgina mkiTxvels uZvelesi droidan dRemde, ramac naTlad

cxadyo bukletis avtoris gancxadebaTa sruli usafuZvloba.

amasTan, somexi avtori amxila TvalTmaqcobasa da arakeTilsin-

disierebaSi, romelic am gziT cdilobs faqtebisa da wyaroTa

monacemebis Sinaarsis misTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT gaxmi-

anebas. magaliTad, bukletis teqstis mixedviT, axalqalaqi ori

mdinaris SesayarSia, romelTagan erTia `farvana (e. i. Tavfarav-

nis wyali), meore ki – `qarasun aRbiur~ (ormoci wyaro). aseTi

saxelwodeba ar arsebobs. esaa somxuri Targmani Turquli yirx-

bulaxisa, romelic rusul xuTversian rukazea aRniSnuli. ufro

adre mas dliviswyali, xolo Zvel qarTvel istorikosebTan ax-

alqalaqiswyali ewodeboda. mdinaris gviani, Turquli saxelwode-

bis somxurad gadakeTebiT teqstis avtori cdilobs rogorme

daamkvidros hidronimis somxuri forma, SeniSnavs d. berZeniS-

vili2 . bukletSi moyvanilia axalqalaqis somxuri da sxva erovneb-

is mosaxleobis raodenobis amsaxveli cxrili, romlis mowmobi-

Tac somxebi raodenobrivad didad sWarboben sxva erovnebis war-

momadgenlebs. am Tanafardobis yvelaze adreuli maCvenebeli

1851 wlidan iwyeba da grZeldeba 1976 wlamde. cxrili asaxavs is-

toriul periods, roca carizmis moxeleebma, Semdeg ki sabWoTa

mTavrobamac politikuri mosazrebiT demografiuli situacia am

regionSi Zalis gamoyenebiT Zireulad Secvala somexTa sasarge-

blod. bukletis avtori ki XIX s. 30-iani wlebis Semdgomi xanis

movlenebis dasaxelebisa da moyvanili cxrilis STambeWdavi

cifrebis CvenebiT akeTebs ganmazogadebel daskvnas, rom àx-

alqalaqSi yovelTvis somxuri mosaxleoba Warbobda~-o. amis gamo,

d. berZeniSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs: Tavisi istoriis

mTel manZilze axalqalaqi qarTuli dasaxleba iyo saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, amitom bukletis avtoris azri,

somxuri mosaxleobis aq mudmiv umetesobaze, aSkara siyalbea3 .

msgavs siyalbeTa magaliTebi sxvac araerTia. Tundac is, rom

XIX s. xaCqarebs bukletis avtori IX-X ss.ad asaRebs, raTa ax-

alqalaqSi somxuri dasaxlebis arseboba am saukuniT daaTariRos.

xelovnebaTmcodne eka jandieri ganmartavs: es calkeuli xaCqare-

bi, arqeologiuri stratigrafiis mixedviT XIX s. 30 wlebis Sem-

deg aq gadmosaxlebul somex moaxalSeneTa nakvalevia. am qvebis

gviandel warmomavlobaze ara marto ornamentis analizi, aramed

maTi garegnuli ieric da uzado Senaxulobac metyvelebs. paskevi-

Cis alyas da 300 zarbaznis Sturms raRa marto es xaCqarebi gada-

urCa zedapirze uvneblad, roca mTeli cixe Tavisi oTxsarTu-

liani koSkebiT Camoilewa. magaliTebis gamravleba kidevac Sei-

Zleboda, magram moyvanilic, vfiqrob, sakmarisi unda iyos bukle-

tis avtoris kvalifikaciisa da moqalaqeobrivi keTilsindisiere-

bis warmosadgenad.

d. berZeniSvilis mier mkacri mecnieruli sizustiT warmod-

genili mdidari istoriuli faqtebi axalqalaqsa da mTlianad

javaxeTs gvixasiaTebs, rogorc didi warsuli mqone, ekonomikuri

da politikuri TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes da

qarTuli kulturis sanimuSo regions. naqalaqaris teritoriaze

arqeologiurma gaTxrebma gamoavlina eneoliTuri da adrebrin-

jaos xanis namosaxlari, roca somxebi kavkasiaSic jer ar iyvnen,

ris gamoc, Cans, bukletis avtori am mniSvnelovan faqts, saer-

Tod, arc axsenebs. aseve dumiliT gverds uvlis q. w. VIII s.

urartul wyaroebSi moxseniebul qveyana `zabaxa~-s anu javaxeTs,

romelsac mZime brZolebi hqonda urartelebTan. Zveli javaxeTis

qarTlTan uaxloes kavSirze metyvelebs iberiis aristokratiaSi

sakuTar saxelad qceuli javax (zevax)-is popularoba. es saxeli

2 Jurn. àrtanuji~, 1998, # 7, gv. 12. 3 Jurn. àrtanuji~, 1998, # 7, gv. 25.

250 251

armazis warwerebSi samgzisaa dadasturebuli II s. iberiis pitiax-

Sebis sakuTar saxelad (Sdr.: kaxa – kaxeTi). qarTuli wyaroebis

mixedviT, wundis saerisTavoSi gaerTianebuli javaxeTi uZvelesi

droidanve qarTlis mefes emorCileboda. pirveli qarTuli

eklesiebi iq IV-VI saukuneebSi aSenda, xolo vaxtang gorgasalma

javaxeTSi saepiskoposo kaTedra daaarsa. arabuli da somxuri

wyaroebi (balazori, ioane mamikoniani) javaxeTs qarTlis im mxa-

reTa Soris asaxeleben, romlebic arabebma VII s. daipyres.

naqalaqaris teritoriaze gaTxrili da Seswavlilia Zveli qarTu-

li eklesiis IX-X ss. naSTi, e. w. `Tavisufali jvris~ tipis cen-

tralurgumbaTovani nageboba. mis nangrevebSi napovni qvajvarTa

bazisebi da karnizebi ki V-VII da VIII-IX ss. ganekuTvneba. ivaraudeba,

rom isini IX-X ss. eklesiis mSeneblobaSi iq arsebuli ufro Zveli

samlocveloebidan moxvdnen. xaCqarebze ufro adreuli da mniS-

vnelovani ZeglebiT dasturdeba, rom axalqalaqis koncxze arse-

buli mozrdili samosaxlo imdenad dawinaurebula, rom XI s-

isaTvis igi javaxeTis umniSvnelovanesi centri gamxdara da bag-

rat IV-is daqvemdebarebaSi gadasula, romelsac mefem zRudec

Semoavlo. d. berZeniSvils, amasTan, mohyavs vrceli amonawerebi

wyaroebidan axalqalaqs Tavsgadamxdari omebis Taobaze da

sagangebod moyvanil am amonawerebSi niSandoblivad ar Canan

somxebi. yvelgan xazgasmulia àxalqalaqis mkvidrni~, `did-didni

da warCinebulni mTavarni da erisTavni~ `mesxni aznaurni~,

`qarTvelebi~ da `qarTvelTa meliqebi~. arsaidan Cans, rom iq ìs-

toriuli somxuri mosaxleoba~ yofiliyos. sayuradReboa, rom

saerTod javaxeTis epigrafikaSi somxuri warwerebi XIV s-mde ar

Cans, xolo qarTuli warwerebis simravliT Cvens qveyanaSi es erT-

erTi gamorCeuli mxarea. 1595 w. Sedgenili `gurjistanis vilai-

eTis didi davTridanac~ Cans, rom javaxuri soflebis mosaxleo-

bis didi umravlesoba qarTvelebi arian. aris soflebi, sadac

qarTul saxelebs Soris gamoereva TiTo-orola karapet, xaCatur,

terakof da sxv. aris mahmadianuri saxelebic. samagierod, arsad

Cans mxolod somxebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi. osmalTa batonobis

periodSi axalqalaqi knindeba, mosaxleobisgan icleba da kvla-

vac qarTlidan gadmosulebiT ivseba, magram XVI-XVIII ss. javaxe-

Tis axalqalaqi ZiriTadad mainc osmalTa jaris sadgomi iyo,

sadac Zlivs boginobda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba4 .

amrigad, bukletis avtoris mtkiceba, TiTqos, axalqalaqis

somxuri mosaxleoba yovelTvis sWarbobda qarTuls, Zveli somxu-

ri miTia mxolod. sagulisxmoa isic, rom jer kidev 1919 w. ga-

zafxulze damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis mowyobili arCevnebis dros

axalqalaqis mazraSi, romelic somxuri mosaxleobis gansakuTre-

buli siWarbiT gamoirCeoda maSin, arCevnebSi monawile 21. 687

kacidan 13 aTasma qarTul partiebs misca xma da mxolod rva

aTasma – somxurs5 . imedia, axalqalaqisa da javaxeTis somxuri

mosaxleobis 120 wliani istoria ver gadaSlis imave mxaris ram-

denime aTasi wlis qarTul istorias.

d. berZeniSvilis pasuxis gamoqveynebidan mokle xanSi, imave

1998 w. somxeTis gamomcemloba `mecnierebam~ dastamba somxuri

arqiteqturis Semswavleli organizaciis samecniero Sromebis

morigi wigni, romelic, faqtobrivad istoriuli simarTlis dam-

axinjebis axal sanimuSo cdas warmoadgens. wignis saTauri

`saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi politika da somxuri kulturis

Zeglebi~ da gansakuTrebiT misi Sinaarsi, samwuxarod, verafriT

hgavs mecnierebasTan Tundac miaxloebul naSroms. wigns Tavidan

bolomde gasdevs TavSeukavebeli, Rirsebas moklebuli gamoTqme-

biT gamoxatuli, zRvarsgadacilebuli emociebis talRa, romel-

ic avtorTa naRvaws nebiT Tu uneblied araseriozuli politi-

kanobis xasiaTs aZlevs. krebulis Semdgenlis, samvel karapetianis

ganmartebiT, RAA-s mTeli Zalebi da saxsrebi mimarTuli aqvs

mxolod da mxolod axlandeli somxeTis respublikis sazRvrebs

gareT arsebul somxur kulturul faseulobaTa Seswavlisaken,

e. i. istoriuli somxeTis teritoriisakeno. saqarTveloSi ki, mi-

sive TqmiT, somxuri Zeglebi SemCneulia ara marto istoriuli

somxeTis gugarqis olqSi, aramed sxva adgilebSico – qarTlSi,

kaxeTSi da sxvagan6 . ase, kalmis erTi mosmiT qvemo qarTli da

saerTod mTeli samxreTi saqarTvelo istoriul somxeTadaa

4 Jurn. àrtanuji~, gv. 13-27.5 v. nozaZe, saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo, Tbi-

lisi, 1989, gv. 60.6 dasaxelebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 83.

252 253

gamocxadebuli. Tavis agresiul zraxvaTa gasamarTleblad

qarTul mxares brals sdebs somxuri Zeglebis ganadgurebaSi da

provokaciulad acxadebs, TiTqos, somxuri kulturis Zeglebis

arseboba saqarTveloSi miCneuli iyos saSiSad im mizeziT, rom Tu

qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da imereTSi somxebi, sxvebis msgavsad mosulebi

arian, viTomc, samxreT saqarTveloSi isini aborigenebi iyvnen. am-

itomac, ùkanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi somxurma istoriulma

Zeglebma srulmasStabiani da mizanmimarTuli ganadgureba da

miTviseba ganicadeso~7 . STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad ki cil-

ismwameblurad acxadebs, TiTqos, somxuri civilizaciis damamtki-

cebel ZeglebTan erTad saqarTveloSi berZnuli, rusuli da

germanuli Zeglebic mizanmimarTulad nadgurdebodes8 . faqtobri-

vad ki, s. karapetianis mTeli mrisxaneba Tbilisis somxuri Ze-

glebis `ngrevisa da dazianebis~ winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi ìstoriuli somxeTis

teritoriis~ miRma unda iTvlebodes TiTqos. krebulis Semdgenlis

taqtikuri svla arc ise Zneli gamosacnobi unda iyos. s. karape-

tiani erTdroulad ori kurdRlis daWeras apirebs. qvemo qarT-

lis mitacebasTan erTad yuradRebis gadmotanas cdilobs javax-

eTidan, sadac saukuneze metia mizanmimarTulad da sistematurad

nadgurdeba somexTa gvian mosulobis mamxilebeli mravalricxo-

vani qarTuli Zeglebi. gaRma gamodavebisa da ciliswamebis xerxiT

s. karapetianis gundis wevrebi cdiloben qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg

mimarTon istoriul ZeglTa daRupviT gamowveuli aRSfoTeba.

sinamdvile ki TviT am krebulSi moTavsebuli zogierTi weril-

idanac ki Jonavs. magaliTad, somxeT-saqarTvelos sazogadoebis

wevri armen ter sarqisiani Tavis statiaSi aRiarebs, rom ruseTis

imperiis damxobis Semdeg sovetizirebul qveyanaSi daiwyo sakulto

nagebobaTa sayovelTao msxvreva. miwis piridan daundoblad iR-

gveboda taZrebi, eklesiebi, meCeTebi, minareTebi, sinagogebi. am

procesma amierkavkasiac moicva. TbilisSi dangreulma somxurma

eklesiebma aTs gadaaWarba9 . Semdeg CamoTvlilia am periodSi

ganadgurebuli TiTqmis yvela is nageboba, romelTa Sesaxeb wignis

gverdebze zarebis rekvaa atexili. wignis avtorebs unda

SevaxsenoT, rom im avadxsenebul 30-ian wlebSi qarTuli kul-

turis Zeglebi gacilebiT metad dazianda, vidre somxuri da am

saqmeSi `qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi politika~ arafer SuaSia, miT

ufro usafuZvloa pretenziebi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

mTavrobis mimarT.

RAA-s warmomadgenelTa gansakuTrebuli aRSfoTeba gamoi-

wvia eliaze amierkavkasiis masStabebisTvis grandiozuli samebis

qarTuli eklesiis aSenebam, ramdenadac maT raRatomRac

sakuTrad miCneuli teritoriis Seuracxyofad miiCnies, ris gamoc

samebis mSeneblebs `barbarosebi~ uwodes10 da provokaciulad ga-

nacxades, TiTqos, mrisxanebis talRam gadauara saqarTvelos

somxur da rusul mosaxleobas da imuqrebodnen àucileblad

daiqceva sisxlze, Zvlebze da sicrueze agebuli qarTuli

taZrebio~11. miuxedavad imisa, rom samebis eklesia aSenda Zveli

qarTuli sakulto Zeglis adgilas da misi mSenebloba savsebiT

kanonieri iyo, qarTvelTa patriarqma pativiscemis niSnad es

gadawyvetileba sruliad somexTa kaTalikoss SeuTanxma, romelic

miesalma kidec `RvTis sasurvel~ am saqmes12.

mrude sarkeSi faqtebis Cvenebis magaliTebi wignSi sakmaod

bevria. mavne tendencia wignis avtorTa politikur sibeceze

metyvelebs da mas zianis meti araferi SeuZlia moutanos mezobe-

li xalxebis urTierTobas. uRirsi gamoTqmebis siuxvec (qarTve-

li vandalebi, barbarosebi, xulignebi, mobandito qarTveli

mRvdlebi, qarTuli sapatriarqos vandalebi da sxv.) imisTvisaa

gamoyenebuli, rom saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis gulubryvi-

lo nawilSi qarTuli saxelmwifos, qarTuli samRvdeloebisa da

saerTod e. w. `daudevari qarTvelebisadmi~ siZulvili aRZras,

rac, etyoba viRacis (albaT saerTo mtris) interesebSi Sedis.

yvelaze miuRebeli am wignSi mainc Riad gacxadebuli teri-

toriuli pretenziebia. s. karapetiani akritikebs ra Jurnal àr-

tanujSi~ dabeWdil devi berZeniSvilis maRalprofesiul, mec-

7 dasaxelebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 7.8 iqve.9 iqve, gv. 80-81.

1 0 dasaxelebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 51.1 1 iqve, gv. 52.1 2 iqve, gv. 51-52.

254 255

nierul doneze Sesrulebul, Cvens mier ukve xsenebul kritikul

werils, romelic RAA-s aseve sxva mavne gamonaTqvamebs exeba,

yovelgvari argumentisa da mtkicebis gareSe acxadebs, rom mas,

TiTqos, mecnierebasTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, mxolod imi-

toma, rom qarTveli mecnieri, Turme, gaurbis Sua saukuneebis

qarTul wyaroebSi farTod gavrcelebul saxels – `somxiTs~ da

ìstoriuli somxeTis olqis gugarqis Crdilo raionebis

aRsaniSnavad iyenebs toponim `qvemo qarTls~. amiT devi berZeniS-

vils surs dafaros realoba, romelsac termini `somxiTi~ anu

somxeTi asaxavso13. am SemTxvevaSic s. karapetiani, sxva somexi

avtorebis msgavsad, TvalTmaqcobs. is aRarafers ambobs imaze,

rom somxuri wyaroebi imave teritorias `vrac daSts~ anu

qarTvelTa vels uwodeben, Zveli somxuri wyaroebi misTvis ukeTes

SemTxvevaSi `gugarqSi~ narev mosaxleobas gulisxmoben da iq

somxebi ar egulebaT. termini `somxiTi~ ki X s. Cndeba, roca

qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze kvirikianTa mcire somxuri samefo

Camoyalibda. niSandoblivia, rom Tanamedroveni amis Semdegac am

raions isev saqarTvelod aRiqvamdnen. episkoposi mxiTar airiv-

aneci qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze kvirikianTa samefos warmoqm-

nas ase gadmogvcems: `981 w. daiwyo bagratunianTa mefoba

qarTvelebze rameTu gurgeni gamefda saqarTveloSi, xolo misi

Zma smbati somxeTSi14. aSkaraa, rom somex episkoposs somexTa mier

`gugarqad~ wodebuli es mxare eTnikuri da kulturuli niSniT

saqarTvelod miaCnda. vfiqrob, komentari zedmetia. aseve safuZ-

vels moklebulia javaxeTis saxelis somxuri formiT (`javaxq~)

daJinebuli gadmocema da amiT garkveuli teritoriuli preten-

ziebis aRZvra. kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarTvelos bunebriv-is-

toriuli sazRvrebi bevrad ufro samxreTiT iyo gavrcobili da

saukuneebis manZilze imdenad myari, rom amierkavkasiis adminis-

traciulad mowyobisas ruseTis mTavroba iZulebuli iyo Tbili-

sis gubernia Zvel istoriul sazRvrebSi moeqcia. samagierod,

sazRvrispira raionebSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba

meqanikurad da Zaladobrivi gziT qarTvelTa sazianod Secvala.

am gzas adga, rogorc TeTri, ise wiTeli ruseTi. amgvari sakiTx-

ebis wamoweva da maT Sesaxeb diskusiebis mowyoba mezobeli xalx-

ebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili, politikurad gaumarTavi seriuli

gamocemebis gziT, gansakuTrebiT axla, roca saqarTvelosa da

somxeTis saxelmwifoTa urTierToba TanamSromlobis, saerTo

interesebis Segnebisa da urTierTgagebis niSniT warmatebiT vi-

Tardeba, ubralod mavnea da ewinaaRmdegeba mezobeli xalxebis

saerTo interesebs.

am saZraxis saqmeSi gansakuTrebulad aqtiurobs ukve xseneb-

uli samvel karapetiani. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli RAA-s

mier 1995 w. somxur enaze ruka-cnobaris `somxuri eklesiebi

saqarTveloSi~ gamocema, romelic somxeTs garda Tbilisis ek-

lesiebSic iyideba. mis avtors saqarTveloSi aRricxuli aqvs,

misi TqmiT, 650 somxuri eklesia, romelTagan TiTqmis naxevari,

sinamdvileSi, somxurs miwerili qarTuli eklesiebia, amasTan

Zalze mcirea maT Soris istoriul-kulturuli Rirebulebis

Zeglebi. magram es s. karapetians ar anaRvlebs, misTvis mTavaria

raodenoba, romelmac saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi da samxreTi

raionebis dasaxelebuli punqtebi mTlianad unda dafaros, raTa

iq qarTuli eklesiisaTvis ubralod mosaniSni adgilic ar darCes.

swored aseTia misi ruka-cnobaric, romlis daniSnuleba yvelaze

gulubryvilo mkiTxvelisaTvisas, vfiqrob, savsebiT gasagebia. s.

karapetiani Tavisi moRvaweobis geografiul areals TandaTan

afarToebs da 2002 wlisaTvis ukve beiruTSi RAA-s egidiT

aqveynebs ruka-cnobars `javaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi~ (æ³í³ËùÇ

å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñ). amjeradac ar Ralatobs Cvevas da mis

ruka-cnobarSi mxolod somxur Zeglebs afiqsirebs, ganurCevlad

imisa gaaCniaT Tu ara maT istoriuli an kulturuli Rirebule-

ba. mizani igive rCeba. mkiTxveli daarwmunos javaxeTis somxur

warsulSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom warmodgenil ZeglTa umetesoba

XIX-XX ss. ganekuTvneba15. imave 2002 w. beiruTSi somxur enaze

gamoqveynda mecnieruli naSromebisa da statiebis mozrdili kre-

buli – `mSobliuri javaxeTi~. s. karapetians am krebulSi ekuTv-

nis CvenTvis ukve kargad cnobili suliskveTebiT dawerili, sami

statia sadac siyalbe da ciliswamebac sakmaod uxvadaa Tav-13 xsenebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 84.

14 mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, l. davlianiZis gamoc.

Tb., 1990, gv. 74.1 5 ix. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 18-24 oqtomberi, 2002 w.

256 257

moyrili. Tematurad axalia misi werili `qarTuli politika ax-

alcixe-axalqalaqis mahmadiani mosaxleobis sakiTxTan dakavSire-

biT~. problema s. karapetianis arcTu usafuZvlo SeSfoTebas

iwvevs, ramdenadac man kargad icis, rom 1944 w. samcxe-javax-

eTidan Sua aziaSi gasaxlebuli mosaxleobis udides nawils am

qveynis mkvidri gamahmadianebuli mesxebi (muslimani qarTvelebi)

Seadgendnen da dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi maTTan Sexvedra, buneb-

rivia, gaacocxlebs usiamo warsuls, roca XIX s. 30 wlebSi ZaliT

gandevnili am mesxebis winaparTa sabinadroze erzerumidan Camo-

saxlebuli somxebi daamkvidra imdroindeli ruseTis mTavrobam16.

amitomac aris, rom im droidan mokidebuli dRemde javaxeTis

somxuri mosaxleoba s. karapetianisa da maTi msgavsebis waqeze-

biT mizanmimarTulad dReniadag Slis qarTvelTa kvals saqarTve-

los am ZirZvel miwa-wyalze.

arsebiTad wamqezebluri da aSkarad agresiulicaa somxeTis

rusulenovan gazeTSi `novoe vremiaSi~ (2002 w. 5 noemberi) gamo-

qveynebuli somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institut-

is mecnier TanamSromlisa da politologis aleqsandre kananianis

werili, romelic gazeTis redaqciis ganmartebiT, xsnis dapiri-

spirebaTa kvanZs, romelic javaxqis irgvliv Seikrao. samwuxarod,

mecnieruli sabuTianobisa da eTikis dacvis sanacvlod, werili

savsea TvalTmaqcobis, ciliswamebisa da wyaroebis cnobebis gay-

albebis magaliTebiT, daSvebulia araerTi faqtobrivi Secdomac.

erT-erTi didi Secdoma Tu tyuili, anda orive erTad, vfiq-

rob, aris al. kananianis mier am werilSi wamoyenebuli debuleba,

TiTqos, `javaxqi~ somexi eris genezisis arealSi Sedioda. am

debulebis siswores, misi TqmiT, mowmobs: `javaxqis~ toponimTa

etimologia, iseve, rogorc arqeologiur gaTxrebSi aRmoCenili

uZvelesi kulturuli plastebi, mxaris adre Suasaukunovani

tradiciebis erTianoba, misi mWidro kavSiri somxeTis zeganis

saerTokulturul arealTan da istoriuli wyaroebi. saerTod

eTnogenezisis problema imdenad rTulia, rom CamoTvlili

faqtorebis realurad arsebobis pirobebSic ki dasmul sakiTxze

gadawyvetiT pasuxis gacema SesaZloa gaWirdes. am SemTxvevaSi ki,

roca dasaxelebuli faqtorebi didi eWvis qveSaa, miT umetes,

rom arc erT maTgans konkretuli magaliTi an cnoba saerTod

ar axlavs, faqtorTa mTeli es erToblioba imdenad zogadi da

arafris mTqmelia, rom aseTive `warmatebiT~ SeiZleba miudges is

nebismieri xalxis eTnogezs. al. kananians Tavisi debulebis gasa-

marTleblad, Tundac erTi seriozuli gamokvleva mainc rom dae-

saxelebina, kidev SeiZleboda misTvis raRaca angariSis gaweva,

Torem TviTon, rom Zveli istoriis specialisti ar aris da ety-

oba arc Sua saukuneebisa, es misi werilidanac cxadad Cans. mTel

teqstSi winaaRmdegobebiT gajerebuli erTmaneTis gamomricxve-

li debulebebi monacvleobs, romelTa mizani Tumca ki javaxeTis

somxuri samyarosaTvis kuTvnilebis damtkicebaa, magram mis-

dauneburad sapirispiroze ufro metyvelebs. magaliTad, al. ka-

nanianis TqmiT, qarTuli eTnikuri elementis SeWra javaxeTSi

uZveles droSi xdeboda da am process mudmivi xasiaTi hqonia,

rac XIX s. presaze dayrdnobiT daudgenia. IX s-idan moyolebuli,

ganagrZobs werilis avtori, javaxqi bagrationebis artanujeli

dinastiis gavlenis qveS eqceva da Zlier qalkedonur zewolas

ganicdis. Sedegad, somxeTis am kuTxis mosaxleobis arcTu mcire

nawils, Tavis politikur xelisufalTa msgavsad, qalkedonur

saqarTvelosTan aqvs Sexeba, marTlmadideblobas iRebs da

qarTveldeba. qalkedonuri rwmenis aRmsarebeli feodalebi

aSeneben eklesiebs, sadac RvTismsaxureba wminda berZnuli iyo,

oRond qarTulad aResruleboda. al. kananianis SeniSvniT, qarTu-

li epigrafika javaxeTSi IX s. gamoCnda da XIV s. Sewyda (aSkaraa

cruobs an ar icis). XIV s-idan iq mxolod somxur epigrafikas

vxvdebiTo (sinamdvileSi somxuri epigrafika aq XIV s-mde arca

Cans) da ganagrZobs: qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovanma politikurma

batonobam ver Seryvna javaxqis eTnikuri saxeo. qalkedonizmis

mimdevrebma da gaqarTvelebulma somxebma TurqeTis batonobis

dasawyisSive miiRes islami. somxuri mosaxleoba ki, umZimesi wn-

exis gamo, TandaTan Semcirda. amrigad, 1830 w. javaxqSi somexi

mosaxleobis gadasaxleba unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc saqarTve-

los teritoriis `kolonizacia~, aramed somxuri mosaxleobis

migracia misi erTi regionidan meoreSio.

