APPENDIX A - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/34789/17/17...17. The alternative hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for the experiment or

264

APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page A e-learning on educational research methodology for

university students It is presented in

CD and in website B Textbook on educational research methodology for

university students It is presented in

Textbook C Learning achievement test (pretest and posttest) 266 D Research skills test 291 E Students’ feedback sheet towards e-learning and lecture

and textbooks method 329

APPENDIX A

E-LEARNING ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

It is presented in CD and in website

e-leanining website http://elearning.ipe.ac.th/sisaket

user = LIKHIA

PASSWORD=1234

265

APPENDIX B

TEXTBOOK

ON

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

PREPARED BY MR.WISUTE TONGDECHAROEN

THE LECTURER OF INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SI-SAKET CAMPUS SI-SAKET PROVINCE, THAILAND

It is presented in separate text book

266

APPENDIX C LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY

FINAL FORM Directions: There are 40 items in final form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'.

Answer No. Questions

True False 1. Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a

specific matter using different types of method for solving the problem.

2. Educational research is applied research which attempts to develop generalizations about teaching & learning processes and instructional materials.

3. Descriptive research involves the description, investigating, recording, analysis, and interpreting the events in the past.

4. Case study research method is an experimental research that involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals.

5. In survey research method, respondents answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires or rating scale or checklist.

6. Experimental research is a kind of research which describes what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment.

267 Continued


True False 7. The purpose of experimental research is to predict events

in the experiment setting and the ultimate purpose is to generalize the variable relationships.

8. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect.

9.

Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed.

10. Independent variables are the outcome variables and are the variables for which the researcher calculates statistics.

11. The dependent variable is the variable being affected by the independent variable.

12. Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables.

13. Dependent variable refers to the status of the 'effect'(or outcome) in which the researcher is interested; the independent variable refers to the status of the presumed 'cause,' which lead to changes in the status of the dependent variable.

14. Hypothesis provides objectivity to the research activity and guides the researcher towards the direction in which the research should proceed.


268 Continued


True False 16. A null hypothesis always predicts the absence of a

relationship between two variables.

17. The alternative hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for the experiment or states an actual expectation.

18. Population is the area in which the researchers are trying to get information whereas sample is a section of population that the researchers are actually going to study.

19. A stratified random sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata.

20. Sample is a group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples are taken for measurement but population is a finite part of population whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole.

21. In random sampling, each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected.

22. Cluster sampling is used when the sample is gained by the random selection of clusters from a list containing all of the clusters existing within a population.

23. In non-probability, the population does not have an equal chance of being selected; thus individual probabilities cannot be known.

269 Continued


True False 24. Convenience sampling is one type of probability which

refers to the procedures of obtaining units or members who are most conveniently available

25. Questionnaire should be worded simply, completely and clearly, not ambiguous or vague, must be objective and attractive in appearance.

26. Rating scale is one of the enquiry forms which is a term applied to expression or judgment regarding some situation, object or character.

27. Likert scale is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria; generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured.

28. Thurstone scale is used to measure people's attitude towards a fairly clear and unidimensional concept, using a number of statements that vary in how they express a positive or negative opinion about the main concept.

29. Interview is the verbal conversation between two people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts from the interviewee with the objective of collecting relevant information.

30. Sociometry is a method used for discovery and manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions and repulsions between individuals in a group.

270 Continued


True False 31. An aptitude test is a test that attempt to measure what an

individual has learned whereas an achievement test attempts to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity.

32. Intelligence tests are psychological tests that design to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, judgment, and idea of the person's intellectual potential.

33. Validity is an index of the degree to which a test measures what it purposes to measure, when compared with accepted criteria.

34. Construct validity approach concerns the degree to which the test measures the construct it was designed to measure.

35. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same individuals when re-examined with the same test on different occasion.

36. If a tool gives the same results on different occasions, of the abilities to whom it is applied, it is said to be validity.

