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ABNP Alaskan Basic NeuroscienceProgram
ACAP Arctic Council Action Plan to Elim-inate Pollution in the Arctic
ACIA Arctic Climate Impact AssessmentACMAP Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling
and Analysis ProgramACSYS Arctic Climate System StudyADCC ARCSS Data Coordination CenterADEOS Advanced Earth Observation SystemADRO Applications Development Research
OpportunityAEDD Arctic Environmental Data DirectoryAEPS Arctic Environmental Protection
StrategyAFB Air Force BaseAFSC Alaska Fisheries Science CenterAGES Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibil-
ity studyAHDRN Arctic Health Disparities Research
Dissemination NetworkAICC Arctic Icebreaker Coordination
CommitteeAIP Arctic Investigations ProgramAMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment
ProgramAMEC Arctic Military Environmental
CooperationAMMTAP Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue
Archival ProjectAMSR Advanced microwave radiometer
sensorANTR Alaska Native Tumor RegistryAO Arctic OscillationARC Arctic Research CommissionARCSS Arctic System ScienceARCUS Arctic Research Consortium of the
United StatesARM Atmospheric Radiation Measure-
ment program (DOE)ARPA Arctic Research and Policy ActASF Alaska SAR FacilityATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease RegistryAUV Autonomous underwater vehiclesAVHRR Advanced very high resolution
radiometerAWS Automatic weather stationBASC Barrow Arctic Science Consortium
BLM Bureau of Land ManagementBRD Biological Resources Division
(USGS)CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and
FaunaCAREER Faculty Early Career Development
program (NSF)CDC Centers for Disease Control and
PreventionCFC ChloroflourocarbonCIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in
Environmental SciencesCISET Committee on International Science
Engineering and TechnologyCLIC Climate and Cryosphere programCLIVAR Climate Variability and Predict-
ability programCMDL Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic
Laboratory (NOAA)COGA Collaborative Study of the Genetics
of AlcoholismCRREL Cold Regions Research and Engi-
neering LaboratoryCRSTIAC Cold Regions Science and Technolo-
gy Information Analysis CenterCT Computerized tomographyDAAC Distributed Active Archive CenterDHHS Department of Health and Human
ServicesDMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite
ProgramDOC Department of CommerceDOD Department of DefenseDOE Department of EnergyDOI Department of the InteriorDOS Department of StateDOT Department of TransportationEDF Environmental Diplomacy FundsEO Environmental ObservatoryEOS Earth Observing SystemEOSDIS Earth Observation System Data and
Information SystemEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEPPR Emergency Prevention, Preparedness
and ResponseERS European Remote-sensing SatelliteEWG Environmental Working GroupFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFERF Frost Effects Research Facility
Appendix A: Glossary of Acronyms
64
This document has been archived.
65
FOCI Fisheries–Oceanography Coopera-tive Investigations
FSU Former Soviet UnionFUDS Formerly used defense sitesFWS Fish and Wildlife ServiceFY Fiscal yearGCM General circulation modelGC-Net Greenland Climate NetworkGEF Global Environment FacilityGIS Geographic information systemGISS Goddard Institute for Space StudiesGLAS Geoscience laser altimeter systemGLIMS Global Land Ice Measurements from
SpaceGOCADAN Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease
in Alaska Natives studyGODAR Global Oceanographic Data Archaeol-
ogy and Rescue ProjectGPS Global positioning systemHAARP High Frequency Active Auroral
Research ProgramHARC Human Dimensions of the Arctic
System (NSF)HBV Hepatitis B virusHCH HexachlorocyclohexaneHCV Hepatitis C virusHDGC Human Dimensions of Global
Change programHF High frequencyHIRS High-resolution infrared radiation
sounderHIV Human immunodeficiency virusHRSA Health Resources Services Adminis-
trationHVS Heavy vehicle simulatorIARPC Interagency Arctic Research Policy
CommitteeIASC International Arctic Science
CommitteeIASSA International Arctic Social Sciences
AssociationICS International Circumpolar Surveil-
lanceIOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic
CommissionIPA Intergovernmental Personnel ActIUCH International Union for Circumpolar
HealthIWG Interagency Working GroupJCCEM Joint Coordinating Committee for
Environmental ManagementLANL Los Alamos National LaboratoryLTER Long-Term Ecological ResearchMAB Man and the Biosphere
MMS Minerals Management ServiceMOA Memorandum of agreementMODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging
SpectroradiometerMRI Magnetic resonance imagingNAGPRA Native American Graves Protection
ActNASA National Aeronautics and Space
AdministrationNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAVICE Naval Ice CenterNCCOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean
ScienceNCDC National Climate Data CenterNCEH National Center for Environmental
HealthNCI National Cancer InstituteNCID National Center for Infectious
DiseasesNDSC Network for Detection of Strato-
spheric ChangeNEI National Eye InstituteNEP Needle exchange programNESDD NOAA’s Environmental Services
Data DirectoryNESDIS National Environmental Satellite
Data and Information ServiceNEWNET Neighborhood Environmental Watch
NetworkNGDC National Geophysical Data CenterNGO Non-governmental organizationNIA National Institute on AgingNIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and AlcoholismNIC National Ice CenterNIDA National Institute on Drug AbuseNIH National Institutes of HealthNIOSH National Institute for Occupational
Safety and HealthNISC National Information Services
CorporationNISE Near Real Time Ice and Snow in
EASE gridNIST National Institute of Standards and
TechnologyNLM National Library of MedicineNMFS National Marine Fisheries ServiceNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric
AdministrationNODC National Oceanographic Data CenterNPR–A National Petroleum Reserve–AlaskaNPS National Park ServiceNSF National Science FoundationNSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center
66
NSR Northern Sea RouteNTS Nevada Test SiteNTSB National Transportation Safety
BoardNURP National Undersea Research
Program (NOAA)NWR National Wildlife RefugeNWS National Weather Service (NOAA)OAS Office of Aircraft ServicesOLS Operational linescan systemOMAO Office of Marine and Aviation
Operations (NOAA)OMB Office of Management and BudgetONR Office of Naval ResearchOPP Office of Polar Programs (NSF)OSRI Oil Spill Recovery InstitutePAME Protection of the Arctic Marine
EnvironmentPARCA Program for Arctic Regional Climate
AssessmentPCB Polychlorinated biphenylsPDO Pacific Decadal OscillationPMEL Pacific Marine Environmental
Laboratory (NOAA)POLES Polar Exchange at the Sea SurfacePOP Persistent organic pollutantsPROBES Processes and Resources of the
Bering Sea ShelfRAIPON Russian Indigenous Peoples of the
NorthRAPS Resource Apprenticeship Program
(DOI)REU Research Experience for Under-
graduates programRGI Regional Geographic Initiative
(EPA)RGPS Radarsat Geophysical Processor
SystemROV Remotely operated vehicleSAR Synthetic aperture radarSBI Western Arctic Shelf Basin
Interaction program (NSF)SDWG Sustainable Development Working
GroupSEARCH Study of Environmental Arctic
Change
SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and EndResults program (NCI)
SGER Small Grants for ExploratoryResearch (NSF)
SHEBA Surface Heat Budget of the ArcticOcean program
SI Smithsonian InstitutionSIDS Sudden infant death syndromeSMMR Scanning multichannel microwave
radiometerSPAWAR Space and Naval Warfare Systems
CommandSSC Scientific steering committeeSSM/I Special sensor microwave/imagerSUSV Small unit support vehicleTEA Teachers Experiencing the Arctic
program (NSF)THC Thermhaline circulationTIAC Technical Information Analysis
CenterUAA University of Alaska AnchorageUAF University of Alaska FairbanksUNEP United Nations Environmental
ProgramUNOLS University National Oceanographic
Laboratory SystemUSACE United States Army Corps of
EngineersUSCG United States Coast GuardUSDA United States Department of
AgricultureUSFS United States Forest ServiceUSGCRP United States Global Change
Research ProgramUSGS United States Geological SurveyUSIABP United States Interagency Arctic
Buoy ProgramUV UltravioletVPR VECO Polar ResourcesWC&P West Coast and Polar Center
(NOAA)WCRP World Climate Research ProgramWDC World Data CenterWHO World Health Organization
67
BackgroundSection 108(b) of Public Law 98-373, as
amended by Public Law 101-609, the ArcticResearch and Policy Act, directs the InteragencyArctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC) tosubmit to Congress, through the President, a bien-nial report containing a statement of the activitiesand accomplishments of the IARPC. The IARPCwas authorized by the Act and was established byExecutive Order 12501, dated January 28, 1985.