Tuki al. kananianisave dakvirvebiT qarTuli eTnikuri ele-

mentis, ZiriTadad, mesaqonleebis javaxeTSi SeWra uZvelesi xani-1 6 ix. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 2-8 maisi, 2003 w.

258 259

danve xdeboda da am process mudmivi xasiaTi hqonda, e. i. `qar-

Tuli elementi~ iq myarad ijda, Tu IX s-idan moyolebuli iq

qarTveli bagrationebi batonobdnen da maT `somxeTis am kuTxis

mosaxleobis arcTu mcire nawili~ gauqarTvelebiaT kidec, xolo

somexTa kvalis maniSnebeli epigrafika mxolod XIV s-idan Cndeba,

aqedan rogorRa gamohyavs daskvna, rom qarTvelTa mraval-

saukunovanma politikurma batonobam ver Seryvna `javaxqis~ eT-

nikuri saxeo? anda qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani politikuri

batonoba, rom al. kananianis mixedviT, osmalTa batonobiT

Seicvala, ris Sedegac somxuri mosaxleoba Zalze Semcirda, aseT

politikur suraTze sadRaa `javaxqis~ adgili? ra Tqma unda,

qarTlis es ganapira mxare anu qarTuli wyaroebis zemo qarTli

Zvel da Sua saukuneebSi yovelTvis javaxeTad Seicnobda, Tu

mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT somxuri dapyrobebis ramdenime

umniSvnelo epizods. rac Seexeba eTnogenezTan dakavSirebiT al.

kananianis mier dasaxelebul faqtorebs, unda SevniSnoT, rom iseve

rogorc mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, javaxeTis topo-

nimiaSic SeiniSneba zanuri enis nakvalevi. fiqroben, rom sa-

xelebSi – WobareTi, toloSi, dadeSi, orxofia, miraSxani, ko-

ruSeTi, kvarSa, burnaSeTi, saloSeTi, areSti, baraleTi, janjRa,

orja, CunCxa, oloda, eStio da sxva mravali unda iyos

Semonaxuli uZvelesi zanuri saxelwodebani. arqeologiur masa-

laSic kargad Cans kolxuri brinjaos kvali. javaxeTSi dadastu-

rebulia rogorc dasavlurqarTuli, ise aRmosavlurqarTuli

kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brinjaos nivTebi17. javaxeTis

toponimebis udidesi nawili, cxadia, qarTulia, Tumca, rogorc

d. berZeniSvili varaudobs, somexTa mier drodadro dapyrobil

javaxeTSi ZvelTaganve iqneboda somxuri mosaxleobac, ris mow-

mobadac gaismis javaxeTis Zveli centris – wundis somxuri sax-

elwodeba. miuxedavad amisa, ganagrZobs qarTveli mkvlevari, jav-

axeTSi ar SemogvrCenia uZvelesi somxuri warwerebi, aseTi aq

mxolod qarTuli Cans18, rac xsenebul dapyrobaTa epizodur da

umniSvnelo xasiaTze unda miuTiTebdes.

ase rom, al. kananianis umTavres mignebas, TiTqos, `1830 wels

javaxqSi somexi mosaxleobis gadasaxleba unda ganvixiloT ara

rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriis `kolonizacia~, aramed somxuri

mosaxleobis migracia misi erTi regionidan meoreSi~, araviTari

mecnieruli safuZveli ar gaaCnia.

mecnierul problemebze da Tundac politikur sakiTxebzec

kamaTi, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba da saWirocaa, magram patiosnad,

obieqturad, argumentebisa da sabuTebis warmodgeniT. magram,

roca amis sanacvlod, mecnieris pretenziis mqone piri ciliswame-

bas mimarTavs da iseT did mecnierebs, rogoric ivane javaxiS-

vili da niko berZeniSvili iyo, mecnieruli keTilsindisierebis

da principulobis namdvil etalonebs, augad da cud tonSi moix-

seniebs, werilis avtori pirvel rigSi sakuTar pirovnul Rirse-

baze iRebs xels. aSkaraa, rom al. kananians n. berZeniSvilis àr-

qeologiuri dRiurebi~, rogorc amas somexi avtori uwodebs

javaxeTis 1933 wlis eqspediciis saangariSo moxsenebas, namdvilad

ar waukiTxavs da zepir gadmocemas emyareba, Torem antisomxurs

iq verafers naxavda. am `dRiurebSi~ saubaria im did siZneleebsa

da dabrkolebebze, rasac eqspediciis muSaobas uqmnida javaxeTis

somxur mosaxleobaSi CaTesili undobloba qarTvelTa mimarT. ase

iyo n. berZeniSvilamdec da igive viTarebaa dResac19, qarTuli

materialuri kulturis Zeglebi da masze gakeTebuli warwere-

bic dResac mizanmimarTulad da TanmimdevrobiT nadgurdeba. es

faqtia da amis mizezi mxolod droTa svla da bunebrivi stiqie-

bi ar aris.

al. kananiani gveficeba mTel saqarTvelos ki ara, mxolod

somxebiT dasaxlebul javaxeTs gedavebiTo (etyoba, amisTvis unda

madlobac gvaTqmevinos) da Tan dRevandeli saqarTvelos bolni-

sis, dmanisis, TeTriwyaros, marneulis raionebsac Cum-Cumad xe-

lsa hxvevs. misi mtkicebiT, is garemoeba, rom somxeTs mravali

saukunis manZilze gauqmebuli hqonda saxelmwifoebrioba da Crdi-

lo somxeTis zogierTi kuTxe naxevrad damoukidebeli qarTuli

politikuri warmonaqmnebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, ar aZlevs

saqarTvelos uflebas, es teritoriebi istoriul kuTvnilebad

1 7 ix. d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografi-

idan, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 125.1 8 iqve, gv. 126. 1 9 ix. Jurn. àrtanuji~, # 7, 1998, gv 32-34.

260 261

gamoacxadoso da ganagrZobs – Seucnobelia gzani istoriisa –

albaT, amitomac javaxqi, romlis somxuri saxe Sua saukuneebSi

dasustda, XIX s. kvlav aRdga, rogorc wminda somxuri regioni,

im dros, roca Crdilo-aRmosavleTi gugarqi – bolnofori, qve-

Safori, wobofori, kolbo fori, mangleacfori, praqtikulad

Turquli eTnikuri elementebiT aris dasaxlebulio (rogorc Cans,

amasac Cven gvsayvedurobs). radganac al. kananiani qarTvel av-

torebsa da maT Sromebs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs, somexTa mier

`gugarqad~ wodebul qvemo qarTlis eTnoistoriaze mouyvan cno-

bili somexi mecnieris leon meliqseT-begis Tvalsazriss. isic

somxeTis patrioti iyo da amis gamo garkveulwilad subieqtur

damokidebulebasac iCenda mwvave sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, magram

ara imdenad, rom mecnieruli sindisisTvis aSkarad eRalata. ai,

ras werda Rvawlmosili somexi mkvlevari e. w. gugarqis warsulze:

ès kuTxe Tu preistoriul xanaSi ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi pirvel

saukuneebSi qr. w., rogorc strabonis gakvriTi cnobebidan irkveva

da agreTve TviT am kuTxis toponimikac gvidasturebs, iberTa

(verTa) monaTesave anu qarTvelTa modgmis tomTa sadgomi yofi-

la~20. dRes mecnierebisaTvis cnobilia, rom am ZvelqarTuli to-

mis saxeli gogarebi yofila, saidanac warmosdga kidec maTi

sadgomi qveynis berZnuli saxeli `gogarene~ da somxuri `gugar-

qi~. es saxeli bolo dromde SemorCenili hqonda md. debeda-Cais

saTavis sofel `gogarans~, romelic gugarqad gadaakeTes21.

ZvelqarTuli provincia `gugareTi~ (somx. `gugarqi~) q. w. II s.

Semdgom xuTjer gadavida xelidan xelSi iberiasa da somxeTs

Soris sasazRvro davisas, vidre IV s. meore naxevridan sabolood

ar SeuerTda qarTls. somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, gugarqis

mkvidri mosaxleoba qarTuli iyo22.

somxur istoriografiaSi mdare, mecnierebas dacilebuli naS-

romebis momravlebam bolo xans, Cveni mudmivi oponentis b-n

p. muradianis SeSfoTebac gamoiwvia da mas Semdeg, rac somxur

istoriul dasaxlebaTa seriis bukletebisa da s. karapetianis

ruka-cnobaris gamosvlas qarTulma sazogadoebam mwvave reaqciiT

upasuxa, isic SeuerTda umwifari avtoris kritikas. erevanSi ga-

momaval gazeT `hzor haireniq~-Si dabeWda werili saTauriT `sin-

disisa da movaleobis gzajvaredinze~, romelic Semdeg qarTul

enazec iTargmna da gazeT “axal epoqaSi” gamoaqveynes rusudan

Wubabriam da bondo kupataZem 2001 w. 27 aprili – 4 maisis nomer-

Si. p. muradianis kritika ZiriTadad mimarTulia s. karapetianisa

da zogadad RAA-s TanamSromlebisadmi, romlebic codnis nakle-

bobis gamo sruliad aSkara faqtebs TiTqos ùneburad~ ayalbeben.

mamxilebeli sailustracio masalac sakmaod uxvad mohyavs. ek-

lesiebis eTnokulturuli kuTvnilebis gansazRvris s. karapetianis

meTodze p. muradiani wers~: gaurkvevelia, `somxuri eklesiis~ sa-

pirispirod arasomxur eklesiebs ratom vuwodebT `marTlmadide-

blurs~, `berZnuli wesis eklesias~ (abuli, azavreTi, alastani,

bavra, extila, xorenia da sxv.), roca isini qarTuli eklesiebia da

asec unda ewodos. ras uwodebda somexi mkiTxveli im naSroms,

romelSic `somxuri eklesia~ Secvlili iqneboda terminebiT

`monofizituri~ anda ìakobitur-asuruli wesisa?~ yoveli eri

Tavis qmnilebas imsaxurebs da amis arcodna aravis epatieba.

p. muradiani iZulebulia leqcia waukiTxos da elementaruli WeS-

mariteba Seaxsenos s. karapetians, rom mecnieris yuradRebas unda

imsaxurebdes istoriul-kulturuli mniSvnelobis Zeglebi da ara

nebismieri nageboba. pirobiTad dauSvaT, ganagrZobs b-ni p. mura-

diani, rom saqarTveloSi marTlac 650 somxuri eklesiaa, rogorc

sjera s. karapetians, magram maTgan ramdenia istoriul-kulturu-

li Rirebulebis mqone da yuradRebis Rirsi? javaxeTSi, magali-

Tad, karinis somxobis damkvidrebis Semdeg agebul aTeulobiT

sakulto nagebobidan me gamovyofdi soflebis àrakovas~ da `gan-

Zas~ eklesiebs. sxvebi ZiriTadad XIX s. meore naxevarSia agebuli

an gadaqceulia samlocveloebad, rogornic yvelganaa, maT Soris

somxeTSi da srulebiTac araa mecnieruli Seswavlis sagani.

xelovnurad da gaumarTleblad miiCnevs p. muradiani qarTu-

li da somxuri eklesiebis gansasxvaveblad s. karapetianis mier

gamoyenebul xerxs. misi TqmiT, somxebi TavianT RvTismsaxurebas

asruleben kiolnSi, protestantebisgan simbolur fasad da-

2 0 l. meliqseT-begi, `Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni~ da maTi

vinaoba, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 22.2 1 Ä. Ë. Ìóñõåëèøâèëè, Èç èñòîðè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè Âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè,

Òáèëèñè, 1982, ñ. 11-15.22 iqve, gv. 6-15, agreTve, d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos

istoriuli geografiidan, qvemo qarTli, nak. I, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 21-

23.

262 263

qiravebul eklesiaSi. gvaqvs Cven ufleba istoriul-kulturuli

TvalsazrisiT kiolnis es eklesia somxurad movnaTloT?

kiTxulobs b-ni p. muradiani da Tavadve pasuxobs mis mier dasmul

kiTxvas: cxadia, ara. am SemTxvevaSi, ra mecnieruli da zneobrivi

uflebiT Segvaqvs, magaliTad, sofel xospias (X-XIII ss.) `berZnuli

wesis eklesia~ somxur eklesiaTa nusxaSi? mxolod imitom, rom

1829 wlidan moyolebuli akurTxes wminda 12 mociqulis saxelze

`somxuri eklesiis wesiT~. uwinaresad aRvniSnav, rom is araa

`berZnuli wesis~, aramed qarTulia, rogoric mravladaa

javaxeTSi. meorec, ratom moxda, rom 1829 wlis xelSekrulebamde

7-8 saukunis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTa samsaxurSi myofi da maT

mier aSenebuli nageboba aRar ekuTvnoda Tavis namdvil

mepatrones? aTeuli wlebis win islamur salocavebad gadaqceuli

mravali somxuri eklesia axla aRaraa somxuri?

konstantinopolis aia sofias taZari amJamad aRar aris bizantiis

xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli? aseve simarTlis damaxinjebis sxva

aranakleb STambeWdavi magaliTebis moyvanis Semdeg b-ni p.

muradiani daaskvnis: eTnokonfesiuri warsulis ugulebelyofa

da qarTuli eklesiis somxurad monaTvla srulebiT ar SeSvenis

Cvens kulturasa da istorias, arc mecnierebasTan aqvs kavSiri.

savsebiT sworia da p. muradianis pozicias amjerad mivesalmebiT.

somxuri kultura sakmaod mdidaria da igi s. karapetianisa da

misi msgavsebis `daxmarebas~ namdvilad ar saWiroebs.

b-ni p. muradianis am axal midgomas qarTul-somxuri kultu-

rul-istoriuli urTierTobebisadmi sasiamovno siaxled aRviq-

vamT, ramdenadac misi Sromebis mniSvnelovani nawili, misive si-

tyvebi rom gamoviyenoT, swored `mezoblis sakarmidamos xarjze

sakuTaris gadidebisa da misive venaxis nayofis miTvisebisaken~

iyo yovelTvis mimarTuli, mxolod s. karapetianisagan gansxvave-

biT, es keTdeboda saqmis codniTa da, ZiriTadad, mecnieruli

taqtis dacviT. b-ni p. muradianis amJamindeli saxecvlilebis

mizezi, vfiqrob, arc ise Zneli gamosacnobi unda iyos. aTeuli

wlebis manZilze, ra Tqma unda, sxva mis kolegebTan erTad, misma

amgvarma Zalisxmevam s. karapetinebi, al. kananianebi, s. mamulovebi

da maTi msgavsebi Sves, romelTa SiSvelma agresiam da primitiv-

izmma, bolo xans mainc, kuriozuli saxe miiRo. amiT SeSfoTebu-

li `maswavlebeli~ axla mdgomareobis gamosworebas cdilobs da

àkademizmis artaxebSi~ dabrunebas ukiJinebs Tavgasul moswav-

leebsa da mis amJamindel axalgazrda kolegebs.

aseTi `saxecvlilebis~ miuxedavad b-nma p. muradianma xseneb-

ul werilSi sayveduris sababi mainc mogvca, vis da qarTuli

literaturis karg mcodnes b-n p. muradians ar ekadreba didi

qarTveli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis ilia WavWavaZis (sxvaTa

Soris eris mamad aRiarebulisa da eklesiis mier wmindanad Se-

racxulis) arakeTilsasurvel aspeqtSi moxsenieba. marTalia, Cvens

oponents ilia WavWavaZe gulze ar exateba, magram me mainc misi

ramdenime striqoni unda Sevaxseno: `Cven kargad viciT, rom winan-

deli saqarTvelos uZlureba daiwyo im ubedur dReTagan, roca

ki pirqve daemxo somxeTi – eg Cveni winandeli zRude samxreTiT.

Cven CrdiloeTiT vicavdiT somxeTs da somxebi Cven gvinaxavdnen

samxreTiT. minam somxeTi iyo, saqarTvelos rom TaTroba moesevo-

da, jer somxeTi unda gadmoelaxa. amitom Cveni udidesi mefeni

da samefo kacni arafers ar hzogavdnen, rom eSvelnaT somxeTi-

saTvis, roca ki gauWirdebodaT~23. ase guldajerebiT qadagebda

didi ilia qarTvelebisa da somxebis urTierTTanadgomisa da

TanamSromlobis istoriul aucileblobas, im dros, roca gareSe

Zalebis zegavleniTa da waqezebiT, Tu sxva ram mizeziT, somxuri

inteligenciis erTi nawili, TviT saqarTveloSive antiqarTul

propagandas aRvivebda da qarTvelTa warsulsa da teritoriul

mTlianobas sadavod xdida. ilias sibrZnem ganapiroba, rom mmar-

Tveli biurokratiisa da mecnier-inteligenciis am nawilis

saZraxisi ganwyobileba somxuri mosaxleobis did nawils ar gada-

edo.

am werilSi b-n p. muradianis kritikas verc qarTveli is-

torikosebi acdnen. gansakuTrebiT gaRizianebulia igi bondo

arvelaZis monografiis rusul enaze gamoqveynebiT, sadac naTq-

vamia, rom mcxeTis jvris somxuri warwera `nakawria~, `SemTxvev-

iTi xasiaTi aqvs~, qarTuli warweris TanabarmniSvnelovani ar

aris da ar SeiZleba is miCneuli iyos qtitorul warwerad.

erTaderTi uzustoba, romelic daSvebuli aqvs b. arvelaZes isaa,

rom somxuri warweris adgilad postamentis nacvlad `cokols~

asaxelebs24. am ararsebiT mcire Secdomaze xmauris atexviT b-ni

23 ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawerebi, t. V, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 110.

24 Áîíäî Àðâåëàäçå, `Àðìÿíñêèå~ èëè ãðóçèíñêèå öåðêâè â Ãðóçèè?!, Òáèëèñè,

1996, ñ. 4-5.

264 265

p. muradiani cdilobs sakiTxis arsebiTi nawilis gadafarvas,

risTvisac g. CubinaSvilsac imowmebs, Tumca am ukanasknels mis

sasargeblod araferi aqvs naTqvami. Tavis gamokvlevaSi `Ïàìÿòíèêè

òèïà Äæâàðè~, Òáèëèñè, 1984 ã., b-ni giorgi CubinaSvili wers: `Íà

çàäíåé øèðîêîé ãðàíè (saubaria mcxeTis jvris postamentze) ââåðõó

èìåþòñÿ òðè ñòðîêè àðìÿíñêîé íàäïèñè (?) èëè ãðàôèòòè, î÷åíü íåÿñíî

ðåçàííîé (gv. 83). rogorc vxedavT, somxuri `warweris~

bundovanebisa da gaurkvevlobis gamo, is kiTxvis niSnis qveSa

aqvs dayenebuli da ufro grafitisaken ixreba. xolo

gamoqveynebul fotoebze (gv. 31) imdenad aSkaraa sxvaoba mcxeTis

jvris postamentis qarTul warwerasa da mis gverdiT waxnagze

mqrqalad gamokveTil somxur warweras Soris, rom

araspecialistisTvisac sruliad gasagebia, grafikulad mainc,

maTi araTanabari mniSvneloba. etyoba, amitomacaa, rom am somxur

`warweras~ gamokvlevis avtori amjerad ukve uyoymanod grafitTa

ricxvs akuTvnebs. g. CubinaSvilis kvalifikaciasa da mecnierul

keTilsindisierebaSi ki, vgoneb, p. muradiansac ki ar unda

eparebodes eWvi. ase rom, Tu bondo arvelaZe mcxeTis jvris

postamentis somxur `warweras~ nakawrs uwodebs, es sulac araa

misi `danaSauli~. igi mxolod avtoritetul specialistebs

emyareba. rac Seexeba am werilSi Cems mimarT gamoTqmul bralde-

bas, TiTqos, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebTan dakavSirebul sa-

kiTxebs nacionalisturi poziciebidan vixilavde, esec mis sindis-

ze iyos. da kidev erTi, am werilis mentoruli toni, ara gvgonia,

maincdamainc Rirsebas sZendes mas.

qarTul-somxur istoriul urTierTobaTa Temaze bolo xaneb-

Si Seqmnil araseriozul naSromTa Soris Janris originalobiT

gamoirCeva sergo mamulovis ori wigni erTnairi saTauriT `somxe-

bi saqarTveloSi~. pirveli gamoica moskovSi 1995 w. 5000-iani

tiraJiT, meorec – iqve, 2002 w. sul 800 egz. s. mamulovi erTgu-

lad icavs ra cnobil tendencias kavkasiaSi somexTa gansakuTre-

bul istoriul-kulturul upiratesobaTa Taobaze, mTeli Zal-

isxmeviT cdilobs saqarTvelo somxeTad dauxatos mkiTxvels.

aseTi mniSvnelovani problemis gadaWraSi misi kompetenciis do-

nis maCveneblad, vfiqrob, gamogvadgeba 1993 w. moskovSi didi

tiraJiT (20 aTasi egz.) gamocemuli misive Txzuleba – `saocari

saswaulebis qveynidan (somxeTi da somxebi – civilizebuli msof-

lios unikaluri fenomeni)~. sul ramdenime damaxasiaTebel

striqons moviyvan am Txzulebidan da mere mkiTxvelma gansajos

ramdenad xelewifeba mis avtors seriozul sakiTxebze mecnieru-

li msjeloba. somxeTisa da somexi xalxis RirsebaTa CamoTvlisas

igi wers: `somxeTi kacobriobis akvania... adami da eva cxovrobd-

nen samoTxeSi, romelic somxeTis zeganze mdebareobda (gv. 24)~,

`gadmocemis Tanaxmad ki, adami da noe somxurad laparakobdnen~

(gv. 18). somxeTi da somexi xalxi – esaa mWvermetyveli faqtebis

palitra, romelic umetesad gamoavlens pirvels, saukeTesos,

ganumeorebels, somxeTia samSoblo xorblis, vazis, gargaris, lu-

dis da a. S. (gv. 24-25). somxeTi msoflioSi erTaderTi qveyanaa,

sadac arasodes arsebulan kastebi, monebi, ymebi (gv. 27). XX sauku-

nis yvelaze damangreveli miwisZvrac somxeTSi iyo 1988 w. (gv. 29).

nuTu esec somexi xalxis Rirsebas unda mieweros? da kidev, babil-

onisa da egviptis saxelmwifo moRvaweTa Soris pirveli adgili

somxebs ekuTvnodaT, baRdadisa da marokos arabma xalifebma

Zalian bevri qveyana somxebis xeliT daipyres (gv. 36), bizantiis

imperiaSi makedonelTa anu somxuri dinastia ramdenime saukunis

ganmavlobaSi saTaveSi edga saxelmwifos. iqaur taxtze ijda

aranakleb 15 somexi imperatorisa da berZnulis gverdiT, somxuri

saxelmwifo ena iyo (gv. 37) da a. S. da a. S. amis mere mkiTxvels,

albaT, aRar unda gaukvirdes, Tuki s. mamulovi saqarTvelos

somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis gadmocemisas wyaros mniSvnelobas

aniWebs, TiTqmis, anegdotur formamde dasul moarul

gadmocemebsa da moZvelebul, uaRresad tendenciur

literaturas (dawvrilebiT maT Sesaxeb ix. Cemi recenzia

`ramdenime SeniSvna sergo mamulovis wignze `somxebi saqar-

TveloSi~, romelic gamoqveynda gaz. `7 dRe~-Si 1998 w. 24-26

ivlisis nomerSi), ris wyalobiTac qarTvelTa wm. nino mis wignSi

(mxedvelobaSia 1995 w. gamocemuli wigni) erT-erT somex wmindan-

ad iqca25, Cven ki gvegona, rom wm. nino berZnulad metyveli,

kabadokieli romaeli qali iyo, rogorc amas qarTuli da

ucxouri wyaroebi mowmobs26. misive, e. i. s. mamulovis ZalisxmeviT

kaxaberisZeTa raWis erisTavis asuli da daviT ulus meuRle

25 Ìàìóëîâ Ñ. Ñ., Àðìÿíå â Ãðóçèè, Ìîñêâà, 1995, ñ. 229.26 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 72-93.

