APPENDIX 3.2: BLASTING - SLR Consulting · 2017-07-11 · 1997 Project Management Certificate, Damelin College . 2000 Advanced Certificate in Blasting, Technikon SA . Member: International

APPENDIX 3.2:

BLASTING

SLR Consulting~Wild Coast Stone Quarry~EIAReport~160919V01

Blast Management & Consulting Page 1 of 128

Blast Management & Consulting

Quality Service on Time

Report: Blast Impact Assessment SQ1 Quarry

Date: 20 January 2017 BM&C Ref No: SLR Consulting~Wild Coast Stone Quarry~EIAReport~160919V01 Client Ref No: n/a

Signed:

Name: JD Zeeman

Note: This document is the property of Blast Management & Consulting and should be treated as confidential. No information in this document may be redistributed nor used at any other site than the project it is intended for without prior consent from the author. The information presented is given with the intention of assisting the receiver with optimized blast results and to ensure that a safe and healthy blasting practice is conducted. Due to unforeseen rock formations that may occur, neither the author nor his employees will assume liability for any alleged or actual damages arising directly or indirectly out of the recommendations and information given in this document.



i. Document Prepared and Authorised by: JD Zeeman Blast Management & Consulting (CK97 31139 / 23) 61 Sovereign Drive Route 21 Corporate Park Irene South Africa PO Box 61538 Pierre van Ryneveld Centurion 0045 Cell: +27 82 854 2725 Tel: +27 (0)12 345 1445 Fax: +27 (0)12 345 1443 ii. Study Team Qualifications And Background The study team comprises J D Zeeman (as the member of Blast Management & Consulting) and Blast Management & Consulting employees. Blast Management & Consulting’s main areas of concern are pre-blast consultation and monitoring, insitu monitoring, post-blast monitoring and consulting as well as specialised projects. Blast Management & Consulting has been active in the mining industry since 1997 and work has been done at various levels for mining companies in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone and Côte d'Ivoire. J D Zeeman holds the following qualifications: 1985 - 1987 Diploma: Explosives Technology, Technikon Pretoria 1990 - 1992 BA Degree, University of Pretoria 1994 National Higher Diploma: Explosives Technology, Technikon Pretoria 1997 Project Management Certificate, Damelin College 2000 Advanced Certificate in Blasting, Technikon SA Member: International Society of Explosive Engineers iii. Independence Declaration Blast Management & Consulting is an independent company. The work done for the report was performed in an objective manner and according to national and international standards, which means that the results and findings may not all be positive for the client. Blast Management & Consulting has the required expertise to conduct such an investigation and draft the specialist report relevant to the study. Blast Management & Consulting did not engage in any behaviour that could be result in a conflict of interest in undertaking this study.



iv. Legal Requirements In terms of the NEMA 2014 EIA Regulations contained in GN R982 of 04 December 2014 all specialist studies must comply with Appendix 6 of the NEMA 2014 EIA Regulations (GN R982 of 04 December 2014). Table 1 show the requirements as indicated above. Table 1: Legal Requirements for All Specialist Studies Conducted

Legal Requirement Relevant Section in Specialist study

(1) A specialist report prepared in terms of these Regulations must contain-

(a) details of-

(i) the specialist who prepared the report; and i

(ii) the expertise of that specialist to compile a specialist report including a curriculum vitae

Section ii and 23

(b) a declaration that the specialist is independent in a form as may be specified by the competent authority;

Section iii

(c) an indication of the scope of, and the purpose for which, the report was prepared;

Section 4

(d) the date and season of the site investigation and the relevance of the season to the outcome of the assessment;

Section 8

(e) a description of the methodology adopted in preparing the report or carrying out the specialised process

Section 6

(f) the specific identified sensitivity of the site related to the activity and its associated structures and infrastructure;

Section 7

(g) an identification of any areas to be avoided, including buffers; Section 7

(h) a map superimposing the activity including the associated structures and infrastructure on the environmental sensitivities of the site including areas to be avoided, including buffers;

Section 7

(i) a description of any assumptions made and any uncertainties or gaps in knowledge;

Section 9

(j) a description of the findings and potential implications of such findings on the impact of the proposed activity, including identified alternatives on the environment;

Section 16

(k) any mitigation measures for inclusion in the EMPr; Section 16.11

(l) any conditions/aspects for inclusion in the environmental authorisation;

Section 20

(m) any monitoring requirements for inclusion in the EMPr or Section 19



Legal Requirement Relevant Section in Specialist study

environmental authorisation; (n) a reasoned opinion (Environmental Impact Statement)- Section 22

as to whether the proposed activity or portions thereof should be authorised; and

Section 22

if the opinion is that the proposed activity or portions thereof should be authorised, any avoidance, management and mitigation measures that should be included in the EMPr, and where applicable, the closure plan;

Section 22

(o) a description of any consultation process that was undertaken during the course of preparing the specialist report;

Section 12

(p) a summary and copies of any comments received during any consultation process and where applicable all responses thereto; and

Section 12

(q) any other information requested by the competent authority. None

v. Document Control: Name Responsibility Action Signature Date C Zeeman Blast Management & Consulting

Document Preparation

Original Report Prepared

19/09/2016

JD Zeeman Blast Management & Consulting

Consultant Original Report Finalised

19/09/2016

C Zeeman Blast Management & Consulting

Document Preparation

Changed quarry layout up dated in report

12/01/2017

JD Zeeman Blast Management & Consulting

Consultant New Quarry Layout evaluated

12/01/2017



Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary.......................................................................................................... 11

2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 13

3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 13

4 Scope of blast impact study ............................................................................................. 14

5 Study area ........................................................................................................................ 15

6 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 15

7 Site Investigation ............................................................................................................. 16

8 Season applicable to the investigation ............................................................................. 16

9 Assumptions and Limitations ........................................................................................... 16

10 Legal Requirements ......................................................................................................... 17

11 Sensitivity of Project ........................................................................................................ 18

12 Consultation process ........................................................................................................ 20

13 Influence from blasting operations .................................................................................. 20

13.1 Ground vibration limitations on structures ........................................................................... 20

13.2 Ground vibration limitations and human perceptions .......................................................... 22

13.3 Air blast limitations on structures .......................................................................................... 23

13.4 Air blast limitations and human perceptions ......................................................................... 24

13.5 Fly rock ................................................................................................................................... 24

13.6 Noxious Fumes ....................................................................................................................... 26

14 Baseline Results ............................................................................................................... 26

14.1 Ground vibration and air blast predictions ............................................................................ 26

14.2 Structure profile ..................................................................................................................... 30

15 Construction Phase: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures .................................. 59

16 Operational Phase: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures ................................... 59

16.1 Review of expected ground vibration .................................................................................... 59

16.2 Summary of ground vibration levels ...................................................................................... 79

16.3 Ground Vibration and human perception.............................................................................. 79

16.4 Vibration impact on roads ...................................................................................................... 80

16.5 Potential that vibration will upset adjacent communities ..................................................... 80

16.6 Review of expected air blast .................................................................................................. 81

16.7 Summary of findings for air blast ......................................................................................... 100

16.8 Fly-rock unsafe zone ............................................................................................................ 100

16.9 Noxious fumes ...................................................................................................................... 103

16.10 Potential Environmental Impact Assessment: Operational Phase ...................................... 103



16.11 Mitigations ........................................................................................................................... 108

17 Closure Phase: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures ........................................ 112

18 Alternatives (Comparison and Recommendation) .......................................................... 112

19 Monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 112

20 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 114

20.1 Regulatory requirements ..................................................................................................... 114

20.2 Relocation ............................................................................................................................. 116

20.3 Blast Designs ........................................................................................................................ 119

20.4 Safe blasting distance and evacuation ................................................................................. 119

20.5 Road Closure ........................................................................................................................ 120

20.6 Recommended ground vibration and air blast levels .......................................................... 120

20.7 Blasting times ....................................................................................................................... 120

20.8 Photographic Inspections ..................................................................................................... 120

20.9 Third party monitoring ......................................................................................................... 124

21 Knowledge Gaps ............................................................................................................ 124

22 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 124

23 Curriculum Vitae of Author ............................................................................................ 126

24 References ..................................................................................................................... 128



List of Acronyms used in this Report a and b Site Constant ANFO Ammonium nitrate fuel oil APP Air Pressure Pulse B Burden (m) BM&C Blast Management & Consulting Bs Scaled Burden (m3/2kg-1/2) D Distance (m) D Duration (s) E East E Explosive Mass (kg) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Freq. Frequency GRP Gas Release Pulse I&AP Interested and Affected Parties k Factor value L Maximum Throw (m) Lat/Lon hddd°mm'ss.s"

Latitude/Longitude Hours/degrees/minutes/seconds

M Charge Height m (SH) Stemming height M/S Magnitude/Severity Mc Charge mass per metre column N North NE North East NO Nitrogen Monoxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide NOx Nitrogen Oxide NOx’s Noxious Fumes NW North West p𝑠 Air blast level (dB) 𝑃 Air blast level (Pa (mB x 100)) 𝑃𝑜 Reference Pressure (2 x 10-5 Pa) P Probability POI Points of Interest PPD Peak particle displacement PPV Peak Particle Velocity PVS Peak vector sum RPP Rock Pressure Pulse



S Scale S South SE South East SH Stemming height (m) SW South West T Blasted Tonnage TNT Explosives (Trinitrotoluene) USBM United States Bureau of Mine W West WGS 84 Coordinates (South African) WM With Mitigation Measures WOM Without Mitigation Measures

List of Units used in this Report % percentage cm centimetre dB decibel dBL linear decibel g acceleration g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetre Hz frequency kg kilogram kg/m3 kilogram per cubic metre kg/t kilogram per tonne km kilometre kPa kilopascal m metre mᵌ metre squared MJ Mega Joules MJ/m³ Mega Joules per cubic meter MJ/t Mega Joules per tonne mB millibar mm/s millimetres per second mm/s2 millimetres per second square ms milliseconds Pa Pascal ppm parts per million psi pounds per square inch θ theta or angle



List of Figures Figure 1: Locality of the project area ................................................................................................. 15

Figure 2: Proposed mining area layout .............................................................................................. 15

Figure 3: Identified sensitive areas .................................................................................................... 19

Figure 4: USBM Analysis Graph .......................................................................................................... 21

Figure 5: USBM Analysis with Human Perception ............................................................................. 23

Figure 6: Schematic of fly rock terminology ...................................................................................... 25

Figure 7: Simulation blast with timing contours and charge mass per delay graph ......................... 28

Figure 8: Proposed prediction equations ........................................................................................... 30

Figure 9: Aerial view and surface plan of the proposed mining area with points of interest identified ............................................................................................................................................ 32

Figure 10: Ground vibration influence from minimum charge for Quarry Area ............................... 61

Figure 11: Ground vibration influence from maximum charge for Quarry Area ............................... 70

Figure 12: The effect of ground vibration with human perception and vibration limits .................. 80

Figure 13: Air blast influence from minimum charge for Quarry Area .............................................. 82

Figure 14: Air blast influence from maximum charge for Quarry Area ............................................. 91

Figure 15: Fly rock prediction calculation ........................................................................................ 101

Figure 16: Predicted Fly rock Exclusion Zone ................................................................................... 102

Figure 17: Structures identified where ground vibration mitigation will be required. ................... 110

Figure 18: Monitoring Positions suggested for the Quarry. ............................................................ 113

Figure 19: Regulatory 500 m range for the Quarry ......................................................................... 116

Figure 20: 600 m area around the Quarry ....................................................................................... 117

Figure 21: Photographic inspection area and POI’s ......................................................................... 121

List of Tables Table 1: Legal Requirements for All Specialist Studies Conducted ...................................................... 3

Table 2: Damage Limits for Air Blast .................................................................................................. 24

Table 3: Blast design technical information ....................................................................................... 27

Table 4: POI Classification used ......................................................................................................... 30

Table 5: List of points of interest identified (WGS – LO 29ᵒ) ............................................................. 33

Table 6: Structure Profile ................................................................................................................... 40

Table 7: Ground vibration evaluation for minimum charge for Quarry ............................................ 62

Table 8: Ground vibration evaluation for maximum charge ............................................................. 71

Table 9: Air blast evaluation for minimum charge ............................................................................ 83

Table 10: Air blast evaluation for maximum charge .......................................................................... 92

Table 11: Fly rock concern POI’s ...................................................................................................... 103

Table 12: Evaluation matrix criteria ................................................................................................. 104

Table 13: Risk assessment outcome before mitigation ................................................................... 105



Table 14: Risk assessment outcome after mitigation ...................................................................... 106

Table 15: Structures at the Quarry Area identified as problematic ................................................ 108

Table 16: Mitigation measures for ground vibration ....................................................................... 111

Table 17: List of possible monitoring positions ............................................................................... 113

Table 18: List of possible installations within regulatory 500 m ..................................................... 114

Table 19: POI’s to be considered for relocation .............................................................................. 117

Table 20: Recommended ground vibration air blast limits ............................................................. 120

Table 21: Recommended POI’s for photographic inspections ........................................................ 121



1 Executive Summary

Blast Management & Consulting (BM&C) was contracted as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to perform an initial review of possible impacts with regards to blasting operations in the proposed SQ1 Quarry located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Ground vibration, air blast, fly rock and fumes are some of the aspects resulting from blasting operations. The report concentrates on the possible influences of ground vibration, air blast and fly rock. It intends to provide information, calculations, predictions, possible influences and mitigation of blasting operations for this project. The project area has people and houses at very close distance to the project area. There are houses located within the quarry area. Specific attention will need to be given to these. These 13 houses holds will have to be relocated. The nearest house or buildings outside quarry area is found 127 m away from the blasting area. The ground vibration levels predicted for all installations evaluated surrounding the quarry area ranged between 0.9 mm/s and 71.1 mm/s. Ground vibration levels at the nearest buildings where people may be present is 71.1 mm/s. The structures considered in the evaluation showed that up to 555 m from the quarry boundary, concerns for damages are possible. Specific attention will be required for adjustments in the blasting operations to ensure expected levels of ground vibration and air blast are within the required limits. There are also regulations that will need to be followed for permission to conduct blasting operations with these installations within 500 m from the blast operations. The levels predicted do show high and low levels of ground vibration but in general ground vibration could be experienced as unpleasant at the maximum charge on the human perception scale. Air blast predicted for the maximum charge ranges between 120.1 and 142.3 dB for all the POI’s considered outside the quarry area. These levels may contribute to effects such as rattling of roofs or door or windows and is expected to be damaging. Damages are only expected to occur at levels greater than 134dB and 134 dB is only expected at distances closer than 333 m to the quarry area. An exclusion zone for safe blasting was also calculated. The exclusion zone was established to be at least 206 m. Normal practice observed in mines is a 500 m exclusion zone. The use of minimum 206 m exclusion zone is rather recommended in this instance. This may be reduced once blasting has started and distances are confirmed. Recommendations were made that should be considered, specifically for review of blast designs, monitoring of ground vibration and air blast, safe blasting zones, safe ground vibration and air



blast limits, relocation of households, structure inspections and blasting times. Specific recommendation is that it must be considered to relocate all households within 600 m from the blasting area. This concludes this investigation for the SQ1 Quarry Project. There is no reason to believe that this operation cannot continue if attention is given to the recommendations made.



2 Introduction

The application area is located approximately 33km south-east of the town of Flagstaff within the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality, OR Tambo District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa at coordinates (Lat/Lon WGS84) 31°11'56.0"S 29°46'10.8"E. The products from the stone quarry are to be used in bridge construction as part of establishing the road network in the Eastern Cape. The operation planned involves drilling and blasting operations, crushing and screening to provide of correct size of material for bridge construction works. The SQ1 Quarry Project is a greenfields project with no quarrying operations currently being conducted. The SQ1 Quarry Project has no specific contribution with regards to ground vibration, air blast or fly rock at the moment due to no operations being done. There are no other operational quarries or mines in the vicinity of this planned quarry. As part of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Blast Management & Consulting (BM&C) was contracted to perform a review of possible impacts from blasting operations for the proposed quarry. Ground vibration, air blast and fly rock are some of the aspects that result from blasting operations and this study considers the possible influences that blasting may have on the surrounding area in this respect. The report concentrates on ground vibration and air blast and intends to provide information, calculations, predictions, possible influences and mitigating aspects of blasting operations for the project.

3 Objectives

The objectives of this document are: outlining the expected environmental effects that blasting operations at the SQ1 Quarry may have on the surrounding environment; proposing the specific mitigation measures that will be required. This study investigates the related influences of expected ground vibration, air blast and fly rock. These effects are investigated in relation to the blast site area and surrounds and the possible influence on nearby private installations, houses and the owners or occupants. The objectives were dealt with whilst taking specific protocols into consideration. The protocols applied in this document are based on the author’s experience, guidelines taken from literature research, client requirements and general indicators in the various appropriate pieces of South African legislation. There is no direct reference in the following acts to requirements and limits on the effect of ground vibration and air blast and some of the aspects addressed in this report: • National Environmental Management Act No. 107 of 1998 • Mine Health and Safety Act No. 29 of 1996



• Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act No. 28 of 2002 • Explosives Act No. 15 of 2003. The guidelines and safe blasting criteria are based on internationally accepted standards and specifically criteria for safe blasting for ground vibration and recommendations on air blast published by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM). There are no specific South African standards and the USBM is well accepted as standard for South Africa.

4 Scope of blast impact study

The scope of the study is determined by the terms of reference to achieve the objectives. The terms of reference can be summarised according to the following steps taken as part of the EIA study with regards to ground vibration, air blast and fly rock due to blasting operations.

• Background information of the proposed site • Blasting Operation Requirements • Site specific evaluation of blasting operations according to the following:

o Evaluation of expected ground vibration levels from blasting operations at specific distances and on structures in surrounding areas

o Evaluation of expected ground vibration influence on neighbouring communities o Evaluation of expected blasting influence on national and provincial roads surrounding

the blasting operations if present o Evaluation of expected ground vibration levels on water boreholes if present within 500

m from blasting operations o Evaluation of expected air blast levels at specific distances from the operations and

possible influence on structures o Evaluation of fly rock unsafe zone o Discussion on the occurrence of noxious fumes and dangers of fumes o Evaluation of the location of blasting operations in relation to surrounding areas

according to the regulations from the applicable Acts • Impact Assessment • Mitigations • Recommendations • Conclusion



5 Study area

The application area is located approximately 33km south-east of the town of Flagstaff within the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality, OR Tambo District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa at coordinates (Lat/Lon WGS84) 31°11'56.0"S 29°46'10.8"E. Figure 1 shows a geographical locality plan of the SQ1 Quarry project area. Figure 2 shows a view of the proposed layout for the mining area with indication of the quarry specifically. Figure 1: Locality of the project area

Figure 2: Proposed mining area layout

6 Methodology

The detailed plan of study consists of the following sections. • Base line influence: Determine if the project evaluated is part of existing operations

with blasting activities currently being done or no operations yet. If operational then baseline monitoring is done. If not the baseline is zero with no specific influence from blasting.