37. Discrimination index is a basic assessment of an item which is a useful measure of item quality that refers to the degree to which items differentiate between higher and lower scores.

271 Continued


True False 38. If each score in a distribution is increased, the value of

standard deviation is also increased or if there is the higher value of standard deviation there is also the higher difference between scores.

39. A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another.

40. The test of the significant difference between two means is known as )( tindependentestt whereas ANOVA is used for comparing mean scores of more than two groups of sample on a single variable.

272 PILOT FORM Directions: There are 42 items in pilot form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'.









7. The purpose of experimental research is to predict events in the experiment setting and the ultimate purpose is to generalize the variable relationships.

273 Continued


True False 8. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups

(treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect.

9. Variable is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category the researchers are trying to measure.

10. Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed.







274 Continued











275 Continued




26. In purposive sampling, the researcher uses their expert judgment to select participants that are representative of the population.







276 Continued










277 Continued






278 PREPARATION FORM Directions: There are 50 items in preparation form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'.






4. The purpose of a case study is a detailed examination of a specific activity, event, institution, or person/s.




279 Continued





10. Variable is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category the researchers are trying to measure.

11. Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed.






280 Continued


True False 17. Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the



19. A null hypothesis always predicts the absence of a relationship between two variables.






25. A sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire group as a whole.

281 Continued


True False 26. Cluster sampling is used when the sample is gained by the

random selection of clusters from a list containing all of the clusters existing within a population.


28. In multistage sampling, the researcher selects a sample by using combinations of different sampling methods at different stages.

29. Convenience sampling is one type of probability which refers to the procedures of obtaining units or members who are most conveniently available

30. In purposive sampling, the researcher uses their expert judgment to select participants that are representative of the population.


32. Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.


282 Continued


True False 34. Likert scale is simply a statement which the respondent is

asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria; generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured.




38. An aptitude test is a test that attempt to measure what an individual has learned whereas an achievement test attempts to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity.



283 Continued


True False 41. Construct validity approach concerns the degree to which

the test measures the construct it was designed to measure.


43. Ordinal scales provide good information about the order of choices, such as in a students’ satisfaction survey whereas interval scales give the researcher the order of values and the ability to quantify the difference between each one.


45. Test-retest method is the method of obtaining repeated measures for the same individuals of the same ability with the same test twice.


47. If each score in a distribution is increased, the value of standard deviation is also increased or if there is the higher value of standard deviation there is also the higher difference between scores.


284 Continued


True False 49. Research report aims to share and communicate to others

for dissemination of knowledge, after the completion of research activities.

50 The test of the significant difference between two means is known as )( tindependentestt whereas ANOVA is used for comparing mean scores of more than two groups of sample on a single variable.

285 ANSWER KEY

LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY

Directions: There are 40 items in final form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'.






4. Case study research method is an experimental research

that involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals.

5. In survey research method, respondents answer questions

administered through interviews or questionnaires or rating scale or checklist.


286 Continued





9.

Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed.







287 Continued








21. In random sampling, each individual is chosen entirely by

chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected.



288 Continued




25. Questionnaire should be worded simply, completely and

clearly, not ambiguous or vague, must be objective and attractive in appearance.






289 Continued




32. Intelligence tests are psychological tests that design to

measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, judgment, and idea of the person's intellectual potential.






290 Continued






291

APPENDIX D RESEARCH SKILLS TEST ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY

FINAL FORM Directions: There are 40 questions in the final form of the research skills test. Please answer the following questions.