266 267

gvanca dedofali somex varTuSad gardaisaxa. ilia WavWavaZec

sanaxevrod gaasomxa, ramdenadac ilias deda mariam beburiSvili

somex beburianad gamogvicxada, ra Tqma unda, yovelgvari sabuTis

gareSe. rogorc Cans, amjeradac zogierT wreSi gavrcelebul

Worebs daeyrdno. arada, kargadaa cnobili, rom beburiSvilebi

kaxeli Tavadebi iyvnen. es gvari qarTuli sakuTari saxeli –

beburidan warmodga, romelic sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli Sua

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. jer kidev XVI s. aleqsandre kaxTa

mefis bazierTuxucess erqva beburi27. es saxeli popularuli iyo

vaCnaZeTa Tavadur gvarSi. es saxeli hqvia amJamad lagodexis

raionis erT sofels. am sakuTari saxelidanaa nawarmoebi gvare-

bi – beburiSvili, beburia, beburiZe28. gasagebia, rom ucxo

anTroponimi ase Rrmad ver SeiWreboda qarTul onomastikaSi da

ase farTod ver moicavda mis sferoebs.

yovelgvari sabuTianobisa da kvlevis gareSe qarTvel moR-

vaweTa da istoriul pirTa gasomxurebis SemTxvevebi wignSi sxvac

ara erTia, riTac, etyoba, maTi avtori cdilobs aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo, s. mamulovis terminiT `somxuri sulisa~ da Semo-

qmedebis asparezad warmogvidginos da amiT gviani Sua saukunee-

bis saqarTvelos istoria somxeTis istoriis nawilad aqcios.

misi TqmiT, saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT da yvelaze

farTod gaixsna da gamovlinda somexi xalxis mravalmxrivi ta-

lanti, xolo somexTa erovnulma sulma, Tandayolilma fxianobam

da Semoqmedebis uzarmazarma niWma Tavisi ganviTarebis yvelaze

keTilsasurveli niadagi swored aq hpova29. avtoris Tvalsawieri

mainc umTavresad Tbiliss utrialebs, radganac misive gancxa-

debiT: `Tbilisi didxans iyo somxuri sulis gamoxatvis aspare-

zio~30. yuradRebis gamaxvilebas `somxur sulze~ da `somxur

sisxlze~ naSromSi mravaljer vxvdebiT da misi gamovlenis cdebs

wignis umetesi nawili eZRvneba. garda imisa, rom aseT Ziebebs

xSir SemTxvevaSi realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia, is mkveTrad

emijneba msoflio sakacobrio Rirebulebebis Tanamedrove ga-

gebas da mis fonze mxolod Rimilismomgvreli xdeba. wignisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli diletantizmi cud samsaxurs uwevs avtoris mier

Sesaval nawilSi gacxadebul keTilSobilur miznebs. faqtebis

zerele interpretacia da maTi mniSvnelobis gazviadeba

mkiTxvelis TvalSi saeWvos xdis saqarTvelos somxuri

mosaxleobis mier saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qveynisaTvis gaRebul

sasikeTo Rvawlsac.

Tavisi naRvawis erTgvari gaumjobeseba da `gakeTilSobile-

ba~ scada s. mamulovma amave saTauris mqone meore wignSi,

romelsac daskvniT nawils uwodebs, Tumca gverdebis raodeno-

biT is 170-iT aRemateba pirvels. gaumjobeseba ki imiT

gamoixateba, rom aq ara marto SenarCunebuli, aramed ganviTare-

bulic kia is arajansaRi tendencia, rac ase niSandoblivi iyo

pirveli wignisaTvis. aqac calke paragrafi eTmoba Sua

saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis zogad mimoxilvas, Tumca es

mimoxilva mxolod XII-XIII ss-iT ifargleba da mTlianad s.

eremianis mecnierul-popularuli werilebis safuZvelze aris

agebuli. SemoqmedebiTad gadmogvcems ra avtoritetuli mecni-

eris debulebebs, gzadagza uxeS Secdomebsac uSvebs. s. mamulo-

vis mtkicebiT, XII-XIII ss. mijnaze qarTuli saxelmwifo

federaciuli xasiaTisa iyo. is moicavda `Svid samefos~, romel-

Ta ricxvSi Crdilo somxeTic iyo. misi TqmiT, ivane javaxiSvilis

azriTac, im epoqis qarTuli saxelmwifo ZiriTadad ori xalxis

– qarTvelebisa da somxebis gaerTianeba iyo da qarTul-somxuri

federaciuli saxelmwifos xasiaTs atarebdao31. ras emyareba s.

mamulovi am cnobis mowodebisas gaugebaria, ramdenadac msgavsi

mosazreba iv. javaxiSvils arc erT Tavis naSromSi ara aqvs

gamoTqmuli. s. mamulovi ar uaryofs, rom am drois saqarTvelo

centralizebuli feodaluri monarqia iyo da misi Semdgomi

gaZlierebiT somexi xalxic sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebu-

li32, imas ki ar uwevs angariSs, Tu saxelmwifos centralizebu-

loba ramdenad SeiZleboda Sehgueboda mis federalur mowyobas.

misive azriT, qarTvel mefeTa titulaturac (mefe afxazTa da

27 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 196.28 ilia maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 33.29 s. mamulovi, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 5.30 iqve, gv. 16.

31 s. mamulovis dasaxelebuli wignis 2002 wlis gamocema, gv. 10.32 iqve, gv. 11-I5.

268 269

qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa, SarvanSa da SahanSa...)

adasturebs Svidi samefos momcveli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli

saxelmwifos federaciul xasiaTs. aseTi daskvna principulad

ewinaaRmdegeba centralizebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis

politikur aRnagobas. saqarTvelos mefis xelisufleba mis

daqvemdebarebaSi myof CamoTvlil qveynebSi, maT Soris somxeTSic,

mpyrobelobas emyareboda da ara ymadnaficobas, ris gamoc `same-

foebad~ maTi moxsenieba mxolod simboluri da warsulis anarek-

lia. Tanadrouli qarTuli wyaroebi ganmartavdnen, rom es `same-

foebi~ sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara saqarTvelos àmer-imeris Svidi

Temi~ – sakuTriv saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawilebi. gavixsenoT

Tundac daviT aRmaSeneblis sityvebi didi qarTuli centralize-

buli feodaluri monarqiis Seqmnis saSualebebze: `borotad

gardav£ed sazRuarTa da SevhrTe saxli saxlsa da agaraki agarak-

sa da uuZluresTa mivhxueWe nawili maTi da viRuwid umezoblo-

basa, viTarmca marto¡ vmk¢drobd queyanasa zeda~33. samefo xe-

lisuflebis es TviTmpyrobeluri buneba savsebiT iyo

SenarCunebuli Tamarisa da misi memkvidreebis drosac.

centralizebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis somxuri naw-

ilis avtonomiurobaSi mkiTxvelis dasarwmuneblad s. mamulovi

mimarTavs nacad xerxs da imeorebs misi winamorbedebis legend-

ebs mxargrZelTa somxuri warmomavlobis Taobaze da mimarTavs

maTi moRvaweobis hiperbolizacias. am sakiTxebze ukve sakmaod

iTqva da maTi gameorebis azrs amjerad mainc ver vxedav. aseve

ukomentarod vtoveb s. mamulovis mier gamoCenil istoriul pir-

Ta gasomxurebiT gatacebasac, ramdenadac is iqac sxvas imeo-

rebs, romelTa Sesaxeb Cveni damokidebuleba ukve gamovxateT.

qarTvel da somex bagratovanTa saerTo warmomavlobaze

saubrisas s. mamulovi sagangebod SeniSnavs, rom somxeTis es gav-

leniani aristokratiuli sagvareulo SemdgomSi saqarTveloSic

gamoCndao, TiTqos, jer somxeTSi daewyoT mefoba, Semdeg ki

saqarTveloSic gaegrZelebinoT maSin, rodesac, misive mowmobiT,

maTi mefoba TavTavianT qveynebSi daaxloebiT erTdroulad dai-

wyo. somex bagratovanTa mefoba daiwyo 886 w. da 1044 w. Sewyda,

qarTvel bagratovanTa mefoba ki 888 wlidan 1801 wlamde gag-

rZelda. Tundac amitom qarTveli bagratovnebi somex bagratidTa

saxelmwifoebrivi politikis tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad ver

CaiTvlebian, ris damtkicebasac guldajerebiT cdilobs s. ma-

mulovi34. TiTqmis mTeli amierkavkasiis momcvel centralize-

bul qarTul feodalur monarqiaSi, sadac qarTuli socialur-

politikuri sistema da qarTuli feodaluri kultura

dominirebda, s. mamulovi sakuTriv qarTul samefod (ñîáñòâåííî

Ãðóçèíñêîãî öàðñòâà-ad) mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT

mcire nawils miiCnevs, romelsac am droisaTvis (XII-XIII ss-Tvis)

sruliad Seuferebel da gaugebar saxels – `qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos~ uwodebs, sadac, amasTanave, mmarTveli dinastiis

mfarvelobis wyalobiT somxuri mosaxleoba yofila

gabatonebuli. gamodis, rom arc es, s. mamulovis mier sakuTriv

qarTul samefod miCneuli qveyana, yofila qarTuli.

XIX da XX s. pirveli aTeuli wlebis istoriis gadmocemisas

s. mamulovi, ise rogorc pirvel wignSi, ZiriTadad emyareba moZ-

velebul da tendenciur literaturas. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi

somxuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad,

Cveulebriv, gaz. `kavkaz~-Si gamoqveynebul saeWvo cnobebs mimar-

Tavs maSin, rodesac misTvis saintereso qalaqebis istoriaze

(gori, Telavi, siRnaRi da sxv.) mecnieruli gamokvlevebi da

monografiebia gamoqveynebuli. araprofesiuli midgomis Sedegad

mis TxzulebaSi sakmao raodenobiT vxvdebiT faqtobriv Sec-

domebs. magaliTad, gaz. `kavkaz~-ze dayrdnobiT (1867, # 89) s.

mamulovi gvamcnobs, rom Telavi dauarsebia 1010 w. kvirike III-s,

sinamdvileSi ki q. Telavi jer kidev antikuri xanis avtorebi-

saTvisac iyo cnobili. ubralod, kaxeT-hereTis mefe kvirikem

TelavSi samefo taxti daidga. s. mamulovi iqve uxeS Secdomas

uSvebs, roca frCxilebSi ganmartavs, TiTqos, kvirike III didi

somxuri dinastiis warmomadgeneli yofiliyos. arc imaSia mar-

Tali, roca amtkicebs àxalqalaqSi yovelTvis somxuri

mosaxleoba prevalirebdao~35. vidre generali paskeviCi am raion-

3 3 daviT aRmaSenebeli, galobani sinanulisani, Zveli qarTuli lite-

raturis qrestomaTia, I, sol. yubaneiSvilis Sedgenili, Tbilisi,

1946, gv. 375.

3 4 s. mamulovis wignis 2002 wlis gamocema, gv. 21-22.3 5 iqve, gv. 53.

270 271

Si arzrumidan 30 aTas somexs gadmoasaxlebda, qarTuli mosax-

leoba aq 90%-s Seadgenda.

rogorc pirvel wignSi, aqac sakmao adgili ukavia ramdenadme

gamoCenil sxva erovnebis pirTa sayovelTao gasomxurebis aSkarad

mavne tendencias. gvaris mixedviT erovnuli kuTvnilebis gan-

sazRvra Zalze rTuli saqmea, miT ufro saqarTveloSi, sadac Sua

saukuneebidan momdinare tradiciis inerciiT sazogadoebrivi azri

XIX s.c eTnikur kuTvnilebas, ZiriTadad, konfesiuri kuTvnilebis

mixedviT gansazRvravda, amasTan, igive sazogadoebrivi azri

`somxis~ cnebaSi socialur Sinaarssac debda da vaWroba–

xelosnobaSi Cabmul adamianebs erTianad somxebad miiCnevda.

saqarTveloSi tradiciulad farTod gavrcelebuli aRmosavluri

da bibliuri sakuTari saxelebis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli gvare-

bis qarTul–somxuri paraleluri formebis msgavsebis gamoc (ma-

galiTad, aslan-i-Svili – aslan-ian; Sahyul-a-Svili – Sahyul-ian;

isaka-Ze – isaak-ian; saak-a-Ze, saak-a-Svili – saak-ian; Tuman-i-

Svili – Tuman-ian; agreTve, bibliur-qristianuli abramiSvili –

abramian; iakobaSvili – hakobian; azariaSvili – azarian;

petriaSvili – petrosian; pavliaSvili – poRosian; ivaniSvili –

hovhanisian; markozaSvili markosian; lukaSvili – Rukasian da sxva

uamravi), konkretuli viTarebis gauTvaliswineblad, TiTqmis Seu-

Zlebelia am gvarebis mixedviT erovnuli kuTvnilebis gamocnoba.

amitomac calkeuli gvarebis specialuri kvlevis gareSe verc

gvaris warmomavloba dadgindeba da verc pirovnebis erovnuli

kuTvnileba. s. mamulovi ki yovelgvari Tavis Sewuxebis gareSe,

maT Soris, ueWveli qarTuli sakuTari saxelebis safuZvelze

aRmocenebuli gvarebis mqone (magaliTad, mamula-Svili, mama-sax-

lisi, orbeli da sxv.) moRvaweebsac erTianad somxur warmomavlo-

bas miawers. sxvaTaSoris, aq moyvanili orive gvaris mawarmoebeli

mama, albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Zveli qarTuli saxelia, ris

gamoc is safuZvlad udevs mraval qarTul gvarsaxels, maT Soris

warmoqmnilfuZianebs: mamulaiSvili, mamulaSvili, mamulia,

mamuloZe, mamukaZe da sxv. agreTve, rTulfuZian saxelebsac: ma-

masaxlisaSvili, mamagulaSvili, mamisTvaliSvili da sxv.36 somxuri

istoriografiis klasikosi nikoloz adoncic aRniSnavda am

qarTuli sityvis did siZveles da fiqrobda, rom is gvarovnuli

xanis sityvaa, romelic safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, mamikonianTa

cnobili gvaris warmoqmnas. misi azriT, am gvaris mTavari

Semadgeneli Zireuli saxeli mamik-mamak sxva araferia, Tu ara

armenizirebuli forma iberiuli mamasi37. s. mamulovi ki yovelg-

vari sifrTxilis gareSe rusuli formiT gadmocemul qarTul da

somxur gvarebs erTianad somxurad acxadebs. yvela, met-naklebad

mniSvnelovani moRvawis gasomxebiT gatacebuli s. mamulovi veRar

xsnis, Tu ratom aris, rom XIX s. mcxovrebi bevri `somexi~ qarTul

gvars atarebda im dros, roca mTavrobis antiqarTuli politikis

pirobebSi somxuri gvaris tareba gacilebiT momgebiani iyo, vidre

qarTulisa.

orive wignSi sakiTxebisadmi araprofesiuli, zogjer primiti-

uli midgomis SemTxvevebi sxvac araerTia. yvela maTganze pasuxis

gacema, albaT, arcaa saWiro. rac warmovadgineT, vfiqrob, isic

sakmarisia samwuxaro tendenciis mavne xasiaTSi dasarwmuneblad.

bolos, aRvniSav kidev ramdenime naSroms, romlebic àkadem-

izmis~ poziciebidanac ki uaRresad tendenciurad aSuqebs

qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis mTel rig sakiTxebs.

esaa 2001 w. moskovSi gamocemuli marTlmadidebluri enciklope-

diis III tomSi, termin àrmenia~-sTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli

statiebi, romlebic mkiTxvels awvdis cnobebs somxeTis istoriis

sxvadasxva sakiTxze. pirveli werili iwyeba qveynis istoriul-

geografiuli mimoxilviT, sadac somxeTis istoriul olqebs

Soris dasaxelebulia ori qarTuli istoriuli provincia – gug-

areTi anu qvemo qarTli da tao, ra Tqma unda, am toponimTa

somxuri formiT (`gugarq~ da `taiq~). geografiuli mimoxilvis

avtoris ganmartebiT, pirveli maTgani moicavs bambakis mTebsa

da sevanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebs, xolo meore – md.

Woroxisa da misi Senakadebis xeobebs. saenciklopedio statiaSi

polemikis gamarTva da sakuTari argumentebis moyvana, SesaZloa,

uadgiloc iyos, magram is mainc unda aRniSnuliyo, rom xsenebul

istoriul provinciebze somxuri istoriografiis Tvalsazrisis

garda arsebobs aranakleb argumentirebuli misi sapirispiro

Sexedulebac.

3 6 ilia maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, gv. 100-101. 3 7 Í. Àäîíö, Àðìåíèÿ â ýïîõó Þñòèíèàíà, Åðåâàí, 1971, ñ. 402-403.

272 273

somxeTis politikuri istoriis gadmocemisas statiis avtori

xelovnurad zrdis qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze X s. 80-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi Seqmnili taSir-Zoragetis somxuri samefos

arsebobis dros da mas 979-1256 wlebiT sazRvravs. jer kidev

bagrat IV-m 1065 w. taSir-Zoragetis mefes waarTva samSvilde,

xolo qveyana Tavisi xelisuflebis kontrols daumorCila, ris

Semdeg qarTveli mematianis TqmiT, `monebdes somexni~. male kvir-

ikianTa somxuri samefo selCukiani Turqebis xelSi gadadis.

1110 w. daviT aRmaSenebeli Turqebs samSvildes arTmevs, 1118 w.

ki – cixe-qalaqebs – lores da agarans, riTac asrulebs kidec

qvemo qarTlis SemoerTebas. ase rom, am samefos Semqmneli pirve-

li kvirikianis gamefebis TariRad Tu ufro sando wyaros mxiTar

airivanecis cnobas 981 w. miviRebT, maSin am samefos arsebobis

xangrZlivoba 277 wliT ki ar unda ganisazRvros, rogorc amas

saenciklopedio statiis avtori akeTebs (1256 – 979 = 277), aramed

137 wliT (1118 – 981 = 137, e. i. mTeli 140 wliT naklebi da ufro

metadac, radgan didi Turqobis droidan (1080 wlidan) aq kvir-

ikianTa xelisufleba erTob saeWvo Cans.

XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semosul somxur Temebs

da maT mmarTvel saqarTvelos moxeleebs – mxargrZelebs,

saenciklopedio statiis avtorebi somxuri istoriografiis

tradiciis mixedviT ganixilaven, rogorc im droisTvis Zlevamo-

sili qarTuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi myof da `gansazRvruli

damoukideblobis~ mqone somxur samTavroebs, mxargrZelebs ki –

zaqarianebad. somxeTis istoriis faqtebis gadmocemisas, maTda

uneburad, Tavs iCens e. w. `zaqaridTa somxuri samflobeloebis~,

Tu `somxeTis Crdilo raionebis~ danarCen saqarTvelosTan mud-

mivi da ganuyreli, organuli kavSiri, ris gamoc arc monRoleb-

isaTvis, romlebmac `gurjistanis vilaieTSi~ Seiyvanes mTeli

qvemo qarTli da arc rusebisaTvis, romlebmac aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo lore-bambak, SamSadinTan erTad 1801 w. ruseTs

SeuerTes, sadavo ar yofila am teritoriebis saqarTvelosadmi

kuTvnileba.

faqtebis gayalbebis ostatobiT am gamocemaSi gansakuTrebiT

gamoirCeva statia `somex qalkedonitTa xelovneba~, romlis av-

tori, Tavisi winamorbedebis n. tokarskisa da t. maruTianis msgav-

sad, taos qarTul taZrebs (oSki, xaxuli, iSxani, bana, parxali,

oTxTa eklesia da sxvebi) somxur ZeglTa wreSi aqcevs. mTavari

sayrdeni am saqmeSi misTvisac taosa da qvemo qarTlSi somex

qalkedonitTa eTnokulturuli umravlesobis universaluri

formulaa, romlis saSualebiTac, somexi avtorebi, Cveulebriv,

advilad wyveten qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis nebismier kul-

turul-politikur problemas. Tavis droze n. tokarskisa da

t. maruTianis msgavsi cdebi, rogorc iTqva, saaSkaraoze gamoi-

tanes da siyalbeSi amxiles akademikosebma simon janaSiam da vax-

tang beriZem. es ukanaskneli t. maruTians axsenebda, rom is nak-

leb yuradRebas aqcevda sakuTriv arqiteqturul-mxatvrul

TaviseburebaTa ganxilvas, e. i. ZeglTa arsSi Cawvdomas, raSic

uSualod vlindeba maTi nacionaluri Tavisebureba. Cans, saencik-

lopedio statiis avtorma kargad daimaxsovra qarTveli xe-

lovnebaTmcodnis es SeniSvna da mis sapirispirod taosa da qvemo

qarTlis qarTul ZeglTa stilisa da moxatulobis Tavisebure-

bani, romelTac somex qalkedonitTa Semoqmedebis nayofad miiC-

nevda, TvalTmaqcurad qarTul xelovnebasTan kavSiriTa da misi

gavleniT axsna. amas garda, somex qalkedonitTa samSeneblo moR-

vaweobis asparezic gaafarTova da maTve miawera petriwonis mo-

nastris mSeneblobac da maTsave kuTvnilebad gamoacxada daviT

garejis monasterTa kompleqsSi sabereebis VII eklesiac da a. S.

(gv. 316). niSandoblivia, rom amgvari varaudebi da daskvnebi iseT

viTarebaSi keTdeba, roca saxezea tao-klarjeTis xsenebul Zegle-

bze amokveTili uamravi qarTuli warwera qarTveli qtitorebis,

xuroTmoZRvrebis, mSeneblobis xelmZRvanelebis konkretuli

CvenebiT (magaliTad, qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi: adarnase II qarTvel-

Ta mefe, bagrat erisTavTerisTavi, daviT magistrosi da SemdgomSi

taos saxelganTqmuli mefe daviT kurapalati, xuroTmoZRvari

ivane morCaisZe iSxanSi, grigol oSkeli da sxv.). aseT konteqstSi

Zalauneburad gvaxsendeba wyaroebis ugulebelyofisa da misi sa-

SualebiT qveynis istoriis gadakeTebis ramdenime konkretuli

SemTxvevis samarTliani kritika p. muradianis mier, romelic man

samvel karapetianTan kamaTisas mogvca Tavis cnobil werilSi

`sindisisa da movaleobis gzajvaredinze~. misi TqmiT, aris SemTx-

vevebi, roca Zeglis kedelze arsebuli warweraSi ixsenieba agebis

TariRi da qtitoris vinaoba, maSin roca karapetiani iZulebu-

lia, romeliRac saukuneebi ivaraudos da hipoTezebi wamoayenos.