• Identifying surface structures / installations that are found within reason from project site. A list of Point of Interests (POI’s) are created that will be used for evaluation.

• Site evaluation: This consists of evaluation of the planned mining drilling and blasting operations and the possible influences from the blasting operations. The methodology includes modelling the expected impact based on the expected drilling and blasting information provided for the project. Various accepted mathematical equations are applied to determine the attenuation of ground vibration, air blast and fly rock. These values are then calculated over the distance investigated from site and shown as amplitude level contours. Overlaying these contours on the location of the various receptors then gives an indication of the possible impacts and the expected results of potential impacts. Evaluation of each receptor according to the predicted levels then gives an indication of the possible mitigation measures to be applied. The possible environmental or social impacts are then addressed in the detailed EIA phase investigation.

• Reporting: All data is prepared in a single report and provided for review.

7 Site Investigation

The site was visited and specific structure identification was done on 23 August 2016. This site visit was done specifically to get understanding of the location of the quarry area for the project and identifying the structures and installations surrounding the proposed new quarry.

8 Season applicable to the investigation

The drilling and blasting operations are not season dependable. The investigation into the possible effects from blasting operations is not season bounded.

9 Assumptions and Limitations

The proposed surface infrastructure includes a quarry, stockpile area, plant area, integrated mine residue dump, workshops, change house, administration facilities and associated infrastructure. The project is a greenfields project with no drilling and blasting operations currently active. The anticipated levels of influence estimated in this report are calculated using standard accepted methodology according to international and local regulations. Assumption is made that the predictions are a good estimate with significant safety factors to ensure that expected levels are based on worst case scenarios. These will have to be confirmed with actual measurements once the operation is active. The limitation is that no data is available from this operation for a confirmation of the predicted values as it is a greenfield site with no current blasting activities.



10 Legal Requirements

The protocols applied in this document are based on the author’s experience, guidelines elicited by the literature research, client requirements and general indicators provided in the various applicable South African acts. There is no direct reference in the consulted acts specifically with regard to limiting levels for ground vibration and air blast. There is however specific requirements and regulations with regards to blasting operations and the effect of ground vibration and air blast and some of the aspects addressed in this report. The acts consulted are: National Environmental Management Act No. 107 of 1998; Mine Health and Safety Act No. 29 of 1996; Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act No. 28 of 2002; and the Explosives Act Explosives Act No. 15 of 2003. The guidelines and safe blasting criteria applied in this study are as per internationally accepted standards, and specifically the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) criteria for safe blasting for ground vibration and the recommendations on air blast. There are no specific South African standards and the USBM is well accepted as standard for South Africa. Additional criteria required by various institutions in South Africa were also taken into consideration, i.e. Eskom, Telkom, Transnet, Rand Water Board, etc. In view of the acts consulted the following guidelines and regulations are noted: (where possible detail was omitted and only some of the information indicated)

• MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT 29 OF 1996 (Gazette No.17242, Notice No. 967 dated 14 June 1996. Commencement date: 15 January 1997 for all sections with the exception of sections 86(2) and (3), which came into operation on 15 January 1998, [Proc.No.4, Gazette No. 17725]) MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS Precautionary measures before initiating explosive charges 4.7 The employer must take reasonable measures to ensure that when blasting takes place, air and ground vibrations, shock waves and fly material are limited to such an extent and at such a distance from any building, public thoroughfare, railway, power line or any place where persons congregate to ensure that there is no significant risk to the health or safety of persons. General precautions 4.16 The employer must take reasonable measures to ensure that: 4.16(1) in any mine other than a coal mine, no explosive charges are initiated during the shift unless – (a) such explosive charges are necessary for the purpose of secondary blasting or reinitiating the misfired holes in development faces; (b) written permission for such initiation has been granted by a person authorised to do so by the employer; and (c) reasonable precautions have been taken to prevent, as far as possible, any person from being exposed to smoke or fumes from such initiation of explosive charges; 4.16(2) no blasting operations are carried out within a horizontal distance of 500 metres of any public building, public thoroughfare, railway line, power line, any place where people congregate or any other structure, which it may be necessary to protect in order to prevent any significant risk, unless:



(a) a risk assessment has identified a lesser safe distance and any restrictions and conditions to be complied with; (b) a copy of the risk assessment, restrictions and conditions contemplated, in paragraph (a) have been provided for approval to the Principal Inspector of Mines; (c) shot holes written permission has been granted by the Principal Inspector of Mines; and (d) any restrictions and conditions determined by the Principal inspector of Mines are complied with.

• MINERAL AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT 28 OF 2002 (Gazette No. 23922, Notice No. 1273 dated 10 October 2002. Commencement date: 1 May 2004 [Proc. No. R25, Gazette No. 26264]) MINERAL AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT REGULATIONS 67. Blasting, vibration and shock management and control (1) A holder of a right or permit in terms of the Act must comply with the provisions of the Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996, (Act No. 29 of 1996), as well as other applicable law regarding blasting, vibration and shock management and control. (2) An assessment of impacts relating to blasting, vibration and shock management and control, where applicable, must form part of the environmental impact assessment report and environmental management programme or the environmental management plan, as the case may be.

11 Sensitivity of Project

A review of the project and the surrounding areas is done before any specific analysis is undertaken and sensitivity mapping is done, based on typical areas and distance from the proposed quarry area. This sensitivity map uses distances normally associated where possible influences may occur and where influence is expected to be very low or none. Two different areas were identified in this regard:

• A highly sensitive area of 500 m around the mining area. Normally, this 500 m area is considered an area that should be cleared of all people and animals prior to blasting. Levels of ground vibration and air blast are also expected to be higher closer to the quarry area.

• An area 500 m to 1500 m around the quarry area can be considered as being a medium sensitive area. In this area, the possibility of impact is still expected, but it is lower. The expected level of influence may be low, but there may still be reason for concern, as levels could be low enough not to cause structural damage but still upset people.

• An area greater than 1500 m is considered low sensitivity area. In this area it is relatively certain that influences will be low with low possibility of damages and limited possibility to upset people.

Figure 3 shows the sensitivity mapping with the identified points of interest (POI) in the surrounding areas for the proposed SQ1 Quarry project. The specific influences will be determined through the work done for this project in this report.



Figure 3: Identified sensitive areas



12 Consultation process

No specific consultation with external parties was utilised. The work done is based on the author’s knowledge, baseline work at client’s operations and information provided by the client.

13 Influence from blasting operations

Blasting operations are required to break rock for excavation to access the targeted ore material. Explosives in blast holes provide the required energy to conduct the work. Ground vibration, air blast and fly rock are a result from the blasting process. Based on the regulations of the different acts consulted and international accepted standards these effects are required to be within certain limits. The following sections provide guidelines on these limits. As indicated there are no specific South African ground vibration and air blast limit standards.

13.1 Ground vibration limitations on structures

Ground vibration is measured in velocity with units of millimetres per second (mm/s). Ground vibration can also be reported in units of acceleration or displacement if required. Different types of structures have different tolerances to ground vibration. A steel structure or a concrete structure will have a higher resistance to vibrations than a well-built brick and mortar house. A brick and mortar house will be more resistant to vibrations than a poorly constructed or a traditional built mud house. Different limits are then applicable to the different types of structures. Limitations on ground vibration take the form of maximum allowable levels or intensity for different installations or structures. Ground vibration limits are also dependent on the frequency of the ground vibration. Frequency is the rate at which the vibration oscillates. Faster oscillation is synonym with higher frequency and lower oscillation is synonym with lower frequency. Lower frequencies are less acceptable than higher frequencies because structures have a low natural frequency. Significant ground vibration at low frequencies could cause increased structure vibrations due to the natural low frequency of the structure and this may lead to crack formation or damages to occur. Currently, the USBM criteria for safe blasting are applied as the industry standard where private structures are of concern. Ground vibration amplitude and frequency is recorded an analysed. The data is then evaluated accordingly. The USBM graph is used for plotting of data and evaluating the data. Figure 4 below provides a graphic representation of the USBM analysis for safe ground vibration levels. The USBM graph is divided mainly into two parts. The red lines in the figure are the USBM criteria:



• Analysed data displayed in the bottom half of the graph shows safe ground vibration levels, • Analysed data displayed in the top half of the graph shows potentially unsafe ground

vibration levels: Added to the USBM graph is a blue line and green dotted line that represents 6 mm/s and 12.5 mm/s additional criteria that are used by BM&C.

Figure 4: USBM Analysis Graph Additional limitations that should be considered were determined through research and prescribed by the various institutions; these are as follows:

• National roads/tar roads: 150 mm/s • Steel pipelines: 50 mm/s (Rand Water Board) • Electrical lines: 75 mm/s (Eskom) • Sasol Pipe Lines: 25 mms/s (Sasol) • Railways: 150 mm/s • Concrete less than 3 days old: 5 mm/s • Concrete after 10 days: 200 mm/s • Sensitive plant equipment: 12 mm/s or 25 mm/s, depending on type. (Some switches could

trip at levels of less than 25 mm/s.) • Waterwells: 50 mm/s

6 6

12.5 12.5

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100

Grou

nd V

ibra

tion

(mm

/s)

Frequency (Hz)

Wild Coast Stone QuarryUSBM Graph and BM&C Ground Vibration Limits

Safe Blasting Zone

Above Limit Zone



Considering the above limitations, BM&C work is based on the following:

• USBM criteria for safe blasting. • The additional limits provided above. • Consideration of private structures in the area of influence. • Should structures be in poor condition the basic limit of 25 mm/s is halved to 12.5 mm/s or

when structures are in very poor condition limits will be restricted to 6 mm/s. It is a standard accepted method to reduce the limit allowed with poorer condition of structures.

• Traditional built mud houses are limited to 6 mm/s. The 6 mm/s limit is used due to unknowns on how these structures will react to blasting. There is also no specific scientific data available that would indicate otherwise.

• Input from other consultants in the field locally and internationally.

13.2 Ground vibration limitations and human perceptions

A further aspect of ground vibration and frequency of vibration that must be considered is human perceptions. It should be realized that the legal limit set for structures is significantly greater than the comfort zone of human beings. Humans and animals are sensitive to ground vibration and the vibration of structures. Research has shown that humans will respond to different levels of ground vibration at different frequencies. Ground vibration is experienced at different levels; BM&C considers only the levels that are experienced as “Perceptible”, “Unpleasant” and “Intolerable”. This is indicative of the human being’s perceptions of ground vibration and clearly indicates that humans are sensitive to ground vibration and humans perceive ground vibration levels of 4.5 mm/s as unpleasant (See Figure 5). This guideline helps with managing ground vibration and the complaints that could be received due to blast induced ground vibration. Indicated on Figure 5 is blue solid line that indicates a ground vibration level of 12.5 mm/s and a green dotted line that indicates a ground vibration level of 6 mm/s. These are levels that are used in evaluation. Generally, people also assume that any vibration of a structure - windows or roofs rattling - will cause damage to the structure. Air blast is one of the causes of vibration of a structure and is the cause of nine out of ten complaints.



Figure 5: USBM Analysis with Human Perception

13.3 Air blast limitations on structures

Air blast or air-overpressure is a pressure wave generated from the blasting process. Air blast is measured as a pressure in pascal (Pa) and reported as a decibel value (dBL). Air blast is normally associated with frequency levels less than 20 Hz, which is at the threshold for hearing. Air blast can be influenced by meteorological conditions, the final blast layout, timing, stemming, accessories used, blast covered by a layer of soil or not etc. Air blast should not be confused with sound that is within the audible range (detected by the human ear). A blast does generate sound as well but for the purpose of possible damage capability we are only concerned with air blast in this report. The three main causes of air blasts can be observed as:

• Direct rock displacement at the blast; the air pressure pulse (APP) • Vibrating ground some distance away from the blast; rock pressure pulse (RPP) • Venting of blast holes or blowouts; the gas release pulse (GRP)

The general recommended limit for air blast currently applied in South Africa is 134dB. This is based on work done by the USBM. The USBM also indicates that the level is reduced to 128 dB in proximity of hospitals, schools and sensitive areas where people congregate. Based on work carried out by Siskind et al. (1980), monitored air blast amplitudes up to 135dB are safe for structures, provided the monitoring instrument is sensitive to low frequencies. Persson et al. (1994) have published estimates of damage thresholds based on empirical data (Table 2). Levels

6 6

12.5 12.5

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100

Grou

nd V

ibra

tion

(mm

/s)

Frequency (Hz)

Wild Coast Stone QuarryGround Vibration Limits & Human Perception

Perceptible

Unpleasant

Intolerable

Safe Blasting Zone

Above Limit Zone



given in Table 2 are at the point of measurement. The weakest points on a structure are the windows and ceilings. Table 2: Damage Limits for Air Blast Level Description

>130 dB Resonant response of large surfaces (roofs, ceilings). Complaints start.

150 dB Some windows break

170 dB Most windows break

180 dB Structural Damage

All attempts should be made to keep air blast levels from blasting operations well below 120dB where the public is of concern.

13.4 Air blast limitations and human perceptions

Considering human perceptions and the misunderstanding about ground vibration and air blast, BM&C generally recommends that blasting be done in such a way that air blast levels are kept below 120dB. This will ensure fewer complaints regarding blasting operations due to the effect on structures (like rattling windows, doors or a large roof surface) that startle people will also be reduced. These effects are sometimes erroneously identified as ground vibration and considered to be damaging to the structure. In this report initial limits for evaluating conditions have been set at 120dB, 120 dB to 134dB and greater than 134dB. The USBM limits for nuisance is 134dB.

13.5 Fly rock

Blasting practices require some movement of rock to facilitate the excavation process. The extent of movement is dependent on the scale and type of operation. For example, blasting activities at large coal mines are designed to cast the blasted material over a greater distance than in quarries or hard rock operations or a quarry as in this project. The movement should be in the direction of the free face. In a quarry situation the free face is the surface. The orientation of the blast and expected movement direction is important. Material or elements travelling outside of a planned or expected range would be considered fly rock. Figure 6 shows schematic of fly rock definitions. Fly rock can be categorised as follows:

• Throw - the planned forward movement of rock fragments that form the muck pile within the blast zone.



• Fly rock - the undesired propulsion of rock fragments through the air or along the ground beyond the blast zone by the force of the explosion that is contained within the blast clearance (exclusion) zone. When using this definition, fly rock, while undesirable, is only a safety hazard if a breach of the blast clearance (exclusion) zone occurs.

• Wild fly rock - the unexpected propulsion of rock fragments that travels beyond the blast clearance (exclusion) zone when there is some abnormality in a blast or a rock mass.

Figure 6: Schematic of fly rock terminology Fly rock from blasting can result under the following conditions:

• When burdens are too small, rock elements can be propelled out of the free face area of the blast,

• When burdens are too large and movement of blast material is restricted and stemming length is not correct, rock elements can be forced upwards creating a crater forming fly rock,

• If the stemming material is of poor quality or too little stemming material is applied, the stemming is ejected out of the blast hole, which can result in fly rock.

Stemming of correct type and length is required to ensure that explosive energy is efficiently used to its maximum and to control fly rock. The occurrence of fly rock in any form will have impact if found to travel outside the safe boundary. If a road or structure or people or animals are within the safe boundary of a blast, irrespective of the possibility of fly rock or not, precautions should be taken to stop the traffic, remove people or animals for the period of the blast. The fact is that fly rock will cause damage to the road, vehicles or even death to people or animals. This safe boundary is determined by the appointed blaster or as per mine code of practice. BM&C uses a prediction calculation defined by the International Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) to assist with determining minimum distance.



13.6 Noxious Fumes

Explosives used in mining environment are required to be oxygen balanced. Oxygen balance refers to the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction and the nature of gases produced from the detonation of the explosives. The creation of poisonous fumes such as nitrous oxides and carbon monoxide are particularly undesirable. These fumes present themselves as red brown cloud after the blast has detonated. It has been reported that 10ppm to 20ppm can be mildly irritating. Exposure to 150 ppm or more (no time period given) has been reported to cause death from pulmonary edema. It has been predicted that 50% lethality would occur following exposure to 174ppm for 1 hour. Anybody exposed must be taken to hospital for proper treatment. Factors contributing to undesirable fumes are typically: poor quality control on explosive manufacture, damage to explosive, lack of confinement, insufficient charge diameter, excessive sleep time, water in blast holes incorrect product used or product not loaded properly and specific types of rock/geology can also contribute to fumes.

14 Baseline Results

Base line work for this report normally consists of two parts. The first part is the monitoring of blasting operations to establish criteria for prediction of ground vibration and air blast if and when blasting is done. The project is not currently active with no blasting operations being done. No specific monitoring was done. Baseline data is considered at zero level. The second part of baseline work done is familiarising oneself with the surroundings and the typical structures that are found in the area of the project. The information for this is presented below.

14.1 Ground vibration and air blast predictions

Explosives are used to break rock through the shock waves and gasses yielded from the explosion. Ground vibration and air blast is a result from blasting activities. Factors influencing ground vibration are the charge mass per delay, distance from the blast, the delay period and the geometry of the blast. These factors are controlled by planned design and proper blast preparation. An aspect that is not normally considered as pre-operation definable is the effect of air blast. This is mainly due to the fact that air blast is an aspect that can be controlled to a great degree by applying basic rules. Air blast is the direct result from the blast process, although influenced by meteorological conditions, the final blast layout, timing, stemming length, stemming material, accessories used, covered blast or not covered blast etc. all has an influence on the outcome of the result.