Section 108(b)(2) of Public Law 98-373, asamended by Public Law 101-609, directs theIARPC to submit to Congress, through the Presi-dent, as part of its biennial report, a statement“detailing with particularity the recommendationsof the Arctic Research Commission with respectto Federal interagency activities in Arctic researchand the disposition and responses to those recom-mendations.” In response to this requirement, theIARPC has examined all recommendations of theArctic Research Commission since February1998. The required statement appears in Appen-dix A.
Activities andAccomplishments
During the period February 1, 1998, to January31, 2000, the IARPC has:
• Prepared and published the fifth biennial revi-sion to the United States Arctic ResearchPlan, as required by Section 108(a)(4) of theAct. The Plan was sent to the President onJuly 7, 1999.
• Published and distributed four issues of thejournal Arctic Research of the United States.These issues reviewed all Federal agencyArctic research accomplishments for FY 96and 97 and included summaries of the IARPCand Arctic Research Commission meetingsand activities. The Fall/Winter 1999 issuecontained the full text of the sixth biennialrevision of the U.S. Arctic Research Plan.
• Consulted with the Arctic Research Commis-
sion on policy and program matters describedin Section 108(a)(3), was represented atmeetings of the Commission, and respondedto Commission reports and Recommendations(Appendix A).
• Continued the processes of interagency coop-eration required under Section 108(a)(6), (7),(8), and (9).
• Provided input to an integrated budget analy-sis for Arctic research, which estimated$185.7 million in Federal support for FY 98and $221.5 million in FY 99.
• Arranged for public participation in thedevelopment of the fifth biennial revision tothe U.S. Arctic Research Plan as required inSection 108(a)(10).
• Continued to maintain the Arctic Environ-mental Data Directory (AEDD), which nowcontains information on over 400 Arctic datasets. AEDD is available on the World WideWeb.
• Continued the activities of an InteragencySocial Sciences Task Force. Of special con-cern is research on the health of indigenouspeoples and research on the Arctic as aunique environment for studying human envi-ronmental adaptation and socioculturalchange.
• Continued to support an Alaska regionaloffice of the Smithsonian’s Arctic StudiesCenter in cooperation with the AnchorageHistorical Museum to facilitate education andcultural access programs for Alaska residents.
• Supported continued U.S. participation in thenon-governmental International Arctic Sci-ence Committee, via the National ResearchCouncil.
• Participated in the continuing National Secu-rity Council/U.S. Department of State imple-mentation of U.S. policy for the Arctic. U.S.policy for the Arctic now includes an expand-ed focus on science and environmentalprotection and on the valued input of Arctic
Appendix B: Eighth Biennial Report of the InteragencyArctic Research Policy Committee to the CongressFebruary 1, 1998, to January 31, 2000
68
residents in research and environmental man-agement issues.
• Participated in policy formulation for theongoing development of the Arctic Council.This Council incorporates a set of principlesand objectives for the protection of the Arcticenvironment and for promoting sustainabledevelopment. IARPC supports the contri-butions being made to projects under theCouncil’s Arctic Monitoring and AssessmentProgram (AMAP) by a number of Federaland State of Alaska agencies. IARPC’s ArcticMonitoring Working Group serves as a U.S.focal point for AMAP.
• Approved four coordinated Federal agencyresearch initiatives on Arctic EnvironmentalChange, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment,
Assessment of Risks to Environments andPeople in the Arctic, and Marine Science inthe Arctic. These initiatives are designed toaugment individual agency mission-relatedprograms and expertise and to promote theresolution of key unanswered questions inArctic research and environmental protection.The initiatives are intended to help guideinternal agency research planning and prioritysetting. It is expected that funding for the ini-tiatives will be included in agency budgetsubmissions, as the objectives and potentialvalue are of high relevance to the mission andresponsibilities of IARPC agencies.
• Convened formal meetings of the Committeeand its working groups, staff committees, andtask forces to accomplish the above.
69
Budget (dollars in thousands)FY 00 FY 01 FY 02
Dept/Bureau Program name actual planned proposedDOD Arctic Engineering 2,583 2,670 2,750DOD Permafrost/Frozen Ground 350 350 430DOD Snow and Ice Hydrology 1,385 1,455 1,485DOD Oceanography 3,000 3,000 3,030DOD Lower Atmosphere 140 100 100DOD Upper Atmosphere 0 0 0DOD High-Freq Active Auroral Prog 15,000 12,000 0DOD Medical and Human Engr 901 850 863
DOD TOTAL 23,359 20,425 8,658
DOI/MMS Technology Assessment/Research 3,200 3,200 3,200DOI/MMS Environmental Studies 3,800 3,800 3,800
DOI/USGS Energy and Minerals 3,500 3,500 3,500DOI/USGS Natural Hazards 3,500 3,500 3,500DOI/USGS Global Change 1,000 1,000 1,000DOI/USGS Marine and Coastal Geology 250 250 250DOI/USGS Geomagnetism 250 250 250DOI/USGS Ice and Climate 250 250 250DOI/USGS Hydrology 130 130 130DOI/USGS Mapping 750 750 750
DOI/USGS/BRD Marine Mammals 1,660 1,660 1,660DOI/USGS/BRD Migratory Birds 2,390 2,390 2,390DOI/USGS/BRD Fisheries Research 360 360 360DOI/USGS/BRD Cooperative Research 330 330 330DOI/USGS/BRD Terrestrial Ecology 1,130 1,130 1,130DOI/USGS/BRD Park Research 1,140 1,140 1,140
DOI/BLM Natural Ecology 2,900 2,900 2,000DOI/BLM Minerals Research 115 115 115DOI/BLM Cultural Resources 200 200 200DOI/BLM Pipeline Monitoring 550 550 550DOI/BLM Fire Control 380 380 380DOI/BLM Mining Administration 300 300 350
DOI/NPS Cultural Resources 1,400 1,400 1,400DOI/NPS Natural Ecology 2,486 2,486 2,486
DOI/BIA Cultural Resources 600 600 600DOI/BIA Subsistence Studies 1,250 1,250 1,250
Appendix C: Arctic Research Budgets ofFederal Agencies
70
Budget (dollars in thousands)FY 00 FY 01 FY 02
Dept/Bureau Program name actual planned proposedDOI/FWS Migratory Birds 3,884 3,884 3,884DOI/FWS Fisheries 4,068 4,068 4,068DOI/FWS Marine Mammals 1,768 1,768 1,768DOI/FWS Conservation of Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 200 200 200DOI/FWS U.S. Russia Environmental Agreement 150 150 150
DOI TOTAL 43,891 43,891 43,041
NSF/OPP Arctic Natural Science 9,988 11,187 11,589NSF/OPP Arctic System Science Prog 14,351 15,930 16,503NSF/OPP Arctic Social Sciences Prog 1,459 1,619 1,684NSF/OPP Arctic Education research 225 250 260NSF/OPP Arctic Research Support 151 168 174NSF/OPP Arctic Data/Info/Coord 88 98 102NSF/OPP Arctic Research Commission 700 1,000 1,028NSF/OPP Arctic Logistics/Instrumentation 23,230 25,785 26,765NSF/OPP Sub-total OPP 50,192 56,036 58,105NSF Other NSF Science Programs 17,295 18,160 18,523
NSF TOTAL 67,487 74,196 76,628
NASA Polar Ice Interactions 4,000 4,000 4,000NASA Ecology 2,371 619 535NASA Solid Earth Science 1,300 2,000 5,000NASA Arctic Ozone 12,700 6,440 6,500NASA Clouds and Radiation 1,500 750 750NASA Sub-orbital Science 3,300 900 2,500NASA Iono/Thermo/Mesospheric 1,502 1,500 1,500NASA Magnetospheric SR&T 400 292 200NASA Geospace Sciences 2,065 2,100 2,100NASA FAST Auroral Snapshot 1,500 1,500 1,300NASA Solar Terrestrial Theory 400 400 400NASA Arctic Data Systems 13,908 12,100 12,600NASA Research Balloon Program 750 750 0NASA Sounding Rocket Program 950 800 1,100
NASA TOTAL 46,646 34,151 38,485
DOC/NOAA Atmos Trace Constituents 40 250 800DOC/NOAA Fisheries Assessment/Management 18,100 16,600 18,900DOC/NOAA Marine Mammal Assessment 2,600 3,900 3,900DOC/NOAA Ocean Assessment 15 30 15DOC/NOAA Stratospheric Ozone 205 250 250DOC/NOAA Satellites/Data Management 418 325 325DOC/NOAA Remote Sensing 465 456 300DOC/NOAA Aircraft/Vessels 1,946 1,976 2,053DOC/NOAA Climate and Global Change 268 90 90DOC/NOAA Weather Research 40 125 125DOC/NOAA Western Arctic/Bering Sea Ecosystem 2,997 3,845 2,782DOC/NOAA Barrow Observatory 790 1,200 1,600DOC/NOAA Undersea Research 205 30 0DOC/NOAA Arctic Research Initiative 1,650 1,650 1,650