274 275

magaliTad ki mohyavs sof. Rrtilas SuagulSi mdebare eklesiis

warwera, sadac naTqvamia: `gasrulda qveSeli lipartis meuRlisa

da Tmogvelebis asulis rusudanis mier RmerTo Seiwyale q-ni

528 (1308 w. p. m.) Wormanis Ze ioane RmerTo Seiwyale~. p. muradi-

anis marTebuli komentariT, Tmogvelebis asuli da qveSis gamge-

blis lipartis meuRle rusudani, ra Tqma unda, qarTul eklesias

aagebda. aseTi principiT rom midgomodnen sakiTxis ganxilvas

saenciklopedio statiebis avtorebi, gasagebia, arc Cven

gveqneboda rame maTTan sapretenzio.

samvel karapetianis kritikisas b-n p. muradianis gancxadeba,

rom warsulis gayalbeba àr SeSvenis Cven kulturasa da isto-

rias da arc mecnierebasTan aqvs kavSiri~, vfiqrob, erTob drou-

li da saWiro mowodebaa ara marto somxuri istoriografiis

Rirsebis dasacavad, aramed saerTod, warsulis idealizaciis

tendenciebisa da èrovnuli gansakuTrebulobis~ ideisgan Tavis-

ufali istoriuli azris normaluri da obieqturi ganviTarebi-

saTvis kavkasiaSi. amgvar ganwyobaTa gaCena, Tundac Canasaxovan

mdgomareobaSi, TavisTavad, dadebiTi movlenaa da mezobeli is-

toriografiis warmomadgenelTa Soris meti urTierTgagebis im-

eds gvisaxavs.

aseve sayuradReboa, qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTo-

bis gansazRvrul etapebze mezobelTa Soris dapirispirebisa da

Semdeg istoriografiaSi misi asaxvis globaluri politikuri

movlenebiT axsnis mcdeloba somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis

istoriis institutis direqtoris b-n aSot melqonianis moxseneba-

Si `somxur-qarTul urTierTobaTa gakveTilebi: istoria da Tan-

amedroveoba~, romelic man waikiTxa TbilisSi rusTavelis sazoga-

doebis sxdomaze. mezobelTa urTierTobis calkeuli rTuli

problemebis sagareo faqtoriT axsnam mis avtors saSualeba

misca ufro metad gaemaxvilebina yuradReba istoriuli mezob-

lebis gamaerTianebel interesebze, politikuri da kulturuli

TanamSromlobis faqtorebze. magram, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,

am rigis masalis warmodgenisas somxur istoriografiaSi arsebul

tendenciur Sefasebebze aRmoCnda mTlianad damokidebuli, Tum-

ca maTi Serbileba-Selamazebac scada da istoriuli toponimebic

paraleluri somxuri da qarTuli formebiTac warmogvidgina (ma-

galiTad, taiq-tao, javaxq-javaxeTi da a. S.), riTac xazi gaesva

maTze gansxvavebuli azris arsebobasac. amasTan erTad, moxseneba-

Si, SesaZloa misda uneburadac, daSvebulia uxeSi Secdomebic.

magaliTad, igi wers: `X s.aTvis ukve gadasaxlebul somexTa ricxvi

saqarTveloSi imdenad gaizarda, rom kerZod, hereTsa da

kambeCanSi daarsda qarTul-somxuri samefo~. aseT faqts araTu

qarTuli istoriografia, aramed somxuric ar unda icnobdes.

srul gaugebrobazea damyarebuli sqolioSi Catanili SeniSvna,

TiTqos, qarTveli istorikosis leonti mrovelis cnobiT, IV s.

dasawyisisTvis javaxeTSi sakontaqto ena somxuri yofiliyos.

leontis mixedviT saqarTvelosken momavalma wm. ninom somxeTis

sazRvarTan (`sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa~) gamoizamTra. ramdenadac

somex miaforTan yofnisas mcired somxuri eswavla, Cans,

gamozamTrebis periodSi, enis mxriv mas winaaRmdegoba ar Sex-

vedria. viTareba icvleba javaxeTSi, faravnis tbis midamoebSi

mosvlisas, sadac mwyemsebTan kontaqtis dasamyareblad saWiro

xdeba somxuri enis mcodnis moZebna da `pova mwyemsTa maT Soris

somxurad mzraxveli~, e. i. mraval mwyemsTagan mxolod erTi aR-

moCnda somxuris mcodne. somxuri iq yvelas rom scodnoda da,

rogorc b-ni aS. melqoniani fiqrobs, somxuri sakontaqto ena

yofiliyo javaxeTSi, maSin xom somxuris mcodnis Zebnac ar iqne-

boda saWiro? cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli suraTis

daxatvasTan ufro unda gvqondes saqme, vidre mecnierul Zie-

basTan. moxsenebis teqstSi daSvebuli xsenebuli uxeSi Secdomebi

ki mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Zveli da Sua saukuneebis am-

ierkavkasiis istoria, ubralod, b-n aS. melqonianis specialuri

kvlevis obieqti jer ar gamxdara.

gacilebiT saintereso da damajerebelia misi msjeloba XIX-XX

ss. amierkavkasiis istoriis gadmocemisas. misi dakvirvebiT XIX s.

meore naxevridan SeimCneva xarisxobrivad axali etapis dawyeba

somxur-qarTul urTierTobaSi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo orive

xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis zrdiTa da sakuTari saxelmwifoe-

briobis aRdgenisaken swrafviT. amasTan aRniSnavs, misi TqmiT, sx-

vadasxva faqtorebis (sinamdvileSi ki imperiuli politikis

Sedegad. _ g. m.) zegavleniT urTierTobis gaciebas somxur da

qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur wreebs Soris. qarTul da somx-

ur sazogadoebebs Soris urTierTobis daZabva, ra Tqma unda,

ZiriTadad, oficiozis mier iyo provocirebuli, rac b-ni aS. melqo-

276 277

nianis mier SeniSnuli garemoebidanac sakmaod kargad Cans. misi

marTebuli dakvirvebiT, qarTvelTa ukmayofilebas gansakuTrebiT

is viTareba iwvevda, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis zrda ruseTis

mflobelobis periodSi, umTavresad sxva xalxTa xarjze xdeboda.

imperiis es demografiuli politika qarTvelTa denacionaliza-

cias da amiT misi winaaRmdegobis daTrgunvas iTvaliswinebda, ris

gamoc am procesSi somexTa aqtiuri monawileoba, bunebrivia,

mxareTa urTierTobis `gaciebas~ ki ara da urTierT-

damokidebulebis ukidures gamwvavebasac iwvevda. gamonakliss

Seadgenda maSindeli Cveni sazogadoebis SorsmWvreteli nawili –

didi moRvaweebis _ ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, ovanes

Tumanianis, gabriel sundukianisa da sxva cnobil moazrovneTa

meTaurobiT, romlebic warmoSobili daZabulobis CacxrobisaTvis

iRvwodnen da keTilmezoblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis mraval-

saukunovani tradiciebis dacvisaken mouwodebdnen istoriul me-

zoblebs, razec yuradRebas amaxvilebs momxsenebelic.

XX saukuneSi warmoSobili problemebidan erT-erT umTavre-

sad, savsebiT marTebulad, miCneulia amierkavkasiis administraci-

ul-teritoriuli gamijvnis sakiTxi, rac SemdgomSi kidev ufro

garTulda sagareo faqtoris zegavleniT. Tavdapirvelad erovnu-

li sabWoebis moqmedebis periodSi 1917 w. qarTvel moRvaweTa erTi

nawili somxuri mxaris mier wamoyenebuli eTnikuri principis

mimarT loialurad iyo ganwyobili, magram 1918 w. maisis bolos

amierkavkasiaSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnam cxadyo

teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis aucilebloba. b-ni aS. melqoni-

ani sinanuls gamoTqvams qarTvel politikosTa im nawilis pozici-

is Secvlis da saerTod èTnikuri principis~ uaryofis gamo.

b-ni aS. melqoniani aRniSnavs agreTve saqarTvelos somxuri

mosaxleobis separatistul midrekilebebs sabWoTa xelisufleb-

is dasawyis xanaSi da am movlenas bolSevikuri xelisuflebis

mkacri politikiT xsnis, ramac mTeli mosaxleobis masobrivi uk-

mayofileba gamoiwviao.

qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis Tanamedrove problemebidan

umTavresad miiCnevs regionaluri konfliqtebis mimarT saqarTve-

losa da somxeTis gansxvavebul, ufro zustad, sapirispiro midg-

omas. teritoriuli interesebidan gamomdinare, somxeTi mxars uWers

erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis principiT sakiTxis gadawyvetas,

raTa am gziT SeZlos yarabaRis mierTeba. saqarTvelo ki azer-

baijanTan erTad teritoriuli mTlianobis princips aniWebs upi-

ratesobas. amitom ariso, ganagrZobs b-ni aS. melqoniani, rom

saqarTvelos mTavrobam ufro mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri

kavSirebi daamyara azerbaijanTan, vidre somxeTTano. saqarTvelo-

azerbaijanis aliansis Seqmnas yovelmxriv xeli Seuwyo TurqeTma

da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma, romlebic kavkasiidan ruseTis gan-

devnas cdilobeno. am procesis gasaRrmaveblad dasavleTma ruse-

Tis sawinaaRmdegod baqo-jeihanis sanavTobo kontraqtis xelmow-

eras miaRwia. aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelom SeinarCuna ra somxeTTan

normaluri urTierToba, avtomaturad aRmoCnda ekonomikuri da

politikuri Suamavlis rolSi rogorc somxeTsa da azerbaijans,

ise somxeTsa da TurqeTs Soris. regionSi ZalTa aseTma ganlagebam

somxeTi aiZula ufro mWidro kontaqtebi daemyarebina ruseTTan,

maT Soris samxedro-politikur dargSic. yvelafridan Cans, ga-

nagrZobs momxsenebeli, rom saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

mopovebis pirvel xanebSi somex-qarTvelTa urTierToba arc Tu

ise advilad viTardeboda. iyo momentebi, roca Cveni urTierTobani,

arcTu mesame Zalis monawileobis gareSe, SeiZleboda sabrZolo

situaciaSi gadazrdiliyo. sabednierod es ar moxda. gaimarjva

gonierebam da TviTgadarCenis instinqtma. samagaliTod imowmebs

general andranikis sityvebs, romelic mas noe ramiSvilTan da

evgeni gegeWkorTan saubrisas 1919 w. aprilSi warmouTqvams: qarTv-

el-somexTa saomari konfliqtis gameorebis SemTxvevaSi orive

qristiani eris daRupva gardauvali iqnebao. b. aS. melqonianis

azriT, somexi generlis es sityvebi dResac inarCunebs Tavis

aqtualobas. amJamad Cveni qveynebi, maTda uneburad, aRmoCndnen

ori samxedro-politikuri blokis interesTa mijnaze, ramac

aiZula isini ezrunaT amierkavkasiaSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis

zonis Seqmnaze. dasasruls, gamoTqvams imeds, rom problemebi

daiZleva, risi dasturicaa Cveni mravalsaukunovani istoriao.

aseT optimistur notze amTavrebs b-ni aS. melqoniani Tavis

moxsenebas da Cvenc gviCndeba imedi, rom somxur istoriografi-

aSi bolo xans gaCenili pozitiuri Zvrebis niSnebi Tavis logikur

ganviTarebas poveben. peterburgis universitetis jer kidev me-

278 279

same kursis studenti, didi ivane javaxiSvili werda: `Zvel xanas

da Zvel adamianebs mietevebaT legendebis Seqmna, magram Tavis

mxriv Cven gvevaleba ganvasxvavoT legendebi istoriuli WeSmar-

itebisagan~38. cxadia, rom gayalbebuli faqtebidan da movlene-

bidan mxolod mcdari daskvnebis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli, rac

istoriis gakveTilebs qmediTunarianobas ukargavs. amitomac aris

aucilebeli yovelma erma icodes ùtyuari, WeSmariti istoria

da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi~39. mxolod am principis dacvis SemTx-

vevaSi SeuZlia istoriografias sargebloba moutanos xalxs,

romelsac is emsaxureba.

daskvna

qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis tendenciuri gaSu-

qeba, ZiriTadad Zveli somxuri istoriografiis yvelaze gavleni-

ani warmomadgenlis – movses xorenacidan iRebs saTaves, misi

Semdgomi ganviTareba ki sagareo faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegi

iyo, ramac metadre negatiuri saxe kavkasiaSi rusuli mflobelo-

bis damyarebis droidan miiRo, romlis gamoZaxili dResac sak-

maod igrZnoba.

somxuri istoriografiis òqros saukune~ maSin dadga (V s.)

roca somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis didma marcxma (erovnuli xe-

lisufleba dasavleT somxeTSi 391 w. gaauqmes romaelebma, aRmo-

savleTSi sparselebma – 428 w.) erovnul TviTSegnebas samkvdro-

sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis funqcia daakisra. aseT situaciaSi

somex istorikosTa patriotul movaleobad iqca Zlierebis xanis

somxeTis istoriis mTeli didebulebiT, Tundac gazviadebiT,

warmoCena, oRondac mas damoukideblobisaTvis xalxis darazmva

da sulierad ganmtkiceba SesZleboda. aqedan gamomdinare, somxe-

Tisa da somexTa gamorCeulobis ideam Sua saukuneebis somxur is-

toriografiaSi myarad daimkvidra adgili da saxelmwifoebrivi

marcxiT Selaxuli Rirsebis dacvis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad

iqca.

somxeTis gandidebis idea Tavis apogeas aRwevs movses xorena-

cis `somxeTis istoriaSi~, sadac somexTa gamorCeulobis azri

koncefciis donezea ayvanili. miznis misaRwevad Txzulebis av-

tori faqtebisa da movlenebis araTu Selamazebas, aramed, rig

SemTxvevebSi, gayalbebasac ar erideba. mematianisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebelia, rom kavkasiis qveynebsa da xalxebs ver amCnevs (n. ber-

ZeniSvili) da mas mxolod zogadi, geografiuli terminiT `Crdi-

loeTiT~ da `CrdiloelebiT~ aRniSnavs, riTac, etyoba, cdilobs

kavkasiaze mkiTxvels somxeTs daqvemdebarebuli qveynis STabeWd-

ileba Seuqmnas. amitomaa mis TxzulebaSi qarTli somxeTis naw-

3 8 sergo jorbenaZe, cxovreba da Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa, Tbili-

si, 1981, gv. 43.3 9 iv. javaxiSvili, mamuliSviloba da mecniereba, Txzulebani, t.

XII, gv. 68.

280 281

ilad, xolo qarTveli xelisuflebi somxeTis samefos moxelee-

bad warmodgenili. ufro metic, m. xorenaci qarTlsa da masTan

erTad kavkasias politikuradac da sulieri kulturiTac somx-

eTze damokidebul qveynad warmogvidgens, rogorc Zvel war-

marTul, ise qristianul xanaSic. es koncefcia erTob mimzidveli

aRmoCnda sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli

politikuri wreebisaTvis, romelTa saSualebiT, etyoba, misi gav-

lena mTel somxur istoriografias gadaswvda mravali saukunis

ganmavlobaSi.

somxuri istoriografiis zviadobas da mis Semdgom ganviTare-

bas aranakleb uwyobda xels sagareo faqtoriT gamowveuli mis-

Tvis zogjer xelsayreli ZalTa Tanafardoba kavkasiaSi. magali-

Tad, sasanianebi somxeTs, rogorc aRmosavluri tradiciebis ma-

tarebel qveyanas, TavianTi politikis sayrden bazad iTval-

iswinebdnen am regionSi. amasTan, somxuri eklesiis dogmaturi

uTanxmoeba bizantiasTan irans saSualebas aZlevda masze dayrd-

nobiT ideologiuri situacia kavkasiaSi Tavisi mTavari metoqis

sawinaaRmdegod waremarTa. aqedan gamomdinare, somxuri eklesiis

mfarveloba sparsuli politikis mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda.

cnobilma sparsulma saeklesio krebam 614 w. ktezifonSi somxuri

sarwmunoeba savaldebulod gamoacxada misi qveSevrdomi qris-

tianebisaTvis, ris Semdegac somxuri eklesiis ierarqiulma pre-

tenziebma aq farTo gasaqani miiRo da msaxurma istoriografiamac

ara marto somxuri eklesiis, aramed kavkasiis politikuri is-

toriis suraTis warmosaxvac am Targze scada. analogiuri viTare-

bis mowmeni vxdebiT saxalifo-bizantiis dapirispirebis period-

Sic, roca arabTa egidiT aRdgenili somxuri saxelmwifos mes-

veurebi mfarvelTa politikur interesebTan garkveuli Tanx-

vedriT iwyeben mTeli kavkasiis dasaufleblad brZolas, am xanis

somxuri istoriografia, Tavis mxriv, kavkasiaSi somexi bagratuni

mefeebis ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis iluziur suraTs hqmnis da

mxolod somxuri samefoebis dasustebisa da TandaTanobiTi

gaqrobis kvalobaze, Sua saukuneebis somex avtorTa Txrobis me-

diduri toni da hegemonisturi midrekilebebi TandaTan cxreba

da sapirispirod icvleba.

qarTvelTa qristianuli warsulis mniSvnelobis eWvqveS day-

enebisa da misi damcrobis cdebi somxur istoriografiaSi sak-

maod argumentirebulad iyo adridanve uaryofili `moqceva¡

qarTlisa¡s~ krebulSi Sesuli `wm. ninos cxovrebiT~ (Zegli Tar-

iRdeboda VII-IX ss-iT, bolo xans ki V s. meore naxevariT). qarTu-

li hagiografiuli Txzulebis avtoris daskvniT, qarTlisa da wm.

ninos mniSvneloba aRmosavleTis saqristianos winaSe gacilebiT

didia, vidre somxeTisa da misi ganmanaTleblis grigol

parTelisa. qristianuli rwmenis siZveliTac qarTli win uswrebs

somxeTs, ramdenadac qarTlis gansakuTrebuli roli qristiano-

bis gavrcelebamde winaswar iyo gansazRvruli da qarTlis am up-

iratesobas Tavisi piriT aRiarebda dvineli somexi miaforic.

amitom moxda, rom qristianuli rwmenis Casaxvisas somxeTi mTli-

anad qarTlze aRmoCnda damokidebuli, vinaidan somexTa eklesiis

safuZveli im adamianTa Zvlebze daido, romlebic ninos mier

iyvnen moqceuli (e. i. rifsimianelebi) da maTTan erTad moevlin-

nen somxeTs (k. kekeliZe).

XI s. Sua wlebSi, roca Sua saukuneebis somxurma saxelmwifoe-

briobam saboloo marcxi ganicada, saqarTvelo ki mowodebuli

aRmoCnda im centrad qceuliyo, romlis garSemo mTeli kavkasia

erTiandeboda, saWiro gaxda iseTi ideur-moraluri sayrdenis

Seqmna, romelic kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos wamyvani rolis sa-

marTlianobas istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonzomierebiTac gaama-

rTlebda. albaT, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom XI s., TiTqmis erT-

droulad, ramdenime qarTveli istorikosi (leonti mroveli, jua-

nSeri, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avtori da sumbat daviTis Ze) wers

uZvelesi droidan XI s-mde Tavisi qveynis gabmuli istoriis sxva-

dasxva nawilebs, romlebic qmnis damoukideblobisa da progre-

sisaTvis qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani gmiruli brZolis

mTlian suraTs, erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas kavkasiis er-

Tiani qristianuli samyaros warmoqmna-ganviTarebis warmosaCenad.

kavkasiis gaerTianebis procesis avangardSi myofi qveynis poli-

tikuri amocanebidan gamomdinare qarTuli istoriografia (le-

onti da sxvebi) kavkasiis istoriis imgvar models qmnian, romel-

sac qarTvelTa mimarT somexTa gaucxoeba unda gamoericxa, raTa

somxeTis memkvidreobisaTvis bizantiasTan brZolaSi xeli ar

SeSloda. amitom, am droisaTvis praqtikul mniSvnelobas mokle-

buli m. xorenacis koncefciis kritikis nacvlad leonti mrov-

elma misi ZiriTadi debulebebi da maTs safuZvelze gaSuqebuli

282 283

faqtebi Seaswora da xorenacis eqspansiurobas kavkasiis xalxTa

sisxliT naTesaobisa da Zmobis sakuTari koncefcia daupirispi-

ra, riTac ara marto moraluri upiratesoba moipova `somxeTis

istoriis mamaze~, aramed drois moTxovnasac ukeT moergo. ram-

denadac kavkasiis Semkrebis politikuri lideroba kulturuli

liderobiTac unda yofiliyo uzrunvelyofili, leonti qarTu-

li damwerlobisa da mwignobrobis did siZveles (somxeTTan Se-

darebiT 7-8 saukuniT) aRniSnavs da SesaniSnavad asabuTebs Zveli

qarTuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisTanave gaCenili kulturul-poli-

tikuri moTxovnilebebiT, mkiTxvelis yuradRebas amaxvilebs,

agreTve, kavkasiis politikuri lideris sxva upiratesobebzec.

istoriuli somxeTis didi nawilis saqarTvelos centralize-

buli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Semosvlis Semdeg somxeTis isto-

ria saqarTvelos istoriis nawilad iqca, ris gamoc somex avtor-

Ta interesi mis mimarT kidev ufro gaizarda da maTi damokide-

buleba am istoriisadmi daTba. gasagebia, rom XII-XVIII ss. somxuri

istoriografiis produqcia Tanadroul qarTvelTa gansakuTre-

bul komentars ukve aRar saWiroebda.

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis marcxTan erTad (1801 w.) somx-

uri istoriografiis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos istoriis mima-

rT erTbaSad Seicvala da, ZiriTadad, negatiuri saxe miiRo. amis

mizezi sxva pirobebTan erTad, carizmis kolonialuri politika

iyo, romlis uSualo gamtareblebi qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdego-

bis Zalismieri daTrgunvis RonisZiebebTan erTad misi istoriisa

da kulturis waSla-aRmofxvrasac cdilobdnen. am uRirs saqmeSi

adgilze TavianT mokavSired da sayrden socialur bazad rusuli

biurokratia somxur elements da mis burJuazias miiCnevda, romlis

gaZlierebac man Tavisi batonobis damyarebisTanave daiwyo. im-

periis administraciis keTilganwyobilebisa da mfarvelobis

pirobebSi somxuri burJuaziis interesebis gamomxatveli istori-

ografia saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis mniSvnelobis

damcrobis gziT kavkasiis istoriis Tanamimdevrul gadakeTebas

Seudga, rasac Tan axlda somexTa `gamorCeulobis~ xorenaciseuli

ideebisa da teritoriuli pretenziebis farTo propaganda. XIX s.

meore naxevridan mainc saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbebam somxur

istoriografiaSi, TiTqmis, sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo, ramac

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moRvaweTa

mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia. qarTuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli rusuli da somxuri istoriografiis es erToblivi

kampania miznad isaxavda ruseTisaTvis xelsayreli saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnas, romelic saqarTvelos dapyrobas

gaamarTlebda da mas ruseTis humanur aqciad, xolo somxeTisaTvis

istoriuli saqarTvelos mTel teritorias mosaxleobiTac da

politikuri warsuliTac somxeTad warmosaxavda. am mTavar poli-

tikur amocanas daeqvemdebara somxur istoriografiaSi qarTul-

somxuri urTierTobis nebismieri sakiTxis ganxilva ruseTis

mflobelobis TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze. am TvalsazrisiT,

erTob mcirea sxvaoba burJuaziuli da sabWoTa somxuri

istoriografiebis poziciebs Soris. XIX s. dawyebuli Seteva

saqarTvelos istoriaze misi mniSvnelobis damcrobisa da gabi-

abruebis mizniT, XX s. 40-iani wlebidan ukve farTo frontiT,

Tanadmimdevrul da gegmazomier laSqrobaSi gadaizarda, romelmac

saistorio kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sfero da dargi moicva. amjerad

kvlevis mizani daSnakuri partiis fantastikuri rukebis mixedviT,

e. w. `didi somxeTis~ Crdilo nawilSi qarTulis nacvlad somxuri

civilizaciis nakvalevis dadastureba iyo. aseTi ganwyobileba

sruliad Tavisuflad ikiTxeba mTel rig sabWoTa somex mecnierTa

gamokvlevebSi, romlebic exeba somxeTis istoriul geografias,

toponimikas, politikur istorias, saistorio mwerlobas, xelovneb-

is istorias, kulturis istorias da sxv. rogorc am naSromTa

kritikulma ganxilvam dagvarwmuna tendenciurad ganwyobili

somexi avtorebi miznis miRwevas faqtebze ZaldatanebiTa da

istoriuli movlenebis gamrudebiT cdiloben. magaliTad, tao-

klarjeTisa da qvemo qarTlis qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis

somxuri arqiteqturisaTvis misaTvlelad sakmarisad miaCniaT maTi

gamocxadeba qarTuli wesis somex qalkedonitTa naxelavad, am

Zeglebis qarTul warwerebsa Tu sxva werilobiT ZeglebSi moxse-

niebuli istoriuli pirebi ki qarTul enaze metyvel somxebad.

qarTuli wesis somex qalkedonitTa magiuri formula am avtorebma

faqtebis gayalbebis xelisSemSleli wyaroebis avTenturi cnobebis

winaaRmdegobis daZlevis universalur iaraRad aqcia, `daiviwyes~

ra, rom tao-klarjeTSi, istoriul niadagze rom araferi iTqvas,

qarTuli iyo ara marto arqiteqtura, aramed literatura,

xelnaweri wignebi, miniatiurebi, monumenturi ferwera, Weduri

284 285

xelovnebis nawarmoebebi da yvela isini organulad iyvnen dakav-

Sirebulni saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelos erovnuli xelovnebis

saerTo ganviTarebiT. amgvarive damokidebuleba SeiniSneba

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionebisa da istoriuli

periodebis gaSuqebisas. erTi sityviT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

totaluri gasomxurebis tendencia wiTel zolad gasdevs somxur

istoriografias mTlianad sabWoTa periodSi.

sabWoTa da Tanamedrove somxuri istoriografiis mniSvnelo-

van naklad unda CaiTvalos, agreTve, qarTuli istoriografiis

TiTqmis, sruli ignorireba da mis monacemTa gauTvaliswinebloba.