Q1: What type of research method you can use when you want to gather information through question based? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q2: What type of research method that involves in depth study of an individual or group of individual describing and interpret events, conditions, circumstance or situation? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q3: What type of research method you can use to gather data over a period of time, not at a single point of time? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q4: What type of research method you describe what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q5: Read the following experiment and tell that what type of research design can be employed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

292 Q6: What type of research design you can use, if you want to provide some improvement for the effects of the treatment which is judged by the difference between the pretest and posttest scores? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q7: What type of research design that you have no need to compare with the control group in the experiment and no provision for establishing the equivalence of the experimental group and control group? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q8: What type of research design can help you to study two or more variables and each of the variables has two levels. The study aims to examine independent and dependent effects of two or more than two factors? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q9: Read the following research topic and mention the research design you can be employed? A study of effectiveness of computer assisted instruction (CAI) and lecture and textbook method on learning achievement in Mathematic subject of ninth grade students. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q10: Read the following research topic and classify the dependent and independent variable? A study of teachers’ morale classified by sex, age, educational qualification and teaching experience ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

293 Q11: Read the following research topic and formulate the null hypothesis? A study of teachers’ morale classified by sex, age, and teaching experience ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q12: Read the following research topic and formulate the research questions? A study of leadership of leader classified by sex and age ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q13: What type of sampling method can be used when each individual is chosen by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q14: If the researcher what to use the stratified random sampling, what the process can be done? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q15: Describe the process of systematic random sampling? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q16: What type of the tool can be used to measure the skills and knowledge of students after they have learned in any subject? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

294 Q17: What type of the tool can be used to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q18: What type of the tool can be used to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgement? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q19: What type of validity you can demonstrate an association between the test scores and the prediction of the theoretical trait? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q20: What type of validity you can measure the degree to which the test items represent the domain or universe of the trait or property being measured? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q21: What type of reliability will be appropriated for your research, if you re-examine the same individual of the same ability with the same test twice? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q22: What type of reliability can be employed for your research, if you split the tool into two halves and calculated the correlation between that two halves? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q23: What are the differences between Rulon formula and Flanagan formula for testing the reliability of the tool? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

295 Q24: How can you establish the discrimination index if the tools are the test and you want to discriminate between the bright and the poor students in a group? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q25: What is the discrimination value of the following statements in the scale?

Upper Group Lower Group No. Leader’s Behaviour

.D.S .D.S

valuet

1. Leader motivates team members to feel free in sharing ideas for working improvement. 3.93 0.76 2.42 0.98 …………

2 Leader encourages employees to realize the importance of empowerment in the decision making. 3.56 0.71 2.13 0.97 …………

Q26: What appropriate tests you can use for parametric data, both interval scale and ratio scale? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q27: What appropriate tests you can use for non-parametric data (nominal scale? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q28: What is the value of mean ( ) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

296 Q29: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q30: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 50, 52, 56, 68, 72, 81, 91, 108, 120, 133 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q31: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) if you add 50 to each score of the following test scores? 35, 58, 66, 69, 74, 82, 95, 112, 127, 138 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q32: What is the value of t-test (dependent) of the following scores?

Test N d 2d testt Pretest 30

Posttest 30 811 21975 ……………

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76

Q33: The following is the learning achievement of pretest and posttest scores of students after they have learned in science subject using e-learning. Please interpret the results of following calculation?


Posttest 30 533 9517 76.14**

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

297 Q34: The following is the learning achievement (pretest and posttest scores) of two groups of students after they have learned in science subject using learning package and lecture method. Please calculate the value of mean ( ) and standard deviation (S.D.) of each group?

Control Group (using lecture Method)

Experimental group (Using Learning Package)

No. of Students

Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest 1 7 15 6 17 2 6 13 8 19 3 7 14 8 18 4 7 15 9 19 5 8 16 6 18 6 9 18 5 17 7 5 12 9 20 8 7 13 8 19 9 8 14 7 18 10 8 15 8 19

= …………… = …………… = …………… = …………… N = 10

S.D. = …………. S.D. = …………. S.D. = …………. S.D. = ………….

Q35: Refer to the question No. 34, please verify the difference between pretest and posttest scores of two groups of students using t-test (independent)?