This project is a new planned operation with no specific blast designs available. A typical design was done for the development of the quarry in order to access the underground resource. Part of the baseline work is monitoring of existing blasting where possible. In absence of actual operations as in this case a basic blast design was constructed for the development of the quarry. Blasts were design using JKSimblast blast simulation software and simulate the outcomes for specific aspects. The simulation of the blast in the software was then used to obtain the best prediction possible. Blast was designed, charged (charged according to expected drill depths over the full development of decline and bulk area), standard timing of what can be expected was used and simulated. Table 3 shows the technical information for the design done. Figure 7 shows simulation timing contours with decks per delay from the typical timing applied. Table 3: Blast design technical information

Bench Height (m): 12.5 Stemming Length - Min (m): 2.6 B/H Depth - Min (m): 12.5 Stemming Length - Max (m): 2.6

B/H Depth - Max (m): 12.5 Type of Stemming: Aggregate 13 mm

B/H Diameter (mm): 102 Accessories Type: BME Sub Drill Length (m): 0 Down hole Timing (ms): 350

Burden (m): 2.5 Surface Timing - I/H (ms): 17 Spacing (m): 2.5 Surface Timing - I/R (ms): 42 Drill Pattern: Square Booster / Primer: 150

Quantity Blast Holes: 221 Delay Pattern: N/A Explosive Type: HEF100 Charge per delay (kg/delay): 197

Cup Density (kg/m3): 1.05 Total Explosives Qty. (kg): 22462 In-hole Density (kg/m3): 1.15 Blast Volume / Size (m3): 17265.6

Charge per b/h - Min (kg): 93 Powder Factor (kg/m3): 1.301 Charge per b/h - Max (kg): 93 Free Face: Yes Charge Length - Min (m): 9.9 Charging Configuration: N/A Charge Length - Max (m): 9.9 Max. No. of Decks / Blast hole: 1



Figure 7: Simulation blast with timing contours and charge mass per delay graph The simulation work done provided information that is applied for predicting ground vibration and air blast. Evaluation of the blasting operations considered a minimum charge and a maximum charge. The minimum charge was derived from the deepest 102 mm diameter single blasthole and the maximum charge was extracted from the blast simulation in JKSimblast. The minimum charge relates to 93 kg and the maximum charge relates to 558 kg. These values were applied in all predictions for ground vibration and air blast. When predicting ground vibration and possible decay, a standard accepted mathematical process of scaled distance is used. The equation applied (Equation 1) uses the charge mass and distance with two site constants. In the absence of testing or monitoring standard constants are applied. These constants are applied in equation 1 below. Equation 1:

𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑎(𝐷√𝐸

)−𝑏

Where: PPV = Predicted ground vibration (mm/s) a = Site constant b = Site constant D = Distance (m) E = Explosive Mass (kg) General factors applied for the constants a & b are:



a = 1143 and b = -1.65. Utilizing the abovementioned equation and the given factors, allowable levels for specific limits and expected ground vibration levels can then be calculated for various distances. Predicting the outcome of air blast is considered difficult in most circumstances. There are many variables that have influence on the outcome of air blast. In most cases mainly an indication of typical levels can be obtained. A standard cube root scaling prediction formula is applied for air blast predictions. The following Equation 2 was used to calculate possible air blast values in millibar. This equation does not take temperature or any weather conditions into account. Equation 2:

P = A x (D

E13

)−𝐵

Where: 𝑃 = Air blast level (mB) D = Distance from source (m) E = Maximum charge mass per delay (kg) A = Constant -B = Constant The constants for A and B were then selected according to the information as provided in Figure 8 below. Various types of mining operations are expected to yield different results. The information provided in Figure 8 is based on detailed research that was conduct for each of the different types of mining environments. In this report the data for coal mines was applied in the prediction or air blast.



Figure 8: Proposed prediction equations The air pressure calculated in Equation 2 is converted to decibels in Equation 3. The reporting of air blast in the decibel scale is more readily accepted in the mining industry. Equation 3:

p𝑠 = 20 x log 𝑃𝑃𝑜

Where: p𝑠 = Air blast level (dB) 𝑃 = Air blast level (Pa (mB x 100)) 𝑃𝑜 = Reference Pressure (2 x 10-5 Pa) Although the above equation was applied for prediction of air blast levels, additional measures are also recommended in order to ensure that air blast and associated fly-rock possibilities are minimized as best possible.

14.2 Structure profile

As part of the baseline, all possible structures in a possible influence area are identified. The site review is detailed here. The site was reviewed using Google Earth imagery. Information sought during the review was to identify surface structures present in a 1500 m radius from the proposed mine boundary (the quarry), which will require consideration during modelling of blasting operations, e.g. houses, general structures, power lines, pipe lines, reservoirs, mining activity, roads, shops, schools, gathering places, possible historical sites, etc. A list was prepared of all structures in the vicinity of the SQ1 Quarry area. The list includes structures and points of interest (POI) within the 1500 m boundary – see Table 4 below. A list of structure locations was required in order to determine the allowable ground vibration limits and air blast limits. Figure 9 shows an aerial view of the quarry area and surroundings with POIs. The type of POIs identified is grouped into different classes. These classes are indicated as “Classification” in Table 5. The classification used is a BM&C classification and does not relate to any standard or national or international code or practice. Table 4 shows the descriptions for the classifications used. Table 4: POI Classification used

Class Description 1 Rural Building and structures of poor construction 2 Private Houses and people sensitive areas 3 Office and High rise buildings 4 Animal related installations and animal sensitive areas



5 Industrial buildings and installations 6 Earth like structures – no surface structure 7 Graves & Heritage 8 Water Borehole



Figure 9: Aerial view and surface plan of the proposed mining area with points of interest identified



Table 5: List of points of interest identified (WGS – LO 29ᵒ)

Tag Description Classification Y X 1 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -77929.74 3453152.48 2 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78382.60 3453502.66 3 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78104.20 3453754.56 4 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78579.27 3453622.03 5 Village House 1 -77674.68 3452642.50 6 Village House 1 -77761.43 3452576.55 7 Village House 1 -77904.75 3452629.53 8 Village House 1 -77967.33 3452646.36 9 Village House 1 -78325.09 3452631.64

10 Village House 1 -78348.69 3452543.31 11 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78129.49 3452966.72 12 Village House 1 -78589.62 3452901.82 13 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78271.79 3453121.37 14 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78341.31 3453180.44 15 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78440.16 3453264.43 16 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78659.86 3453281.36 17 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78686.74 3453352.73 18 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -78562.82 3453398.13 19 Village House 1 -78290.72 3453974.50 20 Village House 1 -77921.08 3453898.02 21 Village House 1 -77805.09 3453903.45 22 Village House 1 -77882.16 3453832.27 23 Village House 1 -77729.88 3453780.02 24 Village House 1 -77547.09 3453855.33 25 Village House 1 -77675.95 3453705.84 26 Village House 1 -77745.50 3453645.06 27 Village House 1 -77732.07 3453610.71 28 Village House 1 -77673.18 3453600.19 29 Village House 1 -77637.82 3453626.34 30 Village House 1 -77583.37 3453631.31 31 Village House 1 -77537.83 3453685.72 32 Village House 1 -77490.06 3453681.81 33 Village House 1 -77440.35 3453553.52 34 Village House 1 -77525.70 3453570.11 35 Village House 1 -77714.99 3453486.04 36 Village House 1 -77436.11 3453442.57 37 Village House 1 -77582.25 3453381.87 38 Village House 1 -77554.57 3453308.21 39 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -77868.83 3453335.12 40 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 1 -77911.82 3453231.50 41 Village House 1 -77835.16 3453189.62



Tag Description Classification Y X 42 Village House 1 -77701.70 3453164.64 43 Village House 1 -77664.58 3453182.07 44 Village House 1 -77422.24 3453271.97 45 Village House 1 -77479.00 3453171.70 46 Village House 1 -77495.85 3453098.55 47 Village House 1 -77630.08 3453067.21 48 Village House 1 -77884.16 3453087.78 49 Village House 1 -77425.22 3453000.10 50 Village House 1 -77502.53 3452950.44 51 Village House 1 -77654.69 3452896.26 52 Village House 1 -77728.44 3452888.89 53 Village House 1 -77457.69 3452836.58 54 Village House 1 -77354.24 3452601.92 55 Village House 1 -77282.65 3452543.13 56 Village House 1 -77165.26 3452481.54 57 Village House 1 -77486.03 3452546.37 58 Village House 1 -77470.04 3452495.57 59 Village House 1 -77509.99 3452489.16 60 Village House 1 -77627.69 3452525.72 61 Village House 1 -77646.41 3452481.14 62 Village House 1 -77695.56 3452478.73 63 Village House 1 -77559.22 3452391.59 64 Village House 1 -77742.09 3452114.70 65 Village House 1 -77813.47 3452266.69 66 Village House 1 -77959.18 3452317.55 67 Village House 1 -77939.34 3452144.40 68 Village House 1 -78172.46 3452184.69 69 Village House 1 -78170.54 3452240.54 70 Village House 1 -78275.83 3452149.73 71 Village House 1 -78275.15 3452267.83 72 Village House 1 -78368.63 3452224.93 73 Village House 1 -78435.43 3452129.54 74 Village House 1 -78482.88 3452163.46 75 Village House 1 -78430.75 3452245.48 76 Village House 1 -78545.51 3452330.41 77 Village House 1 -78552.64 3452403.35 78 Village House 1 -78510.86 3452435.85 79 Village House 1 -78399.38 3452447.02 80 Village House 1 -78522.25 3452631.46 81 Village House 1 -78797.50 3452504.62 82 Village House 1 -78895.13 3452575.44 83 Village House 1 -78806.05 3452617.17 84 Village House 1 -78825.69 3452694.79 85 Village House 1 -78861.86 3452748.09 86 Village House 1 -78672.20 3452709.43



Tag Description Classification Y X 87 Village House 1 -78669.21 3452801.48 88 Village House 1 -78663.22 3452832.48 89 Village House 1 -78741.13 3452821.84 90 Village House 1 -78956.21 3452785.14 91 Village House 1 -78992.39 3452743.80 92 Village House 1 -78994.30 3452635.04 93 Village House 1 -79168.86 3453039.72 94 Village House 1 -79078.60 3453091.38 95 Village House 1 -79290.98 3453221.66 96 Village House 1 -79254.60 3453284.35 97 Village House 1 -79394.12 3453250.98 98 Village House 1 -79317.78 3453283.41 99 Village House 1 -79298.60 3453336.86

100 Village House 1 -79400.47 3453400.44 101 Village House 1 -79386.67 3453506.28 102 Village House 1 -79004.35 3453467.10 103 Village House 1 -79017.78 3453595.02 104 Village House 1 -79155.81 3453578.46 105 Village House 1 -79223.06 3453599.35 106 Village House 1 -79254.20 3453621.34 107 Village House 1 -79290.82 3453621.81 108 Village House 1 -79351.76 3453628.04 109 Shop 2 -79225.80 3453675.50 110 Village House 1 -79200.26 3453702.18 111 Village House 1 -78948.43 3453721.47 112 Village House 1 -79059.19 3453929.74 113 Village House 1 -78837.62 3453995.72 114 Village House 1 -78727.18 3453979.78 115 Village House 1 -78666.72 3454017.33 116 Village House 1 -78612.62 3454037.56 117 Village House 1 -78919.91 3454101.56 118 Village House 1 -78783.16 3454145.81 119 Village House 1 -78838.31 3454177.88 120 Village House 1 -78834.86 3454227.77 121 Village House 1 -78472.69 3454128.55 122 Village House 1 -78439.06 3454159.83 123 Village House 1 -78320.46 3454056.38 124 Village House 1 -78256.49 3454080.31 125 Village House 1 -78197.72 3454070.45 126 Village House 1 -78105.87 3454126.42 127 Village House 1 -78158.10 3454222.78 128 Village House 1 -77954.12 3454147.69 129 Village House 1 -77928.44 3454200.47 130 Village House 1 -78035.32 3454284.27 131 Village House 1 -78385.35 3454516.52



Tag Description Classification Y X 132 Village House 1 -78316.09 3454540.68 133 Village House 1 -78242.99 3454540.68 134 Village House 1 -77864.50 3454362.94 135 Village House 1 -77869.05 3454219.92 136 Village House 1 -77778.68 3454189.38 137 Village House 1 -77804.93 3454273.02 138 Village House 1 -77641.00 3454267.02 139 Village House 1 -77622.27 3454330.20 140 Village House 1 -77678.41 3454406.91 141 Village House 1 -77739.21 3454438.70 142 Gravel road 5 -78191.09 3454150.55 143 Village House 1 -77517.48 3454538.26 144 Village House 1 -77433.06 3454480.05 145 Village House 1 -77513.77 3454342.49 146 Village House 1 -77544.18 3454235.73 147 Village House 1 -77385.79 3454358.32 148 Village House 1 -77335.42 3454349.67 149 Village House 1 -77183.84 3454228.17 150 Village House 1 -77256.51 3454198.20 151 Village House 1 -77149.80 3454159.17 152 Village House 1 -77204.16 3454100.08 153 Village House 1 -77171.38 3454067.81 154 Village House 1 -77268.77 3454100.38 155 Village House 1 -77273.92 3454055.13 156 Village House 1 -77270.31 3454025.16 157 Village House 1 -77202.80 3453999.70 158 Village House 1 -77064.54 3454104.05 159 Village House 1 -77281.15 3453959.23 160 Village House 1 -77282.62 3453896.25 161 Village House 1 -77047.87 3453967.76 162 Village House 1 -76944.82 3453921.13 163 Village House 1 -77181.64 3453876.91 164 Village House 1 -77242.26 3453810.92 165 Village House 1 -77218.32 3453777.94 166 Village House 1 -77147.21 3453799.42 167 Village House 1 -77225.94 3453428.61 168 Village House 1 -77343.90 3453276.89 169 Village House 1 -77067.64 3453375.76 170 Village House 1 -77367.97 3453142.13 171 Village House 1 -77312.10 3452760.77 172 Village House 1 -77292.40 3452641.59 173 Village House 1 -77231.98 3452584.33 174 Village House 1 -76898.60 3452434.09 175 Village House 1 -76788.05 3452314.84 176 Village House 1 -76702.13 3452184.80












Tag Description Classification Y X 312 Village House 1 -76810.82 3453753.23 313 Village House 1 -76693.95 3453766.42 314 Village House 1 -76610.72 3453863.03 315 Village House 1 -76450.77 3453831.02 316 Village House 1 -76401.38 3453795.23 317 Village House 1 -76596.84 3453717.10 318 Village House 1 -76694.06 3453693.81 319 Village House 1 -76597.12 3453620.69 320 Village House 1 -76685.84 3453571.81 321 Village House 1 -76532.71 3453573.97 322 Village House 1 -76482.44 3453548.33 323 Village House 1 -76614.10 3453456.39 324 Village House 1 -76704.94 3453105.47 325 Village House 1 -76743.08 3452505.43 326 Village House 1 -76625.59 3452372.53 327 Village House 1 -76622.70 3452242.59 328 Village House 1 -76651.97 3452224.44 329 Gravel road 5 -77681.10 3453800.59

During the site visit the structures were observed and the initial POI list ground-truthed and finalised as represented in this section. Structures ranged from well-built structures to informal building styles. Table 6 shows photos of structures found in the area. Table 6: Structure Profile Structure Photo Description

Powerlines and houses



View of typical surroundings

House with toilet



Houses and Rondawels




Road south of project area




House

Pipeline marker



Area view with cattle





Rondawels



Area view with cattle





Area view from site



Houses

Houses and Rondawel







House





Catlle







House with partially built structure

Powerlines



Rondawel

House



Grave yard

Rondawel



House

Houses



Bridge south of project area

Partially built structure



Powerlines

15 Construction Phase: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

The SQ1 Quarry area is evaluated in detail in the following sections. The planned quarry is currently non-operational. Setting up and site preparation of the quarry is considered for this report as part of the construction phase. No drilling and blasting is expected to be done.

16 Operational Phase: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

The SQ1 Quarry area is evaluated in detail in the following sections as part of the operational phase. This phase impact assessment evaluates the expected levels of ground vibration, air blast and fly rock. The levels and distances are calculated for each influence. The predicted levels are plotted as amplitude contour maps, evaluated in relation to identified POI and discussed. Where exceedance of levels is expected mitigation measures are recommended and the impact assessment is done considering the pre- and post-mitigation measures. As part of the process recommendations are made that should be considered by the end user. In all cases ground vibration and air blast was calculated from the edge of the quarry outline and modelled accordingly. A worst case is then applicable with calculation from quarry edge.

16.1 Review of expected ground vibration

Presented herewith are the expected ground vibration level contours and discussion of relevant influences. Expected ground vibration levels were calculated for each POI identified surrounding



the mining area and evaluated with regards to possible structural concerns and human perception. Tables are provided for each of the different charge models done with regards to:

• “Tag” No. is the number corresponding to the POI figures. • “Description” indicates the type of the structure. • “Distance” is the distance between the structure and edge of the quarry area. • “Specific Limit” is the maximum limit for ground vibration at the specific structure or

installation. • “Predicted PPV (mm/s)” is the calculated ground vibration at the structure. • The “Structure Response @ 10Hz and Human Tolerance @ 30Hz” indicates the possible

concern and if there is any concern for structural damage or potential negative human perception respectively. Indicators used are “perceptible”, ”unpleasant”, “intolerable” which stems from the human perception information given and indicators such as “high” or “low” is given for the possibility of damage to a structure. Levels below 0.76 mm/s could be considered to have low or negligible possibility of influence.

Ground vibration is calculated and modelled for the quarry area at the minimum and maximum charge mass at specific distances from the quarry area. The charge masses applied are according to blast designs discussed in Section 14. These levels are then plotted and overlaid with current mining plans to observe possible influences at structures identified. Structures or POI’s for consideration are also plotted in this model. Ground vibration predictions were done considering distances ranging from 50 m to 1500 m around the quarry mining area. The simulation provided shows ground vibration contours only for a limited number of levels. The levels used are considered the basic limits that will applicable for the type of structures observed surrounding the quarry area. These levels are: 6 mm/s, 12.5 mm/s, 25 mm/s and 50 mm/s. This enables immediate review of possible concerns that may be applicable to any of the privately owned structures, social gathering areas or sensitive installations. Data is provided as follows: Vibration contours; a table with predicted ground vibration values and evaluation for each POI. Additional colour codes used in the tables are as follows: Vibration levels higher than proposed limit applicable to Structures / Installations is coloured “Mustard” Vibration levels indicated as Intolerable on human perception scale is coloured “Yellow” POI’s that are found inside the quarry area is coloured “Olive Green”

Simulations for expected ground vibration levels from minimum and maximum charge mass are presented below.



• Minimum charge mass per delay 93 kg – Quarry

Figure 10: Ground vibration influence from minimum charge for Quarry Area



Table 7: Ground vibration evaluation for minimum charge for Quarry

Tag Description Specific Limit (mm/s)

Distance (m)

Predicted PPV (mm/s)

Structure Response @

10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz

1 Village House (Inside

SQ1 Perimeter)

These houses are within the quarry area. It is accepted that relocation will be done.