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, damoukidebeli

qarTuli da somxuri saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnis Semdeg, sruli

Tavisuflebis SegrZnebis pirobebSi, somxuri istoriografiis

rigma warmomadgenelma daufaravad gamoxata Sors mimavali geo-

politikuri zraxvebi. warsulis kritikuli Seswavlis nacvlad,

winamorbedi da ufrosi Taobis mier gayalbebuli istoriis baza-

ze maT daSnakTa ideebis propagandas mihyyves xeli da am procesSi

araseriozulobis yovelgvar zRvars gadaabijes. amasTan erTad,

am bolo xans somxur istoriografiaSi pozitiuri Zvrebis niS-

nebic SeimCneva. magaliTad, qarTul-somxuri kulturul-istori-

uli urTierTobis Temaze mdare, mecnierebas dacilebuli, prim-

itiuli naSromebis momravlebiT SeSfoTebuli, CvenSi tendenci-

ur avtorad cnobili b-ni p. muradianic ki kritikulad ganewyo

da sajarod dagmo Tavisi axalgazrda kolegis s. karapetianis

mier faqtebis aSkarad zRvars gadacilebuli gayalbeba, rac misi

avtoris codnis ukmarisobiT axsna. miuxedavad amisa, p. muradianis

es gamosvla urTierTgagebisken gadadgmul sasikeTo nabijad

unda miviCnioT. misasalmebelia, agreTve, XIX-XX ss. qarTul-somx-

uri urTierTobis SedarebiT axleburi gaazreba somxeTis mec-

nierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis direqtoris aS. melqo-

nianis moxsenebaSi, romelic man TbilisSi waikiTxa.

cxadia, gayalbebuli faqtebi swori daskvnis saSualebas ar

iZleva, amitom, iv. javaxiSvils rom davesesxoT, aucilebelia

yovelma erma icodes utyuari, WeSmariti istoria da ara gazvi-

adebuli, yalbi.

Guram Maisuradze

FROM THE OF GEORGIAN – ARMENIAN RESATIONS

Summary

The subject of our resaerch has various interpretations in historiography.

Opposite evalution of the facts and events in interpretations of one and the

same sources have long been attracting the interest of the readers. This para-

dox needs scientific explanation. The given work is the first attempt of such an

explanation.

The tendentious interpretation of the history of Georgian – Armenian rela-

tions originates mainly from the most influential representative of the old Ar-

menian historiography Movses Khorenats. The further development of ten-

dentious interpretation of Georgian history was the result of external factor

attaining the mosts negative quality after the all-powerful government of Rus-

sians in the Caucasus, the echo of which sounds strongly even today.

The „Golden Age“ of Armenian historiography started (the 5th century)

when Armenian state suffered the great defeat (Romans abolished national

government in western Armenia in 391 and Persians in the east part of the

country in 428) and the national self-idenification attained the decisive func-

tion. In this situation the supreme patriotic duty of Armenian historians was to

show in full greantess, even though exaggerated, the history of Armenia, to

unite the nation for liberation movement and strengthen the spirit of Armenian

people. As a result, the idea of uniqueness of Armenia and Armenians was

firmly established in medieval Armenian historiography and had become one

of the main sources of defanding shaken national honour.

The idea of the glorification of Armenia reaches its climax in „The History

of Armenia“ by Movses Khorenats where the idea of Armenians’ uniqueness

gains conceptual character. To reach the aim the author of the history is not

only coloring the facts and events but in some cases even falsifies them. The

chronicle disregards the Caucasian countries and peoples (N. Berdzenishvili)

and denotes them with generalgeographical term „the north“ and „norterners“.

Thus, apparently he tries to make readers belive that the Caucasus is a country

subordinated to Armenia. That is why in account Kartli is a part of Armenia

286 287

and Georgian authorities are the officials of the Armenian kingdom. More than

that according to Movses khorenats the Caucasus together with kartli had been

a country politically and culturally (meaning spiritual culture) subordinated to

Armenia both in pre-Christian and Christian periods. The concept seems to be

quite attractive for the Armenian political circles trying to rebuilt abolished

statehood. These circles must have promoted the concept and established it in

the and its further development was also supported and encouraged by advan-

tageous distribution of forces in the Caucasus conditioned by exterior factors.

For example, Armenia as the country bearer of the oriental traditions was con-

sidered by Sasanian as a support of their policy in the region. Besides, the dog-

matic disagreement of the Armenian Church was a significant factor of the pol-

icy of Iran. The well known Persian church countcil in Kteziphon in 614 an-

nounced Armenian religion as obligatory for his Christian subjects which caused

the wide extension of the pretensions of the Armenian Church hierarchs. Ar-

menian historiography was ready in trying to picture not only the history of the

Armenian Church but also the political of the Caucasus in the given frame. The

similar situation can be witnessed in the period of caliphate – Bizantium oppo-

sition where the authorities of Armenian state was restored under the aegis of

Arabs. Sharing the political interests of their protectors, Armenian political

forces started the fight for gaining the whole Caucasus. The Armenian histori-

ography of those days created the impression that Armenian kings-Bagratuns-

had an absolute power in the Caucasus. Only after weakening and gradual dis-

appearance of the Armenian kingdom the arrogant tone and hegemonic ten-

dentious of the medieval Armenian authors gradually died down and changed

to the opposite. The attempts raising doubts about the importance of Georgia’ s

Christian past and of belittle it, had been reasonably critcized already in „The

Life of St. Nino“ (the monument was dated earlier to the 7th -9th centuries, and

according to current investigations to the II half the 5th century) which is a part

the collection „Moktsevai kartlisai“ (The Conversion of Kartli). The author of

the Georgian historiograpic account concludes that the contribution of Kartli

and St. Nino towards Eastern Christianity is much more important than that of

Armenia and its enlightener Grigorius the special role of Kartli before the dis-

persion of Christianity was determined beforehead. Armenian miafor himself

(a person who looks after the sancuary) from Dvini admits this priority oof

kartli. So, when the Christian faith had been conceived in kartli, Armenia be-

came wholly depended on it, as the Church of Armenia was founded on the

holy bones of those martyrs (i. m. ripsimians) who were converted by St. Nino

ans had crossed the frontier with her (K. Kekelidze).

In the middle of the 11 th century, when the medieval Armenian state un-

derwent the final collapse and Georgia became the centre uniting whole Cau-

casus, the creaion of ideological and moral basis for justifying the leading role

of Georgia in history of the Caucasus was necessary. It mast not have been

accidental that in the 11 century some Georgian historians (Leonti Mroveli,

Juansher, the author of “The Chronicle of Georgia” and Sumbat the son of

David) wrote different parts of the country history from the ancient times till

the 11 century almost simultaneously displaying the whole picture of the cen-

turies-long heroic straggle the creation and development of the united Chris-

tian world of the Caucasus.

In the process of uniting the Caucasus, determined by the political aims of

the vanguard country, Georgian historiography (Leonti and others (creates the

model of the Caucasian history which should have overcome the Armenian

estrangement to fight freely with Byzantinium for the heritage of Armenia.

That’ s why instead of criticizing M. Khorenats’ concept, that had no practical

importance for those period, Leonti Mroveli corrected his main statements

and treatments of the facts and opposed his own concept of the Caucasian

peoples’ kinship and brotherhood to Armenian historians’ expansion. Thus,

Leonti gained not only moral priority over „The father of Armenian history“,

but met well the demands of the time. The political leader had to the cultural

leader as well. So, Leonti speaks about the ancient origin (7-8 centuriel-older

in comparison with Armenian script) of Georgian script and literature and proves

the cultural leadership of newly establishd ancient Georgian state had from the

very beginning. Leonti draws the attention of the readers to other priorities of

Caucasian political Leader as well.

When the great part of the historical Armenia became a part of the Geor-

gian centralized monarchy, the history of Armenia had become a part of Geor-

gian history as well. Because of this the interest of Armenian historians to-

wards history of Georgia had grown and the attitude became warmer. Natural-

ly, there was no need for making special comments on the Armenian historiog-

raphy of the 12th -13th centuries at that time.

With the downfall of Georgian history was completely changed. The rea-

son, among other circumstances,was the colonial policy of Tsarism. Besides

the violent repression of the Georgian resistance the main figures of this policy

288 289

were trying to wipe out its history and culture. Russian beaurocracy found

Armenia and its bourgeoisie to be their supporters in carrying out this unho-

nourable job. Supported by the empire administration, Armenian historiogra-

phy, expressing the interests of Armenian bourgeoisie, started changing the

Caucasian history diminishing the value of Georgian history and culture; con-

sequently, wide proragation of Khorenats’ ideas about Armenians’ „Excep-

tionality“ and erritorial pretensions. From the second half of the 19th century

distortion of the Georgian history in the pretensions. From the second half of

the 19th century distortion of the Georgian history in the Armenian historiog-

raphy gained almost systematic character causing the sharp reaction and activ-

ities of Georgian national liberation movement. The united campaign of Rus-

sian and Armenian historiography against Georgian mentality aimed at the

oreation of suitable international opinion favored by Russia; it justified the

annexation of Georgian, as a humane action and favored by Armenia which

was to show that historic Georgia with its whole territory, population and po-

litical past belonged to Armenia. Any subject of Georgian-Armenian relations

during almost two centuries of Russian domination served this main political

aim in Armenian historiography. From this point of view bourgeois and Soviet

Armenian historiography have mostly the same positions. The attack on Geor-

gian history started at the beginning of the 19th century and gained its speed in

the 40s of the 20th century; it developed into well planed and organized attack,

embracing almost all fields and trends of investigation.

On this stage of investigation Armenian historiography basing on abso-

lutely absurd maps of Dashnaks’ party aimend to prove that the northern part

of so calles „Great Armenia“ traced the exixtence of Armenian civilization in

the place of Georgian one. The attitude and position can be well seen in the

investigations dealing with historical geography, toponimy, political history,

chronicles, the history of art, the history of culture etc. The critical investiga-

tion of these works has proved that the Armenian scientists tried to reach the

aim by distortion of the historical facts and events. For instance, Georgian

anchitectural monuments in Tao-Klardgeti (historical province of Georgia,

now in Turkey) and Kvemo Kartli (one of the regions of east Georgia) were

declared to be Armenian because they were built by Chalcedonit Armenians of

Georgian canon and declare historical persons mentioned in the inscriptions

of these monuments or in historical sources as Armenians speaking Georgian;

the magic formula „Armenian Chalcedonits of Georgian right“ became a uni-

versal means for overcoming the obstacles on the way of distortion of the

authentic records.They have „forgotten“ that in Tao-Klardgeti not only archi-

tecture was Georgian but also rich literature, manuscripts, miniatures, monu-

mental paintings, engravings and all of them were united by the centuries-old

common Georgian culture development process to say nothing of hisorical

reasons. The same attitude can be traced in the treatment of the history of other

regions of east Georgia and historic epochs.

Thus, the tendency of total Armenisation of past Georgia runs through the

whole Soviet Armenian historiography.

The serious demerit of the Soviet and current Armeniam historiography is

also, almost total ignoring of the Georgian historiography and its data.

After establishing independent Georgian and Russian states in the 90s of

the last century, feeling absolute freedom, some representatives of Armenian

historiography openly unveiled their far going geopolitical interests. Instead

of critical study of the past on the ground of the history destroyed by elder

generation, they began the propagation of Dashnaks’ ideas and had exceeded

all limits. But the positive tendentions can also be viewed in the Armenian

historiography lately. For example even Mr. P. Muradian, notorious in Georgia

for his joung colleague S. Karapetian’s exceeding all limits and explained it as

lack of knowledge. Dispite this evaluation, Muradian’s position is realistic and

pozitive. Comparatively modern interpretation of the 19th -20th centuries

Georgian-Armenian relations by the head of the Institute of History of the

Academy of Armenia, Ash. Melkonyan presented in Tbilisi is welcomed, in-

deed.

It is obvious that interpretation of the facts enables us make right conclu-

sions. That is why Iv. Javakhishvili used to say that each people should know

the true and not falsified history of his nation.

290 291

âîçâåäåíà äî óðîâíÿ êîíöåïöèè. Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ýòîé öåëè àâòîð íå

ïîñòåñíÿëñÿ íå òîëüêî ïîäêðàøèâàíèÿ ôàêòîâ è ÿâëåíèé, íî è, â ðÿäå

ñëó÷àåâ, ôàëüñèôèêàöèè èõ. Äëÿ ýòîãî ëåòîïèñöà õàðàêòåðíî, ÷òî îí íå

«çàìå÷àåò» (Í. Áåðäçåíèøâèëè) äðóãèå ñòðàíû è íàðîäû Êàâêàçà, ïîìèíàÿ

èõ îáùèìè òåðìèíàìè «Ñåâåðíûå» è «ñåâåðÿíå», ïûòàÿñü, ïî-âèäèìîìó,

ñîçäàòü ýòèì ó ÷èòàòåëÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå î Êàâêàçå êàê î ñòðàíå, ïîäâëàñòíîé

Àðìåíèè. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó â åãî ñî÷èíåíèè Êàðòëè ïðåäñòàâëåíà â êà-

÷åñòâå ÷àñòè Àðìåíèè, à ãðóçèíñêèå âëàñòèòåëè - êàê ñàíîâíèêè àðìÿíñ-

êîãî öàðñêîãî äâîðà. Áîëåå òîãî, Êàðòëè, à âìåñòå ñ íåé è Êàâêàç, Ì. Õî-

ðåíàö ïðåäñòàâëÿåò òàêèì îáðàçîì, áóäòî ýòà ñòðàíà çàâèñåëà îò Àðìåíèè

êàê ïîëèòè÷åñêè, òàê è ïî äóõîâíîé êóëüòóðå è âî âðåìåíà ÿçû÷åñòâà, è â

ïîðó õðèñòèàíñòâà. Òàêàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ îêàçàëàñü âåñüìà ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîé

äëÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ êðóãîâ, áîðþùèõñÿ çà âîññòàíîâëåíèå ñîáñòâåííîé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè è îíà, âèäèìî íå áåç ïîìîùè óêàçàííûõ ñèë, îêàçûâàëà

âëèÿíèå íà àðìÿíñêóþ èñòîðèîãðàôèþ è â ïîñëåäóþùåì.

Íåìàëî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëè ñïåñèâîñòè àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè è

äàëüíåéøåìó å¸ ðàçâèòèþ è îïðåäåë¸ííûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ñèë íà Êàâêàçå,

âîçíèêàþùèåñÿ âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè áëàãîäàðÿ âíåøíèì ôàêòîðàì è îêàçû-

âàþùèåñÿ âåñüìà âûãîäíûìè äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, Àðìåíèþ,

êàê ñòðàíó âîñòî÷íûõ òðàäèöèé, Ñàñàíèäû ñ÷èòàëè îïîðíîé áàçîé ñâîåé

ïîëèòèêè â ýòîì ðåãèîíå. Ïðè ýòîì, äîãìàòè÷åñêèå ðàçíîãëàñèÿ àðìÿíñêîé

öåðêâè ñ âèçàíòèéñêîé ïîçâîëÿëè Èðàíó íàïðàâëÿòü èäåîëîãè÷åñêóþ

ñèòóàöèþ íà Êàâêàçå ïðîòèâ ñâîåãî ãëàâíîãî ïðîòèâíèêà è, èñõîäÿ èç

ýòîãî, ïîêðîâèòåëüñòâî àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè ñòàëî íåìàëîâàæíûì ôàêòîðîì

åãî ïîëèòèêè. Èçâåñòíîå ïåðñèäñêîå öåðêîâíîå ñîáðàíèå 614 ãîäà â Êòåñè-

ôîíå ïîñòàíîâèëî ñ÷èòàòü àðìÿíñêóþ ðåëèãèþ îáÿçàòåëüíîé äëÿ

ïåðñèäñêîïîäàííûõ õðèñòèàí, ïîñëå ÷åãî èåðàðõè÷åñêèå ïðåòåíçèè

àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè ïîëó÷èëè øèðîêèé ïðîñòîð è ïîñëóøíàÿ åé

èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ ïîïûòàëàñòü îòîáðàçèòü ïî ýòîìó îáðàçöó êàðòèíó ïîëèòè-

÷åñêîé èñòîðèè íå òîëüêî àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè, íî è âñåãî Êàâêàçà. Àíàëîãè÷-

íîå ïîëîæåíèå ìîæíî çàñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü è â ïåðèîä ïðîòèâîñòîÿíèÿ

Õàëèôàòà ñ Âèçàíòèåé, êîãäà äåÿòåëè àðìÿíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà,

âîññòàíîâëåííîãî ïîä ýãèäîé àðàáîâ, èñïîëüçóÿ îïðåäåë¸ííîå ñîâïàäåíèå

ñâîèõ ÷àÿíèé ñ ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè èíòåðåñàìè ïîêðîâèòåëåé, íà÷èíàþò

áîðüáó çà îâëàäåíèå Êàâêàçîì ïîëíîñòüþ. Àðìÿíñêàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ

ýòîãî âðåìåíè, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ñîçäà¸ò èëëþçîðíóþ êàðòèíó íåîãðàíè-

÷åííîé âëàñòè àðìÿíñêèõ Áàãðàòóíè íà Êàâêàçå è òîëüêî ïîñëå îñëàáëåíèÿ

Ãóðàì Ìàéñóðàäçå

ÈÇ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÎÃÐÀÔÈÈ

ÀÐÌßÍÎ-ÃÐÓÇÈÍÑÊÈÕ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÉ

Ðåçþìå

Íàáëþäàåìîå â èñòîðèîãðàôèè ñîâåðøåííî îòëè÷àþùååñÿ äðóã îò

äðóãà îòíîøåíèå ãðóçèíñêèõ è àðìÿíñêèõ èñòîðèîãðàôîâ ê èññëåäóåìîé

òåìå, ïðè íàëè÷èè îäíîé è òîé æå èñòî÷íèêîâîé áàçû – â îñíîâíîì

ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîå îñâåùåíèå è îöåíêà ôàêòîâ è ÿâëåíèé – äàâíî îáðàùàåò

íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå ÷èòàþùåé îáùåñòâåííîñòè è òðåáóåò îáúÿñíåíèÿ

ñîçäàâøåéñÿ ïàðàäîêñàëüíîé ñèòóàöèè. Ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ ðàáîòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ

îäíîé èç ïåðâûõ ïîïûòîê å¸ îöåíêè.

Òåíäåíöèîçíîå îñâåùåíèå ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ îòíîøåíèè áåð¸ò

íà÷àëî îò îäíîãî èç âëèÿòåëüíåéøåãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ àðìÿíñêîé

èñòîðèîãðàôèè – Ìîâñåñà Õîðåíàöà. Äàëüíåéøåå æå å¸ ðàçâèòèå áûëî

óæå èòîãîì âíåøíåãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ, ïîëó÷èâøåãî îñîáî íåãàòèâíûé

õàðàêòåð ïîñëå óñòàíîâëåíèÿ íà Êàâêàçå ðóññêîãî âëàäû÷åñòâà, îòãîëîñêè

÷åãî äîñòàòî÷íî ÷óâñòâèòåëüíî ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ è ïî ñåé äåíü.

«Çîëîòîé âåê» àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè íàñòàë, êîãäà (V â.) ïîëíàÿ

ëèêâèäàöèÿ àðìÿíñêîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè (ìåñòíàÿ âëàñòü â Çàïàäíîé

Àðìåíèè áûëà óïðàçäíåíà ðèìëÿíàìè â 391 ãîäó, à â Âîñòî÷íîé Àðìåíèè

– ïåðñàìè â 428 ãîäó) âîçëîæèëà íà íàöèîíàëüíîå ñàìîñîçíàíèå àðìÿí

æèçíåííî âàæíóþ ôóíêöèþ. Â òàêîé ñèòóàöèè àðìÿíñêèå èñòîðèêè ñî÷ëè

çà ñâîþ ïàòðèîòè÷åñêóþ îáÿçàííîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿòü èñòîðèþ ìîãóùåñò-

âåííîé Àðìåíèè âî âñåé å¸ êðàñå, ïóñòü äàæå çà ñ÷åò ïðåóâåëè÷åíèÿ, ëèøü

áû ýòî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî ñïëî÷åíèþ è äóõîâíîé ñòîéêîñòè íàðîäà â áîðüáå

çà íåçàâèñèìîñòü. Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî, èäåÿ «èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòè» Àðìåíèè è

àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà â ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè ïðî÷íî

çàêðåïèëàñü è ïðåâðàòèëàñü â îäíî èç îñíîâíûõ ñðåäñòâ çàùèòû ÷åñòè,

ïîðóãàííîé óòåðåé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè.

Èäåÿ âîçâåëè÷åíèÿ Àðìåíèè äîñòèãàåò ñâîåãî àïîãåÿ â «Èñòîðèè

Àðìåíèè» Ìîâñåñà Õîðåíàöà, â êîòîðîé «èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòü» àðìÿí

292 293

çíà÷åíèå êîíöåïöèè Ì. Õîðåíàöà, Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè ïîäïðàâèë å¸

îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ è îñâåùåííûå íà èõ îñíîâå ôàêòû è

ïðîòèâîïîñòàâèë ýêñïàíñèâíîñòè Õîðåíàöà ñîáñòâåííóþ êîíöåïöèþ

êðîâíîãî ðîäñòâà è áðàòñòâà íàðîäîâ Êàâêàçà. Ýòèì îí íå òîëüêî äîáûëñÿ

ìîðàëüíîãî ïðåéìóùåñòâà íàä «Îòöîì àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèè», íî è áîëåå

àäåêâàòíî îòêëèêíóëñÿ íà òðåáîâàíèÿ âðåìåíè. Â âèäó òîãî, ÷òî

ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ëèäåðñòâî îáúåäèíèòåëÿ Êàâêàçà äîëæíî áûëî áûòü

ïîäêðåïëåíî ëèäåðñòâîì è â ñôåðå êóëüòóðû, Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè óêàçûâàåò

è íà áîëüøóþ äðåâíîñòü (íà 7-8 âåêîâ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ àðìÿíñêîé)

ãðóçèíñêîé ïèñüìåííîñòè è ëèòåðàòóðû è çàìå÷àòåëüíî îáîñíîâûâàåò èõ

âîçíèêíîâåíèå êóëüòóðíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè òðåáîâàíèÿìè, ïîÿâèâøèìèñÿ

ñðàçó æå ïðè ñîçäàíèè äðåâíåãðóçèíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà. Îí çàîñòðÿåò

âíèìàíèå ÷èòàòåëåé òàêæå è íà äðóãèå ïðåéìóùåñòâà ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî

ëèäåðà Êàâêàçà.

Ïîñëå âêëþ÷åíèÿ áîëüøîé ÷àñòè èñòîðè÷åñêîé Àðìåíèè â ñîñòàâ

öåíòðàëèçîâàííîé ìîíàðõèè Ãðóçèè, èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè ñòàëà ñîñòàâíîé

÷àñòüþ èñòîðèè Ãðóçèè, âñëåäñòâèå ÷åãî èíòåðåñ àðìÿíñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ ê

íåé åùå áîëåå âîçðîñ è èõ îòíîøåíèå ê íåé ïîòåïëåëî. Îòñþäà âïîëíå

ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî ïðîäóêöèÿ àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè XII-XVIII âåêîâ óæå

íå òðåáîâàëà êàêèõ-ëèáî îñîáûõ êîììåíòàðèåâ ñî ñòîðîíû ñîâðåìåííûõ

åé ãðóçèíñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ.

Âìåñòå ñ ïðèõîäîì ê êîíöó ãðóçèíñêîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè (1801 ã.)