DOC/NOAA TOTAL 29,739 30,727 32,790
71
Budget (dollars in thousands)FY 00 FY 01 FY 02
Dept/Bureau Program name actual planned proposedDOE/SC Nat Inst Global Env Change 186 186 186DOE/SC Atmos Radiation/Planning 3,200 3,200 3,200DOE/FE Alaska Hydrate Characterization 70 N.A. N.A.DOE/FE Hydrate Test Well Participation 339 N.A. N.A.DOE/EE Wind Activities in Alaska 380 270 75DOE/EM JCCEM/Arctic Transport Studies 550 570 570
DOE TOTAL 4,725 4,226 4,031
DHHS National Institutes of Health 9,844 10,702 11,164DHHS Centers for Disease Control/Prevent. 3,990 5,151 4,787
DHHS TOTAL 13,834 15,853 15,951
SMITHSONIAN Anthropology 400 400 400SMITHSONIAN Arctic Biology 50 50 50
SMITHSONIAN TOTAL 450 450 450
DOT/USCG Test and Evaluation 3,750 500 0DOT/USCG Arctic Science Support 2,530 10,330 7,870DOT/USCG Extramural Science Support 30 30 30
DOT Total 6,310 10,860 7,900
EPA Research and Development 365 360 200EPA Regional Activities 250 220 100EPA International Activities 93 75 100
EPA TOTAL 708 655 400
USDA/FS Forest Service - Environment 700 700 700USDA/CSRE&ES Cooperative State Res - Environ 725 725 725USDA/CSRE&ES Cooperative State Res - Food/Saf 793 964 964USDA/NRCS Natural Resources Cons Svc S - Global 560 560 560USDA/ARS Agricultural Research Service 2,000 2,000 2,000
USDA TOTAL 4,778 4,949 4,949
STATE MAB: Arctic Directorate 20 20 20STATE TOTAL 20 20 20
GRAND TOTALS 241,947 240,403 233,303
72
Department of Defense• Arctic Engineering: The study and develop-
ment of technologies for construction andmaintenance of facilities and equipment inArctic environments.
• Permafrost/Frozen Ground: The study of theformation, structure, characteristics, anddynamics of permafrost and frozen ground.
• Snow and Ice Hydrology: The study of thesnowpack and river, lake, and sea ice, theirformation, structure, and dynamics.
• Oceanography: The study of Arctic Ocean fea-tures and processes including sea ice dynamics.
• Lower Atmosphere: The study of Arcticweather with an emphasis on heat budget.
• Upper Atmosphere: The study of physical pro-cesses in the thermosphere, ionosphere andmagnetosphere. Studies also include appliedresearch to investigate, predict, and assess theimpacts from the thermosphere, ionosphere,and magnetosphere to communication, navi-gation, surveillance, and satellite systems.
• High-Frequency Active Auroral Research Pro-gram (HAARP): The use of radiowave energyto study basic physical response and composi-tion of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere.
• Medical and Human Engineering: The studyof human response to cold climates and meth-ods to mitigate those effects.
Department of the Interior
Minerals Management Service• Technology Assessment and Research Pro-
gram: Research to support Minerals Manage-ment Service offshore operations. Studiesaddress operational needs for permitting ofdrilling and production operations, safety andpollution inspections, enforcement action,accident investigations, and well controltraining requirements.
• Environmental Studies Program: Research toprovide information needed for prediction,assessment, and management of impacts fromoffshore natural gas and oil and mineraldevelopment activities on human, marine, andcoastal environments of Alaska.
U.S. Geological Survey• Energy and Minerals: Research to assess the
distribution, quantity, and quality of energy andmineral resources with an increasing emphasison characterizing the environmental impact ofresource occurrence and use. This informa-tion assists the Nation in managing its land,formulating environmental policies, and en-suring stable and safe supplies of resources.
• Natural Hazards: Research to forecast anddelineate hazards from earthquakes, volca-noes, landslides, and related phenomena.Losses from future natural hazard events canbe significantly reduced through studies ofpast and potential events applied to disastermitigation and response planning.
• Global Change: Research to investigate the im-pact that potential global change, such as globalwarming, would have on our planet. This is partof the U.S. Global Change research program,which provides the scientific basis for develop-ing policy relating to natural and human-induced changes in the global earth system.
• Marine and Coastal: Research to address issuesof national, regional, and local concern thatinvolve marine and coastal geology. Theseissues involve natural hazards, natural resourc-es, and environmental quality and restoration;they span the full continuum from coastal wet-lands and seashores to the deep ocean.
• Geomagnetism: Research to measure, map, andmodel the earth’s magnetic field within varioustime scales and to publish and disseminate thisinformation for use in navigation and orienta-tion by Federal, state, local, and internationalgroups. Eleven magnetic observatories areoperated, and repeat magnetic field surveysare performed to determine how and how fastthe earth’s magnetic field is changing.
• Ice and Climate: Research to understand thecauses, characteristics, and effects of changesin glacier conditions over annual to decadaltime scales, as well as of changes in snowconditions in mountainous areas over monthlyto seasonal time scales.
• Hydrology: Research to monitor and assess thesensitivity of surface water and wetland hydrol-
Appendix D: Federal Arctic ResearchProgram Descriptions
73
ogy to variations and changes in climate.• Mapping: Program to develop geologic and
environmental maps of Arctic Alaska.
U.S. Geological Survey–BiologicalResources Division
• Marine Mammals: Research on marinemammals to provide information needed forUSGS to fulfill its stewardship responsibilitiesunder the Marine Mammal Protection Act.
• Migratory Birds: Research on migratory birdsto provide basic biological informationneeded for responsible implementation of theMigratory Bird Treaty Act.
• Fisheries: Research related to land manage-ment responsibilities on National WildlifeRefuges and National Parks or focusing ontreaty issues involving the U.S. and Canada.
• Cooperative Research: Research addressingissues relating to short-term or site-specificresource management issues.
• Terrestrial Ecology: Research related to landmanagement, emphasizing potential effects ofresource development on National WildlifeRefuges.
• Park Research: Research related to landmanagement, emphasizing issues specific toNational Parks.
Bureau of Land Management• Natural Ecology: Inventorying and monitor-
ing of the quantity and status of waters, soils,vegetation, fish and wildlife populations, andhabitats in Arctic Alaska. This is a majoreffort to support lands and resources manage-ment in this unique area.
• Cultural Resources: Studies of man’s prehis-toric activities in the Arctic. Recent findingsin northern Alaska have helped in understand-ing man’s migration into North America.
• Pipeline Monitoring: Program to ascertainthat permittees are in compliance with theagreement and grant right-of-way for theTrans-Alaska Pipeline in Arctic Alaska.There is constant monitoring of pipelineintegrity and the status of the natural resourcesin and adjacent to the right-of-way.
• Fire Control: Studies of fuels, ignition, burning,fire spreading, and methods of control of wildfires in the Arctic. A network of remote auto-matic weather stations has been established. Theprimary purpose of this network is to help un-derstand the influence of weather on wildfires.
• Mining Administration: Monitoring of placer
mining on public lands in Arctic Alaska. Thegoal is to assure compliance with the approvedplan of operations and minimize the impact ofmining on the riparian wetland resource.