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter) 5 Village House 6 686 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 6 Village House 6 705 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 7 Village House 6 592 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 8 Village House 6 553 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 9 Village House 6 555 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible

10 Village House 6 646 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 12 Village House 6 497 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 19 Village House 6 398 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 20 Village House 6 197 7.9 Problematic Unpleasant 21 Village House 6 258 5.1 Acceptable Perceptible 22 Village House 6 154 11.8 Problematic Unpleasant 23 Village House 6 238 5.7 Acceptable Unpleasant 24 Village House 6 434 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 25 Village House 6 255 5.1 Acceptable Perceptible 26 Village House 6 174 9.7 Problematic Unpleasant




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 27 Village House 6 183 8.9 Problematic Unpleasant 28 Village House 6 240 5.7 Acceptable Unpleasant 29 Village House 6 279 4.4 Acceptable Perceptible 30 Village House 6 333 3.3 Acceptable Perceptible 31 Village House 6 385 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 32 Village House 6 432 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 33 Village House 6 466 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 34 Village House 6 383 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 35 Village House 6 187 8.6 Problematic Unpleasant 36 Village House 6 461 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 37 Village House 6 309 3.7 Acceptable Perceptible 38 Village House 6 330 3.4 Acceptable Perceptible 41 Village House 6 127 16.2 Problematic Unpleasant 42 Village House 6 232 6.0 Problematic Unpleasant 43 Village House 6 253 5.2 Acceptable Perceptible 44 Village House 6 464 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 45 Village House 6 428 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 46 Village House 6 441 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 47 Village House 6 350 3.1 Acceptable Perceptible 48 Village House 6 194 8.0 Problematic Unpleasant 49 Village House 6 552 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 50 Village House 6 523 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 51 Village House 6 471 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 52 Village House 6 443 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 53 Village House 6 635 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 54 Village House 6 882 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 55 Village House 6 972 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 56 Village House 6 1095 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 57 Village House 6 859 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 58 Village House 6 911 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 59 Village House 6 898 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 60 Village House 6 811 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 61 Village House 6 842 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 62 Village House 6 822 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 63 Village House 6 962 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 64 Village House 6 1130 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 65 Village House 6 962 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 66 Village House 6 871 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 67 Village House 6 1044 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 68 Village House 6 979 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 69 Village House 6 923 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 70 Village House 6 1020 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 71 Village House 6 902 0.6 Acceptable Too Low




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 72 Village House 6 960 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 73 Village House 6 1068 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 74 Village House 6 1049 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 75 Village House 6 955 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 76 Village House 6 915 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 77 Village House 6 853 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 78 Village House 6 805 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 79 Village House 6 753 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 80 Village House 6 640 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 81 Village House 6 912 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 82 Village House 6 936 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 83 Village House 6 841 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 84 Village House 6 808 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 85 Village House 6 810 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 86 Village House 6 679 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 87 Village House 6 619 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 88 Village House 6 597 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 89 Village House 6 668 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 90 Village House 6 875 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 91 Village House 6 926 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 92 Village House 6 982 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 93 Village House 6 947 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 94 Village House 6 843 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 95 Village House 6 1002 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 96 Village House 6 954 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 97 Village House 6 1097 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 98 Village House 6 1017 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 99 Village House 6 990 0.5 Acceptable Too Low

100 Village House 6 1087 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 101 Village House 6 1074 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 102 Village House 6 690 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 103 Village House 6 719 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 104 Village House 6 851 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 105 Village House 6 921 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 106 Village House 6 956 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 107 Village House 6 992 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 108 Village House 6 1053 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 109 Shop 12.5 939 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 110 Village House 6 922 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 111 Village House 6 691 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 112 Village House 6 887 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 113 Village House 6 754 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 114 Village House 6 668 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 115 Village House 6 661 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 116 Village House 6 644 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 117 Village House 6 887 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 118 Village House 6 834 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 119 Village House 6 893 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 120 Village House 6 930 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 121 Village House 6 631 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 122 Village House 6 636 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 123 Village House 6 482 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 124 Village House 6 462 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 125 Village House 6 422 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 126 Village House 6 438 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 127 Village House 6 545 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 128 Village House 6 440 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 129 Village House 6 494 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 130 Village House 6 579 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 131 Village House 6 904 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 132 Village House 6 898 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 133 Village House 6 874 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 134 Village House 6 664 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 135 Village House 6 522 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 136 Village House 6 519 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 137 Village House 6 589 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 138 Village House 6 650 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 139 Village House 6 714 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 140 Village House 6 758 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 141 Village House 6 767 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 142 Gravel road 150 490 1.8 Acceptable N/A 143 Village House 6 947 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 144 Village House 6 942 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 145 Village House 6 783 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 146 Village House 6 680 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 147 Village House 6 876 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 148 Village House 6 905 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 149 Village House 6 944 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 150 Village House 6 868 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 151 Village House 6 931 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 152 Village House 6 854 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 153 Village House 6 865 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 154 Village House 6 800 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 155 Village House 6 771 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 156 Village House 6 758 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 157 Village House 6 806 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 158 Village House 6 976 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 159 Village House 6 717 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 160 Village House 6 691 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 161 Village House 6 935 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 162 Village House 6 1017 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 163 Village House 6 778 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 164 Village House 6 701 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 165 Village House 6 716 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 166 Village House 6 790 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 167 Village House 6 668 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 168 Village House 6 542 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 169 Village House 6 820 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 170 Village House 6 542 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 171 Village House 6 791 0.8 Acceptable Perceptible 172 Village House 6 891 0.7 Acceptable Too Low 173 Village House 6 974 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 174 Village House 6 1317 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 175 Village House 6 1479 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 176 Village House 6 1630 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 177 Village House 6 1573 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 178 Village House 6 1685 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 179 Village House 6 1772 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 180 Village House 6 1714 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 181 Village House 6 1697 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 182 Village House 6 1690 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 183 Village House 6 1595 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 184 Village House 6 1382 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 185 Village House 6 1206 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 186 Village House 6 1331 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 187 Village House 6 1416 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 188 Village House 6 1489 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 189 Village House 6 1535 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 190 Village House 6 1586 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 191 Village House 6 1592 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 192 Village House 6 1621 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 193 Village House 6 1376 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 194 Village House 6 1170 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 195 Village House 6 1275 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 196 Village House 6 1165 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 197 Village House 6 1350 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 198 Village House 6 1420 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 199 Village House 6 1239 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 200 Village House 6 1322 0.3 Acceptable Too Low




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 201 Village House 6 1209 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 202 Village House 6 1617 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 203 Village House 6 1496 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 204 Village House 6 1393 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 205 Village House 6 1304 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 206 Village House 6 1345 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 207 Village House 6 1352 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 208 Village House 6 1137 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 209 Village House 6 1533 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 210 Village House 6 1155 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 211 Village House 6 1266 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 212 Village House 6 1252 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 213 Village House 6 1290 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 214 Village House 6 1400 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 215 Village House 6 1126 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 216 Village House 6 1233 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 217 Village House 6 1304 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 218 Village House 6 1457 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 219 Village House 6 1583 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 220 Village House 6 1501 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 221 Village House 6 1277 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 222 Village House 6 1223 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 223 Village House 6 1232 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 224 Village House 6 1133 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 225 Village House 6 1177 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 226 Village House 6 1076 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 227 Village House 6 1147 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 228 Village House 6 1205 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 229 Village House 6 1226 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 230 Village House 6 1256 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 231 Village House 6 1210 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 232 Village House 6 1561 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 233 Village House 6 1438 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 234 Village House 6 1553 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 235 Village House 6 1367 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 236 Village House 6 1433 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 237 Village House 6 1480 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 238 Village House 6 1325 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 239 Village House 6 1059 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 240 Village House 6 1433 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 241 Village House 6 1384 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 242 Village House 6 1332 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 243 Village House 6 1400 0.3 Acceptable Too Low




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 244 Village House 6 1454 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 245 Village House 6 1463 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 246 Village House 6 1451 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 247 Village House 6 1032 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 248 Village House 6 1025 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 249 Village House 6 1042 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 250 Village House 6 1323 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 251 Village House 6 1466 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 252 Village House 6 1455 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 253 Village House 6 1425 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 254 Village House 6 1428 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 255 Village House 6 1076 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 256 Village House 6 1236 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 257 Village House 6 1315 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 258 Village House 6 1030 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 259 Village House 6 966 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 260 Village House 6 928 0.6 Acceptable Too Low 261 Village House 6 1035 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 262 Village House 6 1000 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 263 Village House 6 1090 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 264 Village House 6 1367 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 265 Village House 6 1343 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 266 Village House 6 1198 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 267 Village House 6 1157 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 268 Village House 6 1000 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 269 Village House 6 1245 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 270 Village House 6 1289 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 271 Village House 6 1386 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 272 Village House 6 1260 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 273 Village House 6 1398 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 274 Village House 6 1441 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 275 Village House 6 1341 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 276 Village House 6 1024 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 277 Village House 6 1100 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 278 Village House 6 1015 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 279 Village House 6 1097 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 280 Village House 6 1237 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 281 Village House 6 1289 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 282 Village House 6 1356 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 283 Village House 6 1060 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 284 Village House 6 999 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 285 Village House 6 1112 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 286 Village House 6 1160 0.4 Acceptable Too Low




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 287 Village House 6 1170 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 288 Village House 6 1354 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 289 Village House 6 1401 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 290 Village House 6 1402 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 291 Village House 6 1443 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 292 Village House 6 1489 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 293 Village House 6 1482 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 294 Village House 6 1377 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 295 Village House 6 1227 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 296 Village House 6 1143 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 297 Village House 6 1085 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 298 Village House 6 999 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 299 Village House 6 1029 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 300 Village House 6 1111 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 301 Village House 6 1184 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 302 Village House 6 1087 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 303 Village House 6 1108 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 304 Village House 6 1120 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 305 Village House 6 1174 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 306 Village House 6 1069 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 307 Village House 6 1305 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 308 Village House 6 1311 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 309 Village House 6 1489 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 310 Village House 6 1488 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 311 Village House 6 1443 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 312 Village House 6 1115 0.5 Acceptable Too Low 313 Village House 6 1233 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 314 Village House 6 1329 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 315 Village House 6 1482 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 316 Village House 6 1526 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 317 Village House 6 1323 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 318 Village House 6 1224 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 319 Village House 6 1311 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 320 Village House 6 1219 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 321 Village House 6 1372 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 322 Village House 6 1420 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 323 Village House 6 1279 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 324 Village House 6 1197 0.4 Acceptable Too Low 325 Village House 6 1395 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 326 Village House 6 1568 0.3 Acceptable Too Low 327 Village House 6 1651 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 328 Village House 6 1640 0.2 Acceptable Too Low 329 Gravel road 150 290 4.2 Acceptable N/A



• Maximum charge per delay 558 kg – Quarry

Figure 11: Ground vibration influence from maximum charge for Quarry Area



Table 8: Ground vibration evaluation for maximum charge


Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz


SQ1 Perimeter)



SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter)


SQ1 Perimeter) 5 Village House 6 686 4.4 Acceptable Perceptible 6 Village House 6 705 4.2 Acceptable Perceptible 7 Village House 6 592 5.6 Acceptable Unpleasant 8 Village House 6 553 6.3 Problematic Unpleasant 9 Village House 6 555 6.2 Problematic Unpleasant

10 Village House 6 646 4.9 Acceptable Perceptible 12 Village House 6 497 7.5 Problematic Unpleasant 19 Village House 6 398 10.8 Problematic Unpleasant 20 Village House 6 197 34.5 Problematic Intolerable 21 Village House 6 258 22.2 Problematic Intolerable 22 Village House 6 154 51.8 Problematic Intolerable 23 Village House 6 238 25.2 Problematic Intolerable 24 Village House 6 434 9.4 Problematic Unpleasant 25 Village House 6 255 22.5 Problematic Intolerable 26 Village House 6 174 42.4 Problematic Intolerable




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 27 Village House 6 183 38.9 Problematic Intolerable 28 Village House 6 240 24.9 Problematic Intolerable 29 Village House 6 279 19.5 Problematic Unpleasant 30 Village House 6 333 14.5 Problematic Unpleasant 31 Village House 6 385 11.4 Problematic Unpleasant 32 Village House 6 432 9.5 Problematic Unpleasant 33 Village House 6 466 8.3 Problematic Unpleasant 34 Village House 6 383 11.5 Problematic Unpleasant 35 Village House 6 187 37.8 Problematic Intolerable 36 Village House 6 461 8.5 Problematic Unpleasant 37 Village House 6 309 16.4 Problematic Unpleasant 38 Village House 6 330 14.7 Problematic Unpleasant 41 Village House 6 127 71.1 Problematic Intolerable 42 Village House 6 232 26.4 Problematic Intolerable 43 Village House 6 253 22.8 Problematic Intolerable 44 Village House 6 464 8.4 Problematic Unpleasant 45 Village House 6 428 9.6 Problematic Unpleasant 46 Village House 6 441 9.1 Problematic Unpleasant 47 Village House 6 350 13.4 Problematic Unpleasant 48 Village House 6 194 35.3 Problematic Intolerable 49 Village House 6 552 6.3 Problematic Unpleasant 50 Village House 6 523 6.9 Problematic Unpleasant 51 Village House 6 471 8.2 Problematic Unpleasant 52 Village House 6 443 9.1 Problematic Unpleasant 53 Village House 6 635 5.0 Acceptable Perceptible 54 Village House 6 882 2.9 Acceptable Perceptible 55 Village House 6 972 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 56 Village House 6 1095 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 57 Village House 6 859 3.0 Acceptable Perceptible 58 Village House 6 911 2.8 Acceptable Perceptible 59 Village House 6 898 2.8 Acceptable Perceptible 60 Village House 6 811 3.3 Acceptable Perceptible 61 Village House 6 842 3.1 Acceptable Perceptible 62 Village House 6 822 3.3 Acceptable Perceptible 63 Village House 6 962 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 64 Village House 6 1130 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 65 Village House 6 962 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 66 Village House 6 871 3.0 Acceptable Perceptible 67 Village House 6 1044 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 68 Village House 6 979 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 69 Village House 6 923 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 70 Village House 6 1020 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 71 Village House 6 902 2.8 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 72 Village House 6 960 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 73 Village House 6 1068 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 74 Village House 6 1049 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 75 Village House 6 955 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 76 Village House 6 915 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 77 Village House 6 853 3.1 Acceptable Perceptible 78 Village House 6 805 3.4 Acceptable Perceptible 79 Village House 6 753 3.8 Acceptable Perceptible 80 Village House 6 640 4.9 Acceptable Perceptible 81 Village House 6 912 2.8 Acceptable Perceptible 82 Village House 6 936 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 83 Village House 6 841 3.1 Acceptable Perceptible 84 Village House 6 808 3.4 Acceptable Perceptible 85 Village House 6 810 3.4 Acceptable Perceptible 86 Village House 6 679 4.5 Acceptable Perceptible 87 Village House 6 619 5.2 Acceptable Perceptible 88 Village House 6 597 5.5 Acceptable Perceptible 89 Village House 6 668 4.6 Acceptable Perceptible 90 Village House 6 875 2.9 Acceptable Perceptible 91 Village House 6 926 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 92 Village House 6 982 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible 93 Village House 6 947 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 94 Village House 6 843 3.1 Acceptable Perceptible 95 Village House 6 1002 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible 96 Village House 6 954 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 97 Village House 6 1097 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 98 Village House 6 1017 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 99 Village House 6 990 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible

