Appendix 1 – Metals · !"#$#%&#'(#($)#'#+&,$-$.#/0/1+'2$3$1+#$/0/1#$4,,#,,5#'&6$788#'(+%$9$ $:#84.&5#'&$-$>'?+.-'5#'&@$a1+54&#$a"4'2#$4'($b4&#.$cdb$ e$!4)1#$9e6$$ f#'#*+&,$4'($+584

Environmental benefi ts of recycling

Appendix 1 – Metals

Aluminium, copper and steel

Disclaimer

The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW has made all reasonable eff orts to ensure that the contents of this document are free from factual error. However, the DECCW shall not be liable for any damage or loss, which may occur in relation to any person taking action or not on the basis of this document.

Published by

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW59–61 Goulburn StreetPO Box A290Sydney South 1232Ph: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard)Ph: 131 555 (environment information and publications requests)Ph: 1300 361 967 (national parks information and publications requests)Fax: (02) 9995 5999TTY: (02) 9211 4723Email: [email protected]: www.environment.nsw.gov.au

DECCW 2010/58 ISBN 978 1 74232 530 9 June 2010© Copyright Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW June 2010

The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged.

The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 1

Table of contents

Understanding network diagrams ............................................................................................... 4

Aluminium cans and scrap........................................................................................................... 5

Process description...................................................................................................................... 5

A) Kerbside collection system..................................................................................................... 6

Processes considered............................................................................................................ 6

Results................................................................................................................................... 7

Key assumptions ................................................................................................................... 7

Data quality table and comment............................................................................................. 9

B) C&I and C&D collection system ............................................................................................. 9

Processes considered............................................................................................................ 9

Results................................................................................................................................... 9

Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 10

Data quality table and comment........................................................................................... 11

References .................................................................................................................................. 12

Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 13

Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection............................................................................... 17

Copper ......................................................................................................................................... 21

Process description.................................................................................................................... 21

Results................................................................................................................................. 21

Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 22


References .................................................................................................................................. 24


Steel packaging cans and scrap................................................................................................ 29

Process description.................................................................................................................... 29

A) Kerbside collection system ................................................................................................... 30

Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 30

Results................................................................................................................................. 31

Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 31

Data Quality table and comment .......................................................................................... 33

B) C&I and C&D collection system ............................................................................................ 33

Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 33

Results................................................................................................................................. 33

Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 34


References .................................................................................................................................. 35

Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 36




List of tables and figures

Figure 1: Sample network diagram. ............................................................................................. 4

Figure 2: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources...................................................................... 6

Table 1: Benefits and impacts of recycling of aluminium cans from kerbside sources (per 1 tonne of waste cans collected)............................................................................ 7

Table 2: Inventory for recycling aluminium cans, kerbside source (1 tonne) ............................... 8

Table 3: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium cans, kerbside source .................................................................................. 9

Table 4: Benefits and impacts of recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). ................................................................................................................. 10

Table 5: Inventory for recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)............. 11

Table 6: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source ............................................................... 12

Figure 3: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ...................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 4: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. ....................................................................................................... 14

Figure 5: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. .......... 15

Figure 6: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. ..................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 7: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator............................................................................................................ 17

Figure 8: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. ........................................................................................... 18

Figure 9: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .... 19

Figure 10: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. ..................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 11: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from C&I and C&D sources......................................................................................... 21

Table 7: Benefits and impacts of recycling copper from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). ..... 22

Table 8: Inventory for recycling copper from C&I and C&D (1 tonne)........................................ 23

Table 9: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of copper, from C&I and C&D (1 tonne) .......................................................................... 24

Figure 12: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. ........................ 25

Figure 13: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 26

Figure 14: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. ............................................. 27

Figure 15: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 28

Figure 16: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and CI&CD sources.............................................................................. 30

Table 10: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel cans from kerbside sources (per tonne) ......... 31

Table 11: Inventory for recycling steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne) ...................................... 32

Table 12: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of packaging steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne) ........................................................ 33



Table 13: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel scrap waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne) .................................................................................................................. 34

Table 14: Inventory for recycling of steel waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne) ................. 34

Table 15: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of scrap steel, C&I and C&D source (1 tonne) ................................................................ 35

Figure 17: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. ........................ 36

Figure 18: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............ 37

Figure 19: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .............................................. 38

Figure 20: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 39

Figure 21: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 40

Figure 22: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 41

Figure 23: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. ............................................. 42



0.97 MJ

Additional ref inery

processing

0.0834

0.189 MJ

Australian av erage

electricity m ix, high

0.0514

0.00136 m 3

Petrol, unleaded,

2001-02 AU, -

0.459

0.000516 m 3

Crude oil, 2001-02

AU, - energy

0.0741

0.000765 m 3

Crude oil, 2001-02

AU, - energy

0.139

0.189 MJ

Electricity , high

v oltage, Australian

av erage 2001-02

0.0514

2.53 MJ

Oil & gas production

2001-02 AU, -

energy allocation

0.187

0.00136 m 3

Petrol, prem ium

unleaded, 2001-02

0.542

1 kg

Petrol, prem ium

unleaded, at

0.544

6.88 tkm

Shipping, oil

transport

0.0317

Process flow

Process name

Cumulative indicator value (kg CO2-eq)

Arrow thickness represents indicator value

Understanding network diagrams This appendix presents the data sources and assumptions used in modelling the life cycle stages. Most of the data is contained and modelled in LCA software and consists of hundreds of individual unit process processes. To help provide transparency on the inventories used for the background processes, process network diagrams are presented.

To interpret the process network, start at the top of the tree representing the functional output of the process (e.g. petrol premium unleaded, shown in Figure 1). The amount and unit of the process is shown in the upper number in the unit process box (1kg). The lower number (in the bottom left hand corner) represents an indicator value which, in this case, is set to show cumulative greenhouse gas contributions in kilograms of equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2 eq). The arrow thickness represents the indicator value (the thicker the arrow the more impact that process is contributing). Note that minor processes may not be physically shown in the process network if the indicator value falls below a specific cut-off level, though their contribution to the overall functional unit (the top box in the diagram) is still included. The network diagram may also be truncated at the bottom to improve readability of the networks. Finally, some diagrams may not show the process flows for confidentiality reasons.

Some network diagrams will include green process flow arrows. These arrows represent beneficial flows (negative impacts) and are common when viewing recycling processes. In recycling processes, negative cumulative indicator values (lower left hand corner) will typically be associated with avoided processes, such as avoided primary material production and avoided landfill.

Figure 1: Sample network diagram.



Aluminium cans and scrap

Process description Aluminium cans and aluminium scrap are both considered in this inventory. Reprocessing is assumed to be undertaken in a similar fashion for both cans and scrap, however collection is assumed to differ for each form (cans being sourced from both municipal waste and C&I and C&D sources, whereas scrap tends to come from C&I and C&D sources only).

Aluminium cans are made from aluminium sheet with thin layers of lacquers on the inside and outside surfaces, along with ink on the outside surface. The cans have three components, the main can body, the lid and the opening tab. All of these components are made from aluminium. Reprocessing of aluminium is undertaken at Yennora NSW. The process involves remelting of used beverage cans with other external and internal scrap streams to produce aluminium ingots for aluminium sheet production.

Aluminium scrap has varied forms including window frames, furniture, manufacturing off-cuts etc. Once collected processing is assumed to be similar as aluminium cans, and is undertaken at the Yennora, NSW facility.

Two collection systems for waste aluminium were considered in the model:

A) Kerbside collection — municipal collection of aluminium cans in commingled form households and processing through a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

B) C&I and C&D collection — the segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. Aluminium cans and scrap are collected through this system.

The unique nature of each collection system drives differences in the impacts associated with aluminium recycling. For this reason the aluminium recycling processes considered and impacts generated have been described separately in the following sections, according to the collection method used.

Figure 2 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of aluminium can recycling from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources, and aluminium scrap from C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).



Figure 2: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources.

Collection and

transport to MRF

MRF

Baling of

aluminium

Transport to

reprocessor

Reprocessing into

secondary

aluminium ingots

Transport of waste

from sorting to

landfill

Collection and

transport of waste

to landfill

Treatment of

waste in landfill

Treatment of

waste in landfill

Primary

production of

aluminium

Recycling process Avoided processes

System Boundary

Modelled for Kerbside sources only

Waste collection

and transport to

reprocessor

Collection and

transport of waste

to landfill

Modelled for CI &CD sources only

A) Kerbside collection system

Processes considered

The kerbside collection system involves collection of waste for recycling from the kerbside and transport to a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) which sorts the commingled materials in the recycling stream. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts as well as sorting impacts incurred to bring the material from the kerbside to the MRF. During sorting, waste material is generated and transported to landfill.

Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into aluminium ingots. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. Figure 2 illustrates the processes considered (processes unique to kerbside collection have been shaded accordingly).

In order to determine the net benefit of recycling a material, it is also necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken. Figure 2 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if waste aluminium cans were to be recycled (shown to the right of the vertical line). Two main avoided processes are considered; the collection and disposal to landfill of waste aluminium cans from the kerbside, and the primary manufacture of aluminium ingots from virgin resources.



Results

Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure 2, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described inTable 1.

Table 1: Benefits and impacts of recycling of aluminium cans from kerbside sources (per 1 tonne of waste cans collected). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.

Collection, sorting

and reprocessing

Collection

and landfill

Primary

material

production

Total

avoided

impacts

Global w arming t CO20.70 -0.20 -16.4 -16.6 -15.9

Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 10.0 -2.83 -178 -181 -171

Water use kL H2O 0.99 -0.02 -183 -183 -182

Solid w aste tonnes 0.18 -1.00 -0.58 -1.58 -1.40

Net benefits of

recycling

Avoided process impacts

(Figure 1 - right side)

Impact category Unit

Recycling

process

impacts

(Figure 1 - left

side)

Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impacts listed in Table 1 are shown in Figure 3 to Figure 6. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions

Table 2 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with recycling 1 tonne of aluminium cans from a kerbside source. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of aluminium cans are recycled.