National Park Service• Cultural Resources: Research and investigation
of cultural resources as they pertain to historicplaces in National Parks. The Shared BeringianHeritage Program promotes international coop-eration in multidisciplinary studies of Beringia.
• Natural Ecology: Research to monitor andunderstand natural resources in National Parks.
Bureau of Indian Affairs• Cultural: Research and investigation of
learned and shared behaviors as they pertainto historic places and cemetery sites appliedfor under the provisions of the Alaska NativeClaims Settlement Act (P.L. 92-203).
• Subsistence: Research on the customary and tra-ditional uses of fish, game, and plant resources.
National Science Foundation• Arctic Natural Sciences: Research in atmo-
spheric, space, ocean, biological, earthsciences, and glaciology that is primarilyinvestigator-initiated; this is basic researchthat is concerned with processes and phenom-ena in the entire Arctic region, includingAlaska, Canada, Greenland, Svalbard, Russia,the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, and theupper atmosphere and near space.
• Arctic System Science (ARCSS): An inter-disciplinary program that examines the interac-tions within and between the climatic, geologic,biologic, and socioeconomic subsystems of theArctic. ARCSS is a regional component withinthe U.S. Global Change Research Program.
• Arctic Social Science: A multidisciplinaryand interdisciplinary program focused onissues of human–environment interactions,rapid social change, and community viability.
• Arctic Science Support: Support for Intergov-ernmental Personnel Act (IPA) personnelassigned to the Arctic Sciences Section of theOffice of Polar Programs (OPP), and scien-tific meeting, panel, and publication support.
• Arctic Data and Information, and Advisoryand Coordination: Support for a program ofArctic data and information research andadvisory services, including support for theInteragency Arctic Research Policy Commit-tee, and conferences, workshops, and studies
74
to further develop and implement Arcticresearch planning and policy.
• Arctic Research Commission: Support for theCommission staff and members. Funding for theArctic Research Commission is included in theNSF budget for administrative convenience.
• Other Sciences: Research supported in divi-sions and programs outside the OPP in atmo-spheric, ocean, biological, earth sciences, andglaciology that is primarily investigator-initiated basic research.
• Engineering: Engineering research that isrelated to the Arctic.
• Education: Education research that is relatedto the Arctic.
National Aeronautics andSpace Administration
• Cryosphere: This program is focused on theArctic ice cover and its interactions with theoceans and atmosphere. The long-range goalsare to significantly improve our ability to rep-resent high-latitude processes in models ofglobal climate and climate change and tounderstand the current and likely impact ofchanges in ice mass on sea level.
• Ecology: This program is focused on the func-tion of high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems andtheir interactions with the atmosphere andhydrosphere, with particular emphasis on car-bon cycling and land–atmosphere interactions.
• Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Science: Thisprogram is focused on improving our under-standing of the earth’s gravity field, oscillationsin the length of day and tilting of the axis ofrotation, geodesy to determine the rate of past-glacial rebound of the lithosphere for ice massand structuralstudies, the earth’s magnetic fieldto determine crustal structure, and topographyand topographic change of the Arctic andAntarctic regions. The program also contrib-utes to other polar studies by providing aframe of reference with which to monitorchanges such as the volume of the ice sheets.
• Arctic Ozone Studies: This program is sup-porting a number of tasks related to chemicaland dynamical processes in the Arctic strato-sphere, with the aim of measuring and under-standing changes in Arctic stratosphericozone in an atmosphere with increasing abun-dances of greenhouse gases.
• Arctic Data Systems: NASA provides supportfor two Distributed Active Archive Systems(DAACs) for high-latitude data: one at the
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) inBoulder, Colorado, and one at the Alaska SARFacility (ASF) in Fairbanks, Alaska. The ASF isresponsible for acquiring, processing, archiving,and distributing synthetic aperture radar (SAR)data from several non-U.S. spacecraft, and theNSIDC handles most other satellite data overthe high latitudes. In addition, NASA supportsthe development of several high-latitude “Path-finder” data sets, comprising higher-level infor-mation derived from various satellite data.
• Clouds and Radiation: NASA supports compre-hensive studies of the impact of Arctic cloudsand aerosols on the the Arctic radiation balanceand its impact on the global radiative balance.Studies supported include modeling and analy-sis of satellite cloud and aerosol data obtainedover the polar regions. In addition, NASA sup-ports missions to the Arctic (e.g. FIRE-ACE)that include ground, ship, and airborne sensorscoordinated with satellite observations tostudy the processes that contribute to the evo-lution of cloud and aerosol distributions.
• Geospace Physics: NASA provides supportfor a vigorous program of experimental andtheoretical studies of geospace phenomenaoriginating in or affecting Arctic regions,including the mesosphere, thermosphere, ion-osphere, and magnetosphere. It includes theseprograms listed in the NASA budget table:Sun-Earth Connection Theory Program, FastAuroral SnapshoT Explorer spacecraft,Geospace Low Cost Access to Space (sub-orbital) program, and the Geospace SciencesSupporting Research and Technology program.
Department of Commerce
National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration
• Atmospheric Trace Constituents: Continuousand discreet measurements of atmospherictrace constituents (for example, greenhousegases) that are important to understandingglobal change.
• Marine Fisheries Assessment: Assessment bythe National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)of U.S. living marine resources in Arctic waters.
• Marine Fisheries Research: NOAA’s PacificMarine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) andAlaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) con-duct the Fisheries Oceanography CoordinatedInvestigations (FOCI) program in the BeringSea and North Pacific. FOCI is concerned with
75
understanding and predicting the impacts ofinterannual variability and decade-scale climatechange on commercially valuable fish species.
• Marine Mammal Assessment: Long-termresearch by NMFS’s National Marine Mam-mal Laboratory on the population biology andecology of Arctic marine mammals. NMFSalso participates in the Marine MammalHealth and Stranding Response Program,which oversees the Arctic Marine MammalTissue Archival Program (AMMTAP) in col-laboration with Department of Interior (FWS,BRD, and MMS) and the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST). TheAMMTAP collects, analyzes, and archivestissues for contaminants and health indices toprovide a database on contaminants and healthin marine mammal populations in the Arctic.
• Coastal Hazards: Activities directed towardsdeveloping a better understanding of theeffects of tsunami propagation and run-up.
• Ocean Assessment: A wide range of pro-grams and activities directed toward NOAA’senvironmental stewardship responsibilities,including environmental monitoring andassessment, technology transfer, and educa-tion and outreach. Ocean assessment includesthe National Status and Trends Program, theCoastal Ocean Program, and other pertinentactivities of the recently formed NationalCenters for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS),National Ocean Service.
• Stratospheric Ozone: A program that is devel-oping an understanding of the dynamics andchemistry of the potential for Arctic ozonedepletion, as part of activities directed tounderstanding the global depletion of strato-spheric ozone.
• Satellites/Data Management: Researchaddressing NOAA’s responsibilities for col-lecting, archiving, processing, and dissemi-nating environmental data and providingspecialized data analyses and interpretations.
• Remote Sensing: A substantial program (jointlywith NSF and DOE) for developing, testing,and using ground-based remote sensors for Arc-tic meteorological research. The emphasis is onprototypes for future operational systems thatcan operate in the Arctic with minimal attention.The scientific issues include boundary layer tur-bulence and structure, cloud macro- and micro-physical properties, and cloud-radiative cou-pling relevant to Arctic climate.
• Aircraft/Vessels: Platform support from the
Office of Marine and Aviation Operations(OMAO) to conduct the research and obser-vations associated with NOAA’s Arcticresearch program.
• Climate and Global Change: Studies that areassessing Arctic processes as forcing func-tions of climate and global change and as“barometers” of global change. NOAA’s Arc-tic Research Office chairs the InteragencyWorking Group on the Study of Environmen-tal Arctic Change (SEARCH).
• Arctic Ice: The National Ice Center, jointlyoperated by NOAA, the U.S. Navy, and theU.S. Coast Guard, provides analyses andforecasts of ice conditions in all seas of thepolar regions, the Great Lakes, and Chesa-peake Bay. The National Snow and Ice DataCenter (NSIDC), affiliated with NOAA’sNational Geophysical Data Center (NGDC),archives many new and rescued ice data sets.
• Arctic Weather: Research primarily address-ing two forecast problems: detection of theArctic front and the effect of the Arctic fronton local weather.