100 Village House 6 1087 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 101 Village House 6 1074 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 102 Village House 6 690 4.4 Acceptable Perceptible 103 Village House 6 719 4.1 Acceptable Perceptible 104 Village House 6 851 3.1 Acceptable Perceptible 105 Village House 6 921 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 106 Village House 6 956 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 107 Village House 6 992 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible 108 Village House 6 1053 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 109 Shop 12.5 939 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 110 Village House 6 922 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 111 Village House 6 691 4.4 Acceptable Perceptible 112 Village House 6 887 2.9 Acceptable Perceptible 113 Village House 6 754 3.8 Acceptable Perceptible 114 Village House 6 668 4.6 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 115 Village House 6 661 4.7 Acceptable Perceptible 116 Village House 6 644 4.9 Acceptable Perceptible 117 Village House 6 887 2.9 Acceptable Perceptible 118 Village House 6 834 3.2 Acceptable Perceptible 119 Village House 6 893 2.9 Acceptable Perceptible 120 Village House 6 930 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 121 Village House 6 631 5.1 Acceptable Perceptible 122 Village House 6 636 5.0 Acceptable Perceptible 123 Village House 6 482 7.9 Problematic Unpleasant 124 Village House 6 462 8.5 Problematic Unpleasant 125 Village House 6 422 9.8 Problematic Unpleasant 126 Village House 6 438 9.2 Problematic Unpleasant 127 Village House 6 545 6.4 Problematic Unpleasant 128 Village House 6 440 9.2 Problematic Unpleasant 129 Village House 6 494 7.6 Problematic Unpleasant 130 Village House 6 579 5.8 Acceptable Unpleasant 131 Village House 6 904 2.8 Acceptable Perceptible 132 Village House 6 898 2.8 Acceptable Perceptible 133 Village House 6 874 3.0 Acceptable Perceptible 134 Village House 6 664 4.7 Acceptable Perceptible 135 Village House 6 522 6.9 Problematic Unpleasant 136 Village House 6 519 7.0 Problematic Unpleasant 137 Village House 6 589 5.7 Acceptable Unpleasant 138 Village House 6 650 4.8 Acceptable Perceptible 139 Village House 6 714 4.1 Acceptable Perceptible 140 Village House 6 758 3.7 Acceptable Perceptible 141 Village House 6 767 3.7 Acceptable Perceptible 142 Gravel road 150 490 7.7 Acceptable N/A 143 Village House 6 947 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 144 Village House 6 942 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 145 Village House 6 783 3.5 Acceptable Perceptible 146 Village House 6 680 4.5 Acceptable Perceptible 147 Village House 6 876 2.9 Acceptable Perceptible 148 Village House 6 905 2.8 Acceptable Perceptible 149 Village House 6 944 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 150 Village House 6 868 3.0 Acceptable Perceptible 151 Village House 6 931 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 152 Village House 6 854 3.1 Acceptable Perceptible 153 Village House 6 865 3.0 Acceptable Perceptible 154 Village House 6 800 3.4 Acceptable Perceptible 155 Village House 6 771 3.6 Acceptable Perceptible 156 Village House 6 758 3.7 Acceptable Perceptible 157 Village House 6 806 3.4 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 158 Village House 6 976 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 159 Village House 6 717 4.1 Acceptable Perceptible 160 Village House 6 691 4.4 Acceptable Perceptible 161 Village House 6 935 2.6 Acceptable Perceptible 162 Village House 6 1017 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 163 Village House 6 778 3.6 Acceptable Perceptible 164 Village House 6 701 4.3 Acceptable Perceptible 165 Village House 6 716 4.1 Acceptable Perceptible 166 Village House 6 790 3.5 Acceptable Perceptible 167 Village House 6 668 4.6 Acceptable Perceptible 168 Village House 6 542 6.5 Problematic Unpleasant 169 Village House 6 820 3.3 Acceptable Perceptible 170 Village House 6 542 6.5 Problematic Unpleasant 171 Village House 6 791 3.5 Acceptable Perceptible 172 Village House 6 891 2.9 Acceptable Perceptible 173 Village House 6 974 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 174 Village House 6 1317 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 175 Village House 6 1479 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 176 Village House 6 1630 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 177 Village House 6 1573 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 178 Village House 6 1685 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 179 Village House 6 1772 0.9 Acceptable Perceptible 180 Village House 6 1714 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 181 Village House 6 1697 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 182 Village House 6 1690 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 183 Village House 6 1595 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 184 Village House 6 1382 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 185 Village House 6 1206 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 186 Village House 6 1331 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 187 Village House 6 1416 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 188 Village House 6 1489 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 189 Village House 6 1535 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 190 Village House 6 1586 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 191 Village House 6 1592 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 192 Village House 6 1621 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 193 Village House 6 1376 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 194 Village House 6 1170 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 195 Village House 6 1275 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 196 Village House 6 1165 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 197 Village House 6 1350 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 198 Village House 6 1420 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 199 Village House 6 1239 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 200 Village House 6 1322 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 201 Village House 6 1209 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 202 Village House 6 1617 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 203 Village House 6 1496 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 204 Village House 6 1393 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 205 Village House 6 1304 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 206 Village House 6 1345 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 207 Village House 6 1352 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 208 Village House 6 1137 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 209 Village House 6 1533 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 210 Village House 6 1155 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 211 Village House 6 1266 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 212 Village House 6 1252 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 213 Village House 6 1290 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 214 Village House 6 1400 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 215 Village House 6 1126 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 216 Village House 6 1233 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 217 Village House 6 1304 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 218 Village House 6 1457 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 219 Village House 6 1583 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 220 Village House 6 1501 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 221 Village House 6 1277 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 222 Village House 6 1223 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 223 Village House 6 1232 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 224 Village House 6 1133 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 225 Village House 6 1177 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 226 Village House 6 1076 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 227 Village House 6 1147 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 228 Village House 6 1205 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 229 Village House 6 1226 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 230 Village House 6 1256 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 231 Village House 6 1210 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 232 Village House 6 1561 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 233 Village House 6 1438 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 234 Village House 6 1553 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 235 Village House 6 1367 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 236 Village House 6 1433 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 237 Village House 6 1480 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 238 Village House 6 1325 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 239 Village House 6 1059 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 240 Village House 6 1433 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 241 Village House 6 1384 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 242 Village House 6 1332 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 243 Village House 6 1400 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 244 Village House 6 1454 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 245 Village House 6 1463 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 246 Village House 6 1451 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 247 Village House 6 1032 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 248 Village House 6 1025 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 249 Village House 6 1042 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 250 Village House 6 1323 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 251 Village House 6 1466 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 252 Village House 6 1455 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 253 Village House 6 1425 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 254 Village House 6 1428 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 255 Village House 6 1076 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 256 Village House 6 1236 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 257 Village House 6 1315 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 258 Village House 6 1030 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 259 Village House 6 966 2.5 Acceptable Perceptible 260 Village House 6 928 2.7 Acceptable Perceptible 261 Village House 6 1035 2.2 Acceptable Perceptible 262 Village House 6 1000 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible 263 Village House 6 1090 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 264 Village House 6 1367 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 265 Village House 6 1343 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 266 Village House 6 1198 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 267 Village House 6 1157 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 268 Village House 6 1000 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible 269 Village House 6 1245 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 270 Village House 6 1289 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 271 Village House 6 1386 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 272 Village House 6 1260 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 273 Village House 6 1398 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 274 Village House 6 1441 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 275 Village House 6 1341 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 276 Village House 6 1024 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 277 Village House 6 1100 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 278 Village House 6 1015 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 279 Village House 6 1097 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 280 Village House 6 1237 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 281 Village House 6 1289 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 282 Village House 6 1356 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 283 Village House 6 1060 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 284 Village House 6 999 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible 285 Village House 6 1112 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 286 Village House 6 1160 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible




Distance (m)



10Hz

Human Tolerance @

30Hz 287 Village House 6 1170 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 288 Village House 6 1354 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 289 Village House 6 1401 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 290 Village House 6 1402 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 291 Village House 6 1443 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 292 Village House 6 1489 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 293 Village House 6 1482 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 294 Village House 6 1377 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 295 Village House 6 1227 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 296 Village House 6 1143 1.9 Acceptable Perceptible 297 Village House 6 1085 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 298 Village House 6 999 2.4 Acceptable Perceptible 299 Village House 6 1029 2.3 Acceptable Perceptible 300 Village House 6 1111 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 301 Village House 6 1184 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 302 Village House 6 1087 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 303 Village House 6 1108 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 304 Village House 6 1120 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 305 Village House 6 1174 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 306 Village House 6 1069 2.1 Acceptable Perceptible 307 Village House 6 1305 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 308 Village House 6 1311 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 309 Village House 6 1489 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 310 Village House 6 1488 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 311 Village House 6 1443 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 312 Village House 6 1115 2.0 Acceptable Perceptible 313 Village House 6 1233 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 314 Village House 6 1329 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 315 Village House 6 1482 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 316 Village House 6 1526 1.2 Acceptable Perceptible 317 Village House 6 1323 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 318 Village House 6 1224 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 319 Village House 6 1311 1.5 Acceptable Perceptible 320 Village House 6 1219 1.7 Acceptable Perceptible 321 Village House 6 1372 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 322 Village House 6 1420 1.3 Acceptable Perceptible 323 Village House 6 1279 1.6 Acceptable Perceptible 324 Village House 6 1197 1.8 Acceptable Perceptible 325 Village House 6 1395 1.4 Acceptable Perceptible 326 Village House 6 1568 1.1 Acceptable Perceptible 327 Village House 6 1651 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 328 Village House 6 1640 1.0 Acceptable Perceptible 329 Gravel road 150 290 18.2 Acceptable N/A



16.2 Summary of ground vibration levels

The Quarry operations were evaluated for expected levels of ground vibration from future blasting operations. Review of the sites and the surrounding installations / houses / buildings showed that structures vary in distances from the quarry area. The influences will also vary with distance from the specific area. The evaluation considered a distance up to 1500 m from the mining area. Structures identified outside of the quarry area ranged from the Villages Houses and Gravel Road that are close to the quarry area. Structure conditions ranged from industrial construction (powerlines) to poor condition old structures. The POI’s identified and shown is a point that may represent a multiple of structures. A total of 329 POI’s were identified within the 1500 m radius around the quarry. The ground vibration levels predicted ranged between 0.9 mm/s and 71.1 mm/s for structures surrounding the quarry area. There are 46 identified POI’s up to 555 m from the quarry boundary that is the main concern with regards to ground vibration. This is excluding 13 POI’s that were identified within the quarry boundary and expected to be relocated. These were indicated in all tables. Ground vibration levels predicted for these POI’s are greater than the recommended ground vibration limit. The ground vibration predicted for these POI’s from maximum charge ranges between 6.2 and 71.1 mm/s. There are POI’s as close as 20 m from the pit boundary. The expected levels of ground vibration for these houses are high and will require specific mitigations in the way of adjusting charge mass per delay to reduce the levels of ground vibration. The expected levels of ground vibration for the remaining 268 POI’s identified ranges between 5.8 and 0.9 mm/s. The quarry area is located on top of a hill. The houses surrounding the quarry area are located on this hill and in the valleys and hills next to the quarry area. A factor that is not easily defined or difficult to predict is the influence of this hilly areas. The hills and valleys are expected to contribute to a positive reducing of ground vibration effect. The POI’s located on the same hill as the quarry is certain to experience levels of ground vibration more significantly and POI’s across the valley for the same distance.

16.3 Ground Vibration and human perception

Considering the effect of ground vibration with regards to human perception, vibration levels calculated were applied to an average of 30Hz frequency and plotted with expected human perceptions on the safe blasting criteria graph (see Figure 12 below). Data applicable to human response only is plotted. The frequency range selected is the expected average range for frequencies that will be measured for ground vibration when blasting is done. From Figure 12 it can be seen that the ground vibration levels predicted levels are such that it could be experienced as intolerable at the maximum charge on the human perception scale over a large area.



Intolerable levels can be expected up to a distance of 258 m. Unpleasant can be expected up to 592 m after which the levels is expected to be perceptible.

Figure 12: The effect of ground vibration with human perception and vibration limits

16.4 Vibration impact on roads

The Gravel road on the south side of the quarry boundary is located 585 m and 292 m on the western side from the quarry area. There is no concern for this gravel regarding ground vibration No specific actions are required for these roads.

16.5 Potential that vibration will upset adjacent communities

Ground vibration and air blast generally upset people living in the vicinity of mining operations. There are houses within the quarry and others very close to the quarry. The nearest settlement of people is approximately 20 m from the planned operation. These settlements outside the quarry area are located such that levels of ground vibration predicted will be problematic and damaging. There is a high concentration of houses around the quarry area. The ground vibration levels are such for a significant distance that it could be upsetting for this community. The importance of good public relations cannot be over-stressed. People tend to react negatively on experiencing effects from blasting such as ground vibration and air blast. Even at low levels when damage to structures is out of the question it may upset people. Proper and appropriate

6 6

12.5 12.5

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100

Gro

und

Vibr

atio

n (m

m/s

)

Frequency (Hz)

Wild Coast Stone Quarry ProjectGround Vibration Limits & Human Perception

Perceptible Unpleasant Intolerable Predicted PPV (mm/s) 6mm/s Limit 12.5mm/s Limit

Perceptible

Unpleasant

Intolerable

Safe Blasting Zone

Above Limit Zone

Vibration at 30Hz



communication with neighbours about blasting, monitoring and actions done for proper control will be required.

16.6 Review of expected air blast

Presented herewith are the expected air blast level contours and discussion of relevant influences. Expected air blast levels were calculated for each POI identified surrounding the mining area and evaluated with regards to possible structural concerns. Tables are provided for each of the different charge models done with regards to:

• “Tag” No. is number corresponding to the location indicated on POI figures. • “Description” indicates the type of the structure. • “Distance” is the distance between the structure and edge of the quarry area. • “Air Blast (dB)” is the calculated air blast level at the structure. • “Possible concern” indicates if there is any concern for structural damage or human

perception. Indicators used are: o “Problematic" where there is real concern for possible damage – at levels greater

than 134 dB. o “Complaint” where people will be complaining due to the experienced effect on

structures at levels of 120 dB and higher (not necessarily damaging). o “Acceptable” if levels are less than 120 dB. o “Low” where there is very limited possibility that the levels will give rise to any

influence on people or structures. Levels below 115 dB could be considered to have low or negligible possibility of influence.

Presented are simulations for expected air blast levels from two different charge masses at the quarry area. Colour codes used in tables are as follows: Air blast levels higher than proposed limit is coloured “Mustard” Air blast levels indicated as possible Complaint is coloured “Yellow” POI’s that are found inside the quarry area is coloured “Olive Green”



• Minimum charge per delay 93 kg – Quarry

Figure 13: Air blast influence from minimum charge for Quarry Area



Table 9: Air blast evaluation for minimum charge Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern?

1 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter)


2 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 3 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 4 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter)

11 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 13 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 14 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 15 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 16 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 17 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 18 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 39 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 40 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 5 Village House 686 123.1 Complaint 6 Village House 705 122.9 Complaint 7 Village House 592 124.3 Complaint 8 Village House 553 124.9 Complaint 9 Village House 555 124.9 Complaint

10 Village House 646 123.6 Complaint 12 Village House 497 125.8 Complaint 19 Village House 398 127.7 Complaint 20 Village House 197 133.6 Problematic 21 Village House 258 131.3 Complaint 22 Village House 154 135.7 Problematic 23 Village House 238 132.0 Complaint 24 Village House 434 126.9 Complaint 25 Village House 255 131.4 Complaint 26 Village House 174 134.6 Problematic 27 Village House 183 134.2 Problematic 28 Village House 240 131.9 Complaint 29 Village House 279 130.7 Complaint 30 Village House 333 129.2 Complaint 31 Village House 385 127.9 Complaint 32 Village House 432 127.0 Complaint 33 Village House 466 126.3 Complaint 34 Village House 383 128.0 Complaint 35 Village House 187 134.0 Problematic 36 Village House 461 126.4 Complaint 37 Village House 309 129.8 Complaint 38 Village House 330 129.2 Complaint 41 Village House 127 137.3 Problematic 42 Village House 232 132.2 Complaint



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 43 Village House 253 131.5 Complaint 44 Village House 464 126.4 Complaint 45 Village House 428 127.1 Complaint 46 Village House 441 126.8 Complaint 47 Village House 350 128.8 Complaint 48 Village House 194 133.7 Problematic 49 Village House 552 124.9 Complaint 50 Village House 523 125.4 Complaint 51 Village House 471 126.3 Complaint 52 Village House 443 126.8 Complaint 53 Village House 635 123.7 Complaint 54 Village House 882 121.0 Complaint 55 Village House 972 120.2 Complaint 56 Village House 1095 119.2 Acceptable 57 Village House 859 121.2 Complaint 58 Village House 911 120.7 Complaint 59 Village House 898 120.8 Complaint 60 Village House 811 121.7 Complaint 61 Village House 842 121.4 Complaint 62 Village House 822 121.6 Complaint 63 Village House 962 120.3 Complaint 64 Village House 1130 118.9 Acceptable 65 Village House 962 120.3 Complaint 66 Village House 871 121.1 Complaint 67 Village House 1044 119.6 Acceptable 68 Village House 979 120.1 Complaint 69 Village House 923 120.6 Complaint 70 Village House 1020 119.7 Acceptable 71 Village House 902 120.8 Complaint 72 Village House 960 120.3 Complaint 73 Village House 1068 119.4 Acceptable 74 Village House 1049 119.5 Acceptable 75 Village House 955 120.3 Complaint 76 Village House 915 120.7 Complaint 77 Village House 853 121.3 Complaint 78 Village House 805 121.7 Complaint 79 Village House 753 122.3 Complaint 80 Village House 640 123.7 Complaint 81 Village House 912 120.7 Complaint 82 Village House 936 120.5 Complaint 83 Village House 841 121.4 Complaint 84 Village House 808 121.7 Complaint 85 Village House 810 121.7 Complaint 86 Village House 679 123.2 Complaint 87 Village House 619 123.9 Complaint



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 88 Village House 597 124.3 Complaint 89 Village House 668 123.3 Complaint 90 Village House 875 121.0 Complaint 91 Village House 926 120.5 Complaint 92 Village House 982 120.1 Complaint 93 Village House 947 120.4 Complaint 94 Village House 843 121.4 Complaint 95 Village House 1002 119.9 Acceptable 96 Village House 954 120.3 Complaint 97 Village House 1097 119.1 Acceptable 98 Village House 1017 119.8 Acceptable 99 Village House 990 120.0 Acceptable

100 Village House 1087 119.2 Acceptable 101 Village House 1074 119.3 Acceptable 102 Village House 690 123.0 Complaint 103 Village House 719 122.7 Complaint 104 Village House 851 121.3 Complaint 105 Village House 921 120.6 Complaint 106 Village House 956 120.3 Complaint 107 Village House 992 120.0 Acceptable 108 Village House 1053 119.5 Acceptable 109 Shop 939 120.5 Complaint 110 Village House 922 120.6 Complaint 111 Village House 691 123.0 Complaint 112 Village House 887 120.9 Complaint 113 Village House 754 122.3 Complaint 114 Village House 668 123.3 Complaint 115 Village House 661 123.4 Complaint 116 Village House 644 123.6 Complaint 117 Village House 887 120.9 Complaint 118 Village House 834 121.4 Complaint 119 Village House 893 120.9 Complaint 120 Village House 930 120.5 Complaint 121 Village House 631 123.8 Complaint 122 Village House 636 123.7 Complaint 123 Village House 482 126.1 Complaint 124 Village House 462 126.4 Complaint 125 Village House 422 127.2 Complaint 126 Village House 438 126.9 Complaint 127 Village House 545 125.0 Complaint 128 Village House 440 126.8 Complaint 129 Village House 494 125.8 Complaint 130 Village House 579 124.5 Complaint 131 Village House 904 120.7 Complaint 132 Village House 898 120.8 Complaint



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 133 Village House 874 121.1 Complaint 134 Village House 664 123.4 Complaint 135 Village House 522 125.4 Complaint 136 Village House 519 125.4 Complaint 137 Village House 589 124.3 Complaint 138 Village House 650 123.6 Complaint 139 Village House 714 122.7 Complaint 140 Village House 758 122.2 Complaint 141 Village House 767 122.1 Complaint 142 Gravel road 490 125.9 N/A 143 Village House 947 120.4 Complaint 144 Village House 942 120.4 Complaint 145 Village House 783 122.0 Complaint 146 Village House 680 123.2 Complaint 147 Village House 876 121.0 Complaint 148 Village House 905 120.7 Complaint 149 Village House 944 120.4 Complaint 150 Village House 868 121.1 Complaint 151 Village House 931 120.5 Complaint 152 Village House 854 121.3 Complaint 153 Village House 865 121.1 Complaint 154 Village House 800 121.8 Complaint 155 Village House 771 122.1 Complaint 156 Village House 758 122.2 Complaint 157 Village House 806 121.7 Complaint 158 Village House 976 120.1 Complaint 159 Village House 717 122.7 Complaint 160 Village House 691 123.0 Complaint 161 Village House 935 120.5 Complaint 162 Village House 1017 119.8 Acceptable 163 Village House 778 122.0 Complaint 164 Village House 701 122.9 Complaint 165 Village House 716 122.7 Complaint 166 Village House 790 121.9 Complaint 167 Village House 668 123.3 Complaint 168 Village House 542 125.1 Complaint 169 Village House 820 121.6 Complaint 170 Village House 542 125.1 Complaint 171 Village House 791 121.9 Complaint 172 Village House 891 120.9 Complaint 173 Village House 974 120.1 Complaint 174 Village House 1317 117.6 Acceptable 175 Village House 1479 116.7 Acceptable 176 Village House 1630 115.8 Acceptable 177 Village House 1573 116.1 Acceptable