Table 2: Inventory for recycling aluminium cans, kerbside source (1 tonne)

Item Flow Unit Comment

Recycling Process flows (Figure 2 — left hand side)

Waste collection and transport to MRF

19.8 m3 18m3/tonne plus 10% for other material collected with it but disposed of at MRF, Grant (2001a) Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.

Sorting of aluminium at Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

19.8 m3 18m3/tonne plus 10% for other material collected with it but disposed of at MRF, Grant (2001a) Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications

Baling of aluminium 0.90 tonne Estimated 10% loss at MRF Electricity inputs from Nishtala (1997), 12kWh per tonne.

Transport from MRF to reprocessor

20 km Emissions from transport based on an articulated truck, 15 tonne load on 30 tonne truck. Trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001)

Reprocessing into secondary aluminium ingots

0.90 tonne Recycled ingot produces around 5% less usable metal, so reprocessing 900 kg of aluminium waste ends up with 855 kg of reprocessed aluminium output. The process model developed is structured around input material so 0.9 tonne is used to describe the flow. Aggregated data from Australian Aluminium Council (1998)

Transport of waste from sorting to landfill

20 km Emissions from transport based on an articulated truck, 28 tonne load on 30 tonne truck. Trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001)

Treatment of waste in landfill

0.1 tonne Material discarded at MRF treated in landfill.

Avoided processes (Figure 2 — right hand side)

Collection and transport of waste to landfill

19.8 m3 Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.

Treatment of waste aluminium in landfill

1 tonne Operation of the landfill. Data derived from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Emissions factors from Nielson (1998). Model comprises fuel and electricity consumption associated with operating a typical landfill.

Primary production of aluminium

0.855 tonne Aluminium reprocessing is assumed to generate 950 kg of aluminium per tonne reprocessed (5% loss as described above). Therefore for 900kg reprocessed 855kg of aluminium is produced thereby avoiding 855kg of virgin aluminium production. Inputs in terms of energy and materials from Australian Aluminium Council (1998) Emissions factors based on 2002 National Pollutant Inventory (NPI), (2004) Transport to Sydney regional store taken into account (160 km)



Data quality table and comment

Table 3 presents a summary of the data quality for the main processes considered. It shows the data sources used; if they are general data or specific to a company; the age of the data; the geographic location that the data were based on; and, the nature of the technology considered.

Table 3: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium cans, kerbside source

Primary data

source Geography

Data Age

Technology Representativeness

Impacts of transportation modes

Grant, NGGIC (1997)

European data adapted to Australian conditions and Australian data

1997–2005

Average technology

Mixed data

Reprocessing aluminium

AAC (1998) aggregated data

Australia, NSW 1995–1999

Average technology

Data from a specific company and process

Avoided primary aluminium product

Australian Aluminium Council study(1998)

Australia 1998 Average technology

Mixed data

Avoided landfill impacts

Nielson (1998) Australia 1995–1999

Unspecified Mixed data

B) C&I and C&D collection system


In the case of the C&I and C&D collection system, it has been assumed that segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility. The model is essentially the same as that for kerbside collection, however collection processes are simplified, and loss rates adjusted. The system is also described in Figure 2 (processes unique to C&I, C&D processing have been shaded accordingly).

Results

Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure 2, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described in Table 4.



Table 4: Benefits and impacts of recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne).

Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.

Collection,

sorting and

reprocessing

Collection

and landfill

Primary

material

production

Total

avoided

impacts

Global w arming t CO20.46 -0.01 -18.2 -18.2 -17.7

Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 6.82 -0.13 -198 -198 -191

Water use kL H2O 1.01 0.00 -203 -203 -202



(Figure 1 - right side)Net benefits of

recyclingImpact category Unit

Recycling

process

impacts

(Figure 1 -

left side)

Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impacts listed in Table 4 are shown in Figure 7 to Figure10. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions

Table 5 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the recycling of 1 tonne of aluminium waste from C&I and C&D sources. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of aluminium waste is recycled.



Table 5 Inventory for recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)


Recycling Process flows (Figure 2 — left hand side)

Waste collection and transport to reprocessor

20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney, refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.

Reprocessing into secondary aluminium ingots

1 tonne Recycled ingot produces around 5% less usable metal, so reprocessing 1000 kg of aluminium waste ends up with 950 kg of reprocessed aluminium output. The process model developed is structured around input material so 1 tonne is used to describe the flow. Aggregated data from Australian Aluminium Council (1998)

Avoided processes (Figure 2 — left hand side)




1 tonne Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Emissions factors from Nielson (1998)

Primary production of aluminium

0.95 tonne Aluminium reprocessing is assumed to generate 950 kg of aluminium per tonne reprocessed (5% loss as described above). Inputs in terms of energy and materials from Australian Aluminium Council (1998) Emissions factors based on 2002 National Pollutant Inventory (NPI), (2004) Transport to Sydney regional store taken into account (160 km)





Table 6: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source

Primary data

source Geography

Data Age



Apelbaum consulting group (2001)

Australia 2001 Average Average from all suppliers

Transportation distances

Estimate Sydney 2009 Average Estimate based on simple radial transport model

Reprocessing aluminium

AAC (1998) aggregated data

Australia, NSW

1995–1999

Average technology

Data from a specific company and process

Avoided primary aluminium product

Australian Aluminium Council study(1998)


Mixed data


Nielson (1998) Australia 1995–1999

Unspecified Mixed data

References Apelbaum Consulting Group (2001), Australian Transport facts 2001 Tables in Excel Format, Blackburn, Victoria.

Australian Aluminium Council (AAC) (1998), Australian Primary Aluminium Life Cycle Inventory

DEH (2004), National Pollutant Inventory Data for year 2002, Department of Environment, Canberra.

Grant, T., James, K., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., (2001a), Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in Victoria, EcoRecycle, Melbourne

Grant, T., James, K.L., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., Beavis, P. (2001b), Report for Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in New South Wales, NSW Environment Protection Authority, Sydney

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (1997), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1995 with Methodology Supplement, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia

Nielson, P., Hauschild, M., (1998): Product Emissions from Municipal Sold Waste Landfills. Part 1: Landfill Model. Int J LCA 3 (3) 158–168, Landsberg

Nishtala, S., Solano-Mora, E., (1997), Description of the Material Recovery Facilities Process Model: Design, Cost, and Life-Cycle Inventory, Research Triangle Institute and North Carolina State University

Wang, F. (1996). Solid Waste Integrated Management Model. PhD Thesis in the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. Melbourne, RMIT.