îòíîøåíèå àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè ê èñòîðèè Ãðóçèè ñðàçó è ðåçêî

èçìåíèëîñü, ïðèíÿâ, â îñíîâíîì, íåãàòèâíûé õàðàêòåð. Ïðè÷èíîé ýòîìó,

íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè, ïîñëóæèëà è êîëîíèàëüíàÿ ïîëèòèêà öàðèçìà, îñíîâíûå

èñïîëíèòåëè êîòîðîé, âìåñòå ñ ïðîâåäåíèåì ìåðîïðèÿòèé ñèëîâîãî ïîäàâ-

ëåíèÿ ïðîòèâîáîðñòâà ãðóçèíñêîãî íàðîäà, ïûòàëèñü ñòåðåòü è èçúÿòü åãî

èñòîðèþ è êóëüòóðó. Â ýòîì íåäîñòîéíîì äåëå ðóññêàÿ áþðîêðàòèÿ ñâîèì

ñîþçíèêîì è îïîðíîé ñîöèàëüíîé áàçîé íà ìåñòå ñ÷èòàëà àðìÿíñêèé

ýëåìåíò è åãî áóðæóàçèþ, óêðåïëåíèå êîòîðîé îíà íà÷àëà ñðàçó æå ïîñëå

óñòàíîâëåíèÿ ñâîåãî ãîñïîäñòâà. Àðìÿíñêàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ, îòðàæàþùàÿ

èíòåðåñû àðìÿíñêîé áóðæóàçèè, â óñëîâèÿõ áëàãîæåëàòåëüíîñòè è

ïîêðîâèòåëüñòâà ñî ñòîðîíû èìïåðñêîé àäìèíèñòðàöèè, ïðèñòóïèëà ê ïîñ-

ëåäîâàòåëüíîé ïåðåäåëêå èñòîðèè Êàâêàçà ïóò¸ì óìàëåíèÿ èñòîðèè è êóëü-

òóðû Ãðóçèè, ñîïðîâîæäàÿ ýòî øèðîêîé ïðîïàãàíäîé Õîðåíàöñêîé èäåè

«èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòè» àðìÿí è òåððèîðèàëüíûìè ïðåòåíçèÿìè.

Ôàëüñèôèêàöèÿ èñòîðèè Ãðóçèè â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè ïðèíÿëà,

àðìÿíñêèõ öàðñòâ è ïîñòåïåííîãî èõ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ íàäìåííûé òîí

ïîâåñòâîâàíèÿ àðìÿíñêèõ àâòîðîâ è èõ ãåãåìîíè÷åñêèå íàêëîííîñòè ïîñ-

òåïåííî çàòèõàþò è ìåíÿþòñÿ íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå.

Ïîïûòêè ïîñòàâèòü ïîä ñîìíåíèå è óìàëèòü õðèñòèàíñêîå ïðîøëîå

ãðóçèí âåñüìà àðãóìåíòèðîâàííî áûëè îòâåðãíóòû â ñâî¸ âðåìÿ «Æèòè¸ì

Ñâ. Íèíû», âîøåäøåì â ñáîðíèê «Ìîêöåâàè Êàðòëèñàè» («Îáðàùåíèå

Êàðòëè â õðèñòèàíñêóþ âåðó»). Óêàçàííûé èñòî÷íèê äàòèðîâàëñÿ VII-

IX âåêàìè, â ïîñëåäíåå æå âðåìÿ – âòîðîé ïîëîâèíîé V âåêà. Ïî

çàêëþ÷åíèþ àâòîðà ýòîãî ãðóçèíñêîãî àãèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ,

ðîëü Êàðòëè è Ñâ. Íèíû ïåðåä õðèñòèàíñòâîì Âîñòîêà ãîðàçäî

çíà÷èòåëüíû, ÷åì Àðìåíèè è å¸ ïðîñâåòèòåëÿ – Ãðèãîëà Ïàðôÿíñêîãî.

Êàðòëè îïåðåæàåò Àðìåíèþ è ïî äàâíîñòè âåðû, ïîñêîëüêó îñîáàÿ ðîëü

Êàðòëè â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè õðèñòèàíñòâà áûëà çàðàíåå ïðåäîïðåäåëåíà è

ýòî ïðåèìóùåñòâî Êàðòëè ïðèçíàâàë ñâîèìè óñòàìè àðìÿíèí Ìèàôîð èç

Äâèíà. Ïîòîìó è ïðîèçîøëî òàê, ÷òî â ìîìåíò çàðîæäåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñêîé

âåðû Àðìåíèÿ îêàçàëàñü âñåöåëî çàâèñÿùåé îò Êàðòëè, èáî îñíîâàíèå

àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè îêàçàëîñü çàëîæåííûì íà êîñòüÿõ ðèôñèìÿí, ò. å. ëþäåé,

îáðàùåííûõ â ñâî¸ âðåìÿ Ñâ. Íèíîé è âìåñòå ñ íåé ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ â

Àðìåíèè (Ê. Êåêåëèäçå).

Â ñåðåäèíå XI âåêà, êîãäà îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïðåêðàòèëà ñóùåñòâîâàíèå

ñðåäíåâåêîâàÿ àðìÿíñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòü, à Ãðóçèÿ îêàçàëàñü ïðèçâàí-

íîé ïîñëóæèòü öåíòðîì åäèíåíèÿ âñåãî Êàâêàçà, ñòàëî íåîáõîäèìûì

ñîçäàíèå òàêîé èäåéíî-ìîðàëüíîé îïîðû, êîòîðàÿ ïîñëóæèëà áû îïðàâ-

äàíèåì ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè âåäóùåé ðîëè Ãðóçèè íà Êàâêàçå è îáúÿñíèëà ýòî

çàêîíîìåðíîñòüþ èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Íå ñëó÷àéíî, ïî-âèäèìîìó è

òî, ÷òî â XI âåêå, ïî÷òè îäíîâðåìåííî íåñêîëüêî ãðóçèíñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ

(Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè, Äæóàíøåð, àâòîð «Îáðàùåíèÿ Êàðòëè», Ñóìáàò ñûí

Äàâèäà) ïèøóò ðàçíûå ÷àñòè, íà÷èíàÿ ñ äðåâíåéøåãî âðåìåíè, ñêâîçíîé

èñòîðèè ñâîåé ñòðàíû, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ åäèíóþ êàðòèíó ìíîãîâåêîâîé

ãåðîè÷åñêîé áîðüáû ãðóçèíñêîãî íàðîäà çà íåçàâèñèìîñòü è ïðîãðåññ –

îäíó èç çíà÷èòåëüíåéøèõ óñëîâèé îòîáðàæåíèÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ

êàâêàçñêîãî åäèíîãî õðèñòèàíñêîãî ìèðà. Èñõîäÿ èç ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ çàäà÷

ñòðàíû, ñòîÿùåé â àâàíãàðäå ïðîöåññà îáúåäèíåíèÿ Êàâêàçà, ãðóçèíñêàÿ

èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ (Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè è äð.) ñîçäàþò òàêóþ ìîäåëü èñòîðèè

Êàâêàçà, êîòîðàÿ èñêëþ÷àëà îò÷óæäåíèå àðìÿí îò ãðóçèí, ÷òîáû ýòî íå

ìîãëî ïîìåøàòü â áîðüáå ñ Âèçàíòèåé çà íàñëåäîâàíèå Àðìåíèåé.

Ïîýòîìó, âçàìåí êðèòèêè óòðàòèâøåé ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè ïðàêòè÷åñêîå

294 295

òîëüêî àðõèòåêòóðà, íî è áîãàòàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà, ðóêîïèñíûå êíèãè,

ìèíèàòþðû, ìîíóìåíòàëüíàÿ æèâîïèñü, ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ÷åêàííîãî

èñêóññòâà, è âñ¸ ýòî áûëî îðãàíè÷åñêè ñâÿçàíî ìåæäó ñîáîé îáùèì

ðàçâèòèåì ãðóçèíñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî èñêóññòâà íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè

âåêîâ. Ïîäîáíîå æå îòíîøåíèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ è ïðè îñâåùåíèè äðóãèõ

ïåðèîäîâ èñòîðèè è äðóãèõ ðåãèîíîâ Âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè. Îäíèì ñëîâîì,

ïîïûòêà òîòàëüíîãî «îáàðìåíèâàíèÿ» Âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè êðàñíîé íèòüþ

ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè

ñîâåòñêîãî ïåðèîäà.

Ñåðü¸çíûì íåäîñòàòêîì ñîâåòñêîé è ñîâðåìåííîé àðìÿíñêîé

èñòîðèîãðàôèè ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü òàêæå è ïî÷òè ïîëíîå èãíîðèðîâàíèå

ãðóçèíñêîé èñòîðèãîðàôèè è íåïðèíÿòèå âî âíèìàíèå ïðåäîñòàâëÿåìîé

åþ èíôîðìàöèè.

Â íà÷àëå 90-õ ãîäîâ ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ, ïîñëå îáðàçîâàíèÿ

íåçàâèñèìûõ ãðóçèíñêîãî è àðìÿíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâ, â óñëîâèÿõ îùóùåíèÿ

ïîëíîé ñâîáîäû, ðàäîì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè

ñîâåðøåííî îòêðûòî áûëè âûñêàçàíû èäóùèå äàëåêî ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêèå

çàìûñëû. Âìåñòî êðèòè÷åñêîãî ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ïðîøëîãî, îíè çàíÿëèñü

ïðîïàãàíäîé äàøíàêöóòþíñêèõ èäåé íà áàçå èñòîðèè, èçâðàùåííîé èõ

ïðåäøåñòâåííèêàìè è ñòàðøèì ïîêîëåíèåì è ïåðåñòóïèëè â ýòîì

ïðîöåññå âñå ìûñëèìûå ðóáåæè íåñåðü¸çíîñòè. Âìåñòå ñ ýòèì, â ïîñëåä-

íåå âðåìÿ â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè îòìå÷àåòñÿ è ïðèçíàêè ïîçèòèâíûõ

ñäâèãîâ. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, äàæå èçâåñòíûé ó íàñ êàê òåíäåíöèîçíûé àâòîð

ã-í Ï. Ìóðàäÿí, îáåñïîêîåííûé óìíîæåíèåì íèçêîïðîáíûõ, äàë¸êèõ îò

íàóêè ïðèìèòèâíûõ ðàáîò íà òåìó ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ êóëüòóðíî-èñòî-

ðè÷åñêèõ îòíîøåíèé, íàñòðîèëñÿ êðèòè÷åñêè è ïóáëè÷íî îñóäèë ÿâíóþ

è íåîáóçäàííóþ ôàëüñèôèêàöèþ ôàêòîâ ñâîèì ìîëîäûì êîëëåãîé

Ñ.Êàðàïåòÿíîì, îáúÿñíèâ ýòî íåäîñòàòî÷íûìè çíàíèÿìè àâòîðà. Ýòî âû-

ñòóïëåíèå Ï. Ìóðàäÿíà ìû âîñïðèíèìàåì êàê øàã äîáðîé âîëè íà ïóòè ê

âçàèìîïîíèìàíèþ. Ñëåäóåò ïðèâåòñòâîâàòü, òàêæå, è îñìûñëåíèå,

ñðàâíèòåëüíî ïî-íîâîìó, ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ îòíîøåíèé â XIX-XX âåêàõ,

èçëîæåííîå â äîêëàäå äèðåêòîðà èíñòèòóòà èñòîðèè Àêàäåìèè íàóê

Àðìåíèè À. Ìåëêîíÿíà, ïðî÷èòàííîì èì â Òáèëèñè.

ßñíî, ÷òî ïîääåëàííûå ôàêòû íèêîãäà íå äàäóò âîçìîæíîñòü ñäåëàòü

ïðàâèëüíûå âûâîäû. Ïîýòîìó, ñëåäóÿ Èâ. Äæàâàõèøâèëè, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü,

÷òî êàæäûé íàðîä îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí çíàòü ñâîþ äîñòîâåðíóþ, èñòèííóþ

èñòîðèþ, à íå ïðåóâåëè÷åííóþ, ïîääåëüíóþ.

îñîáåííî âî âîòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XIX ñòîëåòèÿ, ïî÷òè ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèé

õàðàêòåð, âûçâàâ òåì ñàìûì ðåçêóþ ðåàêöèþ äåÿòåëåé íàöèîíàëüíî-

îñâîáîäèòåëüíîãî äâèæåíèÿ Ãðóçèè, èáî ýòà ñîâìåñòíàÿ êàìïàíèÿ ðóññêîé

è àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè, íàïðàâëåííàÿ ïðîòèâ ãðóçèíñêîãî

ñàìîñîçíàíèÿ, ñòàâèëà öåëüþ ñîçäàíèÿ òàêîãî, âûãîäíîãî äëÿ Ðîññèè

ìíåíèÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îáùåñòâåííîñòè, êîòîðîå îïðàâäàëî áû

çàâîåâàíèå Ãðóçèè Ðîññèåé è îáúÿñíèëî áû ýòîò àêò êàê ãóìàííóþ àêöèþ

Ðîññèè, ïðåäñòàâèâ, íàðÿäó ñ ýòèì, âñþ òåððèòîðèþ èñòîðè÷åñêîé Ãðóçèè

êàê ïî íàñåëåíèþ, òàê è ïî ïîëèòè÷åñêîìó ïðîøëîìó, Àðìåíèåé. Ýòîé

ãëàâíîé çàäà÷å áûëî ïîä÷èíåíî ðàññìîòðåíèå â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè

ëþáîãî âîïðîñà ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ îòíîøåíèé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè äâóõ âåêîâ

ðóññêîãî ãîñïîäñòâà. Ñ ýòîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ âåñüìà íåçíà÷èòåëüíà ðàçíèöà

â ïîçèöèÿõ àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè áóðæóàçíîé è ñîâåòñêîé ýïîõ.

Íà÷àòàÿ â XIX âåêå àòàêà íà èñòîðèþ Ãðóçèè ñ öåëüþ óìàëåíèÿ è

ïðèíèæåíèÿ å¸ çíà÷åíèÿ, îíà ñ 40-âûõ ãîäîâ XX ñòîëåòèÿ ïåðåðîñëà â

îñóùåñòâëÿåìûé óæå øèðîêèì ôðîíòîì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé è

ïëàíîìåðíûé ïîõîä, îõâàòèâøèé ïî÷òè âñå ñôåðû è îòðàñëè èñòîðè÷åñêèõ

èññëåäîâàíèé. Íà ýòîò ðàç çàäà÷åé èññëåäîâàíèé ÿâëÿëîñü ïîäòâåðæäå-

íèå â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâëåííîé ïàðòèåé äàøíàêîâ ôàíòàñòè÷åñêîé

êàðòû ò. í. «Âåëèêîé Àðìåíèè» ñëåäîâ àðìÿíñêîé öèâèëèçàöèè âìåñòî

ãðóçèíñêîé. Òàêîé íàñòðîé ëåãêî ÷èòàåòñÿ â èññëåäîâàíèÿõ öåëîãî ðÿäà

àðìÿíñêèõ ñîâåòñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ, êàñàþùèõñÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè,

òîïîíèìèêè, ïîëèòè÷åñêîé èñòîðèè, èñòîðè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, èñòîðèè

èñêóññòâà, èñòîðèèè êóëüòóðû è ò. ä. Êðèòè÷åñêîå ðàññìîòðåíèå ýòèõ ðàáîò

ïîäòâåðæäàåò, ÷òî äîñòèæåíèÿ ñâîåé çàäà÷è òåíäåíöèîçíî íàñòðîåííûå

àðìÿíñêèå àâòîðû ñòàðàþòñÿ ïóò¸ì íàñèëîâàíèÿ ôàêòîâ è èñêàæåíèÿ

èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ÿâëåíèé. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, äëÿ ïðè÷èñëåíèÿ ðàñïîëîæåííûõ

â Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè è Êâåìî Êàðòëè ïàìÿòíèêîâ ãðóçèíñêîãî çîä÷åñòâà ê

àðìÿíñêîé àðõèòåêòóðå, îíè ñ÷èòàþò äîñòàòî÷íûì ïðîâîçãëàøåíèå èõ

ðóêîòâîðåíèåì «àðìÿíñêèõ õàëêåäîíèòîâ ãðóçèíñêîãî ïîðÿäêà», èëè æå

– óïîìèíàåìûõ â ãðóçèíñêèõ íàäïèñÿõ ýòèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ èëè â äðóãèõ

ïèñüìåííûõ ïàìÿòíèêàõ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ëè÷íîñòåé – ãðóçèíîãîâîðÿùèìè

àðìÿíàìè! Ìàãè÷åñêóþ ôîðìóëó - «àðìÿíñêèå õàëêåäîíèòû ãðóçèíñêîãî

ïîðÿäêà» - ýòè àâòîðû ïðåâðàòèëè â óíèâåðñàëüíûé èíñòðóìåíò äëÿ

ïðåîäîëåíèÿ èìåþùèõñÿ â àóòåíòè÷íûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ ïðîòèâîðå÷èé,

ïðåïÿòñòâóþùèõ ôàëüñèôèêàöèè ôàêòîâ, «ïîçàáûâ», ïðè ýòîì, ÷òî â Òàî-

Êëàðäæåòè ãðóçèíñêîé áûëà, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå îá èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïî÷âå, íå

296 297

arsen safareli 38

artabani (parTiis mefe) 66

artagi 55

artavazdi 62

artavazd II 27

artaSes I, sparsTa mefe (Zv. w. II s.)

27, 29

artaSesi 52, 54, 61

artem ararateli 117, 120

artem Saverdovi (somexi vaWari) 98

aruTiniani p. t. 135

aruTinova-fidaniani v. 173, 177,

179, 181, 182, 189, 190, 191, 192,

198, 229

arSaki 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

arSaki (parTiis pirveli arSakidi

mefe) 26, 44, 75

arSakidebi (parTeli) 27

arSakidebi, arSakunianebi, arSaku-

nebi 16, 21, 27, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

58, 67, 91

arSuSa qarTlis pitiaxSi 129, 242

arwrunebi 53, 148

aslaniani 270

aslaniSvili 270

astvawatur mRvdeli 203

asfaguri 65, 67, 72

afroditos 80

afciauri n. 243, 244(sq.)

aRa-mahmad xani 137

aSot I 32, 33,

aSot II 33

aSot I bagratidi 132, 227, 230

aSot I didi, adarnases Ze 197

aSot II kurapalati, adarnase II-is

Ze 86

aSot msakari (xorciWamia) bagra-

tuniani 196

aSot smbatis Ze 32, 228

b

babaiani l. 232, 239

bagrati, qarTvelTa mefe 189

bagrat III 87, 88, 229

bagrat IV 37, 38, 53, 87, 88, 130, 230,

231, 250, 272

bagrati, guaram mamfalis Zma 85

bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi 273

bagrat vxkaci (vixikeli), smbatis

mama 179, 180, 181

bagrationebi 39, 54, 56, 185, 196,

216, 229, 258, 268, 269

artanujeli bagrationebi 184, 185,

186, 257

taoeli bagrationebi 157

bagratunebi, bagratunianebi, bag-

ratidebi 31, 33, 53, 86, 124, 125,

144, 145, 150, 184, 191, 196, 216,

222, 226, 227, 228, 230, 233(sq.),

254, 268, 269, 280

qarTveli bagratidebi 226, 236

somexi bagratidebi 226, 227

Sirakeli bagratidebi 226, 227, 229

bakalova e. 172

bakuri, somexTa pitiaxSi 84

bakuriani, ZeY baldadisi (VIII s.

moRvawe) 168

bakuriani (grigolis mama), taos

erisTavT-erisTavi 167, 171, 179

bakuriani (xuasrovanis Ze, grigol

bakurianis biZaSvili) 167

balazori 250

baraTaSvili 211

bardosi 44

barseRi 215

bartami 64, 76

bartomi 55, 57, 59

basili I 54, 55

basili II 187

baqraZe 211

baqraZe d. 103, 104

bayaTar, osTa mTavari 87

bizantiosi 49

biWianci 216

biWiaSvili 216

boriani b. 200

beburi 266

beburia 266

a

abasianebi 195

abaSiZeebi 208

abgari (somexTa mefe) 29

abgar IX edesis mefe (179-214) 29

abgar ukama, edesis mefe (daaxl.

I s.) 29

abdalaZe, al. 21(sq.), 28(sq.), 29(sq.),

58(sq.), 68(sq.), 90(sq.), 135(sq.),

193(sq.), 205(sq.)

abeRiani m. 16, 17(sq.), 20, 29(sq.), 31

abramiani 270

abramiSvili 270

abulabas somexTa erisTavi 85

abulasani 148

abulaZe il. 71, 102(sq.)

abuseri, xixaTa, cixisjvrisa da

awyuris cixis patroni 231

agaTangelosi 15, 16, 19, 28, 40, 76,

102

adarnase bagrationi 196

adarnase II qarTvelTa mefe 32, 86,

228, 229, 273

adarnase, guaram mamfalis Zma 85

aderki 55, 56, 59, 102

adonci n. 152, 194, 271

avaliSvili 211

avaliSvili z. 126

avetiqi 210

azariani 270

azariaSvili 270

azoni, azo 50, 68

azork (farsmanisa da kaisis memk.)

60, 61

aleqsandre kaxTa mefe 266

aleqsandre makedoneli 26, 49, 50,

80

aleqsandre I (ruseTis imp.) 98, 99

aleqsiZe z. 38, 129, 130(sq.), 181(sq.),

211(sq.), 244

aliSani m. 145

amazaspi 65

amilaxorebi 208

amirqurd arwruni 148

anaiti RvTaeba 28

ana komneni 165, 170, 171, 174, 179

andrianiki, generali 277

andria bogolubski 147

anTaZe k. 110(sq.)

antioqozi 49, 68

antioqosi, asurastanis mefe 50, 51,

52

antioqos III 52

antoniusi 27

aJRalan sparsTa mefe 68

aramazdi, RvTaeba 28, 80

aramaisi (aramaneakis Ze) 23

aramaneaki (haikis Ze) 22, 23

araqel davriJeci 92

araqeliani b. 154

ardaSir sasaniani (igive artaSiri)

66

arvelaZe b. 140, 263

aristakes lastiverteci 174, 175,

176, 177, 230,

armazel (farsmanisa da kaosis

memk.) 60, 61

armazi 28, 79, 80

saZieblebi

pirTa saxelebi

* saZieblebi daurTo irma beriZem.

298 299

daviT VII ulu 265

daviTi 203

davlianiZe-tatiSvili l. 88(sq.),

228(sq.), 254(sq.)

danina 80

demetre II 236

deriberi m. 172

doliZe i. 210

dondua v. 154, 155, 157, 158, 159

don piedro avitabele (misioneri)

212, 213

e

ezovi (eziani) g. 106, 107, 116, 117,

135

ekaterine II 118

elene dedofali 35

emini m. 106, 107

erasti (Saras Ze) 23

erekle II 93, 94, 117, 118, 119, 120,

134, 206

eremiani s. 19, 90, 146, 147, 148, 149,

150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 187,

226, 227, 232, 235, 236, 238, 267

ericiani al. 106, 107

èrkainabazuki~ 147

esaia hasan jalalianci, somexTa

kaTalikosi 93, 116, 175

eqvTime grZeli, qarTveli beri 37

v

valarSaki (arSakis Zma) 26

valuevi 110

varam gageli 147, 236

`vahram gageci~ 239

vardan arevelci 89, 148, 196(sq.)

varTuSa 266

varsqen pitiaxSi 129

vasilievi a. 172

vaCnaZe 266

vaxtang gorgasali 72, 75, 84, 85,

102, 156, 196, 197, 250

vaxtang VI 93, 104, 116, 135, 136, 207,

209, 210

vaxuSti batoniSvili 82, 83(sq.), 208

vahagni (tigran I-is vaJi) 28

vahan I, somexTa kaTalikosi 37

vahan mamikoniani 128, 156

vahramianebi 236

vermiSevi g. 159

voroncov daSkovi 100, 121

vramSapuhi 16

z

zabiloni (wminda ninos mama) 35

zagurski l. 97

zadeni 80

zareni, somexTa mefis Ze (an za-

rehi) 61, 62

`zaqare spasalari~ 124, 125

`zaqaria erkainabazuki~ 146

zaqaria valaSkerteli 178

zaqaria mxargrZeli 135, 146, 147,

148, 180

zaqaria I (sargis mxargrZelis mama)

147

zaqaria qanaqerci 93

`zaqarianebi~ 145, 147, 148, 232, 233,

234, 235, 272

zaqaridebi 158, 233

zedgeniZeebi 208

zviadi 178

zubalaSvili stefane 113

zubovi valerian 119

T

Tadeosi (qristes mowafe) 29

Tamazovi 112

TamaraSvili m. 111(sq.), 113, 114,

214(sq.)