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 178 Village House 1685 115.6 Acceptable 179 Village House 1772 115.1 Acceptable 180 Village House 1714 115.4 Acceptable 181 Village House 1697 115.5 Acceptable 182 Village House 1690 115.5 Acceptable 183 Village House 1595 116.0 Acceptable 184 Village House 1382 117.2 Acceptable 185 Village House 1206 118.3 Acceptable 186 Village House 1331 117.5 Acceptable 187 Village House 1416 117.0 Acceptable 188 Village House 1489 116.6 Acceptable 189 Village House 1535 116.3 Acceptable 190 Village House 1586 116.1 Acceptable 191 Village House 1592 116.0 Acceptable 192 Village House 1621 115.8 Acceptable 193 Village House 1376 117.2 Acceptable 194 Village House 1170 118.6 Acceptable 195 Village House 1275 117.9 Acceptable 196 Village House 1165 118.6 Acceptable 197 Village House 1350 117.4 Acceptable 198 Village House 1420 117.0 Acceptable 199 Village House 1239 118.1 Acceptable 200 Village House 1322 117.6 Acceptable 201 Village House 1209 118.3 Acceptable 202 Village House 1617 115.9 Acceptable 203 Village House 1496 116.5 Acceptable 204 Village House 1393 117.1 Acceptable 205 Village House 1304 117.7 Acceptable 206 Village House 1345 117.4 Acceptable 207 Village House 1352 117.4 Acceptable 208 Village House 1137 118.8 Acceptable 209 Village House 1533 116.3 Acceptable 210 Village House 1155 118.7 Acceptable 211 Village House 1266 118.0 Acceptable 212 Village House 1252 118.0 Acceptable 213 Village House 1290 117.8 Acceptable 214 Village House 1400 117.1 Acceptable 215 Village House 1126 118.9 Acceptable 216 Village House 1233 118.2 Acceptable 217 Village House 1304 117.7 Acceptable 218 Village House 1457 116.8 Acceptable 219 Village House 1583 116.1 Acceptable 220 Village House 1501 116.5 Acceptable 221 Village House 1277 117.8 Acceptable 222 Village House 1223 118.2 Acceptable



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 223 Village House 1232 118.2 Acceptable 224 Village House 1133 118.9 Acceptable 225 Village House 1177 118.5 Acceptable 226 Village House 1076 119.3 Acceptable 227 Village House 1147 118.8 Acceptable 228 Village House 1205 118.3 Acceptable 229 Village House 1226 118.2 Acceptable 230 Village House 1256 118.0 Acceptable 231 Village House 1210 118.3 Acceptable 232 Village House 1561 116.2 Acceptable 233 Village House 1438 116.8 Acceptable 234 Village House 1553 116.2 Acceptable 235 Village House 1367 117.3 Acceptable 236 Village House 1433 116.9 Acceptable 237 Village House 1480 116.7 Acceptable 238 Village House 1325 117.6 Acceptable 239 Village House 1059 119.4 Acceptable 240 Village House 1433 116.9 Acceptable 241 Village House 1384 117.2 Acceptable 242 Village House 1332 117.5 Acceptable 243 Village House 1400 117.1 Acceptable 244 Village House 1454 116.8 Acceptable 245 Village House 1463 116.7 Acceptable 246 Village House 1451 116.8 Acceptable 247 Village House 1032 119.6 Acceptable 248 Village House 1025 119.7 Acceptable 249 Village House 1042 119.6 Acceptable 250 Village House 1323 117.6 Acceptable 251 Village House 1466 116.7 Acceptable 252 Village House 1455 116.8 Acceptable 253 Village House 1425 117.0 Acceptable 254 Village House 1428 116.9 Acceptable 255 Village House 1076 119.3 Acceptable 256 Village House 1236 118.1 Acceptable 257 Village House 1315 117.6 Acceptable 258 Village House 1030 119.7 Acceptable 259 Village House 966 120.2 Complaint 260 Village House 928 120.5 Complaint 261 Village House 1035 119.6 Acceptable 262 Village House 1000 119.9 Acceptable 263 Village House 1090 119.2 Acceptable 264 Village House 1367 117.3 Acceptable 265 Village House 1343 117.4 Acceptable 266 Village House 1198 118.4 Acceptable 267 Village House 1157 118.7 Acceptable



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 268 Village House 1000 119.9 Acceptable 269 Village House 1245 118.1 Acceptable 270 Village House 1289 117.8 Acceptable 271 Village House 1386 117.2 Acceptable 272 Village House 1260 118.0 Acceptable 273 Village House 1398 117.1 Acceptable 274 Village House 1441 116.8 Acceptable 275 Village House 1341 117.4 Acceptable 276 Village House 1024 119.7 Acceptable 277 Village House 1100 119.1 Acceptable 278 Village House 1015 119.8 Acceptable 279 Village House 1097 119.1 Acceptable 280 Village House 1237 118.1 Acceptable 281 Village House 1289 117.8 Acceptable 282 Village House 1356 117.4 Acceptable 283 Village House 1060 119.4 Acceptable 284 Village House 999 119.9 Acceptable 285 Village House 1112 119.0 Acceptable 286 Village House 1160 118.7 Acceptable 287 Village House 1170 118.6 Acceptable 288 Village House 1354 117.4 Acceptable 289 Village House 1401 117.1 Acceptable 290 Village House 1402 117.1 Acceptable 291 Village House 1443 116.8 Acceptable 292 Village House 1489 116.6 Acceptable 293 Village House 1482 116.6 Acceptable 294 Village House 1377 117.2 Acceptable 295 Village House 1227 118.2 Acceptable 296 Village House 1143 118.8 Acceptable 297 Village House 1085 119.2 Acceptable 298 Village House 999 119.9 Acceptable 299 Village House 1029 119.7 Acceptable 300 Village House 1111 119.0 Acceptable 301 Village House 1184 118.5 Acceptable 302 Village House 1087 119.2 Acceptable 303 Village House 1108 119.0 Acceptable 304 Village House 1120 119.0 Acceptable 305 Village House 1174 118.6 Acceptable 306 Village House 1069 119.4 Acceptable 307 Village House 1305 117.7 Acceptable 308 Village House 1311 117.7 Acceptable 309 Village House 1489 116.6 Acceptable 310 Village House 1488 116.6 Acceptable 311 Village House 1443 116.8 Acceptable 312 Village House 1115 119.0 Acceptable



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 313 Village House 1233 118.2 Acceptable 314 Village House 1329 117.5 Acceptable 315 Village House 1482 116.6 Acceptable 316 Village House 1526 116.4 Acceptable 317 Village House 1323 117.6 Acceptable 318 Village House 1224 118.2 Acceptable 319 Village House 1311 117.6 Acceptable 320 Village House 1219 118.3 Acceptable 321 Village House 1372 117.3 Acceptable 322 Village House 1420 117.0 Acceptable 323 Village House 1279 117.8 Acceptable 324 Village House 1197 118.4 Acceptable 325 Village House 1395 117.1 Acceptable 326 Village House 1568 116.1 Acceptable 327 Village House 1651 115.7 Acceptable 328 Village House 1640 115.8 Acceptable 329 Gravel road 290 130.3 N/A



• Maximum charge per delay 558 kg – Quarry Area

Figure 14: Air blast influence from maximum charge for Quarry Area



Table 10: Air blast evaluation for maximum charge Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern?

1 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter)


2 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 3 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 4 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter)

11 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 13 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 14 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 15 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 16 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 17 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 18 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 39 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 40 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) 5 Village House 686 128.1 Complaint 6 Village House 705 127.9 Complaint 7 Village House 592 129.4 Complaint 8 Village House 553 129.9 Complaint 9 Village House 555 129.9 Complaint

10 Village House 646 128.6 Complaint 12 Village House 497 130.8 Complaint 19 Village House 398 132.7 Complaint 20 Village House 197 138.6 Problematic 21 Village House 258 136.4 Problematic 22 Village House 154 140.7 Problematic 23 Village House 238 137.0 Problematic 24 Village House 434 132.0 Complaint 25 Village House 255 136.4 Problematic 26 Village House 174 139.7 Problematic 27 Village House 183 139.2 Problematic 28 Village House 240 136.9 Problematic 29 Village House 279 135.7 Problematic 30 Village House 333 134.2 Problematic 31 Village House 385 133.0 Complaint 32 Village House 432 132.0 Complaint 33 Village House 466 131.4 Complaint 34 Village House 383 133.0 Problematic 35 Village House 187 139.1 Problematic 36 Village House 461 131.5 Complaint 37 Village House 309 134.8 Problematic 38 Village House 330 134.3 Problematic 41 Village House 127 142.3 Problematic 42 Village House 232 137.2 Problematic



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 43 Village House 253 136.5 Problematic 44 Village House 464 131.4 Complaint 45 Village House 428 132.1 Complaint 46 Village House 441 131.8 Complaint 47 Village House 350 133.8 Problematic 48 Village House 194 138.7 Problematic 49 Village House 552 129.9 Complaint 50 Village House 523 130.4 Complaint 51 Village House 471 131.3 Complaint 52 Village House 443 131.8 Complaint 53 Village House 635 128.8 Complaint 54 Village House 882 126.0 Complaint 55 Village House 972 125.2 Complaint 56 Village House 1095 124.2 Complaint 57 Village House 859 126.2 Complaint 58 Village House 911 125.7 Complaint 59 Village House 898 125.8 Complaint 60 Village House 811 126.7 Complaint 61 Village House 842 126.4 Complaint 62 Village House 822 126.6 Complaint 63 Village House 962 125.3 Complaint 64 Village House 1130 123.9 Complaint 65 Village House 962 125.3 Complaint 66 Village House 871 126.1 Complaint 67 Village House 1044 124.6 Complaint 68 Village House 979 125.1 Complaint 69 Village House 923 125.6 Complaint 70 Village House 1020 124.8 Complaint 71 Village House 902 125.8 Complaint 72 Village House 960 125.3 Complaint 73 Village House 1068 124.4 Complaint 74 Village House 1049 124.5 Complaint 75 Village House 955 125.3 Complaint 76 Village House 915 125.7 Complaint 77 Village House 853 126.3 Complaint 78 Village House 805 126.8 Complaint 79 Village House 753 127.3 Complaint 80 Village House 640 128.7 Complaint 81 Village House 912 125.7 Complaint 82 Village House 936 125.5 Complaint 83 Village House 841 126.4 Complaint 84 Village House 808 126.7 Complaint 85 Village House 810 126.7 Complaint 86 Village House 679 128.2 Complaint 87 Village House 619 129.0 Complaint



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 88 Village House 597 129.3 Complaint 89 Village House 668 128.3 Complaint 90 Village House 875 126.1 Complaint 91 Village House 926 125.6 Complaint 92 Village House 982 125.1 Complaint 93 Village House 947 125.4 Complaint 94 Village House 843 126.4 Complaint 95 Village House 1002 124.9 Complaint 96 Village House 954 125.3 Complaint 97 Village House 1097 124.2 Complaint 98 Village House 1017 124.8 Complaint 99 Village House 990 125.0 Complaint

100 Village House 1087 124.2 Complaint 101 Village House 1074 124.3 Complaint 102 Village House 690 128.1 Complaint 103 Village House 719 127.7 Complaint 104 Village House 851 126.3 Complaint 105 Village House 921 125.6 Complaint 106 Village House 956 125.3 Complaint 107 Village House 992 125.0 Complaint 108 Village House 1053 124.5 Complaint 109 Shop 939 125.5 Complaint 110 Village House 922 125.6 Complaint 111 Village House 691 128.1 Complaint 112 Village House 887 126.0 Complaint 113 Village House 754 127.3 Complaint 114 Village House 668 128.3 Complaint 115 Village House 661 128.4 Complaint 116 Village House 644 128.6 Complaint 117 Village House 887 126.0 Complaint 118 Village House 834 126.5 Complaint 119 Village House 893 125.9 Complaint 120 Village House 930 125.6 Complaint 121 Village House 631 128.8 Complaint 122 Village House 636 128.8 Complaint 123 Village House 482 131.1 Complaint 124 Village House 462 131.4 Complaint 125 Village House 422 132.2 Complaint 126 Village House 438 131.9 Complaint 127 Village House 545 130.0 Complaint 128 Village House 440 131.9 Complaint 129 Village House 494 130.9 Complaint 130 Village House 579 129.5 Complaint 131 Village House 904 125.8 Complaint 132 Village House 898 125.8 Complaint



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 133 Village House 874 126.1 Complaint 134 Village House 664 128.4 Complaint 135 Village House 522 130.4 Complaint 136 Village House 519 130.5 Complaint 137 Village House 589 129.4 Complaint 138 Village House 650 128.6 Complaint 139 Village House 714 127.8 Complaint 140 Village House 758 127.3 Complaint 141 Village House 767 127.2 Complaint 142 Gravel road 490 130.9 N/A 143 Village House 947 125.4 Complaint 144 Village House 942 125.4 Complaint 145 Village House 783 127.0 Complaint 146 Village House 680 128.2 Complaint 147 Village House 876 126.0 Complaint 148 Village House 905 125.8 Complaint 149 Village House 944 125.4 Complaint 150 Village House 868 126.1 Complaint 151 Village House 931 125.5 Complaint 152 Village House 854 126.3 Complaint 153 Village House 865 126.1 Complaint 154 Village House 800 126.8 Complaint 155 Village House 771 127.1 Complaint 156 Village House 758 127.3 Complaint 157 Village House 806 126.8 Complaint 158 Village House 976 125.2 Complaint 159 Village House 717 127.7 Complaint 160 Village House 691 128.1 Complaint 161 Village House 935 125.5 Complaint 162 Village House 1017 124.8 Complaint 163 Village House 778 127.0 Complaint 164 Village House 701 127.9 Complaint 165 Village House 716 127.7 Complaint 166 Village House 790 126.9 Complaint 167 Village House 668 128.3 Complaint 168 Village House 542 130.1 Complaint 169 Village House 820 126.6 Complaint 170 Village House 542 130.1 Complaint 171 Village House 791 126.9 Complaint 172 Village House 891 125.9 Complaint 173 Village House 974 125.2 Complaint 174 Village House 1317 122.6 Complaint 175 Village House 1479 121.7 Complaint 176 Village House 1630 120.8 Complaint 177 Village House 1573 121.1 Complaint



Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 178 Village House 1685 120.5 Complaint 179 Village House 1772 120.1 Complaint 180 Village House 1714 120.4 Complaint 181 Village House 1697 120.5 Complaint 182 Village House 1690 120.5 Complaint 183 Village House 1595 121.0 Complaint 184 Village House 1382 122.2 Complaint 185 Village House 1206 123.4 Complaint 186 Village House 1331 122.5 Complaint 187 Village House 1416 122.0 Complaint 188 Village House 1489 121.6 Complaint 189 Village House 1535 121.3 Complaint 190 Village House 1586 121.1 Complaint 191 Village House 1592 121.0 Complaint 192 Village House 1621 120.9 Complaint 193 Village House 1376 122.2 Complaint 194 Village House 1170 123.6 Complaint 195 Village House 1275 122.9 Complaint 196 Village House 1165 123.7 Complaint 197 Village House 1350 122.4 Complaint 198 Village House 1420 122.0 Complaint 199 Village House 1239 123.1 Complaint 200 Village House 1322 122.6 Complaint 201 Village House 1209 123.3 Complaint 202 Village House 1617 120.9 Complaint 203 Village House 1496 121.5 Complaint 204 Village House 1393 122.1 Complaint 205 Village House 1304 122.7 Complaint 206 Village House 1345 122.4 Complaint 207 Village House 1352 122.4 Complaint 208 Village House 1137 123.9 Complaint 209 Village House 1533 121.4 Complaint 210 Village House 1155 123.7 Complaint 211 Village House 1266 123.0 Complaint 212 Village House 1252 123.0 Complaint 213 Village House 1290 122.8 Complaint 214 Village House 1400 122.1 Complaint 215 Village House 1126 123.9 Complaint 216 Village House 1233 123.2 Complaint 217 Village House 1304 122.7 Complaint 218 Village House 1457 121.8 Complaint 219 Village House 1583 121.1 Complaint 220 Village House 1501 121.5 Complaint 221 Village House 1277 122.9 Complaint 222 Village House 1223 123.3 Complaint









Tag Description Distance (m) Air blast (dB) Possible Concern? 313 Village House 1233 123.2 Complaint 314 Village House 1329 122.5 Complaint 315 Village House 1482 121.6 Complaint 316 Village House 1526 121.4 Complaint 317 Village House 1323 122.6 Complaint 318 Village House 1224 123.3 Complaint 319 Village House 1311 122.7 Complaint 320 Village House 1219 123.3 Complaint 321 Village House 1372 122.3 Complaint 322 Village House 1420 122.0 Complaint 323 Village House 1279 122.9 Complaint 324 Village House 1197 123.4 Complaint 325 Village House 1395 122.1 Complaint 326 Village House 1568 121.2 Complaint 327 Village House 1651 120.7 Complaint 328 Village House 1640 120.8 Complaint 329 Gravel road 290 135.4 N/A



16.7 Summary of findings for air blast

Review of the air blast levels indicates the same concerns than with ground vibration. Air blast predicted for the maximum charge ranges between 120.1 and 158.0 dB for all the POI’s considered. This includes the nearest points such as the Villages Houses. These levels may contribute to effects such as rattling of roofs or door or windows and is expected to be damaging. As indicated above there is a high probability that influence could lead to damages and complaints. The current accepted limit on air blast is 134 dB. Damages are only expected to occur at levels greater than 134dB. On prediction it is expected that air blast will be greater than 134 dB to a distance of 333 m from the quarry boundary. The nearest buildings are 20 m from the quarry boundary. 37 POI’s were identified where air blast is greater than the normal limit. The rest of the POI’s showed levels lower than 134 dB but more than 120 dB. Complaints from air blast are normally based on the actual effects that are experienced due to rattling of roof, windows, doors etc. These effects could startle people and raise concern of possible damage. The calculations for air blast are based on the use of basic rules for stemming length and stemming material. It is maintained that if stemming control is not exercised this effect could be greater with greater range of complaints or damage. The quarry is located such that “free blasting” – meaning no controls on blast preparation – will not be possible. The location of the quarry on the hill as discussed in the section on ground vibration may be contributing negatively to air blast. The hilly areas tend to distribute the air blast effect wider than sometimes expected. Air blast will certainly be of concern even at levels within the normally accepted limit of 134 dB. Specific mitigations will be required to control and manage air blast levels.

16.8 Fly-rock unsafe zone

The occurrence of fly rock in any form will have a negative impact if found to travel outside the unsafe zone. This unsafe zone may be anything between 10m or 1000m. A general unsafe zone is normally considered to be within a radius of 500 m from the blast; but needs to be qualified and determined as best possible. Calculations are used to help and assist determining safe distances. A safe distance from blasting is calculated following rules and guidelines from the International Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) Blasters Handbook. Using this calculation the minimum safe distances can be determined that should be cleared of people, animals and equipment. Figure 15 shows the results from the



ISEE calculations for fly rock range based on a 102 mm diameter blast hole and 2.6 m stemming length. Based on these values a possible fly rock range with a safety factor of 2 was calculated to be 206 m. The absolute minimum unsafe zone is then the 206 m. This calculation is a guideline and any distance cleared should not be less. The occurrence of fly rock can however never be 100% excluded. Best practices should be implemented at all times. The occurrence of fly rock can be mitigated but the possibility of the occurrence there of can never be eliminated. Figure 16 shows the area around the quarry that incorporates the 206 m unsafe zone.