Network diagrams — Kerbside collection

Figure 3: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

-1 .67E3 kg

�

Alumina /AU U

�

-2.2 t CO 2e

�

-1 .05E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Australian

�

av erage /AU U

�

-0 .286 t CO 2e

�

-191 kg

�

Caustic soda /AU U

�

-0 .216 t CO 2e

�

1.08 E4 s

�

Collecting

�

Recy clables /AU U

�

0 .17 t CO 2e

�

-747 kg

�

Crude oil , Australian

�

av erage /AU U

�

-0.197 t CO 2e

�

-3 .25E4 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

-9 .48 t CO 2e

�

-4 .39E4 MJ

�

Electricity mix for

�

aluminium

�

smelting /AU U

�

-11.5 t CO 2e

�

-1 .05E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Australian

�

av erage ,

�

-0 .286 t CO 2e

�

-3 .25E4 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

-9 .48 t CO 2e

�

-1 .21E4 MJ

�

Electrictiy black coal

�

NSW , sent out /AU U

�

-3 .3 t CO 2e

�

-1.66 E4 MJ

�


�

QLD , sent out /AU U

�

-4.4 t CO 2e

�

-816 MJ

�

Electricity brown coal

�

SA (2001 -02) sent

�

out /AU U

�

-0 .25 t CO 2e

�

-9 .63E3 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out /AU

�

U

�

-3 .53 t CO 2e

�

-5 .55E3 MJ

�

Energy , from

�

coal /AU U

�

-0 .469 t CO2e

�

-2.14 E3 MJ

�

Energy , from

�

diesel /AU U

�

-0.18 t CO2e

�

-3 .66E3 MJ

�

Energy , from fuel

�

oil /AU U

�

-0.306 t CO 2e

�

-1.41 E4 MJ

�

Energy , from natural

�

gas /AU U

�

-0.825 t CO 2e

�

-407 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-0.173 t CO 2e

�

-529 m 3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-0.173 t CO 2e

�

-328 kg

�

Petroleum coke /AU

�

U

�

-0.127 t CO 2e

�

1.08 E4 s

�

Recy cling Truck

�

(packwaste )/AU U

�

0 .17 t CO 2e

�

-1.32 E4 tkm

�

Shipping , domestic

�

freight /AU U

�

-0 .346 t CO 2e

�

900 kg

�

Reprocessing

�

secondary aluminium

�

to ingots

�

0 .413 t CO 2e

�

-0.607 m 3

�

Crude oil ,

�

imported /GLO U

�

-0.143 t CO 2e

�

-0.888 m 3

�

Crude oil exploration

�

and extraction /AU U

�

-0.173 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

landfill of aluminium

�

from kerbside

�

-0.198 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill Aluminium ,

�

kerbside sources

�

-0.198 t CO 2e

�

19 .8 m 3

�

Recy cling Coll &Tran

�

(Sy d Met )/AU U

�

0 .234 t CO2e

�

-19 .8 m 3

�

Garbage Coll &Tran

�

(Sy d Met )/AU U

�

-0.194 t CO 2e

�

-855 kg

�

Primary aluminium

�

production

�

-16 .4 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Aluminium cans

�

(kerb ) - Collect , sort

�

& reprocess

�

0 .699 t CO2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Aluminium cans

�

(kerb ) - Net benefit

�

of recy cling

�

-15.9 t CO 2e



Figure 4: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

- 1. 67 E3 kg

�

Alum ina / AU U

�

- 31 .5 GJ LHV

�

-1 .53 E3 kg

�

Black coal , NSW /AU

�

U

�

-33 . 2 GJ LHV

�

-2 .15 E3 kg

�

Black coal , QLD / AU

�

U

�

-44 . 6 GJ LHV

�

- 3. 8E3 kg

�

Brown coal ,

�

Victoria / AU U

�

-30 . 8 GJ LHV

�

-747 kg

�


�

av erage /AU U

�

- 33 .4 GJ LHV

�

-72 . 6 kg

�

Diesel , at

�

consum er /AU U

�

-3 .92 GJ LHV

�

- 3. 25 E4 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

-95 . 1 GJ LHV

�

- 4. 39 E4 MJ

�

Electricity m ix f or

�

alum inium

�

sm elting / AU U

�

-120 GJ LHV

�

- 3. 25 E4 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

-95 . 1 GJ LHV

�

- 3. 79 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Tasm anian

�

production / AU U

�

-4 .03 GJ LHV

�

- 5. 09 E3 MJ

�

Electricity ,

�

hy dropower /AU U

�

-5 .19 GJ LHV

�

- 1. 21 E4 MJ

�


�

NSW , sent out / AU U

�

-33 . 2 GJ LHV

�

- 1. 66 E4 MJ

�


�

QLD , sent out / AU U

�

-44 . 8 GJ LHV

�

- 9. 63 E3 MJ

�


�


�

U

�

-30 . 9 GJ LHV

�

-5 .55 E3 MJ

�

Energy , f rom

�

coal / AU U

�

- 5. 57 GJ LHV

�

-3 .66 E3 MJ

�

Energy , f rom f uel

�

oil/ AU U

�

- 4. 65 GJ LHV

�

- 1. 41 E4 MJ

�

Energy , f rom natural

�

gas / AU U

�

-14 . 5 GJ LHV

�

-189 kg

�

Fuel oil , at

�

consum er / AU U

�

- 9 GJ LHV

�

-529 m 3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed / AU U

�

-21 . 6 GJ LHV

�

- 407 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-21 . 6 GJ LHV

�

-529 m 3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure / AU U

�

-21 . 6 GJ LHV

�

-328 kg

�

Petroleum coke /AU

�

U

�

- 18 .1 GJ LHV

�

- 1. 32 E4 tkm

�

Shipping , dom estic

�

f reight / AU U

�

-4 .92 GJ LHV

�

- 3. 79 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage ,

�

Tasm ania /AU U

�

-4 .03 GJ LHV

�

-198 kg

�

Therm al coal / AU U

�

- 5. 57 GJ LHV

�

900 kg

�

Reprocessing

�

secondary alum inium

�

to ingots

�

6. 07 GJ LHV

�

- 0. 28 m 3

�

Crude oil ,

�

dom estic /AU U

�

- 10 .3 GJ LHV

�

-0 .607 m 3

�

Crude oil ,

�

im ported / GLO U

�

-23 . 2 GJ LHV

�

-855 kg

�

Prim ary alum inium

�

production

�

- 178 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Alum inium cans

�

( kerb ) - Collect , sort

�

& reprocess

�

10 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Alum inium cans

�

( kerb ) - Net benef it

�

of recy cling

�

-171 GJ LHV



Figure 5: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

-1 .67 E3 kg

Alum ina /AU U

-162 kL H 2 O

-4 .88 E3 kg

Bauxite / AU U

-151 kL H 2 O

- 3. 25 E4 MJ

Electricity , high

v oltage , Eastern

Australian /AU U

- 15 .1 kL H 2 O

- 4. 39 E4 MJ

Electricity m ix f or

alum inium

sm elting / AU U

- 19 .7 kL H 2 O

- 3. 25 E4 MJ

Electricity , high

v oltage , Eastern

Australian ,

- 15 .1 kL H 2 O

- 1. 21 E4 MJ


NSW , sent out / AU U

-5 .27 kL H 2O

-1 .66 E4 MJ



- 9. 72 kL H 2 O

- 9. 63 E3 MJ



U

- 4. 26 kL H 2 O

- 855 kg

Prim ary alum inium

production

-183 kL H 2 O

1E3 kg

Alum inium cans

( kerb ) - Net benef it

of recy cling

-182 kL H 2 O

!"# #%&#'(#( )#'#*+&, -* .#/0/1+'2 3 1+*# /0/1# 4,,#,,5#'&6 788#'(+% 9

:#84.&5#'& -* >'?+.-'5#'&@ A1+54&# A"4'2# 4'( B4&#. CDB 9E

!i#ure () *erbside c/llec1i/2 3 4ecycli2# 6r/cess 2e17/r8 dia#ram 3 ;/lid 7as1e i2dica1/r< Pr/cesses c/21ribu1i2# less 1ha2 ?@ 1/ 1/1al are 2/1 sh/72< AaB/r 6r/cesses Cr/m resul1s 1able ab/De are sh/72 shaded<