• Boreal Forest Fires and the Arctic: Modeling,research, and observations to understand theinfluence of Northern Hemisphere boreal for-est fires on atmospheric chemistry in the Arc-tic, especially focusing on the production ofsurface-level ozone and other pollutants andthe atmospheric and climate effects of theinput of soot.
• Arctic Research Initiative: Program supportingresearch, monitoring, and assessment projects tostudy natural variability and anthropogenicinfluences on Western Arctic/Bering Sea eco-systems. These activities are a U.S. contributionto the Arctic Council’s Arctic Monitoring andAssessment Program. Projects supported by thisprogram are expected to lead to better under-standing of Arctic contaminants and their path-ways, the effects of climate change includingincreased ultraviolet radiation, and the com-bined effects of stresses from climate changeand various contaminants.
Department of Energy• Climate-Related Atmospheric Radiation
Research: Continued operation of an Atmo-spheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)research (“testbed”) site on the North Slopeof Alaska to improve mathematical simula-tions of cloud and radiative transfer processesin general circulation models (GCMs).
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• Environmental Measurements of Radioactivityin the Atmosphere: Continuous measurementsof long-term levels and trends of anthro-pogenic and natural radionuclides in the Arc-tic atmosphere. Sites include Alaska, Green-land, and northernmost Canada and Norway.
• Neighborhood Environmental Watch Network(NEWNET): Continued operation of an Alas-kan network (Fairbanks, Kotzebue, Nome,Point Hope, and Seward) of public-accessibleenvironmental gamma-radioactivity monitoringstations and data storage/processing systems,based on concepts developed by the DOE forthe Community Monitoring Program at the Ne-vada Test Site (NTS) Nuclear Testing Facility.
• Joint Coordinating Committee for Environmen-tal Management (JCCEM) Contaminant Trans-port Studies: Continuing assessment of thehydro-geologic framework and radioactivitycontamination status of the West Siberian Basinfrom past and ongoing releases of commercialand defense-related nuclear and hazardouswaste disposal operations at the former SovietUnion Mayak, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk sites.
• North Slope of Alaska Methane HydrateResource Assessment: DOE continues to assistthe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in anassessment of the recoverability and produc-tion characteristics of permafrost-associatedmethane hydrates and related free-gas accu-mulations in the Prudhoe Bay–Kuparuk Riverarea of the North Slope of Alaska.
• Wind Electricity Generation Activities inAlaska: To better understand the role thatwind energy can play, the DOE’s Wind Ener-gy Program continues to be engaged in col-laborative efforts with Alaskan organizationsat the state and local levels to explore ways inwhich wind can make a greater contributionin the production of electric power. Effortsare particularly focused on smaller rural com-munities, where the cost of diesel-generatedelectricity is very high. Current Alaskan loca-tions include Kotzebue, Wales, Nome, Night-mute, Nunapitchuk, Selawik, and Unalakleet.
Department of Health andHuman Services
National Institutes of Health• Basic and applied research that relates prima-
rily in the areas of rheumatic diseases, cancer,drug and alcohol abuse, and coronary heartdisease that affect Arctic residents.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention• A research program designed to evaluate
infectious disease prevention and controlstrategies in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, with aspecial focus on diseases of high incidenceand concern among the indigenous peoples ofthe circumpolar region.
• An occupational injury research programfocusing on the Nation’s geographic area withthe highest risk of occupational-related injury.
• Research on human exposure to environmen-tal persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry• A research program to identify and reduce
risks from exposure to environmental contam-inants while maintaining the benefits of thesubsistence lifestyle.
Smithsonian Institution• Anthropology: Research and interpretation of
Arctic cultures and natural history. Training ofArctic residents and Natives in museum studies,collections care, conservation, and culturalheritage programs. Studies of the origin and his-tory of northern cultures and their interactionswith their environment and with European cul-tures are central features of this research.
• Arctic Biology: Basic research on biologicaland evolutionary studies in botany, zoology,and other natural history fields. Interactionsof Arctic flora and fauna with human culturesare emphasized.
Department of Transportation
U.S. Coast Guard• Arctic Science/Logistics Support: The costs
of providing and maintaining polar icebreak-ers for use in the Arctic.
• Test and Evaluation: The cost of testsdesigned to evaluate polar icebreakers in theperformance of Arctic missions. (Previously,unreimbursed Arctic science mission costswere included in this category.)
• Extramural Science Support: Funding pro-vided to other agencies for Arctic sciencestudies, research, or vessel availability studies.
Environmental Protection Agency• Research and Development: Intramural and
extramural basic and applied research foundedon the risk assessment and risk managementparadigm. EPA research interests in the Arctic
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include water quality, watershed cumulativeeffects, air quality, land use, bioremediation andthe combined impact of contaminants, climatechange, and resource use on freshwater andmarine ecosystems. Research efforts addressissues of long-range transport and transforma-tion of contaminants to the Arctic and the statusand trends of contaminants such as persistentorganic pollutants and heavy metals within theArctic environment. Research and Developmentis working closely in partnership with Region10 on forwarding an integrated assessment ofhuman health and ecological risks in subsistencecommunities with the Bering Sea watershed.
• Regional Activities: Activities of EPA’s Region10 (Pacific Northwest and Alaska office) areconducted in partnership with tribes, the state,and local communities to resolve key issues inrural sanitation, clean drinking water, clean-up of formerly used defense sites, regulationof local industry, and other issues key to pro-tecting human health and the unique Arcticand sub-Arctic environments.
Department of Agriculture
Forest Service• Research directed toward improving the
understanding, use, and management of Alas-ka’s natural resources, especially the northernboreal forest. Research centers on the dynam-ics of mixed stands and the cumulative effectsof management activities on hydrology, soils,vegetation, wildlife, carbon reserves, insects,and fire in boreal ecosystems.
• Important portions of the boreal ecosystemsresearch are conducted at the Bonanza CreekLong-Term Ecological Research Site nearFairbanks, AK.
Cooperative State Research, Educationand Extension Service
• Research in plant sciences emphasizing prop-agating and cultivating Alaskan native plantsand domestic crops.
• Research in animal sciences investigating gene-tic parameters for growth and reproduction ofpink salmon and the chemical composition, nu-tritional value, and utilization of animal feeds.
• Research in natural resources and forestryaddressing forest floor organic matter reserves,ecosystem sustainability, soil classification,wildlife habitat, quantification of timber produc-tivity, and disturbance revegetation in wetlands.
Natural Resources Conservation Service• Research in support of the National Coopera-
tive Soil Survey program addressing perma-frost, soil cryogenic processes, soil reductionand oxidation properties, temperature, waterstatus and gas flux in wetlands, reindeer andcaribou grazing needs, and vegetation trends.
• Research on vegetation, landform, and carbonsequestration relationships in support of theGlobal Change Research Program.
• Research in support of the snow survey program.Snowfall measurement techniques are beingstudied to support the snow survey, which isused to predict snowmelt, water availability,river breakup timing, and wildlife movements.
Agricultural Research Service• Research on plant sciences emphasizing germ-
plasm preservation to protect native and Rus-sian plant species with emphasis on medicinalvalue and utility for erosion control.
• Research in animal sciences to investigateAlaska fisheries byproduct use (especially forfeed stocks), integrated pest management forgrasshopper control in Alaska’s central basin,and the biosystematics of Holarctic ruminantparasites to assess pathogen distribution infood resources of northern communities.
Department of State• Coordination of U.S. involvement in the Arctic
Council and its working groups, including theArctic Monitoring and Assessment Program;Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, ofwhich the U.S. is the vice-chair; Emergency Pre-vention, Preparedness, and Response; Protectionof the Arctic Marine Environment, which theU.S. chairs; Sustainable Development; and theArctic Council Action Plan to Eliminate Pollu-tion of the Arctic.
• Chairmanship of regular meetings of theinteragency Arctic Policy Group and overallresponsibility for the coordination and formu-lation of U.S. policy in the Arctic.
• Direction of Environmental Diplomacy Funds(EDF) to international pollution assessmentprojects. The State Department has contributedto the project on Persistent Toxic Substances,Food Security, and Indigenous Peoples of theRussian Far North. The project will monitor bothair quality in the Russian Arctic and toxics in thetraditional foods of Natives in Russia. State EDFsupport is also planned for the Evaluation ofDioxins and Furans in the Russian Federation.