Tamar mefe 146, 148, 158, 232, 234

Targamosi 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47,

81, 89, 90

Targamosianebi 46, 47, 50, 51, 59

TarxniSvilebi 206

Teimuraz II 93

Temur-lengi 240

Teodorite 243

beburiani 266

beburiSvili 266

beburiSvili mariami 266

beburiZe 266

begTabegisSvilebi 203

bezobrazovi p. 172

beriZe v. 143, 162, 163, 273

berZeniSvili d. 9, 128 (sq.), 248, 249,

250, 251, 253, 254, 258, 260(sq.)

berZeniSvili n. 26, 37(sq.), 40,

57(sq.), 69, 70, 71, 81, 83, 119(sq.),

182, 238, 259, 279

berZniSvili m. 208(sq.)

beSqen jayeli, Tuxarisis erisTavi

198

bogveraZe, a. 21(sq.), 168(sq.), 171,

192(sq.), 194(sq.), 198(sq.)

bludovi, grafi 98

brose, m. 69, 102

burnaSovi s. 132

butkovi p. g. 117, 119

buRa Turqi 85

g

gabriel sundukiani 276

gagelebi 141, 236

gagik I 228

gagik II 227

gagiki, somexTa mefe 189

gagik I SahanSa (anisis mefe) 87

gai 79

gaci 79

gegeWkori evgeni 277

gelami (haikis STamomavali) 24

gelasi kvizikeli 243

gvanca dedofali 266

giorgaZe 211

giorgi I 88, 174, 176, 177, 229

giorgi III 103, 104

giorgi brwyinvale 148

giorgi kedrene 190(sq.)

giorgi merCule 37

giorgi mTawmindeli 198

giorgi mwerali 198

giorgi saakaZe 93

giorgi (wminda) 203, 214, 215, 216

giunaSvili e. 37(sq.)

grigol akaneci 91

grigol artanujeli 198

grigol bakurianis Ze 162, 164, 165,

166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,

173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,

182, 183, 192(sq.)

grigol ganmanaTlebeli (wminda) 17,

18, 19, 30, 36, 66, 85, 215, 216,

241, 242, 243, 244, 281

grigol daranaRci 92, 93(sq.)

grigol mamikoniani 195

grigol oSkeli (oSkis mSeneblis

xelmZRvaneli) 163, 273

grigol orbeliani 110, 113

grigol xanZTeli 186, 196

grigol xlaTeci 240

grigoriani g. 233, 235

guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixis

patroni 231

guaram mamfali 85

guguSvili p. 100(sq.)

guzan taoskareli 148

gurgeni (taSir-Zoragetis kviri-

kiani mefe) 228, 254

gurgeni, adarnases Ze 86

d

daviT aRmaSenebeli 101, 118, 130,

132, 157, 239, 268(sq.), 272

daviT batoniSvili (bagrationi)

202

daviT begi 93

daviT zargarovi (somexi vaWari) 98

daviT kurapalati 86

daviT soslani 146, 148

daviT umiwawylo (lore-taSiris

mefe) 229

daviT II, adarnase II-is Ze 86

daviT III kurapalati 87, 88, 157, 174,

186, 187, 188, 192, 199, 225, 229,

273

300 301

62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,

71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,

80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 216,

217, 218, 275, 281, 282

leo (araqel babaxaniani) 123, 124,

127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 136,

137, 139, 145

lipariti 86, 178

liparit baRvaSi (bagrat IV-is

Tanamedrove) 198

liparit baRvaSi 38

liparit qveSeli 274

lomiZe 211

lomouri n. 28(sq.), 71(sq.)

lomsaZe S. 97(sq.), 111(sq.)

lorTqifaniZe m. 68(sq.), 233

loRoTeti 80

lubarski i. 172

lui pti 164, 172

lukaSvili 270

m

maeJan spaspeti 67, 68, 69, 71, 73

maTevosiani r. 188

mazniaSvili giorgi 127

maTeos ganZasareli 90

maTeos urhaeci 171, 179, 180, 181,

182(sq.), 230

maisuraZe g. 9, 81(sq.)

maisuraZe i. 266(sq.), 270

mamagulaSvili 270

mamamisTvaliSvili 270

mamasaxlisaSvili 270

mamasaxlisi 270

mamikonianebi 20, 195, 196, 271

mamukaZe 270

mamulaiSvili 270

mamulaSvili 270

mamulia 270

mamulovi s. 99, 262, 264, 265, 266,

267, 268, 269, 270, 271

mamuloZe 270

manandiani h. 145, 146, 151, 152, 194,

230

mananovi daviT (somexi vaWari) 98

mari niko 96, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,

169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 179, 182,

183, 184, 185, 186, 193, 198, 205,

241

mariam dedofali (bagrat IV-is

deda) 53

markovi a. 100

markozaSvili 270

markosiani 270

maruTiani t. 162, 163, 242, 272, 273,

maCabeli 211

mgalobliSvili m. 208(sq.)

menabde l. 172, 173(sq.)

meliqiSvili g. 52, 58, 151(sq.)

melqseT-begi l. 18(sq.), 66(sq.),

91(sq.), 92, 145, 146, 260

mesrop maStoci 16, 19, 30, 83, 219

mesxi s. 99

mesxiaA S. 147, 148, 206(sq.), 233

miafori dvineli 36, 217, 218, 275,

281

mirvan nebroTiani (farnajomis

vaJi) 55

mirdati 63

mirianaSvili n. 141(sq.)

mirianaSvili p. 113

mirian mefe 27, 28, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53,

55, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

mihrdati 26, 27

mkrtumiani g. g. 223, 227

mnacakaniani a. S. 186, 187, 242

moavia xalifa 31, 222

movses xorenaci 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,

26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,

39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 52,

53, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67,

70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 83, 84, 101,

102, 105, 141, 174, 193, 221, 242,

243, 279, 280, 281, 282

mose 209

muradiani p. 159, 160, 161, 162, 173,

175, 176, 177, 179, 189, 199, 200,

201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 209, 210,

Teodoros rStuni (somxeTis mmar-

Tveli) 31, 222

Tmogvelebi 147, 236

Tovma mewofeci 90, 91 (sq.), 92

Tornike erisTavi 190, 192, 193

Torosiani x. 233, 234

TofCiSvili r. 110(sq.)

Trdati 18, 19,43, 44, 76, 77, 78, 79

Trdat didi 92

Trdat I 55

Trdat III 22, 74, 84, 85

Trdat somexTa mefe 27

Tumaniani 270

TumaniSvili 270

i

iazkert sparsTa mefe 129

iakobaSvili 270

iarvandi (somexTa mefe) 59, 60

ivane dadiani 231

ivane erisTavi 231

ivane morCaisZe (iSxnis xuroT-

moZRvari) 163, 273

ivane mxargrZeli 147, 148, 180

ivaniSvili 270

ivanovi i. 172

ioane batoniSvili 120

ioane drasxanakertci 32, 101, 228

ioane varazvaCe 190

ioane zosime 37

ioane Tornike 178, 190

ioane mamikoniani 250

ioane sabanisZe 34

ioane WormanisZe 274

iob somxad wodebuli qarTlis

mTavarepiskoposi 218, 220

ingoroyva p. 53

ionnisiani a. 154

ioseb orbeli 228

isakaZe 270

isaakiani 270

iuzbaSiani, k. n. 55(sq.), 176, 188, 191,

222, 230, 231, 233(sq.)

iuri andrias Ze bogolubski 148

k

kadmosi (aramaneakis Ze) 22

kavkasosi 89, 90

kazarovi d. 172

kakabaZe s. 100(sq.)

kananiani a. 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,

262

kaosi (aderkis SviliSvili) 59, 60

kaJdani a. 172

karapet 250

karapetiani s. 251, 252, 253, 254, 255,

256, 261, 262, 273, 274, 284

karen fahlavi 66

kaxaberisZeebi 265

kekeliZe k. 35, 36(sq.), 37(sq.), 197,

218(sq.), 219(sq.), 220(sq.), 240,

241, 281

kvaWantiraZe e. 89(sq.), 196(sq.)

kvirike III 269

kvirikianebi 130, 254, 272,

kirakos ganZakeci 91, 237

kirakos diakvani 216

konstanti, afxazTa mefe 87

konstantine didi, romis impera-

tori 18, 19, 43, 44, 78, 79

konstantine keisari (VIII s.) 196

konstantine I (1407-1411) 90

konstantine porfirogeneti 171

koriuni 15, 19, 28, 30, 83, 217

kosaro (xosro) somexTa mefe 65

kostova a. 172

kostovi a. 172

kupataZe b. 261

kucia k. 92(sq.), 93(sq.), 116(sq.)

l

lazar farpeci 129, 156, 242

lazarevi g. 172

lalaiani e. 145

laji (senatori) 126

levondi 177, 195(sq.), 196(sq.)

leonti mroveli 11, 39, 40, 41, 42,

43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,

52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,

302 303

saakaSvili 270

saakiani 270

saak bagratuni 156

saba (wminda), iSxnis aRmdgeneli an

mSenebeli 184

sabinini 37(sq.)

salia kalistrate 221

salome (Trdatis qaliSvili) 79

sargis vesti 230

sargis zaqariani 234

sargis Tmogveli 240, 241

`sargis Tmogveci~ 239

sargis mxargrZeli 147

sargis sarkavagi 203

saruxani 112

sarqisiani g. 151

sarjvelaZe z. 160

sasanianebi, sasanidebi 66, 68, 75,

194

saurmagi 52, 80, 156

sahaki, kaTalikosi 16

sebeosi 31, 101, 222

senkovski o. 101, 102, 104, 105,

sen-marteni 107

serapion zarzmeli 241

sefelia loRoTetis as. (revis

coli) 80

silvestri, romis papi 19

simeoni, somexTa kaTalikosi 94

simon I 92, 93

sisaki (gelamis Ze) 24

smbat bivritiani (somexTa sar-

dali) 60, 62

smbati (gurgenis Zma) 228, 254

smbat I bagratidi 33, 227, 228

smbat bagratis Ze 179

smbat II Sirakis mefe 229, 187

sozimene 243

sokrate 243

sosTeni, somexi winamZRvari 37

spandiat sparsTa mefe 48

sula kalmaxeli 198

sulxan-saba orbeliani 69, 70, 73

sumbat daviTis Ze 39, 53, 84, 85, 86,

87, 88, 229, 281

sumbat orbeli 235

smbat tiezerakali, somexTa mefe

87

surenianTa gvari 67

sureniani a. 67

stalini 139

stefaniani g. 240

stefanos orbeliani 91, 103, 104,

235

stefanos taroneci asoRiki 32,

193, 229

straboni 27, 131, 193, 194, 260

struve 151

suji dedofali 35

t

tarsaiW orbeli 236

tacitusi 64, 131

terakof 250

ter-mkrtiCiani k. 145

ter-sarqisiani a. 252

ter-Revondiani a. n. 222, 223, 224

tigran ervandiani 22, 25, 27

tiberiosi, romis keisari 29

tigran I 28

tigran II 27, 121

tokarski n. 142, 143, 144, 149, 159,

162, 163, 242, 272, 273

u

ulumbabiani b. 235

umeki, somexTa mTavari 203

uxtanesi 181, 211(sq.)

f

fadloni, ganZis amira 87

favstos buzandi 15, 20, 28

farnavazi 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 68, 72,

79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 104, 193

farnavazi (farsmanis spaspeti) 63

211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,

218, 219, 220, 221, 236, 240, 241,

242(sq.), 261, 262, 263, 264, 273,

274, 284,

murvan yru (736-738) 195

musxeliSvilebi 215, 216

musxeliSvili daviT 21(sq.), 43,

128(sq.), 153, 193(sq.), 195(sq.), 196,

197(sq.), 260(sq.)

musxelovebi 215

muSeR mamikoniani 20, 156

muSeRi, yarsis mefe 229

muCaiZe 211

muxranbatonebi 208

mxargrZelebi 124, 130, 145, 146, 147,

158, 233, 235, 239, 268, 272

mxiTar airivaneci 88, 89, 228, 254,

272

mxiTar goSi 147, 209, 210, 237

n

nabuqodonosori 82

napoleoni 120

nasra, guaram mamfalis Ze 86, 87

naxapetiani 112

nebroTi (sparsTa mefe) 52, 53, 68,

84

nebroTiani 75

nerses III kaTalikosi 195

nersehi asureTis mefe 29

nikoloz I 109

nikoloz mistikosi, konstantino-

polis patriarqi 32

nikoloz ColoyaSvili 213

nino wminda 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 193,

216, 217, 218, 242, 243, 244, 265,

275, 281

noe 75, 85

novoselcevi a. 152, 153

nozaZe v. 126, 251(sq.)

nune 30, 242

o

omeadTa dinastia 222

oniani aleqsandre 160

orbelebi 103, 104, 233

orbeli 270

orbelianebi 147, 208, 235

ormaniani malaqia 145

ostrogorski g. 172

p

pavliaSvili 270

papaSvili m. 113(sq.)

papi, somxeTis mefe (369-374) 20

paskeviCi 249, 269

patkaniani q. 101-106

perovski 111

petriaSvili 270

petre didi 106, 136

petrosiani 270

poRosiani 270

poRosiani s. 187

protiCi a. 172

J

Janeni remon 242, 243, 244

Jozef piton de turnefori (fran-

gi mogzauri) 207

Jordania noe 137, 138 (sq.)

r

ramiSvili noe 277

rati 178

revi 80

revi (mirianis Ze) 78

rifsime 30, 35

rifsimianelebi 281

rozeni baroni 98

rtiSCevi n. T. (infanteriis genera-

li) 98, 99

rusudan, liparit qveSelis, meuR-

le 274

rufinusi 243

s

saakaZe 270

304 305

xorxorunTa gvari 23

xosrovi, Trdat didis mama 92

xosrov somexTa mefe 66, 77

xuaranZe, vaxtang gorgaslis da 84

xuasruvani (bakurianis Zma) 167

xudabaSevi al. 106, 107

xurSudiani l. 246

j

javadi, ganjis xani 116

javax (zevax) 249

javaxiSvili i. 13, 19, 123, 126, 127,

128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,

140, 151(sq.), 209(sq.), 259, 267,

278, 284

jala 217

janaSia l.-n. 21(sq.), 27, 28, 129(sq.)

janaSia s. 91, 142, 143, 144, 155, 159,

222, 224(sq.), 273

jandieri e. 249

jaoSvili v. 97(sq.), 207(sq.)

jorbenaZe s. 13(sq.), 278(sq.)

juanSeri 39, 75, 84, 85, 88, 281

h

haiki 22, 23, 24, 44, 45, 46, 88, 89

haikiani arami 24

hakobiani 270

hamam amatuni 196

haosi 42, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 68,

90

herakle 28

hmaiak mamikoniani 129

hovhannes drasxanakertci 32

honigmani e. 172

Bagratuns 286

Berdzenishvili N. 285

David 287

Grigorius 286

Javakhishvili Iv. 289

Juansher 287

Karapetian S. 289

Kekelidze K. 287

Leonti Mroveli 287

Melkonyan Ash. 289

Movses Khorenats 285, 286, 287, 288

Muradian P. 289

St. Nino 286, 287

Sumbat 287

Àáåãÿí Ì. 16(sq.), 19(sq.), 20(sq.), 28(sq.)

Àäîíö Í. 194(sq.), 271(sq.)

Àðàêåëÿí Á. Í. 154(sq.)

Àðâåëàäçå Á. 221(sq.), 263(sq.)

Àðè÷ñòêåñ Ëàñòèâåðòöû 175(sq.), 188(sq.)

Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí Â. À. 180(sq.),

182(sq.), 190(sq.), 229(sq.)

Àðóòþíÿí Ï. Ò. 135(sq.)

Áàáàÿí Ë. Î. 233(sq.)

Áàãðàòèäè 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 191(sq.),

222(sq.), 233(sq.)

Áåðèäçå Â. 143(sq.), 162(sq.), 197(sq.)

Áîðÿí Á. 200(sq.)

Áóòêîâ Ï. Ã. 119(sq.)

Ãðèãîðèé (ñâ.) 19

Ãðèãîðèé Áàêóðèàíèñ-äçå 170(sq.),

177(sq.), 190(sq.)

Ãðèãîðÿí Ã. Ì. 233(sq.)

Äàðáèíÿí-Ìåëèêÿí Ì. Î. 32(sq.)

Äæàíàøèà Ñ. 91(sq.), 142(sq.)

Äîíäóà Â. 154 (sq.)

Åðåìÿí Ñ. Ò. 90(sq.), 148(sq.)

Çàãóðñêèé Ë. 97(sq.)

Çàõàðèé Êàíàêåðöè 93(sq.)

farnavazianebi 20, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,

67, 75

farnajomi 54, 55, 56, 57, 80

farsman armazeli (aderkis Svili-

Svili) 59, 60

farsman I 64

farsman II qveli 63, 64, 65

filartos varaJnuni, (antioqiis

Temis bizantieli gamgebeli)

(1078-1084) 182

fsevdo Sapuh bagratuni 32

q

qarTami (aderkis Ze) 55, 59

qarTlosi 42, 44, 49, 50, 79, 81, 89,

90

qarTlosianni 50, 81, 82

qarZami, qarTvela mefe 62

qasre sasaniani, sparsTa mefe 65,

69, 75, 84

qiqoZe g. 105

qiSmiSovi s. 117, 118, 119, 120

quji 48, 55

R

RarRaZe 216

RarRaZeanci 216

Rukasi (luka), somexTa kaTalikosi

93

Rukasiani 270

y

yauxCiSvili s. 168

yubaneiSvili sol. 268

S

Saburi, sparseTis mefe 156

Saverdovi amiran (somexi vaWari) 98

SaniZe a. 167(sq.), 169, 170, 172, 173,

177, 190(sq.)

Sapuh amatuni 196

Sara aramairis Ze 23

Sardeni 208(sq.)

Sahamiriani iakob 94

Sahamiriani Samir 94

Sahnazariani as. 145, 233, 235, 236

SahyulaSvili 270

Sahyuliani 270

Sirinkini gen. 100

SoTa rusTaveli 241

SoSiaSvili n. 89(sq.), 196(sq.)

SuSaniki 129

C

CamCiani m. 145

Cordvanelis Zeebi (karineli mema-

muleebi) 192

CubinaSvili g. 159,264

CxartiSvili m. 34(sq.), 244

c

cagareiSvili, el. 31(sq.), 32(sq.),

104(sq.), 174, 175, 176, 179, 182,

192(sq.), 195(sq.), 228(sq.)

cankova-petkova g. 172

cincaZe i. 120(sq.)

ciciSvilebi 208

w

wereTeli akaki 276

W

WavWavaZe ilia 106, 107, 108, 109,

113, 116, 263, 266, 276

WiWinaZe z. 112, 113, 114, 211, 212

Wubabria r. 261

x

xanlariani, n. a. 92(sq.)

xatisovi al. 121

xaCatur 250

xaCaturi 203

xaCaturi, somexTa arqiepiskoposi

215

xaCikiani l. 240

xeCaturi 210

306 307

eTnikuri saxelebi

a

abazgi 177

avRani 93(sq.), 116 (sq.)

azerbaijaneli 122, 123

alani 19, 61, 62

albaneli, alvaneli 19, 26, 27, 30,

31

amierkavkasiis xalxi 170, 221, 226

arabi 31, 84, 152, 195, 196, 198, 222,

223, 224, 225, 250, 280

afxazi 12, 19, 86, 87, 97, 175, 177

b

berZeni 16, 18, 25, 34, 48, 50, 64,' 65,

78, 164, 171, 175, 184, 185, 186,

225, 243

bizantieli 157, 191, 225, 226, 230,

231, 243

branjTa eri 35

g

germaneli 99

gogarebi (tomi) 260

guTebi 76

d

daRestneli 137

didoeli 60

durZuki 60

e

ebraeli 82

egriseli 55

espaneli 190

T

TaTar-monRoli 240

Turqi 47, 48, 102, 136, 187, 272

Turqmani 92, 238

TuSi 98

i

iberieli 101, 171

iverieli 20, 26, 175

imereli 99

ingliseli 126, 127, 139

iraneli 15, 17, 18

italieli 213

k

kabadokieli 26, 265

kavkasieli, kavkasiis xalxi 27, 40,

41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 53, 53, 58,

60, 62, 79, 81, 89, 282

Crd. kavkasieli 72

kaxeli 266, 267

l

lazi 165, 184

laTini 64, 243

leki 40, 48, 60, 65, 116, 136

m

makedoneli 265

megreli 40, 48, 99, 165, 184

mesxi 198, 256

monRoli 238, 272

o

osi 48, 50, 60, 61, 65, 72, 87

osmalo 92, 121, 250, 251, 258

p

parTeli 75

paWaniki 60

r

romaeli 15, 18, 27, 30, 52, 66, 72, 171,

179, 265, 279

rusi 99, 107, 134, 136, 138, 148, 204,

221, 553, 272

Èîàííèñÿí À. Ð. 154(sq.)

Êèðàêîñ Ãàíäçàêåöè 92(sq.), 93(sq.),

237(sq.)

Êîðþí 19(sq.)

Êèøìèøåâ Ñ. Ã., ãåíåðàë-Ëåéòåíàíò

117(sq.), 119(sq.)

Ëîìîóðè Í. 189(sq.)

Ëóêèí Â. Ã. 17(sq.)

Ìàìóëîâ Ñ. Ñ. 99(sq.), 265(sq.)

Ìàíàíäÿí ß. À. 194(sq.)

Ìàðêîâ À. 100(sq.)

Í. ß. Ìàðð 18(sq.), 96(sq.), 164(sq.),

183(sq.), 184(sq.)

Ìàøòîö 19(sq.)

Ìêðòóìÿí Ã. Ã. 223(sq.), 227(sq.)

Ìêðÿí Ì. Ì. 31(sq.)

Ìíàöàêàíÿí À. Ø. 186(sq.)

Ìîâñåñ Õîðåíàöè 31(sq.)

Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì. 175(sq.), 199(sq.), 203(sq.),

207(sq.)

Ìóñõåëèøâèëè Ä. Ë. 260(sq.)

Íîâîñåëüöåâ À. Ï. 152(sq.)

Îíèàíè À. 160(sq.)

Îðáåëè È. À. 228(sq.)

Ïàòêàíîâ Ê. 102(sq.)

Ïåòð Âåëèêèé 117(sq.)

ïñåâäî-Øàïóõ Áàãðàòóíè 32(sq.)

Ñàðäæâåëàäçå Ç. 160(sq.)

Òåð-Ãåâîíäÿí À. Í. 195(sq.), 222(sq.),

224(sq.)

Òèãðàí âòîðîé 194(sq.)

Òîðîñÿí Õ. 233(sq.)

Òîêàðñêèé Í. Ì. 91(sq.), 142(sq.)

Óëáàáÿí Á. À. 235(sq.)

Õàíëàðÿí Ë. À. 92(sq.)

Øàíèäçå À. Ã. 170(sq.), 177(sq.), 190(sq.)

Ýçîâ Ã. 117(sq.)

Þçáàøÿí Ê. Í. 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 188(sq.),

221(sq.), 233(sq.)

Þðèé Áîãîëþáñêèé 148(sq.)

Þñòèíèàí 194(sq.), 271(sq.)

²Õ³ Ø³ÑÙ³¹ Ë³Ý 120 (sq.)

²ñÇëï³Ï»ë È³ëïÇí»ñïóÇ 176(sq.)

¶»áñ·Û³Ý ì. ². 176(sq.)

ºñ»ÙÛ³Ý Æ. ü. 187(sq.)

ºñ»ÙÛ³Ý ê. 146(sq.)

¼³ù³ñÇ³ ºñÏ³ÇÝ³μ³½áõÏ 146(sq.)

È»á 124(sq.), 128(sq.), 135(sq.)

ÎÇñ³Ïáë ¶³ÝÓ³Ï»óÇ 92(sq.)

Ô»íáÝ¹ ì³ñ¹³å»ï 195(sq.)

Ú³Ïáμ Ø³Ý³Ý¹Û³Ý 146(sq.),

230(sq.)

Ø³ïÃ»áë àõéÑ³Û»óÇ 179(sq.)

Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý ä. Ø. 237(sq.)

Þ³ÑÝ³½³ñÛ³Ý ². Æ. 234(sq.)

Þ³ÑÝ³½³ñÛ³Ý Î. 19(sq.)

äáÕáëÛ³Ý ê. ä. 187(sq.)

ê»μ»áë »åÇëÏáåáë 17(sq.)

êï»÷³Ýáë î³ñáÝ»óÇ ²ëáÕÇÏ 37

193(sq.)

î»ñ–Ô»íáÝ¹ÛÝ 223(sq.)

ö³íëïáë ́ áõ½³Ý¹ 20(sq.)