!1#$%&' )*

Alumina 2A3 3

!4#4$56 tonnes

!1;1 )*

Causti= soda 2A3 3

!4#41?6 tonnes

!'#56&@ MB

&le=tri=itD , Fi*F

Golta*e , &astern

Australian 2A3 3

!4#';6 tonnes

!@#';&@ MB

&le=tri=itD mix Ior

aluminium

smeltin* 2A3 3

!4#6 tonnes

!'#56&@ MB

&le=tri=itD , Fi*F

Golta*e , &astern

Australian ,

!4#';6 tonnes

!1#51&@ MB

&le=tri=tiD Jla=) =oal

KSM , sent out 2A3 3

!4#51 tonnes

!1#$$&@ MB

&le=tri=tiD Jla=) =oal

NOP, sent out 2A3 3

!4#555 tonnes

!?1$ MB

&le=tri=itD JroQn

=oal SA R5441!45S

sent out 2A3 3

!4#41$? tonnes

!;#$'&' MB

&le=tri=itD JroQn

=oal Ti=toria , sent

out 2A3 3

!4#46;1 tonnes

!6#66&' MB

&ner*D , Irom

=oal 2A3 3

!4#4'$$ tonnes

!%11 )*

UlD asF

pro=essin* 22A3 3

!4#@5% tonnes

;44 )*

Wepro=essin*

se=ondarD

aluminium to in*ots

4#4%6$ tonnes

!1&' )*

landIill oI aluminium

Irom )erJside

!1 tonnes

!1&' )*

OandIill Aluminium ,

)erJside sour=es

!1 tonnes

!?66 )*

XrimarD aluminium

produ=tion

!4#6%$ tonnes

1&' )*

Aluminium =ans

R)erJ S ! Colle=t , sort

Y repro=ess

4#1%% tonnes

1&' )*

Aluminium =ans

R)erJ S ! Ket JeneIit

oI re=D=lin*

!1#@ tonnes

144 )*

OandIill inert Qaste

4#1 tonnes



Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection

Figure 7: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

- 1 .85E3 kg

�

Alumina /AU U

�

- 2 .45 t CO 2e

�

-1 .28E3 MJ

�

Elec tric ity , h igh

�

v o ltage, Aus tra lian

�

av erage /AU U

�

-0 .349 t CO 2e

�

-212 kg

�

Caus tic s oda /AU U

�

-0 .239 t CO 2e

�

-850 kg

�

Crude o il , Aus tra lian

�

av erage /AU U

�

- 0 .224 t CO 2e

�

-3 .61E4 MJ

�


�

v o ltage, Eas tern

�

Aus tra lian /AU U

�

- 10.5 t CO 2e

�

-4 .88E4 MJ

�

Elec tric ity mix for

�

a lumin ium s melting /AU

�

U

�

- 12.8 t CO 2e

�

-1 .28E3 MJ

�


�

v o ltage, Aus tra lian

�

av erage ,

�

-0 .349 t CO 2e

�

-3 .61E4 MJ

�


�

v o ltage, Eas tern

�

Aus tra lian ,

�

- 10.5 t CO 2e

�

- 1 .35E4 MJ

�

Elec tric tiy b lac k c oal

�

NSW , s ent out/AU U

�

-3 .68 t CO 2e

�

-1 .84E4 MJ

�


�

QLD , s ent out/AU U

�

- 4 .9 t CO 2e

�

-909 MJ

�

Elec tric ity brow n c oal

�

SA ( 2001-02) s ent

�

out/AU U

�

-0 .279 t CO 2e

�

-1 .07E4 MJ

�


�

Vic toria , s ent out/AU U

�

- 3 .94 t CO 2e

�

-6 .16E3 MJ

�

Energy , from c oal /AU

�

U

�

- 0 .521 t CO 2e

�

-2 .41E3 MJ

�

Energy , from d ies el /AU

�

U

�

- 0 .202 t CO 2e

�

- 4 .07E3 MJ

�

Energy , from fue l

�

o il /AU U

�

-0 .34 t CO 2e

�

-1 .56E4 MJ

�

Energy , from natura l

�

gas /AU U

�

-0 .918 t CO 2e

�

- 454 kg

�

Natura l gas , h igh

�

p res s ure /AU U

�

-0 .193 t CO 2e

�

-590 m 3

�


�

p res s ure /AU U

�

-0 .193 t CO 2e

�

-365 kg

�

Petro leum c oke /AU U

�

- 0 .141 t CO 2e

�

-1 .47E4 tkm

�

Shipp ing , domes tic

�

fre ight /AU U

�

-0 .385 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Reproc es s ing

�

s ec ondary a lumin ium

�

to ingots

�

0 .458 t CO 2e

�

-0 .69 m 3

�

Crude o il ,

�

imported /GLO U

�

- 0 .163 t CO 2e

�

-1 .01 m 3

�

Crude o il ex p loration

�

and ex trac tion /AU U

�

- 0 .197 t CO 2e

�

- 950 kg

�

Primary a lumin ium

�

produc tion

�

-18.2 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Alumin ium c ans &

�

s c rap ( CI & CD ) -

�

Co llec t & reproc es s

�

0 .464 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Alumin ium c ans &

�

s c rap (CI & CD ) - Net

�

benefit o f rec y c ling

�

-17.7 t CO 2e



Figure 8: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

-1. 85E3 kg

�

Alumina / AU U

�

- 35 GJ LHV

�

-1 .7E3 kg

�

Black coal , NSW/ AU

�

U

�

- 37 GJ LHV

�

-2 .4E3 kg

�

Black coal , QLD/ AU U

�

-49 .7 GJ LHV

�

-4 .24 E3 kg

�

Brown coal ,

�

Victoria /AU U

�

-34 .3 GJ LHV

�

-850 kg

�


�

average /AU U

�

- 38 GJ LHV

�

-97 .1 kg

�

Diesel , at

�

consumer /AU U

�

-5. 24 GJ LHV

�

- 3.61 E4 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian / AU U

�

-106 GJ LHV

�

- 4.88 E4 MJ

�

Electricity mix for

�

aluminium

�

smelting /AU U

�

-133 GJ LHV

�

- 3.61 E4 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

-106 GJ LHV

�

-4 .21 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

voltage , Tasmanian

�

production / AU U

�

- 4.47 GJ LHV

�

-5 .67 E3 MJ

�

Electricity ,

�

hydropower / AU U

�

- 5.77 GJ LHV

�

- 1.35 E4 MJ

�


�

NSW, sent out /AU U

�

- 37 GJ LHV

�

- 1.84 E4 MJ

�


�


�

-49 .8 GJ LHV

�

- 1.07 E4 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out / AU

�

U

�

-34 .4 GJ LHV

�

- 6.16 E3 MJ

�

Energy , from coal /AU

�

U

�

-6. 19 GJ LHV

�

- 4.07 E3 MJ

�

Energy , from fuel

�

oil /AU U

�

- 5.18 GJ LHV

�

-1 .56 E4 MJ

�


�

gas /AU U

�

- 16. 1 GJ LHV

�

-212 kg

�

Fuel oil , at

�

consumer /AU U

�

- 10. 1 GJ LHV

�

- 590 m 3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed / AU U

�

- 24. 1 GJ LHV

�

-454 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

- 24. 1 GJ LHV

�

- 590 m 3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure / AU U

�

- 24. 1 GJ LHV

�

-365 kg

�

Petroleum coke / AU U

�

- 20. 1 GJ LHV

�

-1. 47E4 tkm

�

Shipping , domestic

�

freight / AU U

�

-5. 47 GJ LHV

�

-4 .21 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

voltage , Tasmania /AU

�

U

�

- 4.47 GJ LHV

�

- 220 kg

�

Thermal coal /AU U

�

-6. 19 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�

Reprocessing

�

secondary aluminium

�

to ingots

�

6 .75 GJ LHV

�

- 0.319 m3

�

Crude oil ,

�

domestic /AU U

�

- 11. 7 GJ LHV

�

-0. 69 m3

�

Crude oil ,

�

imported / GLO U

�

- 26. 4 GJ LHV

�

-950 kg

�

Primary aluminium

�

production

�

- 198 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�

Aluminium cans &

�

scrap (CI & CD) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

6 .82 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Aluminium cans &

�

scrap (CI & CD) - Net

�

benefit of recycling

�

-191 GJ LHV



Figure 9: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

-1.85E 3 kg

Alumina /AU U

-180 kL H 2O

-5.42E 3 kg

Bauxite /AU U

-168 kL H 2O

-3.61E 4 MJ

Electricity , high

voltage , Eastern

Australian /AU U

-16.7 kL H 2O

-4.88E 4 MJ

Electricity mix for

aluminium

smelting /AU U

-21.8 kL H 2O

-3.61E 4 MJ

Electricity , high

voltage , Eastern

Australian ,

-16.7 kL H 2O

-1.35E 4 MJ



-5.88 kL H 2O

-1.84E4 MJ


QLD, sent out /AU U

-10.8 kL H2O

-1.07E 4 MJ



U

-4.75 kL H 2O

-950 kg

Primary aluminium

production

-203 kL H 2O

1E3 kg

Aluminium cans &



-202 kL H 2O



Figure 10: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

-1.85E 3 kg

Alumina /AU U

-0.0694 tonnes

-212 kg

Caustic soda /AU U

-0.0206 tonnes

-3.61E 4 MJ

Electricity , high

voltage , Eastern

Australian /AU U

-0.439 tonnes

-4.88E 4 MJ

Electricity mix for

aluminium

smelting /AU U

-0.555 tonnes

-3.61E 4 MJ

Electricity , high

voltage , Eastern

Australian ,

-0.439 tonnes

-1.35E4 MJ



-0.234 tonnes

-1.84E4 MJ


QLD, sent out /AU U

-0.247 tonnes

-909 MJ


SA (2001 -02) sent

out /AU U

-0.0187 tonnes

-1.07E 4 MJ



U

-0.0659 tonnes

-6.16E3 MJ

Energy , from coal /AU

U

-0.0407 tonnes

-792 kg

Fly ash

processing //AU U

-0.475 tonnes

1E 3 kg

Reprocessing

secondary aluminium

to ingots

0.084 tonnes

-950 kg

Primary aluminium

production

-0.64 tonnes

1E 3 kg

Aluminium cans &

scrap (CI & CD) -

Collect & reprocess

0.084 tonnes

1E 3 kg

Aluminium cans &



-1.56 tonnes

-1E 3 kg

Landfill Aluminium ,

C&I and C &D sources

-1 tonnes

-1E 3 kg

landfill of aluminium

from C & I and C & D

-1 tonnes



Copper

Process description Copper is usually used as a thermal or electrical conductor, a building material or as a constituent of various metal alloys. Reprocessing of copper involves remelting of scrap directly without refining, or re-refining of copper scrap to reduce undesirable impurities (such as solder residues or other contaminants). In this case, copper waste has been used as a substitute for virgin copper.

Only one collection systems for waste copper waste was considered in the model:

C&I and C&D collection — the segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility. Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary copper. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis.

Figure 11 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of copper recycling from C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the impact of the processes avoided when recycling copper (shown to the right of the vertical line).

Figure 11: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from C&I and C&D sources.

Reprocessing of copper

Collection and

transport of waste

to landfill


Primary

production of

copper


System Boundary

Waste collection

and transport to

reprocessor

Results

Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure11, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described in Table 7.



Table 7: Benefits and impacts of recycling copper from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.

Collection and

reprocessing

Collection

and landfill

Primary

material

production

Total

avoided

impacts

Green house gases t CO21.85 -0.01 -5.27 -5.28 -3.43

Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 21.24 -0.13 -57.20 -57.34 -36.09

Water use kL H2O 1.79 0.00 -7.76 -7.76 -5.97



(Figure 10 - right hand side)Net benefits of


Recycling

process

impacts

(Figure 10 - left

hand side)

Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impacts listed in Table 7 are shown in Figure 12 to Figure 15. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions

Table 8 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of copper. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of copper is recycled.



Table 8: Inventory for recycling copper from C&I and C&D (1 tonne)


Process flows (Figure 11 — left hand side)


20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney. Refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed from Apelbaum (2001), NGGI (2004) and other sources. Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.

Reprocessing of copper

1 tonne Impacts related to the production of secondary copper from EcoInvent database, adjusted for Australian conditions (energy and materials data have been changed to Australian data).

Avoided process (Figure 11 — right hand side)



Landfill of copper

1 tonne Emission factors for total plastics from Tellus (1992). Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998

Primary production of copper

0.95 tonne Assumption that recycled ingot produces around 5% less usable metal than virgin ingot production. Energy input from Norgate (2000) Impacts from the production of electricity high voltage in Australia are based on ESAA, 2003 and other sources.





Table 9: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of copper, from C&I and C&D (1 tonne)

Primary data

source Geography

Data Age



EcoInvent, NGGI


1997–2005

Average technology

Mixed data



Production of recycled copper

Adapted from Eco-Invent

European data adapted to Australian conditions

2004 Average Mixed data

Avoided virgin copper production

Norgate (2000), ESAA (2003)


Average of all suppliers


Tellus Institute Australia 1999 Unspecified Mixed Data

References Electricity Supply Association of Australia (2003), Electricity Australia 2003

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (2004), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, with methodology supplements, Australian Greenhouse Office.