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Appendix E: Arctic Research and Policy Act,As Amended
PUBLIC LAW 98-373 - July 31,1984; amended asPUBLIC LAW 101-609 - November 16, 1990
An Act
To provide for a comprehensive national policy dealingwith national research needs and objectives in theArctic, for a National Critical Materials Council, fordevelopment of a continuing and comprehensivenational materials policy, for programs necessary tocarry out that policy, including Federal programs ofadvanced materials research and technology, and forinnovation in basic materials industries, and forother purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives ofthe United States of America in Congress assembled:
TITLE 1-ARCTIC RESEARCH AND POLICY
SHORT TITLE
SEC. 101. This title may be cited as the “Arctic Researchand Policy Act of 1984, as amended”.
FINDINGS AND PURPOSES
SEC. 102.(a) The Congress finds and declares that—(1) the Arctic, onshore and offshore, contains vital energyresources that can reduce the Nation’s dependence on for-eign oil and improve the national balance of payments;(2) as the Nation’s only common border with the SovietUnion, the Arctic is critical to national defense;(3) the renewable resources of the Arctic, specificallyfish and other seafood, represent one of the Nation’sgreatest commercial assets;(4) Arctic conditions directly affect global weather pat-terns and must be understood in order to promote betteragricultural management throughout the United States;(5) industrial pollution not originating in the Arctic re-gion collects in the polar air mass, has the potential todisrupt global weather patterns, and must be controlledthrough international cooperation and consultation;(6) the Arctic is a natural laboratory for research intohuman health and adaptation, physical and psychologi-cal, to climates of extreme cold and isolation and mayprovide information crucial for future defense needs;(7) atmospheric conditions peculiar to the Arctic makethe Arctic a unique testing ground for research into highlatitude communications, which is likely to be crucialfor future defense needs;(8) Arctic marine technology is critical to cost-effectiverecovery, and transportation of energy resources and tothe national defense;
(9) the United States has important security, economic,and environmental interests in developing and maintain-ing a fleet of icebreaking vessels capable of operatingeffectively in the heavy ice regions of the Arctic;(10) most Arctic-rim countries, particularly the SovietUnion, possess Arctic technologies far more advancedthan those currently available in the United States;(11) Federal Arctic research is fragmented and uncoor-dinated at the present time, leading to the neglect of cer-tain areas of research and to unnecessary duplication ofeffort in other areas of research;(12) improved logistical coordination and support forArctic research and better dissemination of research dataand information is necessary to increase the efficiencyand utility of national Arctic research efforts;(13) a comprehensive national policy and program planto organize and fund currently neglected scientific re-search with respect to the Arctic is necessary to fulfillnational objectives in Arctic research;(14) the Federal Government, in cooperation with Stateand local governments, should focus its efforts on thecollection and characterization of basic data related tobiological, materials, geophysical, social, and behavior-al phenomena in the Arctic;(15) research into the long-range health, environmental,and social effects of development in the Arctic is neces-sary to mitigate the adverse consequences of that devel-opment to the land and its residents;(16) Arctic research expands knowledge of the Arctic,which can enhance the lives of Arctic residents, increaseopportunities for international cooperation among Arc-tic-rim countries, and facilitate the formulation of na-tional policy for the Arctic; and(17) the Alaskan Arctic provides an essential habitat formarine mammals, migratory waterfowl, and other formsof wildlife which are important to the Nation and whichare essential to Arctic residents.
(b) The purposes of this title are—(1) to establish national policy, priorities, and goals andto provide a Federal program plan for basic and appliedscientific research with respect to the Arctic, includingnatural resources and materials, physical, biological andhealth sciences, and social and behavioral sciences;(2) to establish an Arctic Research Commission to pro-mote Arctic research and to recommend Arctic researchpolicy,(3) to designate the National Science Foundation as thelead agency responsible for implementing Arctic researchpolicy, and(4) to establish an Interagency Arctic Research PolicyCommittee to develop a national Arctic research policyand a five year plan to implement that policy.
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ARCTIC RESEARCH COMMISSION
SEC. 103. (a) The President shall establish an ArcticResearch Commission (hereinafter referred to as the“Commission”).
(b)(1) The Commission shall be composed of sevenmembers appointed by the President, with the Director ofthe National Science Foundation serving as a nonvoting,ex officio member. The members appointed by the Presi-dent shall include—
(A) four members appointed from among individ-uals from academic or other research institutionswith expertise in areas of research relating to theArctic, including the physical, biological, health,environmental, social and behavioral sciences;(B) one member appointed from among indigenousresidents of the Arctic who are representative ofthe needs and interests of Arctic residents and wholive in areas directly affected by Arctic resourcedevelopment; and(C) two members appointed from among individu-als familiar with the Arctic and representative ofthe needs and interests of private industry under-taking resource development in the Arctic.
(2) The President shall designate one of the appointedmembers of the Commission to be chairperson of theCommission.(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this sub-
section, the term of office of each member of the Com-mission appointed under subsection (b)(1) shall be fouryears.
(2) Of the members of the Commission originally ap-pointed under subsection (b)(1)—
(A) one shall be appointed for a term of two years;(B) two shall be appointed for a term of three years;and(C) two shall be appointed for a term of four years.
(3) Any vacancy occurring in the membership of theCommission shall be filled, after notice of the vacancyis published in the Federal Register, in the manner pro-vided by the preceding provisions of this section, for theremainder of the unexpired term.(4) A member may serve after the expiration of themember’s term of office until the President appoints asuccessor.(5) A member may serve consecutive terms beyond themember’s original appointment.(d)(1) Members of the Commission may be allowed
travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence,as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code.A member of the Commission not presently employed forcompensation shall be compensated at a rate equal to thedaily equivalent of the rate for GS-18 of the GeneralSchedule under section 5332 of title 5, United States Code,for each day the member is engaged in the actualperformance of his duties as a member of the Commission,not to exceed 90 days of service each year. Except for thepurposes of chapter 81 of title 5 (relating to compensationfor work injuries) and chapter 171 of title 28 (relating totort claims), a member of the Commission shall not be
considered an employee of the United States for anypurpose.
(2) The Commission shall meet at the call of its Chair-man or a majority of its members.(3) Each Federal agency referred to in section 107(b)may designate a representative to participate as an ob-server with the Commission. These representatives shallreport to and advise the Commission on the activitiesrelating to Arctic research of their agencies.(4) The Commission shall conduct at least one publicmeeting in the State of Alaska annually.
DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION
SEC. 104. (a) The Commission shall—(1) develop and recommend an integrated national Arc-tic research policy;(2) in cooperation with the Interagency Arctic ResearchPolicy Committee established under section 107, assistin establishing a national Arctic research program planto implement the Arctic research policy;(3) facilitate cooperation between the Federal Govern-ment and State and local governments with respect toArctic research;(4) review Federal research programs in the Arctic andrecommend improvements in coordination among pro-grams;(5) recommend methods to improve logistical planningand support for Arctic research as may be appropriateand in accordance with the findings and purposes of thistitle;(6) recommend methods for improving efficient sharingand dissemination of data and information on the Arcticamong interested public and private institutions;(7) offer other recommendations and advice to the In-teragency Committee established under section 107 asit may find appropriate;(8) cooperate with the Governor of the State of Alaskaand with agencies and organizations of that State whichthe Governor may designate with respect to the formu-lation of Arctic research policy;(9) recommend to the Interagency Committee the meansfor developing international scientific cooperation in theArctic; and(10) not later than January 31,1991, and every 2 yearsthereafter, publish a statement of goals and objectiveswith respect to Arctic research to guide the InteragencyCommittee established under section 107 in the perfor-mance of its duties.(b) Not later than January 31 of each year, the Commis-
sion shall submit to the President and to the Congress areport describing the activities and accomplishments ofthe Commission during the immediately preceding fiscalyear.
COOPERATION WITH THE COMMISSION
SEC. 105. (a)(1) The Commission may acquire from thehead of any Federal agency unclassified data, reports, andother nonproprietary information with respect to Arctic
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research in the possession of the agency which the Com-mission considers useful in the discharge of its duties.