Figure 15: Fly rock prediction calculation

206

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

Thro

w D

ista

nce

(m)

Burden / Stemming Length (m)

Wild Coast Stone Quarry Project - Overburden Blast Fly RockMaximum Throw Distance vs Burden/Stemming Height

Actual Stemming Fly Rock Calc - ISEE Fly Rock Calc - ISEE



Figure 16: Predicted Fly rock Exclusion Zone



Review of the calculated unsafe zone showed sixteen POI’s within the unsafe zone. This includes mainly the Village Houses around the quarry area. Table 11 below shows the POI’s of concern and coordinates. Table 11: Fly rock concern POI’s

Tag Description Y X Distance (m)

1 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) -77929.74 3453152.48 116







20 Village House -77921.08 3453898.02 197

22 Village House -77882.16 3453832.27 154

26 Village House -77745.50 3453645.06 174

27 Village House -77732.07 3453610.71 183

35 Village House -77714.99 3453486.04 187



41 Village House -77835.16 3453189.62 127

48 Village House -77884.16 3453087.78 194

16.9 Noxious fumes

The occurrence of fumes in the form the NOx gas is not a given and very dependent on various factors as discussed in Section 13.6. However the occurrence of fumes should be closely monitored. Furthermore, nothing can be stated as to fume dispersal to nearby houses, but if anybody is present in the path of the fume cloud it could be problematic.

16.10 Potential Environmental Impact Assessment: Operational Phase

The following is the impact assessment of the various concerns covered by this report. The matrix below in Table 12 was used for analysis and evaluation of aspects discussed in this report. The outcome of the analysis is provided in Table 13 before mitigation and in Table 14 after mitigation. This risk assessment is a one sided analysis and needs to be discussed with role players in order to obtain a proper outcome and mitigation.



Table 12: Evaluation matrix criteria

Aspect Description Weight Description Probability: This describes the likelihood of the impact actually occurring.

Probability None 0 None Improbable 1 The possibility of the impact occurring is very low, due to the

circumstances, design or experience. Probable 2 There is a probability that the impact will occur to the extent that

provision must be made therefore. Medium

Probable 3

Highly Probable

4 It is most likely that the impact will occur at some stage of the development.

Definite 5 The impact will take place regardless of any prevention plans, and there can only be relied on mitigatory actions or contingency plans to contain the effect.

Duration: The lifetime of the impact Duration Immediate 1 The impact will either disappear with mitigation or will be mitigated

through natural processes in a time span shorter than any of the phases. Short term 2 Short-term (0-7 years) (impact ceases after the operational life of the

activity) Medium term 3 The impact will last up to the end of the phases, where after it will be

negated. Long term 4 The impact will last for the entire operational phase of the project but will

be mitigated by direct human action or by natural processes thereafter. Permanent 5 Impact that will be non-transitory. Mitigation either by man or natural

processes will not occur in such a way or in such a time span that the impact can be considered transient.

Scale: The physical and spatial size of the impact Scale International 5 International National 4 National Regional 3 Regional Local 2 Local Site Only 1 Site only

Magnitude/ Severity: Does the impact destroy the environment, or alter its function. Magnitude Very High 10 Very high/don’t know High 8 High Moderate 6 Moderate Low 4 Low Minor 2 Minor

Significance: This is an indication of the importance of the impact in terms of both physical extent and time scale, and therefore indicates the level of mitigation required.

Positive + The impact is non-existent or unsubstantial and is of no or little importance to any stakeholder and can be ignored.

Low <30 The impact is limited in extent, has low to medium intensity; whatever its probability of occurrence is, the impact will not have a material effect on the decision and is likely to require management intervention with increased costs.

Moderate 30 - 75 The impact is of importance to one or more stakeholders, and its intensity will be medium or high; therefore, the impact may materially affect the decision, and management intervention will be required.

High >75 The impact could render development options controversial or the project unacceptable if it cannot be reduced to acceptable levels; and/or the cost of management intervention will be a significant factor in mitigation.



Table 13: Risk assessment outcome before mitigation

No Activity Impact P D S M/S Significance Before Mitigation

Score Magnitude Score Magnitude Score Magnitude Score Magnitude Score Magnitude

Pre-Construction and Construction Phase

None 0 0 0 0 0 Positive

Operational Phase

1 Blasting Ground vibration Impact on houses 5 Definite 2 Short Term 2 Local 8 High 60 Moderate

2 Blasting Ground vibration Impact on Power

line Infrastructure 3

Medium Probability

2 Short Term 2 Local 4 Low 24 Low

3 Blasting Ground vibration Impact on roads 1 Improbable 2 Short Term 2 Local 0 4 Low

4 Blasting Air blast Impact on houses 5 Definite 2 Short Term 2 Local 8 High 60 Moderate

5 Blasting Air blast Impact on Power Line

Infrastructure 2

Low Probability

2 Short Term 2 Local 2 Minor 12 Low

6 Blasting Air blast Impact on roads 1 Improbable 2 Short Term 2 Local 0 4 Low

7 Blasting Fly Rock Impact on houses 5 Definite 2 Short Term 2 Local 8 High 60 Moderate

8 Blasting Fly Rock Impact on Power line

Infrastructure 3

Medium Probability

2 Short Term 2 Local 4 Low 24 Low

9 Blasting Fly Rock Impact on roads 3 Medium

Probability 2 Short Term 2 Local 4 Low 24 Low

Closure and Post-Closure Phase

1 None 0 0 0 0 0 Positive



Table 14: Risk assessment outcome after mitigation

No Activity Impact Mitigation Measures P D S M / S Significance


Pre-Construction and Construction Phase

None None 0 0 0 0 0 Positive

Operational Phase

1 Blasting Ground vibration Impact on houses

Reduce charge mass per delay, create an increased blast buffer between village and quarry - relocation of all households within

600 m from boundary, re-design blast.

2 Low


2 Blasting Ground vibration

Impact on Railway Infrastructure

Reduce charge mass per delay, re-design blast.

2 Low

Probability 2 Short Term 2 Local 2 Minor 12 Low

3 Blasting Ground vibration Impact on roads

None 1 Improbable 2 Short Term 2 Local 0 4 Low

4 Blasting Air blast Impact on houses


600 m from boundary, re-design blast. Stemming control and audit, use proper

stemming materials, re-design blasts.

2 Low


5 Blasting Air blast Impact on

Railway Infrastructure

None 2 Low

Probability 2 Short Term 2 Local 0 8 Low

6 Blasting Air blast Impact on roads


7 Blasting Fly Rock Impact on houses


600 m from boundary, re-design blast. Stemming control and audit, use proper

stemming materials, re-design blasts.

2 Low


8 Blasting Fly Rock Impact on Railway

2 Low




No Activity Impact Mitigation Measures P D S M / S Significance


Infrastructure

9 Blasting Fly Rock Impact on roads

2 Low


10 Blasting Impact of Fumes - Houses


600 m from boundary, re-design blast.

2 Low


11 Blasting

Impact of Fumes - Railway

Infrastructure - only where people are

working

Reduce charge mass per delay, re-design blast.

2 Low


12 Blasting Impact of Fumes - Roads


Closure and Post-Closure Phase

1 None None 0 0 0 0 0 Positive



16.11 Mitigations

In review of the evaluations made in this report it is certain that specific mitigation will be required. There are specific ground vibration concerns on installations close to the quarry area. There are concerns for the Villages Houses. Air blast and fly rock can be controlled using proper charging methodology irrespective of the blast hole diameter and patterns used. The only way to mitigate air blast is the design of the stemming length and stemming material. This will require changed blast design to ensure energy levels remain as expected but with increased stemming lengths and the use of proper stemming material. The used of a crushed product with size of 10 % of the blasthole diameter is the recommended material. Specific impacts are expected at the following POI’s identified. Table 15 shows list of POI’s that will need to be considered as defined above. Figure 17 shows the location of these POI’s in relation to the quarry area. The houses within the quarry area are not included in analysis as these are expected to be relocated. Table 15: Structures at the Quarry Area identified as problematic

Tag Description Y X Specific Limit (mm/s)

Distance (m)


Structure Response @ 10Hz

8 Village House -77967.33 3452646.36 6 553 6.3 Problematic


















Tag Description Y X Specific Limit (mm/s)

Distance (m)


Structure Response @ 10Hz

































Figure 17: Structures identified where ground vibration mitigation will be required. Mitigation of ground vibration for this can be done applying the following methods:

• Do blast design that considers the actual blasting and the ground vibration levels to be adhered too,

• Change the initiating system to facilitate less blast holes detonating simultaneously making using of electronic initiation that allow for single hole firing. Single blasthole firing will facilitate less ground vibration but are still structures close enough to be influenced. See section 16.1.

• Do design for smaller diameter blast holes that will use fewer explosives per blasthole. Table 16 shows mitigation in the form of maximum charge mass allowed and minimum distance require for the maximum charge used in the evaluation. Firstly the maximum charge mass per delay that will satisfy the required limits for the actual distance between blast area and point of concern is shown. Secondly the minimum distance required to satisfy limits for the maximum charge used in evaluation. These factors are highlighted yellow.



Table 16: Mitigation measures for ground vibration

Tag Description Y X Specific Limit (mm/s) Distance (m)

Total Mass/Delay

(kg)



10Hz

Maximum Charge allowed 8 Village House -77967.33 3452646.36 6 553 527 6.0 Acceptable

9 Village House -78325.09 3452631.64 6 555 531 6.0 Acceptable















































Tag Description Y X Specific Limit (mm/s) Distance (m)

Total Mass/Delay

(kg)



10Hz

Minimum distance required for the two charges evaluated 8 Village House -77967.33 3452646.36 6 569 558 6.0 Acceptable


The information provided above clearly indicates that additional measure will be required other than just reducing the charge mass per delay – for instance single blasthole firing. At single blasthole firing for the design used a distance of 232 m is still required to facilitate levels within accepted norms. Additional measures are provided under recommendations.

17 Closure Phase: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

During the closure phase no mining, drilling and blasting operations are expected.

18 Alternatives (Comparison and Recommendation)

No specific alternative mining methods are currently under discussion or considered for drilling and blasting. The only alternative is obtaining material from existing quarries. There are no existing quarries in the vicinity and nearest is too far to make this project cost effective.

19 Monitoring

A monitoring programme for recording blasting operations is recommended. The following elements should be part of such a monitoring program:

• Ground vibration and air blast results • Blast Information summary • Meteorological information at time of the blast • Video Recording of the blast • Fly rock observations

Most of the above aspects do not require specific locations of monitoring. Ground vibration and air blast monitoring requires identified locations for monitoring. Monitoring of ground vibration and air blast is done to ensure that the generated levels of ground vibration and air blast comply with recommendations. Proposed positions were selected to indicate the nearest points of interest at which levels of ground vibration and air blast should be within the accepted norms and standards as proposed in this report. The monitoring of ground vibration will also qualify the expected ground vibration and air blast levels and assist in mitigating these aspects properly. This will also contribute to proper relationships with the neighbours. Ten monitoring positions were identified around the mining area. Monitoring positions are indicated in Figure 18 and Table 17



lists the positions with coordinates. These points will need to be re-defined with the initial first blast and consider the final blast design that will be applicable.

Figure 18: Monitoring Positions suggested for the Quarry. Table 17: List of possible monitoring positions

Tag Description Y X

5 Village House -77674.68 3452642.50

88 Village House -78663.22 3452832.48

109 Shop -79225.80 3453675.50

121 Village House -78472.69 3454128.55

160 Village House -77282.62 3453896.25

176 Village House -76702.13 3452184.80

199 Village House -79137.98 3452393.44

217 Village House -79615.91 3453526.32

249 Village House -78874.70 3454337.44

293 Village House -76639.45 3454380.59


Project: Wild CoastStone Quarry

Project

Project No: n/a

Date: 12 January 2017

1

2

3

4

56

7 8 9

10

1112

1314

15 1617

18

192021

2223

24

252627282930

3132

33 3435

3637

38 39

40414243

44

4546 47 48

4950

51 5253

5455

5657

5859606162

63

64

6566

676869

70

7172

737475

76777879

80

8182

8384

8586

8788 8990

91

92

9394

9596 9798

99100

101102

103 104105106107108109110111

112113114

115116117

118119120

121122

123124125126

127128

129130

131132133

134

135136137138

139140141

142

143144

145

146

147148

149150151

152153 154155156157

158

159160

161162

163164165166

167

168

169

170

171

172173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180 181182

183

184

185

186187

188 189190

191192

193

194195

196197 198

199200

201

202

203204205206207208 209

210 211

212213 214215216217 218

219220

221222223

224225226

227228229230

231232

233234235

236237238

239

240241242

243244245

246

247248

249

250 251

252253254

255

256 257

258259260

261262

263

264265

266267

268

269270

271

272

273274

275

276277278

279

280281282

283284

285286287

288289

290291292

293294

295296297 298

299300301

302303304305306

307

308309

310311

312313

314315316

317 318319

320321322

323

324

325

326

327328

329

5

88

109

121

160

176

199

217

249293

000

500

000

500

000

500

000

500



20 Recommendations

The following recommendations are proposed.

20.1 Regulatory requirements

Regulatory requirements indicate specific requirements for all non-mining structures and installations within 500 m from the mining operation. Village Houses are observed within the 500 m. The quarry will have to apply for the necessary authorisations as pre-scribed in the various acts. Table 18 shows list of these installations. Figure 19 below shows the 500 m boundary around the quarry area. The location of non-mining installations is clearly observed. Table 18: List of possible installations within regulatory 500 m

Tag Description Y X

1 Village House (Inside SQ1 Perimeter) -77929.74 3453152.48





12 Village House -78589.62 3452901.82







19 Village House -78290.72 3453974.50

20 Village House -77921.08 3453898.02

21 Village House -77805.09 3453903.45

22 Village House -77882.16 3453832.27

23 Village House -77729.88 3453780.02

24 Village House -77547.09 3453855.33

25 Village House -77675.95 3453705.84

26 Village House -77745.50 3453645.06

27 Village House -77732.07 3453610.71

28 Village House -77673.18 3453600.19

29 Village House -77637.82 3453626.34

30 Village House -77583.37 3453631.31

31 Village House -77537.83 3453685.72



Tag Description Y X

32 Village House -77490.06 3453681.81

33 Village House -77440.35 3453553.52

34 Village House -77525.70 3453570.11

35 Village House -77714.99 3453486.04

36 Village House -77436.11 3453442.57

37 Village House -77582.25 3453381.87

38 Village House -77554.57 3453308.21



41 Village House -77835.16 3453189.62

42 Village House -77701.70 3453164.64

43 Village House -77664.58 3453182.07

44 Village House -77422.24 3453271.97

45 Village House -77479.00 3453171.70

46 Village House -77495.85 3453098.55

47 Village House -77630.08 3453067.21

48 Village House -77884.16 3453087.78

51 Village House -77654.69 3452896.26

52 Village House -77728.44 3452888.89

123 Village House -78320.46 3454056.38

124 Village House -78256.49 3454080.31

125 Village House -78197.72 3454070.45

126 Village House -78105.87 3454126.42

128 Village House -77954.12 3454147.69

129 Village House -77928.44 3454200.47

142 Gravel road -78191.09 3454150.55

329 Gravel road -77681.10 3453800.59



Figure 19: Regulatory 500 m range for the Quarry

20.2 Relocation

Review of the area and the possible influences from the blasting operations it is certain that relocation of some of the households in the area needs to be considered. In view of the MHSA requirement, ground vibration, air blast levels and fly rock concerns relocation of the households within 600 m from the pit boundary should be considered. There are households within the quarry area that will require relocation. Figure 20 shows the 600 m boundary line. Table 19 contains list of POI’s to be considered for this.