Norgate, T.E., Rankin, W.J. (2000), Life Cycle Assessment of copper and nickel production CSIRO Minerals, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. (2004). "EcoInvent Database version 1.01." from http://www.ecoinvent.ch/en/index.htm

Tellus Packaging Study (1992), Assessing the impacts of production and disposal of packaging and public policy measure to alter its mix, Tellus Institute, USA




Figure 12: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

-1.4E4 MJ

Electric ity , high

voltage , Australian

average/AU U

-3.81 t CO 2e

-950 kg

Copper (Leach

SX/EW)/AU U

-5.27 t CO 2e

-4.75E4 kg

Copper ore ,

crushed/AU U

-1.03 t CO 2e

-4.75E4 kg

Copper Ore Mining 3%

Cu in ore /AU U

-0.94 t CO 2e

-104 kg

Diesel, at

consumer/AU U

-0.0681 t CO 2e

-1.4E4 MJ

Electric ity , high


average,

-3.81 t CO 2e

-4.39E3 MJ



-1.19 t CO 2e

-3.23E3 MJ


QLD, sent out /AU U

-0.859 t CO 2e

-629 MJ


WA, sent out /AU U

-0.186 t CO 2e

-295 MJ

Electric ity brow n coal

SA (2001-02) sent

out /AU U

-0.0907 t CO 2e

-3.49E3 MJ


V ictoria , sent out /AU

U

-1.28 t CO 2e

-514 MJ

Electric ity , natural gas

cogeneration

cogeneration /AU U

-0.0669 t CO 2e

-339 MJ

Electric ity natural gas

(steam) , sent out /AU

U

-0.0715 t CO 2e

6.53E3 MJ

Energy, f rom coal/AU

U

0.552 t CO 2e

-4.16E3 MJ

Energy, f rom

diesel/AU U

-0.349 t CO 2e

2.58E3 MJ

Energy, f rom fuel

oil/AU U

0.215 t CO 2e

1E3 kg

Copper , secondary, at

ref inery AU adapted

f rom EcoInvent , EEBR

1.85 t CO 2e

1E3 kg

Copper (CI & CD) -

Collect & reprocess

1.85 t CO 2e

1E3 kg

Copper (CI & CD) - Net

benef it of recycling

-3.43 t CO 2e

-950 kg

Primary copper

production

-5.27 t CO 2e



Figure 13: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2.5% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

-1 .4E4 MJ


v oltage, Aus tra lian

av erage /AU U

-39.9 GJ LHV

-553 kg

Blac k c oal , NSW /AU U

-12 GJ LHV

-420 kg

Blac k c oal , QLD /AU U

- 8.71 GJ LHV

- 97.6 kg

Blac k c oal , WA /AU U

-1.83 GJ LHV

- 1.38E3 kg

Brow n c oal ,

Vic toria /AU U

-11.2 GJ LHV

-950 kg

Copper ( Leac h

SX /EW)/AU U

-57.2 GJ LHV

-4.75E4 kg

Copper ore ,

c rus hed/AU U

-12.5 GJ LHV

-4.75E4 kg

Copper Ore Min ing 3%

Cu in ore /AU U

-11.6 GJ LHV

-52.2 kg

Crude o il , Aus tra lian

av erage/AU U

-2.33 GJ LHV

-104 kg

Dies el , a t

c ons umer /AU U

-5.61 GJ LHV

-1.4E4 MJ


v oltage, Aus tra lian

av erage,

-39.9 GJ LHV

- 4.39E3 MJ


NSW , s ent out/AU U

-12 GJ LHV

-3.23E3 MJ


QLD , s ent out/AU U

- 8.74 GJ LHV

- 629 MJ


WA , s ent out/AU U

-1.83 GJ LHV

-3.49E3 MJ


Vic toria , s ent out/AU

U

-11.2 GJ LHV

6.53E3 MJ

Energy , from c oal /AU

U

6.56 GJ LHV

- 4.16E3 MJ

Energy , from

dies el /AU U

-5.46 GJ LHV

2.58E3 MJ

Energy , from fue l

o il /AU U

3.28 GJ LHV

-879 MJ

Energy , from natura l

gas /AU U

- 0.905 GJ LHV

57.3 kg

Fuel o il , a t

c ons umer /AU U

2.72 GJ LHV

-105 m 3

Natura l gas ,

proc es s ed/AU U

- 4.3 GJ LHV

-81.1 kg


pres s ure /AU U

- 4.3 GJ LHV

-105 m 3


pres s ure /AU U

- 4.3 GJ LHV

- 219 kg

Steam , from natura l

gas , in kg /AU U

- 0.831 GJ LHV

232 kg

Thermal c oal /AU U

6.56 GJ LHV

-0.0424 m 3

Crude o il ,

imported /GLO U

-1.62 GJ LHV

1E3 kg

Copper, s ec ondary , a t

re finery AU adapted

from Ec oInv ent , EEBR

21.2 GJ LHV

1E3 kg

Copper (CI & CD ) -

Collec t & reproc es s

21.2 GJ LHV

1E3 kg

Copper ( CI & CD ) - Net

benefit o f rec y c ling

-36.1 GJ LHV

-950 kg

Primary c opper

produc tion

-57.2 GJ LHV



Figure 14: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

-1.4E4 MJ

Electric ity , high


average/AU U

-6.02 kL H 2O

-553 kg

Black coal , NSW /AU U

-0.152 kL H2O

-420 kg

Black coal , QLD/AU U

-0.115 kL H2O

-950 kg

Copper (Leach

SX/EW)/AU U

-7.76 kL H2O

-4.75E4 kg

Copper ore ,

crushed/AU U

-1.14 kL H2O

-4.75E4 kg


Cu in ore /AU U

-0.996 kL H2O

-1.4E4 MJ

Electric ity , high


average,

-6.02 kL H 2O

-4.39E3 MJ



-1.91 kL H2O

-3.23E3 MJ


QLD, sent out /AU U

-1.9 kL H2O

-629 MJ


WA, sent out /AU U

-0.264 kL H2O

-295 MJ


SA (2001-02) sent

out/AU U

-0.103 kL H 2O

-3.49E3 MJ


V ictoria , sent out /AU U

-1.54 kL H 2O

-514 MJ

Electric ity , natural gas

cogeneration

cogeneration /AU U

-0.0916 kL H2O

-339 MJ

Electric ity natural gas

(steam) , sent out /AU

U

-0.0986 kL H 2O

1E3 kg

Copper, secondary, at



1.79 kL H 2O

1E3 kg

Copper (CI & CD) -

Collect & reprocess

1.79 kL H 2O

1E3 kg



-5.97 kL H2O

-950 kg

Primary copper

production

-7.76 kL H2O



Figure 15: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

-1.4E4 MJ

Electric ity , high


average/AU U

-0.151 tonnes

-950 kg

Copper (Leach

SX/EW)/AU U

-0.194 tonnes

-4.75E4 kg

Copper ore ,

crushed/AU U

-0.0278 tonnes

-4.75E4 kg


Cu in ore /AU U

-0.0241 tonnes

-1.4E4 MJ

Electric ity , high


average,

-0.151 tonnes

-4.39E3 MJ



-0.0761 tonnes

-3.23E3 MJ


QLD, sent out /AU U

-0.0433 tonnes

-3.49E3 MJ


V ictoria , sent out /AU U

-0.0214 tonnes

6.53E3 MJ

Energy, f rom coal /AU

U

0.0431 tonnes

-211 kg

Fly ash

processing//AU U

-0.126 tonnes

1E3 kg

Copper , secondary, at



0.091 tonnes

1E3 kg

Copper (CI & CD) -

Collect & reprocess

0.091 tonnes

1E3 kg



-1.1 tonnes

-1E3 kg

Landf ill of copper , C&I

and C&D sources

-1 tonnes

-1E3 kg

Landf ill of copper f rom

C&I and C &D

-1 tonnes

-950 kg

Primary copper

production

-0.194 tonnes



Steel packaging cans and scrap

Process description Steel packaging cans and steel scrap are both considered in this inventory. Reprocessing is assumed to be undertaken in a similar fashion for both cans and scrap; however collection is assumed to differ for each form (cans being sourced from municipal waste, whereas scrap tends to come from C&I and C&D sources only).

Steel is an alloy, mostly constituted of iron (more than 95%), with other alloying elements such as carbon, manganese, or chromium. Steel tin-plate cans are composed of steel, covered by a layer of tin on both sides, then a layer of lacquer inside. The three-piece can, which consists of “a body having a welded seam in conjunction with two end components”, is the most common steel can type (Kraus, 1997). When recycled, steel can be reprocessed via either a Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) or in an electric arc furnace (EAF). In this assessment it is assumed that the EAF process of a local steel reprocessor will dominate as a reprocessing destination (as EAF furnaces are typically co-located with population centres). It is assumed that the reprocessing of steel is undertaken at BHP Woollongong NSW.

Steel is also widely used in construction, e.g. to produce the steel skeleton of many modern structures (stadium, skyscrapers, etc), and in many other applications. Once collected, processing is assumed to be similar as steel packaging cans, and is undertaken at the BHP Woollongong, NSW facility.

Two collection systems for waste steel were considered in the model:

A) Kerbside collection — municipal collection of steel packaging cans in commingled waste from households, and processing through a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

B) C&I and C&D collection — direct transfer of steel scrap from point of waste generation to a reprocessing facility.

The unique nature of each collection system drives differences in the impacts associated with steel recycling. For this reason the steel recycling processes considered and impacts generated have been described separately in the following sections, according to the collection method used.

Figure 16 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of steel packaging can recycling from kerbside sources and steel scrap from C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).



Figure 16: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and CI&CD sources.

Waste collection

and transport to

MRF

MRF

Baling of steel

Transport to

reprocessor

Reprocessing into

secondary steel

Transport of waste

from sorting to

landfill

Collection and

transport of waste

to landfill

Treatment of

waste in landfill

Treatment of

waste in landfill

Primary

production of steel


System Boundary

Modelled for Kerbside sources only

Waste collection

and transport to

reprocessor

Modelled for CI &CD sources only

Collection and

transport of waste

to landfill

A) Kerbside collection system


The kerbside collection system involves collection of waste for recycling from the kerbside and transport to a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), which sorts the commingled materials in the recycling stream. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts as well as sorting impacts incurred to bring the material from the kerbside to the material reprocessing facility. During sorting, waste material is generated and transported to landfill. Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary steel. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The kerbside treatment system is illustrated in Figure 16 (processes unique to kerbside processing are shaded accordingly).