Test N S.D. testt Pretest Experimental Group (using learning package) Control group (using lecture method)

10 10

7.20 7.40

1.14 1.72

…………

Posttest Experimental Group (using learning package) Control group (using lecture method)

10 10

14.50 18.40

1.35 0.97

…………

18df 05.0t 2.10 01.0t 2.88

298 Q36: Refer to the question No. 35, please interpret the results of the calculation? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q37: The following is the F-ratio on ANOVA of teachers’ morale rated by teachers belonging to three groups of age i.e. 21-30 years, 31-40 years and 41-50 years. Please interpret the results of this study?

SOURCE OF VARIANCE df SS MS F Between Group Within Group Total

2 907 909

21.49

1239.12 1260.61

10.75 1.37

7.85

F-test significant at 0.05 level of confidence = 3.00 F-test significant at 0.01 level of confidence = 4.62 = Significant at 0.01 level of confidence

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q38: What statistic can be used to measure the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

299 Q39: Use the following data for the calculation of Correlation Co-efficient?

Test

N 2 2 xyr

Achievement

20 133 923 135 941 929 ………

Q40: If the value of xyr (Pearson Product Moment Formula) = 0.83 (n = 40), what are the standard error of xyr ? rSE of xyr = 05.0 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

300 PILOT FORM Directions: There are 41 questions in the pilot form of the research skills test. Please answer the following questions.


Q2: What type of research method that involves in depth study of an individual or group of individual describing and interpret events, conditions, circumstance or situation? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q3: What type of research method you can use to gather data over a period of time, not at a single point of time? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q4: What type of research method you describe what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q5: Read the following experiment and tell that what type of research design can be employed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….






302 Q11: Read the following research topic and formulate the null hypothesis? A study of teachers’ morale classified by sex, age, and teaching experience ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q12: Read the following research topic and formulate the research questions? A study of leadership of leader classified by sex and age ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


Q14: If the researcher what to use the stratified random sampling, what the process can be done? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q15: Describe the process of systematic random sampling? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q16: What type of the tool can be used to measure the skills and knowledge of students after they have learned in any subject? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….





Q21: What type of reliability will be appropriated for your research, if you re-examine the same individual of the same ability with the same test twice? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q22: What type of reliability can be employed for your research, if you split the tool into two halves and calculated the correlation between that two halves? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q23: What are the differences between Rulon formula and Flanagan formula for testing the reliability of the tool? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

304 Q24: How can you establish the discrimination index if the tools are the test and you want to discriminate between the bright and the poor students in a group? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q25: What is the discrimination value of the following statements in the scale?


.D.S .D.S

valuet











Posttest 30 811 21975 ……………

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76



Posttest 30 533 9517 76.14**

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

306

Q34: The following is the learning achievement (pretest and posttest scores) of two groups of students after they have learned in science subject using learning package and lecture method. Please calculate the value of mean ( ) and standard deviation (S.D.) of each group?



No. of Students


= …………… = …………… = …………… = …………… N = 10

S.D. = …………. S.D. = …………. S.D. = …………. S.D. = ………….



10 10

7.20 7.40

1.14 1.72

…………


10 10

14.50 18.40

1.35 0.97

…………

18df 05.0t 2.10 01.0t 2.88

307 Q36: Refer to the question No. 35, please interpret the results of the calculation? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


SOURCE OF VARIANCE df SS MS F Between Group Within Group Total

2 907 909

21.49

1239.12 1260.61

10.75 1.37

7.85


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Q38: What statistic can be used to measure the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

308 Q39: Use the following data for the calculation of Correlation Co-efficient?

Test

N 2 2 xyr

Achievement

20 133 923 135 941 929 ………

Q40: If the value of xyr (Pearson Product Moment Formula) = 0.83 (n = 40), what are the standard error of xyr ? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


309 PREPARATION FORM Directions: There are 50 questions in the preparation form of the research skills test. Please answer the following questions.