308 309

geografiuli saxelebi

a

aboci 43, 85

abuli 261

agarani 272

agulisi 160

adarbadagani 76, 87

adrianopoli 55

avlabari 120

azavreTi 261

azia 26, 199, 202

azerbaijani 12, 122, 139, 140, 277

aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri 171,

178, 190, 192, 197

akanis 160

aksigomsi 160

akura 201

alastani 261

albaneTi 16, 18, 31, 152, 186, 223,

224

alberis 160

amerika 126

amierkavkasia 9, 12, 14, 20, 32, 35, 43,

100, 101, 102, 105, 111, 115, 119,

122, 123, 125, 127, 135, 141 (sq.),

144, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154,

174(sq.), 176(sq.), 188, 189, 198,

221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229,

230, 231, 232, 237, 244(sq.), 252,

253, 254, 269, 275, 276, 277

ananuri 120

anisi (q.) 87, 124, 179, 190, 192, 236

anisis samefo 38, 225, 227, 229, 230,

231

anisis cixe 228, 229

antioqia 181, 243

agarani 132

arabeTi 31(sq.),

arabTa saxalifo 226

aragaci (mTa) 23, 130

àrakova~ 261

arani 222

araradis qveyana (vanis tbis sax.)

22

aras mTebi 130

araratis gavari 205

araratis mTa 46

araratis olqi 124

araqsi 43, 45, 107

areSti 258

arzrumi, erzrumi 247, 256, 269

armaviri (dasax. punqti) 23

armazi (geograf. punqti) 250

armazis cixe 68, 85

àrminia~ 222, 223, 225, 226,

arnis 160

artaani 196

artani 59, 61

artanujis saerisTavo 198

artanujis cixe 197

arcaxi 93, 124, 130, 239

asisfori 196

asurastani 49, 50, 51, 52

asureTi 26

atropatena 26

afxazeTi 97

aSoci 132

aSS 121

aWara 196

axali naxiWevani 205

axali julfa 205

axalqalaqi 128, 140, 247, 249, 250,

251, 256, 269

axalqalaqis mazra 121, 122, 125, 139

axalqalaqis wyali 248

axalcixe 256

axalcixis mazra 125

axpati 148

axuriani md. 93

b

babiloni 22, 44, 52, 265

bagrevandi 60, 62

bavra 261

s

sabWoTa kavSiris xalxi 221

sarkinozi 84, 86

selCuki 179, 227, 235, 236

selCukiani Turqi 40, 45, 130, 232,

239

sirieli 15, 16, 164

somexi 13, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28-30,

35, 38-42, 44-53, 56-68, 70, 72-75,

78, 84-87, 90-92, 97-100, 102, 105-

109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122,

124-138, 140-142, 148, 150, 151,

153, 154, 156, 157, 165, 169-172,

174, 175, 177, 178, 180-182, 184,

186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 196,

198-203, 205, 206, 209, 211(sq.),

212, 214, 215, 218, 219, 222, 226-

228, 234, 237-244, 247-249, 253,

256-261, 263-267, 270-273, 275,

277, 279, 280, 282,

somexi qalkedonitebi 163-166, 168,

172, 174, 177, 178, 181-183, 185,

189, 193, 198, 273, 283

somexi mosaxleoba 96, 97, 122, 123,

166, 199, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211,

213, 215, 216, 219, 220(sq.), 247,

249, 250, 251, 253, 259, 267, 269,

270, 276

sparseli 15, 47, 50, 51, 58, 62, 63,

64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78,

92, 93, 117, 130, 156, 243, 279

u

urartueli 249

f

frangi 102

q

qarTveli 9, 13, 19, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34,

35, 37, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,

50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59-68,

72-75, 78-80, 82, 84-89, 91, 92, 93,

94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107,

108-116, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,

127, 129, 131-138, 141, 149, 154,

156, 157, 164-166, 168, 169, 171,

173-178, 180, 181, 184-186, 189-

192-194, 196, 197, 198, 202, 204-

210, 211(sq.), 212-214, 216, 219,

226-228, 230, 231, 236-238, 240,

241, 243, 250, 252, 256-258, 260,

262, 263, 266, 267, 270, 272, 273,

276, 277, 280-282

`qarTveli grigoriani~ 211, 213-

215

y

yivCaRi 72, 118, 148

x

xazari 46, 47, 65, 68

xevsuri 98

j

jiqi 60

h

heri 40

àáõàçåö 18(sq.), 19

àëàí 18(sq.), 19

àëáàíåö 19

àðìÿíèí 18(sq.), 99(sq.), 123(sq.),

148(sq.), 265(sq.)

ãðóçèí 18(sq.), 19, 123(sq.), 148(sq.)

Ð³Û 20(sq.), 22(sq.), 93(sq.), 106(sq.),

151(sq.), 187(sq.), 223(sq.), 240(sq.)

310 311

elizavetopolis gubernia 128

erasxi md. 23

erevani 89(sq.), 93, 97, 133, 142, 149,

154, 174, 177, 188, 199, 203(sq.),

246, 247, 261

erevnis gubernia 122

eruSeTi 34

eStio 258

extila 261

v

vanis tba 22, 23, 24, 42, 44, 188, 192

vaspurakani 35

vaspurakanis samefo 54, 227

vaRarSapati 94

`vahramianTa samTavro~ 235, 236

vixiki sof. 181

vladikavkazi 118

z

`zabaxa~ 249

zadenis mTa 80

zaqaTalis olqi 140

zaqarianTa samTavro 235

zemo ubani 108

zemo qarTli 178, 258

zerti 204, 214

zertis wm. giorgis eklesia 214

zindisi 161

T

Tavfaravnis wyali 248

TamaraSeni 201

Tbilisi 13(sq.), 19(sq.), 21(sq.),

27(sq.), 28(sq.), 29(sq.), 31(sq.),

32(sq.), 34(sq.), 36(sq.), 37(sq.),

38(sq.), 43(sq.), 53(sq.), 57(sq.),

58(sq.), 66(sq.), 68(sq.), 69(sq.),

71(sq.), 83(sq.), 88(sq.), 89(sq.),

90(sq.), 92(sq.), 93(sq.), 94, 97(sq.),

99, 100, 102(sq.), 103(sq.), 104(sq.),

105(sq.), 107(sq.), 110(sq.), 111(sq.),

112, 113(sq.), 116(sq.), 117(sq.),

118(sq.), 119(sq.), 120, 121, 123,

125, 126, 127, 129(sq.), 132, 135,

137, 138, 141(sq.), 148, 151(sq.),

153(sq.), 154(sq.), 159(sq.), 160,

161, 164(sq.), 167(sq.),168(sq.),

172(sq.), 173(sq.), 174(sq.), 181(sq.),

193(sq.), 196(sq.), 197(sq.), 199,

203, 206, 207, 208, 210(sq.),

218(sq.), 220(sq.), 221(sq.), 222(sq.),

223(sq.), 225(sq.), 228(sq.), 231(sq.),

238(sq.), 243(sq.), 244, 251(sq.), 252,

254(sq.), 255, 258(sq.), 264, 266,

268(sq.), 278(sq.), 284

Tbilisis gubernia 122, 254

Tbilisis samebis taZari 253

Tbilisis wm. giorgis somxuri

eklesia 203

TeTriwyaro 259

Telavi 134, 206, 269

Tetalia 26

`Trelq~ 245

TrialeTi 132

TurqeTi 97, 120, 125, 126, 139, 257,

277

Tuxarisi 46

Tuxarisis saerisTavo 198

`TfRis~ 239

i

iberia 18, 19, 21(sq.), 131, 154, 155,

156, 171, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193,

194, 198, 223, 226, 249, 250, 260

ìberiis Temi~ 225

iberiis sakatebano 225

ierusalimi 35, 82

iveria 20

imereTi 252

inglisi 121, 125, 126

indoeTi 200

indoelTa qveyana 66

irani 15, 17, 27, 33, 65, 66, 152, 156,

200, 205, 224, 280

iranis azerbaijani 97

italia 200

bazari 201

baTumi 97, 126, 127(sq.)

baTumis olqi 126

bambakis mTebi 271

bambak-Sorageli 97

bana 197, 272

baraleTi 258

bardavi 223

basiani 60, 187

baRdadi 265

beiruTi 255

berduji md. 42, 43

berlini 121

bizantia 156, 17, 32-34, 37, 38, 41,

55, 68, 74, 131, 156, 162, 171, 174,

182, 187, 189, 191, 192, 196, 224,

226, 227, 231, 241, 262, 265, 280,

281

bodbe 35

bodbisxevi 201

bolnisi 132, 160, 161, 259

bolnisis sioni 219

bolnofori 260

borCalo 93, 97, 139

borCalos mazra 121, 122, 125, 126,

134, 139

breZa 215

breZis grigol ganmanaTleblis

monasteri 215, 216

breZis wm. giorgis eklesia 215, 216

britaneTi 125

bulgareTi 167(sq.), 173(sq.)

burnaSeTi 258

buqaresti 164

g

ganZa 87, 136, 261

ganZaki 93

ganja 116, 126

gardabani 131

gelaquni 24, 130

geli 24

germania 121, 125

gogarani sof. 260

gogarene 27, 155, 194, 260

gori 97, 126, 201, 216, 269

gorisTavi 201

gorisjvris somxuri eklesia

(Calabandis saydari) 203

gugareTi 128, 131, 132, 133, 135, 154,

239, 271

gugarqi 20, 124, 128, 155, 194, 217,

239, 247, 251, 254, 260, 271

aR. gugarqi 130

Cr.-aR. gugarqi 260

gumbri 121

gurgenis zRva 42, 87

gurjistanis vilaieTi 238, 239, 250

d

dadeSi 258

daviT garejis veli 140

daviT garejis monasteri 273

daTvisi 160

damasko 222

dariali 89

darialis cixe 61

darubandi 89

dasavleTis zRva 26

debeda-Cai md. 260

demoTis cixe 61

derbendi 222

dvini 223, 236

dvliswyali 248

`didi somxeTi~ 107, 123, 125, 141,

193, 244, 146, 247, 283

dmanisi 132, 160, 161, 259

duisi 161

e

egvipte 265

egrisi 43, 47, 50, 75

evropa 126, 199, 202

evfrati 107

eldaris veli 140

elarbini 217

elias mTa 253

elizavetopoli 126

312 313

mcire azia 152, 197

mcxeTa 57, 67, 76, 80, 82, 85, 126, 162,

220

mcxeTis jvris monasteri 220, 263,

264

n

nasomxari 201

naxWevani 60

nigali 296

nizibini 26

niCbisi 204

nukriani 201

o

oTxTa eklesia 273

oloda 258

oreTis zRva 42

orxofia 258

orja 258

oseTi 67

osmaleTi 122, 134

oSki 163, 181, 197, 272

p

palan-kurdani 87

palestina 26

parTia 26, 64, 66, 75, 84, 155

pariadris sanaxebi 131

pariadris ferdobebi 155

parizi 19(sq.), 127, 220

parxali 197, 272

petriwoni 164, 167

petriwonis monasteri 165, 166, 169,

170, 171, 173, 178, 183, 190(sq.),

273

ponto 27

pontos zRva 26, 42, 88, 90

r

rabati 217

rani 75, 76, 224

raxsi 43, 79

romi18, 19, 28, 66, 72, 155, 156

ruseTi 95, 86, 98, 99, 100, 101, 109,

115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,

122, 126, 130, 133, 134, 139, 140,

152, 200, 206, 221, 255, 256, 272,

276, 277, 283,

ruseTis imperia 253

ruisi 160

ruxi 201

s

sabereebi 273

saberZneTi 49, 77, 78, 80, 244

sabWoTa kavSiri 143, 149, 159, 221,

246

sabWoTa saqarTvelo 161

saloSeTi 258

samSvilde 42, 130, 272

samSvildis saerisTavo 43,

samcxe 195, 247

samcxe-javaxeTi 97, 245, 256

samwevrisi 161

sankt-peterburgi 18(sq.), 101, 106,

110, 277

sasanianTa irani 17, 72

sasanianTa saxelmwifo 66

safrangeTi 121, 221

safurcle 217

saqarTvelo 12, 13, 16, 21(sq.), 29(sq.),

31(sq.), 37(sq.), 38-41, 43(sq.), 44,

45, 49, 51(sq.), 53-56, 57(sq.), 58-

60, 64(sq.), 67-69, 70(sq.), 74, 75,

81, 82, 83(sq.), 88, 90-93, 95-99,

101, 103-107, 110(sq.), 112, 113(sq.),

115-119, 120(sq.), 121, 122, 124,

125, 126(sq.), 127, 128(sq.), 129(sq.),

130-135, 137-141, 144-151, 153(sq.),

154, 156-164, 174, 176, 190, 191,

193, 195, 199-202, 203(sq.), 204-

208, 209(sq.), 210-215, 218, 219,

220(sq.), 224(sq.), 225(sq.), 228,

230-234, 236-240, 243, 244(sq.), 245,

246, 249, 251-257, 258(sq.), 259,

260(sq.), 261, 263-270, 272, 275-

277, 280, 282-284

iSxani 163, 165, 166, 184, 197, 272,

273

k

kavkasia 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21(sq.), 24,

26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38,

39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 59, 64, 70,

72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 81, 84, 86, 87,

88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100,

101, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 119,

121, 123, 124, 126, 136, 139, 141,

144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155,

157, 159, 221, 222, 226, 229, 232,

236, 239(sq.), 241, 242, 243, 244,

249, 264, 274, 277, 279, 280, 281,

282

samxr. kavkasia 22, 23, 96, 139, 140

Crd. kavkasia 72

kavkasioni, mTa kavkasia 31, 42, 46,

62

kala 208

kalmaxis saerisTavo 198

kalmaxis cixe 196

kambeCani 275

kari 232

karini 190, 192, 261

karinis olqi 154, 155

karwaxi 131

kaspiis zRva 88, 90, 126

kaxeTi 93, 114, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206,

212, 245, 251, 252

kaxeT-hereTi 269

kesaria 243

kvarSa 258

kvirikianTa samefo 130

kilikia 126

kiolni 162, 262

klarjeTi 42, 43, 148, 164, 184, 185,

193, 194, 195, 196

`klarjq~ 245

kola 43, 196

kolbofori 260

konstantinopoli 32

konstantinopolis aia sofias ta-

Zari 262

koruSeTi 258

koxtasTavi 240

krwanisi 160

ktezifoni 17, 280

l

lagodexis raioni 266

lilo 206

lixi 42

lore 234, 272

lore-bambaki 272

lore-taSiri 128, 130, 135, 229

m

magnezia 52

madrasi 94

manglisi 34, 160, 161

mangleacfori 260

marneuli 259

maroko 265

martyofis veli 93

maRaro 201

maCxaani 201

maxl. aRmosavleTi 22, 151(sq.), 155,

158, 225

mahkanaberdi 148

mesopotamia 152

mesxeTi 97, 126, 198, 251(sq.)

`mefis qalaqi~ 206

miraSxani 258

mirzaani 201

mijnaZori 166

movakani 75, 76

moskovi 53(sq.), 106, 174, 188, 264,

271

mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyofi 193

mtkvari 20, 33, 42, 43, 44, 45, 59, 79,

87, 107, 126, 131, 155, 239

mtueris cixe 46

mudrosi 125

muxrani 204

314 315

fxoveli 201

q

qalaqni araratisani 47

`qarasun aRbiur~ (ormoci wyaro)

248

qarTli 20, 21(sq.), 26-38, 43, 49-52,

54, 56-64, 66-69, 71-74, 76-83, 86,

87, 89, 93, 114, 132, 152, 153, 155,

177,185, 191-195, 198-200, 203,

204, 206, 212, 216, 218, 219, 221-

224, 228, 239, 244, 249-252, 258,

260, 279, 280, 281

`qarTlis axalqalaqi~ 206

qarTl-kaxeTi 35, 94, 98, 112, 115,

117, 118, 120, 206

qvemo ubani 208

qvemo tao 196

qvemo qarTli 20, 21(sq.), 27, 97,

128(sq.), 129, 130, 132, 133, 134,

178, 206, 219, 228, 239, 240, 245,

247, 251, 252, 254, 260, 271, 272,

273, 283

qvemo xaCeni 235

qvewafori 260

qinZari 217

quTaisi 138, 160, 201

R

Rado 42

Rrtila 37, 274

y

yazaxi 93

yanda 216

yarabaRi 12, 123, 137, 277

aRm. yarabaRi 122

yaraia 206

yarai-Siraqis veli 140

yarsi 236

yarsis samefo 229

yvibisi 161

yirxbulaxi 248

yulaRisi 161

S

Savi zRva 126

SavSeTi 196

SavSeT-klarjeTi 197

Sami 76

SamSadini 272

Sarvani 87

Satberdi 166, 197

Sida qarTli 12, 46, 86

Siraki 23, 38, 226, 228, 229

Sirakuani 60, 62

Sua azia 256

C

Cixori 201

CunCxa 258

Cxari 201

c

celis tba 61

curtavi 128, 129, 210, 219

Z

Zorogeti 145

w

walka 97

wina azia 44, 75, 244

wkadisi 161

wnisi 161

wobofori 260

wunda 57, 59, 61, 258

wundis saerisTavo 250

W

WobareTi 258

Woris cixesimagre 31

Worox-evfratis wyalgamyofi 193

Woroxi md. 43 107, 196, 271

Woroxis xeoba 107

x

xazareTi 46, 47

xanZTa 197

aRm. saqarTvelo 100, 114, 155, 190,

201, 220, 221, 226, 239, 266, 269,

284

das. saqarTvelo 64, 65, 230

samxr. saqarTvelo 143, 154, 251, 252

samxr-das. saqarTvelo 149, 163,

197, 258

saRore (sof.) 201

sacxenisi 160

saxalifo 280

sevanis tba 24, 271

selevkia 16

selevkidebis samefo 49, 54

sivnieTi 24, 31, 35, 37, 93, 137, 235,

236,

sivnieTis samTavro 235

siria 152, 222, 244

siuniqi 130, 239

siRnaRi 134, 269

svaneTi 144

sparseTi 15, 20, 38, 52, 57, 63, 64, 65,

71, 72, 75-78, 80, 84, 117, 120, 129,

131, 133, 134, 156

sparseTis azerbaijani 126

speri 131, 193

speris zRva 43

speris olqi 154, 155

somxeTi 9, 12-22, 24-33, 35, 36, 41,

43-46, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56-60, 62-65,

66(sq.), 67-69, 71-78, 81, 84, 88,

90-94, 105, 106, 108, 114, 121-125,

127, 128, 130-135, 137, 139, 140,

142, 144-147, 149-157, 161, 162,

170, 183-185, 187, 193-195, 202,

211, 212, 218-230, 232-239, 241-

243, 246, 247, 251, 252, 254-261,

263-265, 268, 271, 272, 275-277,

279-283

aRm. somxeTi 156, 224

das. somxeTi 16, 224, 279

zaqarianeli somxeTi 234

`zaqariduli somxeTi~ 232

Crdilo somxeTi 124, 125, 158, 232,

234, 269

Crd-aRm. somxeTi 234, 240,

Crd-das. somxeTi 184, 185

centraluri somxeTi 232

somxiTi 49, 51, 52, 59, 63, 76, 78, 132,

134, 254, 275

soxumi 97

stamboli 93

sxvilisi 161

t

tabaxmela 201

`taiq~ 245, 271, 274

tao 42, 43, 131, 148, 157, 162, 164,

174, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188,

189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195,

196, 197, 198, 199, 227, 229, 272,

273, 274

samxr. tao 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 196

tao-klarjeTi 142, 143, 144, 162,

163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171,

172, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185,

186, 193, 196, 197, 197, 198, 199,

245, 273, 283

taroni 227

taSiri 128, 132

taSir-Zoragetis samefo 228, 272

taZrisi 161

tekoris taZari (somxeTi) 242

tibaani 201

tirZnisi 161

toloSi 258

trapizoni 89

tfilisi 18(sq.), 66(sq.), 105(sq.), 131,

145(sq.), 260(sq.)

u

ufliscixe 87

f

fazisi 160

faniani 201

faravnis tba 217, 275

316 317

93(sq.), 99(sq.), 135(sq.), 151(sq.),

152(sq.), 188(sq.), 191(sq.), 233(sq.),

237(sq.), 265(sq.)

Ïåòðèöîíñêèé ìîíàñòûðü 177(sq.),

189(sq.)

Ïåòðîãðàä 96(sq.), 205(sq.)

Ïåðåäíÿÿ Àçèÿ 102(sq.)

Ðèì 194(sq.)

Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã 119(sq.), 136(sq.)

Ñðåäíÿÿ Àçèÿ 151(sq.)

Ñþíèê 233(sq.)

Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè 143(sq.), 162(sq.),

197(sq.)

Òáèëèñè 91(sq.), 128(sq.), 142(sq.),

143(sq.), 162(sq.), 179(sq.), 195(sq.),

201(sq.), 207(sq.), 221(sq.), 260(sq.),

263(sq.)

Òèôëèñ 112(sq.), 117(sq.)

Õà÷åíñêîå êíÿæåñòâî 235(sq.)

²Ë³Éù³É³ù 128(sq.)

ºñ»õ³Ý 17(sq.), 20(sq.), 120(sq.),

35(sq.), 146(sq.), 51(sq.), 175(sq.),

76(sq.), 87(sq.), 89(sq.), 230(sq.),

234(sq.), 237(sq.), 239(sq.), 240(sq.)

ÈáéÇ 128(sq.)

ÂÇýÉÇë 92(sq.), 106(sq.)

Ú³Û³ëï³Ý 187(sq.), 237(sq.)

Ô³ñ³μ³Õ 124(sq.), 128(sq.)

ØáëÏí³ 187(sq.)

æ³í³Ëù 255(sq.)

ê.ä»ï»ñμáõñ· 37(sq.), 177(sq.),

193(sq.), 195(sq.)

ì³Õ³ñÕ³å³ï 179(sq.)

xaCeni 124

xaCenis samTavro 235

xaxuli 197, 272

xerTvisi 160

xmelTaSua zRva 42, 44, 126

xoreni 261

xorzeni 131

xorZene 155

xospia sof. 262

xunani 43, 46

xrami md. 127

j

javaxeTi 57, 60, 61, 140, 217, 218,

239, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,

254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262

`javaxq~ 239, 245, 254, 256, 257, 258,

259, 260, 274

jazireTi 76

janjRa 258

jiqeTi 87

h

haikaSeni (sof.) 22

haiqi 23

harqi (zeganis saxeli) 22

hereTi 37, 42, 43, 75, 76, 275

hioc Zori (somxTa xevi) 23

holandia 200

horani (siria) 244

Armenia 285, 286, 287, 288, 289

Byzantium 287

Caucasus 285, 286, 287

Dvini 286

Georgia 285, 286, 287, 288, 289

Iran 286

Kartli 285, 286, 288

Kteziphon 286

Russia 287, 288

Tao-Klardgeti 288, 289

Tbilisi 289

Turkey 288

àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò 195(sq.), 222(sq.),

224(sq.)

Àðìåíèÿ 20(sq.), 91(sq.), 96(sq.), 142(sq.),

151(sq.), 194(sq.), 195(sq.), 200(sq.),

205(sq.), 222(sq.), 223(sq.), 224(sq.),

233(sq.), 237(sq.), 271(sq.)

Àõàëöèõå 97(sq.)

Áàêó 123(sq.)

Áîëãàðèÿ 170(sq.)

Âàí 102(sq.)

Âèçàíòèéñêàÿ èìïåðèÿ 180(sq.), 190(sq.),

229(sq.)

Âèçàíòèÿ 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 191(sq.),

222(sq.), 233(sq.), 236(sq.), 239(sq.)

Âîñòî÷íàÿ Ãðóçèÿ 128(sq.), 260(sq.)

Ãðóçèÿ 99(sq.), 199(sq.), 201(sq.),207(sq.),

211(sq.), 221(sq.), 263(sq.), 265(sq.)

Åðåâàí 16(sq.), 19(sq.), 20(sq.), 28(sq.),

31(sq.), 32(sq.), 90(sq.), 99(sq.),

142(sq.), 151(sq.), 154(sq.), 180(sq.),

186(sq.), 194(sq.), 195(sq.), 199(sq.),

201(sq.), 207(sq.), 222(sq.), 223(sq.),

228(sq.), 233(sq.), 235(sq.), 171(sq.)

Çàêàâêàçüå 100(sq.), 119(sq.), 152(sq.),

205(sq.), 236(sq.), 239(sq.)

Èðàí 17(sq.), 151(sq.)

Êàâêàçñêàÿ Àëáàíèÿ 186(sq.)

Êàðòëè 199(sq.), 201(sq.), 211(sq.)

Êàõåòèÿ 199(sq.), 201(sq.), 211(sq.),

223(sq.), 227(sq.)

Ìîñêâà 17(sq.), 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 92(sq.),

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Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamz. 17 b.

25-05-22, 91-22-83, 8(93) 25-05-22.

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