In order to determine the benefit or impact of recycling a material, it is necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken, as well as the processes associated with recycling. Figure 16 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if waste steel cans are recycled. Two main processes are considered; the collection and disposal to landfill of waste steel cans from the kerbside; and the primary manufacture of steel from virgin resources.



Results


Table 10: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel cans from kerbside sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.

Collection, sorting

and reprocessing

Collection

and landfill

Primary

material

production

Total

avoided

impacts



Water use kL H2O 1.62 -0.02 0.68 0.67 2.29


Impact category Unit

Recycling

process

impacts

(Figure 15 - left

side)

Net benefits of

recycling


(Figure 15 - right side)

Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impact listed in Figure 16 are shown in Figure 17 to Figure 24. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions

Tagle 11 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of packaging steel can. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of packaging steel can is recycled.



Table 11: Inventory for recycling steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne)


Recycling process flows (Figure 16 — left hand side)

Waste collection and transport to MRF

11 m3 Based on the assumption of 10 m3/tonne plus 1 m3/tonne for other material collect with it by disposed at MRF Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001), refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from NGGIC (1997)

Sorting at Material Recovering Facility (MRF)

11 m3 Based on the assumption of 10 m3/tonne plus 1 m3/tonne for other material collect with it by disposed at MRF Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications

Baling of steel 0.95 tonne 5% is assumed to be lost at MRF. Electricity inputs from Nishtala (1997), 12kWh per tonne.

Transport from MRF to reprocessor

20 km 20km is used as a default value for transport. Refer discussion below Emissions from transport based on a trucking model from Apelbaum (2001)

Reprocessing into secondary steel

0.95 tonne 950kg of steel waste input is estimated to generate 910 kg of reprocessed steel output (equivalent to virgin steel production). Emission data from the production of steel through electric arc furnace from NPI. Input data from Strezov (2006). Estimated electricity consumption: 1.05 kWh per tonne, 0.05 kg liquid oxygen per tonne, 0.05 kg of calcined lime per tonne and 0.014 kg of black coal per tonne.

Transport of waste from sorting to landfill

20 km Emissions from transport based on an articulated truck, 28 tonne load on 30 tonne truck. Trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001).


50 kg Assumption of 5% recycling reject from MRF treated in landfill Emission factors for steel disposal from a personal communication with Sydney Water Residual Group, 1998, and Finnveden (1996). Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998.

Avoided process flows (Figure 16 — right hand side)


11 m3 Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.

Treatment of waste steel in landfill

1 tonne Emission factors for steel disposal from a personal communication with Sydney Water Residual Group, 1998, and Finnveden (1996). Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998.

Primary production of steel

0.91 tonne Assumption of 50kg loss at MRF and 40kg loss at reprocessing facility, so 0.91 tonne of steel waste is reprocessed, thereby avoiding 0.91t of virgin steel production. Input data from BHP (2000), and other sources. Emission data from NGGIC (1995) and NPI (2002–2003).



Data Quality table and comment


Table 12: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of packaging steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne)

Primary source

data Geography

Data Age


Impact of transportation modes

EcoInvent, NGGI, Apelbaum


1997–2005

Average technology

Mixed data

Recycling steel Strezov (2006), NPI

Average 2000–2004

Average technology

Mixed data

Avoided steel production

BHP (2000) Australia 2004 Average technology

Data from a specific process and company


Finnveden (1996)

Australia 1995–1999

Unspecified Unspecified

B) C&I and C&D collection system


In the case of the C&I and C&D collection system, it has been assumed that segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility.

Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary steel. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The model also illustrates the processes considered in determining the impact of the processes avoided when recycling steel from C&I and C&D sources. Three main processes are considered, the collection of steel scrap waste and landfill treatment, and the primary manufacture of steel from virgin resources. The system is described in Figure 16 (processes unique to C&I, C&D collection have been shaded accordingly).

Results




Table 13: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel scrap waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.

Collection,

sorting and

reprocessing

Collection

and landfill

Primary

material

production

Total

avoided

impacts



Water use kL H2O 1.65 0.00 0.71 0.71 2.36


Recycling

process

impacts

(Figure 15 -

left side)


(Figure 15 - right side)Net benefits of


Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impact listed in Table 13 are shown in Figure 17 to Figure 24. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions

Table 14 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of steel scrap. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of steel is recycled.

Table 14: Inventory for recycling of steel waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)


Process flows (Figure 16 — left hand side)


20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney. Refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model adapted from EcoInvent and NGGI (2004), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.

Reprocessing into secondary steel

1 tonne Recycling steel produce 5% less usable metal, so reprocessing 1 tonne of waste steel ends up with 0.95 tonne of reprocessed steel outputs. Emission data from the production of steel through electric arc furnace from NPI, input data fom Strezov (2006). Estimated electricity consumption: 1.05 kWh per tonne, 0.05 kg liquid oxygen per tonne, 0.05 kg of calcined lime per tonne and 0.014 kg of black coal per tonne.

Avoided process (Figure 16 — right hand side)


20 km Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.

Treatment of steel waste in landfill

1 tonne Emission factors for steel disposal from a personal communication with Sydney Water Residual Group, 1998, and Finnveden (1996) Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998

Primary production of steel

0.95 tonne Recycling steel produce around 5% less usable metal. Therefore, for 1t reprocessed, 950kg of steel is produced thereby avoiding 950kg of virgin steel production. Input data from BHP (2000), and other sources Emission data from NGGIC (1995) and NPI (2002–2003)




Table 15 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of scrap steel. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of scrap steel is recycled.

Table 15: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of scrap steel, C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)

Primary data

source Geography

Data Age


Impact of transportation modes

EcoInvent, NGGI


1997–2005

Average technology

Mixed data



Recycling steel ETH-ESU (1996), BHP (2000)

Australia 2000–2004

Average technology

Mixed data

Avoided virgin steel production

BHP (2000) Australia 2004 Average technology

Data from a specific process and company


Finnveden (1996)

Australia 1995-1999

Unspecified Unspecified

References Apelbaum Consulting Group (2001), Australian Transport facts 2001 Tables in Excel Format, Blackburn, Victoria.

BHP Minerals (2000), LCA of steel and Electricity Production — ACARP Project C8049 — Case Studies B Summary of Inventory Values for Electricity Production, Newcastle

DEH (2004), National Pollutant Inventory Data for year 2002, Department of Environment, Canberra.

Finnveden, G., (1996), Solid waste treatment within the framework of life cycle assessment — metals in municipal solid waste landfills. Int J LCA 1, pp 74–78

Frischknecht et al (1996), Öko-inventare von Energiesystemen, 3rd edition (german language only), ETH-ESU

Grant, T., James, K.L., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., Beavis, P. (2001), Report for Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in New South Wales, NSW Environment Protection Authority, Sydney

Kraus, F.J., Tarulis, G.J. (1997), Cans, Steel, The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, A.L. Brody and K.S. Marsh, New Yorl, Wiley and Sons: pp150

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (1997), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1995 with Methodology Supplement, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (2004), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, with methodology supplements, Australian Greenhouse Office.

Nishtala, S., Solano-Mora, E., (1997), Description of the Material Recovery Facilities Process Model: Design, Cost, and Life-Cycle Inventory, Research Triangle Institute and North Carolina State University

Strezov, L., Herbertson, J. (2006), A life cycle perspective on steel building materials. Sydney, Australian Steel Institute

Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. (2004). "EcoInvent Database version 1.01." from http://www.ecoinvent.ch/en/index.htm

Wang, F. (1996). Solid Waste Integrated Management Model. PhD Thesis in the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. Melbourne, RMIT.



Network diagrams — Kerbside collection

Figure 17: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1.5% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

3.08 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average /AU U

�

0 .839 t CO 2e

�

-102 kg

�

Calcined Lime /AU U

�

-0.168 t CO 2e

�

207 kg

�

Cement , portland /AU

�

U

�

0.167 t CO 2e

�

3.08 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average ,

�

0 .839 t CO 2e

�

939 MJ

�


�

NSW, sent out /AU U

�

0 .255 t CO 2e

�

690 MJ

�


�


�

0 .184 t CO 2e

�

138 MJ

�


�

WA, sent out /AU U

�

0 .0408 t CO 2e

�

745 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out /AU U

�

0 .273 t CO 2e

�

-361 MJ

�

Energy , from black

�

coal - just fuel , CO2,

�

CH4 N2O/AU U

�

-0.0305 t CO 2e

�

-543 MJ

�

Energy , from fuel

�

oil /AU U

�

-0 .0454 t CO 2e

�

-853 MJ

�

Energy , from fuel oil ,

�

just fuel , CO2,CH4, &

�

N2O/AU U

�

-0 .0657 t CO 2e

�

-2 .03 E3 MJ

�


�

gas , just fuel ,

�

CO 2,CH 4, & N2O/AU

�

-0 .121 t CO 2e

�

-3 .7E3 MJ

�


�

gas /AU U

�

-0.217 t CO 2e

�

-56.8 kg

�

Fuel oil , at

�

consumer /AU U

�

-0 .0333 t CO 2e

�

-1 .17E3 kg

�

Iron ore /AU U

�

-0 .385 t CO 2e

�

-292 kg

�

Iron ore pellets /AU U

�

-0 .101 t CO 2e

�

-949 kg

�

Iron ore sinter ,

�

Bluescope Port

�

Kembla /AU U

�

-0 .334 t CO 2e

�

-41 .7 kg

�

Lime , Calcined /AU U

�

-0 .0472 t CO 2e

�

-127 m 3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed /AU U

�

-0.0365 t CO 2e

�

-97 .5 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-0.0415 t CO 2e

�

-127 m 3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-0.0415 t CO 2e

�

-882 kg

�

Pig iron , Bluescope

�

Port Kembla /AU U

�

-0.614 t CO 2e

�

-2 .23E4 tkm

�

Shipping , international

�

freight /AU U

�

-0 .126 t CO 2e

�

-387 MJ

�

Transport infrast . priv .