Q2: What type of research method that involves in depth study of an individual or group of individual describing and interpret events, conditions, circumstance or situation? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q3: What type of research method you can use to gather data over a period of time, not at a single point of time? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q4: What type of research method you describe what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q5: Read the following experiment and tell that what type of research design can be employed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….






311 Q11: Read the following research topic and formulate the null hypothesis? A study of teachers’ morale classified by sex, age, and teaching experience ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q12: Read the following research topic and formulate the research questions? A study of leadership of leader classified by sex and age ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


Q14: If the researcher what to use the stratified random sampling, what the process can be done? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q15: Describe the process of systematic random sampling? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q16: What type of the tool can be used to measure the skills and knowledge of students after they have learned in any subject? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


Q18: What type of the tool can be used to collect directly information from respendents? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….




Q22: What statistic you can use for measuring the concurrent validity? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Q23: How to calculate the reliability of the tool using split-half method? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

313 Q24: What type of reliability will be appropriated for your research, if you re-examine the same individual of the same ability with the same test twice? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q25: What type of reliability can be employed for your research, if you split the tool into two halves and calculated the correlation between that two halves? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q26: What are the differences between Rulon formula and Flanagan formula for testing the reliability of the tool? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q27: What statistic you can use to estimate the difficulty value of the test? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q28: What statistic you can use to estimate the test-retest reliability? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q29: How can you establish the discrimination index if the tools are the test and you want to discriminate between the bright and the poor students in a group? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

314 Q30: What is the discrimination value of the following statements in the scale?


.D.S .D.S

valuet











Posttest 30 811 21975 ……………

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76



Posttest 30 533 9517 76.14**

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

316 Q39: The following is the learning achievement (pretest and posttest scores) of two groups of students after they have learned in science subject using learning package and lecture method. Please calculate the value of mean ( ) and standard deviation (S.D.) of each group?



No. of Students


= …………… = …………… = …………… = …………… N = 10

S.D. = …………. S.D. = …………. S.D. = …………. S.D. = ………….



10 10

7.20 7.40

1.14 1.72

…………


10 10

14.50 18.40

1.35 0.97

…………

18df 05.0t 2.10 01.0t 2.88

317 Q41: Refer to the question No. 40, please explain the level of the statistical significant difference? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Q42: Refer to the question No. 40, please interpret the results of the calculation? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….


Source of Variance df SS MS F Between Group Within Group Total

2 907 909

21.49

1239.12 1260.61

10.75 1.37

7.85


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

318 Q44: What statistic can be used to measure the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q45: Use the following data for the calculation of Correlation Co-efficient?

Test

N 2 2 xyr

Achievement

20 133 923 135 941 929 ………


Q47: If the value of xyr (Pearson Product Moment Formula) = 0.90 (n = 40), what are the standard error of xyr ? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q48: Write the bibliography of the following book in APA style.

Woolfolk, A.E. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Educational Psychology, (7th ed.). (1998) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

319 Q49: How to write the review of relate literature? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Q50: Please mention the common weakness in writing the research report. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

320 ANSWER KEY

RESEARCH SKILLS TEST ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY

Q1: What type of research method you can use when you want to gather information through question based? Answer: Survey research method Q2: What type of research method that involves in depth study of an individual or group of individual describing and interpret events, conditions, circumstance or situation? Answer: Case study research method Q3: What type of research method you can use to gather data over a period of time, not at a single point of time? Answer: Longitudinal survey research method Q4: What type of research method you describe what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment? Answer: Experimental research Q5: Read the following experiment and tell that what type of research design can be employed? Answer: Quasi-Experimental research Q6: What type of research design you can use, if you want to provide some improvement for the effects of the treatment which is judged by the difference between the pretest and posttest scores? Answer: Pre-Experimental research

321 Q7: What type of research design that you have no need to compare with the control group in the experiment and no provision for establishing the equivalence of the experimental group and control group? Answer: Pre-Experimental research

Q8: What type of research design can help you to study two or more variables and each of the variables has two levels. The study aims to examine independent and dependent effects of two or more than two factors? Answer: Factorial Design