(2) Each agency shall cooperate with the Commissionand furnish all data, reports, and other information re-quested by the Commission to the extent permitted bylaw; except that no agency need furnish any informa-tion which it is permitted to withhold under section522 of title 5, United States Code.(b) With the consent of the appropriate agency head,
the Commission may utilize the facilities and services ofany Federal agency to the extent that the facilities andservices are needed for the establishment and develop-ment of an Arctic research policy, upon reimbursement tobe agreed upon by the Commission and the agency headand taking every feasible step to avoid duplication of effort.
(c) All Federal agencies shall consult with the Com-mission before undertaking major Federal actions relat-ing to Arctic research.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE COMMISSION
SEC. 106. The Commission may—(1) in accordance with the civil service laws and sub-chapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code,appoint and fix the compensation of an Executive Di-rector and necessary additional staff personnel, but notto exceed a total of seven compensated personnel;(2) procure temporary and intermittent services as au-thorized by section 3109 of title 5, United States Code;(3) enter into contracts and procure supplies, servicesand personal property;(4) enter into agreements with the General ServicesAdministration for the procurement of necessary finan-cial and administrative services, for which payment shallbe made by reimbursement from funds of the Commis-sion in amounts to be agreed upon by the Commissionand the Administrator of the General Services Adminis-tration; and(5) appoint, and accept without compensation the ser-vices of, scientists and engineering specialists to be ad-visors to the Commission. Each advisor may be allowedtravel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsis-tence, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, UnitedStates Code. Except for the purposes of chapter 81 oftitle 5 (relating to compensation for work injuries) andchapter 171 of title 28 (relating to tort claims) of theUnited States Code, an advisor appointed under thisparagraph shall not be considered an employee of theUnited States for any purpose.
LEAD AGENCY AND INTERAGENCY ARCTICRESEARCH POLICY COMMITTEE
SEC. 107. (a) The National Science Foundation is des-ignated as the lead agency responsible for implementingArctic research policy, and the Director of the NationalScience Foundation shall insure that the requirements ofsection 108 are fulfilled.
(b)(1) The President shall establish an Interagency Arc-tic Research Policy Committee (hereinafter referred to asthe “Interagency Committee”).
(2) The Interagency Committee shall be composed ofrepresentatives of the following Federal agencies oroffices:
(A) the National Science Foundation;(B) the Department of Commerce;(C) the Department of Defense;(D) the Department of Energy;(E) the Department of the Interior;(F) the Department of State;(G) the Department of Transportation;(H) the Department of Health and Human Services;(I) the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion;(J) the Environmental Protection Agency; and(K) any other agency or office deemed appropriate.
(3) The representative of the National Science Founda-tion shall serve as the Chairperson of the InteragencyCommittee.
DUTIES OF THE INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE
SEC. 108. (a) The Interagency Committee shall—(1) survey Arctic research conducted by Federal, State,and local agencies, universities, and other public andprivate institutions to help determine priorities for fu-ture Arctic research, including natural resources andmaterials, physical and biological sciences, and socialand behavioral sciences;(2) work with the Commission to develop and establishan integrated national Arctic research policy that willguide Federal agencies in developing and implementingtheir research programs in the Arctic;(3) consult with the Commission on—
(A) the development of the national Arctic researchpolicy and the 5-year plan implementing the policy;(B) Arctic research programs of Federal agencies;(C) recommendations of the Commission on futureArctic research; and(D) guidelines for Federal agencies for awardingand administering Arctic research grants;
(4) develop a 5-year plan to implement the national pol-icy, as provided in section 109;(5) provide the necessary coordination, data, and assis-tance for the preparation of a single integrated, coher-ent, and multiagency budget request for Arctic researchas provided for in section 110;(6) facilitate cooperation between the Federal Govern-ment and State and local governments in Arctic research,and recommend the undertaking of neglected areas ofresearch in accordance with the findings and purposesof this title;(7) coordinate and promote cooperative Arctic scientif-ic research programs with other nations, subject to theforeign policy guidance of the Secretary of State;(8) cooperate with the Governor of the State of Alaskain fulfilling its responsibilities under this title;(9) promote Federal interagency coordination of all Arc-tic research activities, including-
(A) logistical planning and coordination; and(B) the sharing of data and information associated
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with Arctic research, subject to section 552 of title5, United States Code; and
(10) provide public notice of its meetings and an oppor-tunity for the public to participate in the developmentand implementation of national Arctic research policy.(b) Not later than January 31, 1986, and biennially there-
after, the Interagency Committee shall submit to the Con-gress through the President, a brief, concise report con-taining-
(1) a statement of the activities and accomplishments ofthe Interagency Committee since its last report; and(2) a statement detailing with particularity the recom-mendations of the Commission with respect to Federalinteragency activities in Arctic research and the disposi-tion and responses to those recommendations.
5-YEAR ARCTIC RESEARCH PLAN
SEC. 109. (a) The Interagency Committee, in consulta-tion with the Commission, the Governor of the State ofAlaska, the residents of the Arctic, the private sector, andpublic interest groups, shall prepare a comprehensive 5-year program plan (hereinafter referred to as the “Plan”)for the overall Federal effort in Arctic research. The Planshall be prepared and submitted to the President for trans-mittal to the Congress within one year after the enactmentof this Act and shall be revised biennially thereafter. (b) The Plan shall contain but need not be limited to thefollowing elements:
(1) an assessment of national needs and problems re-garding the Arctic and the research necessary to addressthose needs or problems;(2) a statement of the goals and objectives of the Inter-agency Committee for national Arctic research;(3) a detailed listing of all existing Federal programsrelating to Arctic research, including the existing goals,funding levels for each of the 5 following fiscal years,and the funds currently being expended to conduct theprograms;(4) recommendations for necessary program changes andother proposals to meet the requirements of the policyand goals as set forth by the Commission and in the Planas currently in effect; and(5) a description of the actions taken by the InteragencyCommittee to coordinate the budget review process inorder to ensure interagency coordination and coopera-tion in (A) carrying out Federal Arctic research programs,and (B) eliminating unnecessary duplication of effortamong these programs.
COORDINATION AND REVIEW OF BUDGETREQUESTS
SEC. 110. (a) The Office of Science and Technology Pol-icy shall—
(1) review all agency and department budget requestsrelated to the Arctic transmitted pursuant to section108(a)(5), in accordance with the national Arctic researchpolicy and the 5-year program under section 108(a)(2)and section 109, respectively; and(2) consult closely with the Interagency Committee andthe Commission to guide the Office of Technology Pol-icy’s efforts.(b)(1) The Office of Management and Budget shall con-
sider all Federal agency requests for research related tothe Arctic as one integrated, coherent, and multiagencyrequest, which shall be reviewed by the Office of Man-agement and Budget prior to submission of the President’sannual budget request for its adherence to the Plan. TheCommission shall, after submission of the President’sannual budget request, review the request and report toCongress on adherence to the Plan.
(2) The Office of Management and Budget shall seekto facilitate planning for the design, procurement,maintenance, deployment and operations of icebreakersneeded to provide a platform for Arctic research byallocating all funds necessary to support icebreakingoperations, except for recurring incremental costsassociated with specific projects, to the Coast Guard.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS;NEW SPENDING AUTHORITY
SEC. 111. (a) There are authorized to be appropriated suchsums as may be necessary for carrying out this title.
(b) Any new spending authority (within the meaningof section 401 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974)which is provided under this title shall be effective forany fiscal year only to such extent or in such amounts asmay be provided in appropriation Acts.
DEFINITION
SEC. 112. As used in this title, the term “Arctic” meansall United States and foreign territory north of the ArcticCircle and all United States territory north and west of theboundary formed by the Porcupine, Yukon, and Kuskok-wim Rivers; all contiguous seas, including the ArcticOcean and the Beaufort, Bering and Chukchi Seas; andthe Aleutian chain.
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IntroductionAll researchers working in the North have an
ethical responsibility toward the people of theNorth, their cultures, and the environment. Thefollowing principles have been formulated to pro-vide guidance for researchers in the physical, bio-logical, behavioral, health, economic, political,and social sciences and in the humanities. Theseprinciples are to be observed when carrying out orsponsoring research in Arctic and northern regionsor when applying the results of this research.