�

sect /AU U

�

-0 .0256 t CO 2e

�

-229 kg

�

Use of blast furnace

�

slag /AU U

�

0.147 t CO 2e

�

230 kg

�

Blast furnace slag -

�

credit to steel

�

production /AU U

�

0.166 t CO 2e

�

-910 kg

�

Steel , Bluescope Port

�

Kembla , all virgin

�

material , AU

�

-1.5 t CO 2e

�

-235 kg

�

Coke for

�

steelmaking /AU U

�

-0.112 t CO 2e

�

950 kg

�

Electro arc steel ,

�

Recycled , including

�

Smorgon NPI /AU U

�

1 .08 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Steel cans (kerb ) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

1 .24 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Steel cans (kerb ) - Net

�


�

-0.398 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill Steel ,

�

kerbside sources

�

-0 .134 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

landfill of steel from

�

kerbside

�

-0 .134 t CO 2e



Figure 18: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 4% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

3.08 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average /AU U

�

8.77 GJ LHV

�

-163 kg

�

Black coal , NSW /AU U

�

- 3.53 GJ LHV

�

89.9 kg

�

Black coal , QLD /AU U

�

1.86 GJ LHV

�

294 kg

�

Brown coal ,

�

Victoria /AU U

�

2.38 GJ LHV

�

-102 kg

�

Calcined Lime /AU U

�

- 1.67 GJ LHV

�

207 kg

�


�

U

�

1.16 GJ LHV

�

-82 .7 kg

�


�

average /AU U

�

-3.69 GJ LHV

�

3.08 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average ,

�

8.77 GJ LHV

�

939 MJ

�


�

NSW, sent out /AU U

�

2 .57 GJ LHV

�

690 MJ

�


�

QLD, sent out /AU U

�

1.87 GJ LHV

�

745 MJ

�


�


�

2.39 GJ LHV

�

- 853 MJ

�


�

just fuel , CO2,CH4, &

�

N2 O/AU U

�

-1 GJ LHV

�

- 2.03 E3 MJ

�


�

gas , just fuel ,

�

CO2,CH4, & N2O/AU

�

-2 .12 GJ LHV

�

-3 .7E3 MJ

�


�

gas /AU U

�

- 3.81 GJ LHV

�

-56 .8 kg

�

Fuel oil , at

�

consumer /AU U

�

-2.7 GJ LHV

�

- 1.17 E3 kg

�

Iron ore /AU U

�

-5.02 GJ LHV

�

-292 kg

�


�

-1 .3 GJ LHV

�

-949 kg

�

Iron ore sinter ,

�

Bluescope Port

�

Kembla /AU U

�

-5 .29 GJ LHV

�

- 127 m3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed /AU U

�

- 5.18 GJ LHV

�

-97 .5 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

- 5.18 GJ LHV

�

- 127 m3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

- 5.18 GJ LHV

�

- 16.1 kg

�

Petroleum coke /AU U

�

-0 .888 GJ LHV

�

-882 kg

�


�

Port Kembla /AU U

�

- 16.4 GJ LHV

�

- 2.23 E4 tkm

�

Shipping , international

�

freight /AU U

�

-1.69 GJ LHV

�

-229 kg

�


�

slag /AU U

�

0.891 GJ LHV

�

230 kg

�


�

credit to steel

�

production /AU U

�

1.15 GJ LHV

�

-910 kg

�


�

Kembla , all virgin

�

material , AU

�

-19 .1 GJ LHV

�

-235 kg

�

Coke for

�

steelmaking /AU U

�

- 7.72 GJ LHV

�

-0 .031 m3

�

Crude oil ,

�

domestic /AU U

�

-1.13 GJ LHV

�

-0 .0672 m 3

�

Crude oil ,

�

imported /GLO U

�

-2 .57 GJ LHV

�

950 kg

�

Electro arc steel ,

�


�

Smorgon NPI /AU U

�

11 .5 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Steel cans (kerb ) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