Q9: Read the following research topic and mention the research design you can be employed? A study of effectiveness of computer assisted instruction (CAI) and lecture and textbook method on learning achievement in Mathematic subject of ninth grade students. Answer: Quasi-Experimental research design

Q10: Read the following research topic and classify the dependent and independent variable? A study of teachers’ morale classified by sex, age, educational qualification and teaching experience Answer: Independent variables consisted of sex, age, educational qualification and teaching Experience Dependent variable is the teachers’ morale

Q11: Read the following research topic and formulate the null hypothesis? A study of teachers’ morale classified by sex, age, and teaching experience Answer: There will be no significant different between mean scores of teachers’ morale rated by male and female teachers. There will be no significant different between mean scores of teachers’ morale rated by teachers belonging to different age-groups. There will be no significant different between mean scores of teachers’ morale rated by teachers belonging to different groups of teaching experience.

322 Q12: Read the following research topic and formulate the research questions? A study of leadership of leader classified by sex and age Answer: What is the level of leadership of leader classified by sex? What is the level of leadership of leader classified by age? Is there the significant difference between mean scores of leadership of leader rated by male and female leaders? Is there the significant difference between mean scores of leadership of leader rated by leaders belonging to different age-groups? Q13: What type of sampling method can be used when each individual is chosen by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected? Answer: Simple random sampling Q14: If the researcher what to use the stratified random sampling, what the process can be done? Answer: In stratified random sampling, the researcher first divides the population into sub-groups (or strata) based on a relevant or similar characteristic and then selects participants within those groups. Q15: Describe the process of systematic random sampling? Answer: In systematic random sampling, the elements of the population are put into a list and then every kth element in the list is chosen (systematically) for inclusion in the sample. From the list, the researcher randomly selects the first sample element from the first kth element on the population list. Q16: What type of the tool can be used to measure the skills and knowledge of students after they have learned in any subject? Answer: Learning achievement test Q17: What type of the tool can be used to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity? Answer: Aptitude test

323 Q18: What type of the tool can be used to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgement? Answer: Intelligence test Q19: What type of validity you can demonstrate an association between the test scores and the prediction of the theoretical trait? Answer: Construct Validity Q20: What type of validity you can measure the degree to which the test items represent the domain or universe of the trait or property being measured? Answer: Content Validity Q21: What type of reliability will be appropriated for your research, if you re-examine the same individual of the same ability with the same test twice? Answer: Test-retest method of reliability Q22: What type of reliability can be employed for your research, if you split the tool into two halves and calculated the correlation between that two halves? Answer: Split-Half method of reliability Q23: What are the differences between Rulon formula and Flanagan formula for testing the reliability of the tool? Answer: Rulon equation expresses the complimentary statement that reliability is equal to unity minus the proportion of error variance. The formula is given below.

t

dttr 2

2

1

Where, d2 S.D. square of the difference between two halves of the scale t2 S.D. square of the total scale ttr Reliability of the whole scale

Flanagan’s formula for establishing reliability is very close to Rulon’s formula. In Flanagan formula S.D. of two halves is added, instead of difference of deviation of two sets.

324 In other words it estimates the error variance in a sense as the sum of variance of the two halves. The formula is as follows:

2

22

211(2

tttr

)

Where 12 + 2

2 is used in the place of Rulon’s d2

Where 12 = S.D. of scores of odd numbered statements.

22 = S.D. of scores of even numbered statements.

t2 = S.D. of odd and even score.

Q24: How can you establish the discrimination index if the tools are the test and you want to discriminate between the bright and the poor students in a group? Answer: An estimate of an item test’s discriminating power can be obtained by the formula: Discriminating power =

2nRR lu

Ru – Number of correct responses from upper group. RL – Number of correct responses from lower group. N – Total number of pupils who attempted the item. Q25: What is the discrimination value of the following statements in the scale?