This statement addresses the need to promotemutual respect and communication between scien-tists and northern residents. Cooperation is neededat all stages of research planning and implementa-tion in projects that directly affect northern people.Cooperation will contribute to a better under-standing of the potential benefits of Arctic researchfor northern residents and will contribute to thedevelopment of northern science through tradi-tional knowledge and experience.
These “Principles for the Conduct of Researchin the Arctic” were prepared by the InteragencySocial Science Task Force in response to a recom-mendation by the Polar Research Board of theNational Academy of Sciences and at the direc-tion of the Interagency Arctic Research PolicyCommittee. This statement is not intended to replaceother existing Federal, State, or professionalguidelines, but rather to emphasize their relevancefor the whole scientific community. Examples ofsimilar guidelines used by professional organiza-tions and agencies in the United States and inother countries are listed in the publications.
ImplementationAll scientific investigations in the Arctic should
be assessed in terms of potential human impactand interest. Social science research, particularlystudies of human subjects, requires special consid-eration, as do studies of resources of economic,cultural, and social value to Native people. In allinstances, it is the responsibility of the principalinvestigator on each project to implement the fol-lowing recommendations:
1. The researcher should inform appropriatecommunity authorities of planned researchon lands, waters, or territories used or occu-
pied by them. Research directly involvingnorthern people or communities should notproceed without their clear and informedconsent. When informing the communityand/or obtaining informed consent, theresearcher should identify—a. all sponsors and sources of financial
support;b. the person in charge and all investigators
involved in the research, as well as anyanticipated need for consultants, guides,or interpreters;
c. the purposes, goals, and time frame ofthe research;
d. data-gathering techniques (tape andvideo recordings, photographs, physio-logical measurements, and so on) and theuses to which they will be put; and
e. foreseeable positive and negative impli-cations and impacts of the research.
2. The duty of researchers to inform communi-ties continues after approval has beenobtained. Ongoing projects should beexplained in terms understandable to thelocal community.
3. Researchers should consult with and, whereapplicable, include northern communities inproject planning and implementation. Rea-sonable opportunities should be providedfor the communities to express their inter-ests and to participate in the research.
4. Research results should be explained innontechnical terms and, where feasible,should be communicated by means of studymaterials that can be used by local teachersor displays that can be shown in local com-munity centers or museums.
5. Copies of research reports, data descrip-tions, and other relevant materials should beprovided to the local community. Specialefforts must be made to communicate resultsthat are responsive to local concerns.
6. Subject to the requirements for anonymity,publications should always refer to theinformed consent of participants and givecredit to those contributing to the researchproject.
7. The researcher must respect local cultural
Appendix F: Principles for the Conductof Research in the Arctic
83
traditions, languages, and values. Theresearcher should, where practicable, incor-porate the following elements in theresearch design:a. Use of local and traditional knowledge
and experience.b. Use of the languages of the local people.c. Translation of research results, particu-
larly those of local concern, into thelanguages of the people affected by theresearch.
8. When possible, research projects shouldanticipate and provide meaningful experi-ence and training for young people.
9. In cases where individuals or groups pro-vide information of a confidential nature,their anonymity must be guaranteed in boththe original use of data and in its depositionfor future use.
10. Research on humans should only be under-taken in a manner that respects their privacyand dignity:a. Research subjects must remain anony-
mous unless they have agreed to be iden-tified. If anonymity cannot be guaran-teed, the subjects must be informed ofthe possible consequences of becominginvolved in the research.
b. In cases where individuals or groups pro-vide information of a confidential or per-sonal nature, this confidentiality must beguaranteed in both the original use ofdata and in its deposition for future use.
c. The rights of children must be respected.All research involving children must befully justified in terms of goals andobjectives and never undertaken withoutthe consent of the children and their par-ents or legal guardians.
d. Participation of subjects, including theuse of photography in research, shouldalways be based on informed consent.
e. The use and disposition of human tissuesamples should always be based on theinformed consent of the subjects or nextof kin.
11. The researcher is accountable for all projectdecisions that affect the community, includ-ing decisions made by subordinates.
12. All relevant Federal, State, and local regula-tions and policies pertaining to cultural,environmental, and health protection mustbe strictly observed.
13. Sacred sites, cultural materials, and culturalproperty cannot be disturbed or removedwithout community and/or individual con-sent and in accordance with Federal andState laws and regulations.
In implementing these principles, researchersmay find additional guidance in the publicationslisted below. In addition, a number of AlaskaNative and municipal organizations can be con-tacted for general information, obtaining informedconsent, and matters relating to research proposalsand coordination with Native and local interests.A separate list is available from NSF’s Office ofPolar Programs.
PublicationsArctic Social Science: An Agenda for Action.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington,D.C., 1989.
Draft Principles for an Arctic Policy. Inuit Cir-cumpolar Conference, Kotzebue, 1986.
Ethics. Social Sciences and Humanities ResearchCouncil of Canada, Ottawa, 1977.
Nordic Statement of Principles and Priorities inArctic Research. Center for Arctic CulturalResearch, Umea, Sweden, 1989.
Policy on Research Ethics. Alaska Department ofFish and Game, Juneau, 1984.
Principles of Professional Responsibility. Councilof the American Anthropological Association,Washington, D.C., 1971, rev. 1989.
The Ethical Principles for the Conduct ofResearch in the North. The Canadian Universi-ties for Northern Studies, Ottawa, 1982.
The National Arctic Health Science Policy. Amer-ican Public Health Association, Washington,D.C., 1984.
Protocol for Centers for Disease Control/IndianHealth Service Serum Bank. Prepared by Arc-tic Investigations Program (CDC) and AlaskaArea Native Health Service, 1990. (Availablethrough Alaska Area Native Health Service,255 Gambell Street, Anchorage, AK 99501.)
Indian Health Manual. Indian Health Service,U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, Mary-land, 1987.
Human Experimentation. Code of Ethics of theWorld Medical Association (Declaration ofHelsinki). Published in British Medical Jour-nal, 2:177, 1964.
Protection of Human Subjects. Code of FederalRegulations 45 CFR 46, 1974, rev. 1983.
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The following acknowledges the principal indi-viduals responsible for this revision of the U. S.Arctic Research Plan.
The principal Federal agency contributors tothis revision of the U.S. Arctic Research Planwere Charles E. Myers, Head, Interagency ArcticStaff, Office of Polar Programs, National ScienceFoundation; Sarah Brandel and Hale VanKough-nett, Department of State; CAPT Frank Garcia,Jr., Steven King, and David Cate, Department ofDefense; Richard Cline, U.S. Forest Service; Wil-liam Fitzhugh, Smithsonian Institution; James De-
Appendix G: Acknowledgments
vine, U.S. Geological Survey; John Calder andTom Murray, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration; Merrill Heit, Department ofEnergy; Waleed Abdalati, National Aeronauticsand Space Administration; Suzanne Marcy, Envi-ronmental Protection Agency; Jon Berkson andCdr. George Dupree, U.S. Coast Guard; Philip S.Chen, Jr., National Institutes of Health, and AlanParkinson, Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, Department of Health and HumanServices; and John Haugh, Bureau of Land Man-agement, Department of the Interior.
Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee StaffThe following individuals are the principal staff representatives for the Interagency Arctic ResearchPolicy Committee. Additional staff support is provided by the Federal agencies for specific activitiesthrough working groups, as necessary.
Richard ClineU.S. Forest ServiceDepartment of AgricultureWashington, DC 20090dcline/[email protected]
John CalderNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationDepartment of CommerceSilver Spring, Maryland [email protected]
Captain Frank W. Garcia, Jr.Department of DefenseWashington, DC [email protected]
Merrill HeitDepartment of EnergyWashington, DC [email protected]
Suzanne K.M. MarcyU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyAnchorage, AK [email protected]
Philip S. Chen, Jr.National Institutes of HealthDepartment of Health and Human ServicesBethesda, Maryland [email protected]
James DevineU.S. Geological SurveyDepartment of InteriorReston, Virginia [email protected]
Waleed AbdalatiNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationWashington, DC [email protected]
Charles E. MyersNational Science FoundationArlington, Virginia [email protected]
William FitzhughSmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC [email protected]
Sarah K. BrandelDepartment of StateWashington, DC [email protected]
Commander Joseph BodenstedtU.S. Coast GuardDepartment of TransportationWashington, DC [email protected]