13 .7 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�


�


�

- 7.31 GJ LHV

�

-1 E3 kg

�

Landfill Steel ,

�

kerbside sources

�

- 1.92 GJ LHV

�

-1 E3 kg

�

landfill of steel from

�

kerbside

�

- 1.92 GJ LHV



Figure 19: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

3 .08E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average /AU U

�

1 .32 kL H 2O

�

- 2.99 kg

�

Bauxite /AU U

�

-0 .0927 kL H2 O

�

-163 kg

�

Black coal , NSW/AU U

�

-0 .0447 kL H2 O

�

207 kg

�


�

U

�

3 .71 kL H 2O

�

3 .08E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average ,

�

1 .32 kL H 2O

�

939 MJ

�


�

NSW, sent out /AU U

�

0.408 kL H2 O

�

690 MJ

�


�

QLD, sent out /AU U

�

0.406 kL H 2O

�

138 MJ

�


�

WA, sent out /AU U

�

0.058 kL H2 O

�

745 MJ

�


�


�

0 .33 kL H 2O

�

- 1.17 E3 kg

�

Iron ore /AU U

�

-0.267 kL H 2O

�

-292 kg

�


�

- 0.0736 kL H 2O

�

- 949 kg

�

Iron ore sinter ,

�

Bluescope Port

�

Kembla /AU U

�

-0.125 kL H 2O

�

-882 kg

�


�

Port Kembla /AU U

�

3 .27 kL H 2O

�

-229 kg

�


�

slag /AU U

�

3 .68 kL H 2O

�

230 kg

�


�

credit to steel

�

production /AU U

�

3 .7 kL H2 O

�

-910 kg

�


�

Kembla , all virgin

�

material , AU

�

0 .684 kL H2O

�

-235 kg

�

Coke for

�

steelmaking /AU U

�

-0 .116 kL H2O

�

950 kg

�

Electro arc steel ,

�


�

Smorgon NPI /AU U

�

1 .57 kL H 2O

�

1 E3 kg

�

Steel cans ( kerb ) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

1 .62 kL H 2O

�

1 E3 kg

�


�


�

2 .29 kL H 2O



Figure 20: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

3.08E3 MJElectricity , high

voltage , Australianaverage /AU U

0.0333 tonnes

3.08E3 MJElectricity , high

voltage , Australianaverage ,

0.0333 tonnes

939 MJ

Electrictiy black coalNSW, sent out /AU U

0.0163 tonnes

45.1 kg

Fly ashprocessing //AU U

0.0271 tonnes

-1.17E3 kgIron ore /AU U

-0.135 tonnes

-292 kgIron ore pellets /AU U

-0.0339 tonnes

-949 kgIron ore sinter ,

Bluescope PortKembla /AU U

-0.0638 tonnes

-45.5 kg

Landfill inert waste /AUU

-0.0455 tonnes

-882 kg

Pig iron , BluescopePort Kembla /AU U

-0.132 tonnes

-910 kgSteel , Bluescope Port

Kembla , all virginmaterial , AU

-0.197 tonnes

950 kg

Electro arc steel ,Recycled , including

Smorgon NPI /AU U

0.138 tonnes

1E3 kgSteel cans (kerb) -

Collect & reprocess

0.229 tonnes

1E3 kgSteel cans (kerb) - Net


-0.954 tonnes

-1E3 kg

Landfill Steel ,kerbside sources

-0.986 tonnes

-1E3 kglandfill of steel from

kerbside

-0.986 tonnes

50 kg

Landfill inert waste

0.05 tonnes




Figure 21: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

3 .17 E 3 M J

�

Electr icity , high voltage ,

�

A ustr alian aver age /A U

�

U

�

0. 863 t CO 2 e

�

- 106 kg

�

Calcined Lim e / A U U

�

- 0. 175 t CO 2e

�

216 kg

�

Cem ent , por tland / A U U

�

0. 174 t CO 2e

�

3 .17 E 3 M J

�

Electr icity , high voltage ,

�

A ustr alian aver age ,

�

pr oduction / A U U

�

0. 863 t CO 2 e

�

960 M J

�

Electr ictiy black coal

�

NSW , sent out / A U U

�

0. 261 t CO 2 e

�

706 M J

�


�

Q LD , sent out / A U U

�

0. 188 t CO 2 e

�

142 M J

�


�

WA , sent out / A U U

�

0 . 042 t CO 2 e

�

762 M J

�

Electr icity br ow n coal

�

V ictor ia , sent out / A U U

�

0. 279 t CO 2 e

�

- 377 M J

�

Ener gy , f r om black coal

�

- just f uel , CO 2, CH 4

�

N 2 O /A U U

�

- 0. 0318 t CO 2 e

�

- 568 M J

�

Ener gy , f r om f uel oil / A U

�

U

�

- 0. 0474 t CO 2 e

�

- 899 M J

�

Ener gy , f r om f uel oil ,

�

just f uel , CO 2, CH 4, &

�

N2 O / A U U

�

- 0 .0693 t CO 2 e

�

- 2. 12 E 3 M J

�

Ener gy , f r om natur al

�

gas , just f uel , CO 2, CH 4,

�

& N2 O / A U U

�

- 0. 126 t CO 2e

�

- 3. 86 E 3 M J

�

Ener gy , f r om natur al

�

gas / A U U

�

- 0. 227 t CO 2e

�

- 59 .5 kg

�

Fuel oil , at consum er /A U

�

U

�

- 0. 0349 t CO 2 e

�

- 1 .22 E 3 kg

�

Ir on or e /A U U

�

- 0. 402 t CO 2e

�

- 305 kg

�

Ir on or e pellets / A U U

�

- 0. 105 t CO 2e

�

- 990 kg

�

Ir on or e sinter ,

�

Bluescope Por t

�

Kem bla / A U U

�

- 0. 349 t CO 2e

�

- 43 .6 kg

�

Lim e , Calcined /A U U

�

- 0. 0493 t CO 2 e

�

- 133 m 3

�

Natur al gas ,

�

pr ocessed / A U U

�

- 0. 0382 t CO 2 e

�

- 102 kg

�

Natur al gas , high

�

pr essur e / A U U

�

- 0. 0434 t CO 2 e

�

- 133 m 3

�

Natur al gas , high

�

pr essur e / A U U

�

- 0. 0434 t CO 2 e

�

- 921 kg

�

Pig ir on , Bluescope Por t

�

Kem bla /A U U

�

- 0 .641 t CO 2e

�

- 2. 33 E4 tkm

�

Shipping , inter national

�

f r eight / A U U

�

- 0. 131 t CO 2e

�

- 240 kg

�

Use of blast f ur nace

�

slag /A U U

�

0. 153 t CO 2e

�

240 kg

�

Blast f ur nace slag -

�

cr edit to steel

�

pr oduction / A U U

�

0. 174 t CO 2e

�

- 950 kg

�

Steel , Bluescope Por t

�

Kem bla , all vir gin

�

m ater ial , A U

�

- 1. 57 t CO 2 e

�

- 246 kg

�

Coke f or steelm aking / A U

�

U

�

- 0 .117 t CO 2e

�

1 E3 kg

�

Electr o ar c steel ,

�


�

Sm or gon NPI / A U U EEBR

�

1. 13 t CO 2e

�

1 E3 kg

�

Steel scr ap ( C & I and

�

C& D ) - Collect &

�

r epr ocess

�

1. 14 t CO 2e

�

1 E3 kg

�

Steel scr ap ( C& I and

�

C &D ) - Net benef it of

�

r ecycling

�

- 0. 441 t CO 2e



Figure 22: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

3.17E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average /AU U

�

9.03 GJ LHV

�

-172 kg

�

Black coal , NSW/AU

�

U

�

-3.74 GJ LHV

�

91.9 kg

�

Black coal , QLD/AU

�

U

�

1.9 GJ LHV

�

22.1 kg

�

Black coal , WA/AU U

�

0.414 GJ LHV

�

301 kg

�

Brown coal ,

�

Victoria /AU U

�

2.44 GJ LHV

�

-106 kg

�

Calcined Lime/AU U

�

-1.74 GJ LHV

�

216 kg

�

Cement, portland/AU

�

U

�

1.21 GJ LHV

�

- 89.2 kg

�

Crude oil, Australian

�

average /AU U

�

-3.98 GJ LHV

�

3.17E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average ,

�

9.03 GJ LHV

�

960 MJ

�


�

NSW, sent out/AU U

�

2.63 GJ LHV

�

706 MJ

�


�

QLD, sent out/AU U

�

1.91 GJ LHV

�

142 MJ

�


�

WA, sent out/AU U

�

0.415 GJ LHV

�

762 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out/AU

�

U

�

2.44 GJ LHV

�

- 568 MJ

�

Energy , from fuel

�

oil/AU U

�

- 0.722 GJ LHV

�

-899 MJ

�


�

just fuel, CO2,CH4,

�

& N2O/AU U

�

-1.05 GJ LHV

�

- 2.12E3 MJ

�


�

gas, just fuel,

�

CO2,CH4, &

�

- 2.22 GJ LHV

�

- 3.86E3 MJ

�


�

gas /AU U

�

-3.98 GJ LHV

�

- 59.5 kg

�

Fuel oil , at

�

consumer /AU U

�

-2.83 GJ LHV

�

-1.22E3 kg

�

Iron ore /AU U

�

-5.24 GJ LHV

�

-305 kg

�


�

- 1.36 GJ LHV

�

-990 kg

�

Iron ore sinter ,

�

Bluescope Port

�

Kembla/AU U

�

- 5.53 GJ LHV

�

- 133 m3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed/AU U

�

-5.42 GJ LHV

�

-102 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-5.42 GJ LHV

�

- 133 m3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-5.42 GJ LHV

�

- 16.8 kg

�

Petroleum coke /AU U

�

- 0.927 GJ LHV

�

-921 kg

�


�

Port Kembla /AU U

�

-17.1 GJ LHV

�

- 2.33E4 tkm

�

Shipping ,

�

international

�

freight /AU U

�

-1.77 GJ LHV

�

- 407 MJ

�

Transport infrast .

�

priv. sect/AU U

�

- 0.443 GJ LHV

�

- 240 kg

�


�

slag /AU U

�

0.93 GJ LHV

�

240 kg

�


�

credit to steel

�

production /AU U

�

1.2 GJ LHV

�

- 950 kg

�

Steel , Bluescope

�

Port Kembla , all

�

-20 GJ LHV

�

-246 kg

�

Coke for

�

steelmaking /AU U

�

-8.06 GJ LHV

�

-0.0335 m3

�

Crude oil,

�

domestic/AU U

�

-1.22 GJ LHV

�

-0.0724 m3

�

Crude oil,

�

imported /GLO U

�

- 2.77 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Electro arc steel ,

�

Recycled, including

�

Smorgon NPI /AU U

�

12.1 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Steel scrap (C&I and

�

C&D) - Collect &

�

12.2 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Steel scrap ( C&I and

�

C&D) - Net benefit of

�

recycling

�

-7.94 GJ LHV



Figure 23: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

3.17E3 MJ

�

Electricity, high

�


�

average /AU U

�

1.36 kL H2O

�

- 3.12 kg

�

Bauxite /AU U

�

-0.0968 kL H 2O

�

- 172 kg

�

Black coal , NSW/AU

�

U

�

- 0.0473 kL H2O

�

216 kg

�

Cement, portland /AU

�

U

�

3.87 kL H2O

�

- 94.8 MJ

�

Electricity, high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

-0.0439 kL H 2O

�

3.17E3 MJ

�

Electricity, high

�


�

average ,

�

1.36 kL H2O

�

- 94.8 MJ

�

Electricity, high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

-0.0439 kL H 2O

�

960 MJ

�


�

NSW, sent out/AU U

�

0.417 kL H 2O

�

706 MJ

�


�

QLD, sent out/AU U

�

0.414 kL H2O

�

142 MJ

�


�

WA, sent out/AU U

�

0.0597 kL H 2O

�

762 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out/AU

�

0.337 kL H2O

�

-1.22E3 kg

�

Iron ore /AU U

�

-0.279 kL H 2O

�

- 305 kg

�


�

- 0.0769 kL H2O

�

-990 kg

�

Iron ore sinter ,

�

Bluescope Port

�

Kembla /AU U

�

-0.13 kL H 2O

�

- 921 kg

�


�

Port Kembla /AU U

�

3.42 kL H 2O

�

-240 kg

�


�

slag/AU U

�

3.84 kL H2O

�

240 kg

�


�

credit to steel

�

production/AU U

�

3.86 kL H2O

�

- 950 kg

�

Steel, Bluescope

�

Port Kembla , all

�

virgin material , AU

�

0.714 kL H 2O

�

- 246 kg

�

Coke for

�

steelmaking /AU U

�

- 0.121 kL H2O

�

1E3 kg

�

Electro arc steel ,

�


�

1.65 kL H2O

�

1E3 kg

�


�

C&D) - Collect &

�

reprocess

�

1.65 kL H2O

�

1E3 kg

�


�

C&D) - Net benefit of

�

recycling

�

2.36 kL H2O



Figure 24: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shownshaded.

3.17E3 MJ

Electric ity , high voltage ,

Australian average /AU

U

0.0342 tonnes

3.17E3 MJ

Electric ity , high voltage ,

Australian average ,

production /AU U

0.0342 tonnes

960 MJ



0.0166 tonnes

46.1 kg

Fly ash processing //AU

U

0.0277 tonnes

-1.22E3 kg

Iron ore /AU U

-0.141 tonnes

-305 kg


-0.0354 tonnes

-990 kg

Iron ore s inter ,

Bluescope Port

Kembla/AU U

-0.0666 tonnes

-47.5 kg

Landf ill inert w aste /AU

U

-0.0475 tonnes

-921 kg

Pig iron, Bluescope Port

Kembla/AU U

-0.138 tonnes

-950 kg


Kembla , all v irgin

material, AU

-0.206 tonnes

-1E3 kg

Landf ill Steel , C& I and

C&D sources

-0.986 tonnes

-1E3 kg

landf ill of steel f rom C &I

and C&D

-0.986 tonnes

1E3 kg

Electro arc steel ,

Recycled, including

Smorgon NPI /AU U

0.145 tonnes

1E3 kg


C&D) - Collect &

reprocess

0.195 tonnes

1E3 kg


C&D) - Net benef it of

recycling

-0.996 tonnes

Documents

Appendix 1 – Metals · !"#$#%&#'(#($)#'#*+&,$-*$.#/0/1+'2$3$1+*#$/0/1#$4,,#,,5#'&6$788#'(+%$9$ $:#84.&5#'&$-*$>'?+.-'5#'&@$a1+54&#$a"4'2#$4'($b4&#.$cdb$ e$!4)1#$9e6$$ f#'#*+&,$4'($+584

Appendix 1 – Metals · !"#$#%&#'(#($)#'#+&,$-$.#/0/1+'2$3$1+#$/0/1#$4,,#,,5#'&6$788#'(+%$9$ $:#84.&5#'&$-$>'?+.-'5#'&@$a1+54&#$a"4'2#$4'($b4&#.$cdb$ e$!4)1#$9e6$$ f#'#*+&,$4'($+584