.D.S .D.S

valuet

1. Leader motivates team members to feel free in sharing ideas for working improvement. 3.93 0.76 2.42 0.98 6.09

2 Leader encourages employees to realize the importance of empowerment in the decision making. 3.56 0.71 2.13 0.97 5.95

325 Q26: What appropriate tests you can use for parametric data, both interval scale and ratio scale? Answer: t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), Factorial design, and Pearson Product Moment ( xyr )

Q27: What appropriate tests you can use for non-parametric data (nominal scale)? Answer: Chi-Square and Median

Q28: What is the value of mean ( ) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17 Answer: 8.20

Q29: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17 Answer: 3.67

Q30: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 50, 52, 56, 68, 72, 81, 91, 108, 120, 133 Answer: 29.22

Q31: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) if you add 50 to each score of the following test scores? 35, 58, 66, 69, 74, 82, 95, 112, 127, 138 Answer: 32.27



Posttest 30 811 21975 111.71

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76

326 Q33: The following is the learning achievement of pretest and posttest scores of students after they have learned in science subject using e-learning. Please interpret the results of following calculation?


Posttest 30 533 9517 76.14**

29df 05.0t 2.05 01.0t 2.76

Answer: There is the significant difference between pretest and posttest scores of learning achievement of students in science subject taught by e-learning. The learning achievement (posttest score) in science subject taught by e-learning has greater value than that of pretest score.

Q34: The following is the learning achievement (pretest and posttest scores) of two groups of students after they have learned in science subject using learning package and lecture method. Please calculate mean ( ) and standard deviation of each group of each group?



No. of Students


= 7.20 = 14.50 = 7.40 = 18.40 N = 10

S.D. = 1.14 S.D. = 1.72 S.D. = 1.35 S.D. = 0.97

327 Q35: Refer to the question No. 34, please verify the difference between pretest and posttest scores of two groups of students using t-test (independent)?


10 10

7.20 7.40

1.14 1.72

0.36ns


10 10

14.50 18.40

1.35 0.97

6.25**

18df 05.0t 2.10 01.0t 2.88

Q36: Refer to the question No. 35, please interpret the results of the calculation)? Answer: There is the significant difference between scores of the learning achievement (posttest score) of experimental group students in science subjects taught by learning package and control group students taught by lecture method. The results of the t-test indicate that the obtained mean posttest score in students in experimental group (taught by learning package) is greater than that of the obtained mean posttest score of students in control group taught by lecture method). Q37: The following is the F-ratio on ANOVA of teachers’ morale rated by teachers belonging to three groups of age i.e. 21-30 years, 31-40 years and 41-50 years. Please interpret the results of this study?

Source of Variance df SS MS F

Between Group Within Group Total

2 907 909

21.49 1239.12 1260.61

10.75 1.37

7.85


328 From the above table, it reveals that the ratioF on ANOVA of the teachers’ morale rated by teachers belonging to different age-groups i.e. 21-30 years, 31-40 years, and 41-50 years is 7.85 which is significant at 0.01 level of confidence. Hence, it can be concluded that age does effect on the mean score of the teachers’ morale of teachers. Q38: What statistic can be used to measure the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another? Answer: Correlation Co-efficient Q39: Use the following data for the calculation of Correlation Co-efficient?

Test

N 2 2 xyr

Achievement

20 133 923 135 941 929 0.92

Q40: If the value of xyr (Pearson Product Moment Formula) = 0.83 (n = 40), what are the standard error of xyr ? rSE of xyr = 05.0

329

APPENDIX E STUDENTS’ FEEDBACK SHEET

TOWARDS E-LEARNING ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Part 1: Instruction This is the feedback sheet regarding e-learning on educational research methodology for university students. Please use this sheet to provide your feedback towards e-learning on educational research methodology. The information will be electronically calculated for improving and increasing the effectiveness of e-learning on educational research methodology. There are 16 statements involved in the feedback sheet on e-learning. Please provide your opinions on the following statements for the improvement of the future learning opportunities. There is no correct or incorrect answer to the statements. Your responses will be kept confidential, hence feel free to express your views and feeling.