Project

Project No: n/a


1

2

3

4

5

6

78 9

10

11

12

13

14

15 16

17

18

19

2021

22

23

24

25

262728

2930

3132

33 34

35

36

37

3839

4041

4243

44

45

4647

48

49

50

51 52

53

54

55

56

57

58 5960

61 62

63

64

65

66

6768

69

70

7172

7374

75

76

777879

80

81

8283

84

8586

8788 89

9091

92

93

94

95

9697

98

99

100

101102

103 104105

106107 108109

110111

112

113114115

116

117

118119

120

121122

123124125

126

127

128

129

130

131132133

134

135136

137138

139

140141

142

143

144

145

146

147148

149150

151

152153

154

155156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180181 182

183

184

185

186

187

188 189

190

191192

193

194

195

196197 198

199200

201

202

203204205

206207

208 209

210 211

212213214215

216217

218

219

220221

222

223

224

225226

227228229

230

231

232

233

234235236

237238

239

240

241242

243244

245

246

247

248

249

250251

252253254

255

256257

258

259260

261262

263

264265

266267

268

269270

271

272

273274

275

276277

278279

280281282

283

284

285286

287

288

289

290

291292

293

294295

296 297 298

299300

301

302

303304305

306

307

308

309

310311

312313

314315

316

317318

319

320321322

323

324

325

326

327328

329

000

500

000

500

000

500

000

500



Figure 20: 600 m area around the Quarry Table 19: POI’s to be considered for relocation






7 Village House -77904.75 3452629.53 592

8 Village House -77967.33 3452646.36 553

9 Village House -78325.09 3452631.64 555


12 Village House -78589.62 3452901.82 497









Project

Project No: n/a


1

2

3

4

56

7 8 9

10

1112

1314

15 1617

18

192021

2223

24

252627282930

3132

33 3435

3637

38 39

40414243

44

4546 47 48

4950

51 5253

5455

5657

5859606162

63

64

6566

676869

70

7172

737475

76777879

80

8182

8384

8586

8788 8990

91

92

9394

9596 9798

99100

101102

103 104105106107108109110111

112113114

115116117

118119120

121122

123124125126

127128

129130

131132133

134

135136137138

139140141

142

143144

145

146

147148

149150151

152153 154155156157

158

159160

161162

163164165166

167

168

169

170

171

172173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180 181182

183

184

185

186187

188 189190

191192

193

194195

196197 198

199200

201

202

203204205206207208 209

210 211

212213 214215216217 218

219220

221222223

224225226

227228229230

231232

233234235

236237238

239

240241242

243244245

246

247248

249

250 251

252253254

255

256 257

258259260

261262

263

264265

266267

268

269270

271

272

273274

275

276277278

279

280281282

283284

285286287

288289

290291292

293294

295296297 298

299300301

302303304305306

307

308309

310311

312313

314315316

317 318319

320321322

323

324

325

326

327328

329

000

500

000

500

000

500

000

500




19 Village House -78290.72 3453974.50 398

20 Village House -77921.08 3453898.02 197

21 Village House -77805.09 3453903.45 258

22 Village House -77882.16 3453832.27 154

23 Village House -77729.88 3453780.02 238

24 Village House -77547.09 3453855.33 434

25 Village House -77675.95 3453705.84 255

26 Village House -77745.50 3453645.06 174

27 Village House -77732.07 3453610.71 183

28 Village House -77673.18 3453600.19 240

29 Village House -77637.82 3453626.34 279

30 Village House -77583.37 3453631.31 333

31 Village House -77537.83 3453685.72 385

32 Village House -77490.06 3453681.81 432

33 Village House -77440.35 3453553.52 466

34 Village House -77525.70 3453570.11 383

35 Village House -77714.99 3453486.04 187

36 Village House -77436.11 3453442.57 461

37 Village House -77582.25 3453381.87 309

38 Village House -77554.57 3453308.21 330



41 Village House -77835.16 3453189.62 127

42 Village House -77701.70 3453164.64 232

43 Village House -77664.58 3453182.07 253

44 Village House -77422.24 3453271.97 464

45 Village House -77479.00 3453171.70 428

46 Village House -77495.85 3453098.55 441

47 Village House -77630.08 3453067.21 350

48 Village House -77884.16 3453087.78 194

49 Village House -77425.22 3453000.10 552

50 Village House -77502.53 3452950.44 523

51 Village House -77654.69 3452896.26 471

52 Village House -77728.44 3452888.89 443

88 Village House -78663.22 3452832.48 597

123 Village House -78320.46 3454056.38 482

124 Village House -78256.49 3454080.31 462

125 Village House -78197.72 3454070.45 422




126 Village House -78105.87 3454126.42 438

127 Village House -78158.10 3454222.78 545

128 Village House -77954.12 3454147.69 440

129 Village House -77928.44 3454200.47 494

130 Village House -78035.32 3454284.27 579

135 Village House -77869.05 3454219.92 522

136 Village House -77778.68 3454189.38 519

137 Village House -77804.93 3454273.02 589

142 Gravel road -78191.09 3454150.55 490

168 Village House -77343.90 3453276.89 542

170 Village House -77367.97 3453142.13 542

20.3 Blast Designs

The blast designs used in this report forms part of the initial consideration of blasting operations. In this evaluation there is scope to review the final blast designs to be used. It is then highly recommended that this blast design be reviewed and a detail blasting code of practice be prepared and accepted for the development of the quarry. Designing of blasts must consider the location of the blast and location of surface structures. The expected levels of ground vibration and air blast must be considered and calculated for the nearest surface structures. The design must consider final pattern, charging configurations and timing taken into account. The following should be considered in the design:

• Blast Initiation should rather be electronic initiation • Blasthole diameters can be reconsidered to be 89 mm diameter • Stemming lengths must be at least 30 times the blasthole diameter thus – 89mm x 30 mm = 2.7 m • Stemming material must be crushed aggregate: 10 % of blasthole diameter= - +7-12 mm

20.4 Safe blasting distance and evacuation

Calculated minimum safe distance is 206 m. This is the estimated area that must be cleared at east around a blast before firing. General evacuation used in the mining industry is at least 500 m from any blast. This may be further in some cases. The final blast designs that may be used will determine the final decision on safe distance to evacuate people and animals. This distance may be greater pending the final code of practice of the mine and responsible blaster’s decision on safe distance. The blaster has a legal obligation concerning the safe distance and he needs to determine this distance.



20.5 Road Closure

There are various smaller and more travelled roads in the area. During blasting care must be taken to ensure all these small roads are closed and people and animals cleared to outside the unsafe area as determined by the blaster.

20.6 Recommended ground vibration and air blast levels

The ground vibration and air blast levels limits recommended for blasting operations in this area are provided in Table 20. Table 20: Recommended ground vibration air blast limits

Structure Description Ground Vibration Limit (mm/s) Air Blast Limit (dBL) National Roads/Tar Roads: 150 N/A

Electrical Lines: 75 N/A Railway: 150 N/A

Transformers 25 N/A Water Wells 50 N/A

Telecoms Tower 50 134 General Houses of proper construction USBM Criteria or 25 mm/s

Shall not exceed 134dB at point of concern but 120 dB preferred

Houses of lesser proper construction 12.5 Rural building – Traditional Build houses 6

20.7 Blasting times

A further consideration of blasting times is when weather conditions could influence the effects yielded by blasting operations. It is recommended not to blast too early in the morning when it is still cool or when there is a possibility of atmospheric inversion or too late in the afternoon in winter. Do not blast in fog. Do not blast in the dark. Refrain from blasting when wind is blowing strongly in the direction of an outside receptor. Do not blast with low overcast clouds. These ‘do nots’ stem from the influence that weather has on air blast. The energy of air blast cannot be increased but it is distributed differently and therefore is difficult to mitigate. It is recommended that a standard blasting time is fixed and blasting notice boards setup at various routes around the project area that will inform the community of blasting dates and times.

20.8 Photographic Inspections

The option of photographic survey of all structures up to 1000 m from the quarry area is recommended. The quarry will be operating for a significant number of years. This will give



advantage on any negotiations with regards to complaints from neighbours on structural issues due to blasting. This process can however only succeed if done in conjunction with a proper monitoring program. It is expected that ground vibration levels will be significantly less than proposed limits at 1000 m but this process will ensure record of the pre-blasting status of the nearest structures to the pit areas. At 1000 m the expected level of ground vibration will be perceptible. Figure 21 shows extent of the range of 1000 m around the quarry with POI’s identified and Table 21 shows list of the identified POI’s. It must be noted that a point may represent a group of structures found in the vicinity of the point identified.

Figure 21: Photographic inspection area and POI’s Table 21: Recommended POI’s for photographic inspections

Tag Description Y X

5 Village House -77674.68 3452642.50

6 Village House -77761.43 3452576.55

10 Village House -78348.69 3452543.31

53 Village House -77457.69 3452836.58

54 Village House -77354.24 3452601.92

55 Village House -77282.65 3452543.13



57 Village House -77486.03 3452546.37

58 Village House -77470.04 3452495.57

59 Village House -77509.99 3452489.16

60 Village House -77627.69 3452525.72

61 Village House -77646.41 3452481.14

62 Village House -77695.56 3452478.73

63 Village House -77559.22 3452391.59

65 Village House -77813.47 3452266.69

66 Village House -77959.18 3452317.55

68 Village House -78172.46 3452184.69

69 Village House -78170.54 3452240.54

71 Village House -78275.15 3452267.83

72 Village House -78368.63 3452224.93

75 Village House -78430.75 3452245.48

76 Village House -78545.51 3452330.41

77 Village House -78552.64 3452403.35

78 Village House -78510.86 3452435.85

79 Village House -78399.38 3452447.02

80 Village House -78522.25 3452631.46

81 Village House -78797.50 3452504.62

82 Village House -78895.13 3452575.44

83 Village House -78806.05 3452617.17

84 Village House -78825.69 3452694.79

85 Village House -78861.86 3452748.09

86 Village House -78672.20 3452709.43

87 Village House -78669.21 3452801.48

89 Village House -78741.13 3452821.84

90 Village House -78956.21 3452785.14

91 Village House -78992.39 3452743.80

92 Village House -78994.30 3452635.04

93 Village House -79168.86 3453039.72

94 Village House -79078.60 3453091.38

96 Village House -79254.60 3453284.35

99 Village House -79298.60 3453336.86

102 Village House -79004.35 3453467.10

103 Village House -79017.78 3453595.02

104 Village House -79155.81 3453578.46

105 Village House -79223.06 3453599.35

106 Village House -79254.20 3453621.34



107 Village House -79290.82 3453621.81

109 Shop -79225.80 3453675.50

110 Village House -79200.26 3453702.18

111 Village House -78948.43 3453721.47

112 Village House -79059.19 3453929.74

113 Village House -78837.62 3453995.72

114 Village House -78727.18 3453979.78

115 Village House -78666.72 3454017.33

116 Village House -78612.62 3454037.56

117 Village House -78919.91 3454101.56

118 Village House -78783.16 3454145.81

119 Village House -78838.31 3454177.88

120 Village House -78834.86 3454227.77

121 Village House -78472.69 3454128.55

122 Village House -78439.06 3454159.83

131 Village House -78385.35 3454516.52

132 Village House -78316.09 3454540.68

133 Village House -78242.99 3454540.68

134 Village House -77864.50 3454362.94

138 Village House -77641.00 3454267.02

139 Village House -77622.27 3454330.20

140 Village House -77678.41 3454406.91

141 Village House -77739.21 3454438.70

143 Village House -77517.48 3454538.26

144 Village House -77433.06 3454480.05

145 Village House -77513.77 3454342.49

146 Village House -77544.18 3454235.73

147 Village House -77385.79 3454358.32

148 Village House -77335.42 3454349.67

149 Village House -77183.84 3454228.17

150 Village House -77256.51 3454198.20

151 Village House -77149.80 3454159.17

152 Village House -77204.16 3454100.08

153 Village House -77171.38 3454067.81

154 Village House -77268.77 3454100.38

155 Village House -77273.92 3454055.13

156 Village House -77270.31 3454025.16

157 Village House -77202.80 3453999.70

158 Village House -77064.54 3454104.05



159 Village House -77281.15 3453959.23

160 Village House -77282.62 3453896.25

161 Village House -77047.87 3453967.76

163 Village House -77181.64 3453876.91

164 Village House -77242.26 3453810.92

165 Village House -77218.32 3453777.94

166 Village House -77147.21 3453799.42

167 Village House -77225.94 3453428.61

169 Village House -77067.64 3453375.76

171 Village House -77312.10 3452760.77

172 Village House -77292.40 3452641.59

173 Village House -77231.98 3452584.33

259 Village House -78260.16 3454631.20

260 Village House -78185.34 3454611.29

262 Village House -78031.81 3454706.07

268 Village House -77894.61 3454704.80

284 Village House -77313.49 3454458.78

298 Village House -77190.49 3454328.43

20.9 Third party monitoring

Third party consultation and monitoring should be considered for all ground vibration and air blast monitoring work. This will bring about unbiased evaluation of levels and influence from an independent group. Monitoring could be done using permanent installed stations. Audit functions may also be conducted to assist the mine in maintaining a high level of performance with regards to blast results and the effects related to blasting operations.

21 Knowledge Gaps

The data provided from client and information gathered was sufficient to conduct this study. Surface surroundings change continuously and this should be taken into account prior to initial blasting operations considered. This report may need to be reviewed and update if necessary. This report is based on data provided and internationally accepted methods and methodology used for calculations and predictions.

22 Conclusion

Blast Management & Consulting (BM&C) was contracted as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to perform an initial review of possible impacts with regards to blasting



operations in the proposed SQ1 Quarry located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Ground vibration, air blast, fly rock and fumes are some of the aspects resulting from blasting operations. The report concentrates on the possible influences of ground vibration, air blast and fly rock. It intends to provide information, calculations, predictions, possible influences and mitigation of blasting operations for this project. The project area has people and houses at very close distance to the project area. There are houses located within the quarry area. Specific attention will need to be given to these. These 13 houses holds will have to be relocated. The nearest house or buildings outside quarry area is found 127 m away from the blasting area. The ground vibration levels predicted for all installations evaluated surrounding the quarry area ranged between 0.9 mm/s and 71.1 mm/s. Ground vibration levels at the nearest buildings where people may be present is 71.1 mm/s. The structures considered in the evaluation showed that up to 555 m from the quarry boundary, concerns for damages are possible. Specific attention will be required for adjustments in the blasting operations to ensure expected levels of ground vibration and air blast are within the required limits. There are also regulations that will need to be followed for permission to conduct blasting operations with these installations within 500 m from the blast operations. The levels predicted do show high and low levels of ground vibration but in general ground vibration could be experienced as unpleasant at the maximum charge on the human perception scale. Air blast predicted for the maximum charge ranges between 120.1 and 142.3 dB for all the POI’s considered outside the quarry area. These levels may contribute to effects such as rattling of roofs or door or windows and is expected to be damaging. Damages are only expected to occur at levels greater than 134dB and 134 dB is only expected at distances closer than 333 m to the quarry area. An exclusion zone for safe blasting was also calculated. The exclusion zone was established to be at least 206 m. Normal practice observed in mines is a 500 m exclusion zone. The use of minimum 206 m exclusion zone is rather recommended in this instance. This may be reduced once blasting has started and distances are confirmed. Recommendations were made that should be considered, specifically for review of blast designs, monitoring of ground vibration and air blast, safe blasting zones, safe ground vibration and air blast limits, relocation of households, structure inspections and blasting times. Specific recommendation is that it must be considered to relocate all households within 600 m from the blasting area.



This concludes this investigation for the SQ1 Quarry Project. There is no reason to believe that this operation cannot continue if attention is given to the recommendations made.

23 Curriculum Vitae of Author

J D Zeeman was a member of the Permanent Force - SA Ammunition Core for period January 1983 to January 1990. During this period, work involved testing at SANDF Ammunition Depots and Proofing ranges. Work entailed munitions maintenance, proofing and lot acceptance of ammunition. From July 1992 to December 1995, Mr Zeeman worked at AECI Explosives Ltd. Initial work involved testing science on small scale laboratory work and large scale field work. Later, work entailed managing various testing facilities and testing projects. Due to restructuring of the Technical Department, Mr Zeeman was retrenched but fortunately was able to take up an appointment with AECI Explosives Ltd.’s Pumpable Emulsion Explosives Group for underground applications. From December 1995 to June 1997 Mr Zeeman provided technical support to the Underground Bulk Systems Technology business unit and performed project management on new products. Mr Zeeman started Blast Management & Consulting in June 1997. The main areas of focus are Pre-blast monitoring, Insitu monitoring, Post-blast monitoring and specialized projects. Mr Zeeman holds the following qualifications: 1985 - 1987 Diploma: Explosives Technology, Technikon Pretoria 1990 - 1992 BA Degree, University Of Pretoria 1994 National Higher Diploma: Explosives Technology, Technikon Pretoria 1997 Project Management Certificate: Damelin College 2000 Advanced Certificate in Blasting, Technikon SA Member: International Society of Explosives Engineers Blast Management & Consulting has been active in the mining industry since 1997, with work being done at various levels for all the major mining companies in South Africa. Some of the projects in which BM&C has been involved include: Iso-Seismic Surveys for Kriel Colliery in conjunction with Bauer & Crosby Pty Ltd.; Iso-Seismic surveys for Impala Platinum Limited; Iso-Seismic surveys for Kromdraai Opencast Mine; Photographic Surveys for Kriel Colliery; Photographic Surveys for Goedehoop Colliery; Photographic Surveys for Aquarius Kroondal Platinum – Klipfontein Village; Photographic Surveys for Aquarius – Everest South Project; Photographic Surveys for Kromdraai Opencast Mine; Photographic inspections for various other companies, including Landau Colliery, Platinum Joint Venture – three mini-pit areas; Continuous ground vibration and air blast monitoring for various



coal mines; Full auditing and control with consultation on blast preparation, blasting and resultant effects for clients, e.g. Anglo Platinum Ltd, Kroondal Platinum Mine, Lonmin Platinum, Blast Monitoring Platinum Joint Venture – New Rustenburg N4 road; Monitoring of ground vibration induced on surface in underground mining environment; Monitoring and management of blasting in close relation to water pipelines in opencast mining environment; Specialized testing of explosives characteristics; Supply and service of seismographs and VOD measurement equipment and accessories; Assistance in protection of ancient mining works for Rhino Minerals (Pty) Ltd.; Planning, design, auditing and monitoring of blasting in new quarry on new road project, Sterkspruit, with Africon, B&E International and Group 5 Roads; Structure Inspections and Reporting for Lonmin Platinum Mine Limpopo Pandora Joint Venture 180 houses – whole village; Structure Inspections and Reporting for Lonmin Platinum Mine Limpopo Section - 1000 houses / structures. BM&C have installed a world class calibration facility for seismographs, which is accredited by Instantel, Ontario Canada as an accredited Instantel facility. The projects listed above are only part of the capability and professional work that is done by BM&C.



24 References

1. Berger P. R., & Associates Inc., Bradfordwoods, Pennsylvania, 15015, Nov 1980, Survey of Blasting Effects on Ground Water Supplies in Appalachia., Prepared for United States Department of Interior Bureau of Mines.

2. BME Training Module – Vibration, air blast and fly rock, Module V, Dated 5 August 2001.

3. Chiapetta F., Van Vreden A., 2000. Vibration/Air blast Controls, Damage Criteria, Record Keeping and Dealing with Complaints. 9th Annual BME Conference on Explosives, Drilling and Blasting Technology, CSIR Conference Centre, Pretoria, 2000.

4. Dowding C.H., Construction Vibrations, 1996, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

5. Farnfield Dr R., Client Report: Air Overpressure from Le Maitre Flash Report, Dated: 27 April 2007.

6. Hawkins J., 9 May 2000, Impacts of Blasting on Domestic Water Wells, Workshop on Mountaintop Mining Effects on Groundwater.

7. Mechanical vibration and shock – Vibration of buildings – Guidelines for the measurement and evaluation of their effects on buildings, SABS ISO 4886:1990.

8. Oriard, L.L., 1999, The Effects of Vibration and Environmental Forces: A guide for Investigation of Structures, International Society of Explosives Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

9. Persson P.A., Holmberg R. and Lee J., 1994, Rock Blasting and Explosives Engineering, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

10. Richards A. B., Moore A.J., Terrock Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd., 2002, Fly rock Control – By Chance or Design, Paper Presented at ISEE Conference – New Orleans.

11. Rowland, J.H.(III), Mainiero R., and Hurd D.A.(Jr.), Factors Affecting Fumes Production of an Emulsion and Anfo/Emulsion Blends.

12. Sapko M., Rowland J., Mainiero R., Zlochower I., Chemical and Physical Factors that Influence no Production during Blasting – Exploratory Study.

13. Scott A., Open Pit Blast Design, 1996, Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, The University of Queensland.

14. Siskind D.E., Stachura V.J., Stagg M.S. and Kopp J.W., 1980. Structure Response and Damage Produced by Air blast From Surface Mining. US Bureau of Mines RI 8485.

Documents

APPENDIX 3.2: BLASTING - SLR Consulting · 2017-07-11 · 1997 Project Management Certificate, Damelin College . 2000 Advanced Certificate in Blasting, Technikon SA . Member: International