Part 2: Students’ feedback Please give your opinions to what extent you “agree” or “disagree” on the following statements based on e-learning on educational research methodology for university students.

No. Statements Agree Disagree Positive feedback

1 E-learning takes into account the individual differences among students.

2 E-learning focuses to the needs of an individual student rather than the needs of teachers.

3 E-learning makes me very exciting and interesting. 4 I feel more enjoyable and relax on days when e-learning

lessons were used. 5 E-learning is flexible with respect to time, cost and place. 6 E-learning gives me more room to express myself and makes

me more self confidence.

330 Continued

No.

Statements

Agree Disagree

Positive feedback (Continued) 7 E-learning makes the subject matter easier to learn, to follow

and to understand. 8 I gain better learning experience when instruction was delivered

via the e-learning lessons approach. 9 I feel more motivated to learn new material when using

e-learning lessons. 10 E-learning helps me to increase the learning achievement and

improve the learning performance. 11 I am happy to be a part of new instructional approach such as

e-learning and prefer it over the traditional presentation approach.

12 E-learning was effected to me not only in learning achievement but I gain the skills experience on problem-solving, creativity, and ICT skills.

Negative Feedback 13 Using e-learning makes me feel isolated because this method of

learning suits for introvert students. 14 E-learning is less effective than traditional learning in terms of

clarification and explanation. 15 Slow internet and older computer make accessing course

materials frustrating. 16 E-learning has negative impact on social interaction and the

development of communication skills.

331 STUDENTS’ FEEDBACK SHEET TOWARDS LECTURE AND TEXTBOOK METHOD

IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Part 1: Instruction This is the feedback sheet regarding the lecture and textbook method of teaching on educational research methodology for university students. Please use this sheet to provide your feedback towards lecture and textbook method on educational research methodology. The information will be electronically calculated for improving and increasing the effectiveness of lecture and textbook method on educational research methodology. There are 12 statements involved in the feedback sheet on lecture and textbook method. Please provide you opinion on “agree” or disagree” in the following statements for the improvement of the future learning opportunities. There is no correct or incorrect answer to the statements. Your responses will be kept confidential, hence feel free to express your views and feeling.

Part 2: Students’ feedback Please give your opinions to what extent you “agree” or “disagree” on the following statements based on lecture and textbook method on educational research methodology for university students.

No.

Statements

Agree Disagree

Positive feedback 1 Lecture and textbook method of teaching arouses, stimulates,

gives perspective on a subject, and prepares me the way for a mode of thoughts.

2 Lecture and textbook method of teaching allows for clarification and increased emphasis upon important points.

3 Lecture and textbook method of teaching is excellent for me in introducing a new topic and for summarizing what should have been learned.

332 Continued

No.

Statements

Agree Disagree

Positive feedback 4 Lecture and textbook method of teaching operates promptly

with a great deal of content and knowledge.

5 Lecture and textbook method of teaching provides an opportunity for better clarification of the topics and lying stress on significant ideas.

6 In lecture and textbook method of teaching, a large amount of topics can be covered in a single class period.

Negative feedback 7 Lecture and textbook method of teaching makes me to be a

passive learner due to the lack of learning activity. 8 The knowledge getting from lecture and textbook method of

teaching comes only from listening and is forgettable, in a transient memory.

9 Teachers usually deliver the same lecture and textbook to students without recognizing the individual differences.

10 Students who are weak in note-taking skills will have trouble understanding what they should remember from lectures.

11 The task of teacher in lecture and textbook method of teaching is to tell the students which cause them boring.

12 Contents from the lecture do not arise directly through the empirical learning of learners but these contents are knowledge from the discourse of the instructor.

333

Documents

APPENDIX A - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/34789/17/17...17. The alternative hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for the experiment or