APPENDIX AI. eLA YPRETREATMENTS.etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14669/2/587539_vol2.pdf · 2016. 10. 3. · 4 14 24 34 44 °29 Figure 5.33a .Sample C.13.1 whole rock scan. Whole rock acan

Appendix A.

APPENDIX AI. eLA Y PRETREATMENTS.

Removal of carbonates. (Jackson.I969)

1. Prepare the buffered sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer by dissolving 82 g of sodium

acetate in 900 mI of distilled water, add 27 ml of glacial acetic acid and adjust to pH

5 by means of adding acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L.

2. Add 109 of powdered sample to a beaker containing 250 mL of the buffered

solution. Allow to react at room temperature for 30 min or until no further CO2 gas is

evolved, stirring occasionally. Place a cover glass over the beaker and digest on a hot

"place set low enough to avoid boiling. If the reaction is too violent place the beaker

in a water bath. Digest for about 1 hour.

3. Wash the residue in distilled water by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 5 min three

times, discarding the supernatant solution in each case.

4. The sample is now ready to proceed to the next stage.

Remoyal of iron oxides. (Mehra & Jackson. 1959)

1. Place 4-5 g of powdered sample in a small beaker, to this add 40 mL of 0.3 M

sodium citrate solution and 5 mL of 1 M NaHC03 solution. Heat at 80°C in a water

bath for about 10 min. Add 1 g of solid Na2S204 and stir constantly for 1 min and

then occasionally for 15 min.

2. At the end of the digestion period add 10 mL of saturated NaCl solution and 10 mL

of acetone to promote flocculation.

3. Mix the solution for about 1 min in the water bath, then transfer the contents of the

beaker into IOOmL centrifuge tubes and centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 min. Discard

the supernatant solution and wash twice with distilled water by centrifugation.

4. The sample is now ready to proceed to the next stage.

306

Appendix A.

Removal of or~anic material. (Moore & Reynolds. 1989)

l. Place 5 g of powdered sample into a beaker, add 50 mL of 15% NaOCL that has been

adjusted to pH 9.5 with HCL.

2. Heat the mixture on a hot plate located in a fume cupboard for about 30 min.

3. Transfer the contents of the beaker to 100 mL centrifuge tubes and centrifuge at 2000

rpm for 5 min discarding the supernatant liquid.

4. This procedure may be repeated until organic matter is sufficiently removed, as

evident by a change in sample colour from dark grey to white, light grey or red. The

sample is now ready to proceed to the next stage.

Calculation ofcentrifu~e speeds usin~ the model MSE Centaur 2.(Jackson, 1969)

1+-1. ----R I

LIIomm -50mm_j

n Centrifuge spin axis.Centrifuge tube 1

1+-1. ------tiJ 10 mm1 90mm r·...._--s --- ....

lOmm

where» TJ - viscosity of water.

Nm - centrifuge speed in rpm.

OJ.! - particle diameter in microns.

~s - difference in the specific gravity of the sample and water.

307

Appendix A.

20°C - ~s = 1.652 11 = 0.01005

21°C - ~s = 1.652 11 = 0.00981

22°C - ~s = 1.652 11 = 0.00958

23°C - ~s = 1.652 11 = 0.00936

S=60mm R= 150mm.

Worked example:-

At 20°C, rpm of900 to separate the 2j..lmclay size fraction -

!min = [(63 X 108) X (0.01005) X loglO(150/60)] I [(9002) X (22) X (1.652)]= 4.7 minutes.

308

Appendix A

APPENDIX A2. WHOLE ROCK XRD PLOTS.

Key to whole rock mineral scan annotations.

Ch - Chlorite. Q - Quartz. G - Goethite.

I - Illite (including muscovite). PF - Plagioclase feldspar. C - Calcite

liS - Mixed layer illite/smectite. OF - Orthoclase feldspar. D - Dolomite.

K - Kaolinite. P - Pyrite. S - Siderite.

Pa - Paragonite. H - Heamatite.Srn - Smectite.

Whole rock Ca11.

.)::!vu

3000

i 2500..!:!. 2000~ 1500•c~

1000500

04 14 24 34 44

°29

Figure 5. Ia . Sample Ca. I. I whole rock scan.

Whole rock scan Ca12

.)ow

3000

i 2500£. 2000~ 1500•c 1000•.5

500

04 14 24 34 44

°29

Figure S.2a . Sample Ca. 1.2 whole rock scan.

309

!~---~--------_..._. ----.---- ..----"~-- ------_------ .._------------ -- - __ ------ -- ....----.- ..----~

Whole rock sean Ca13

40003500

-;; 3000a. 2500~~ 2000III 1500c.! 1000.5 500

04 14 24 34 44

°29

L - - _._._.--------_._-----_-.-_-----_" _, .._

Figure 5.3a . Sample Ca.}.3 whole rock scan._-------. _----_. __ -_ •.._._----

Whole rock scan 011

IUVV

6000

i 5000~ 4000~ 3000..c.! 2000.5 1000

04 14 24 34 44

°29

Figure 5.4a . Sample 0.1.1 whole rock scan.

Whole rock scan 012

30002500

i 2000~

~1500

c 1000.!.5 500

04 14 24 34 44

°29


310

Appendix A

Appendix A

·----~~------··~·-·lI

Whole rock scan 021

5000

4000..a.3000~

~2000IIc

.I

.5 1000

04 24

~

14 34 44


Whole rock scan 031

40003500

!I

I

1 _

i 3000~ 2500

f 200015001000500

24

~e34 444 14

Figure 5.7a. Sample 0.3.1 whole rock scan.

Whole rock scan S11

2500

2000

I 1500~ 1000I 500

14 24 4434

Figure 5.8a . Sample S.l.1 whole rock scan.

311

Appendix A

------------- -------------1 ,Whole rock scan S31

3000

2500

i 2000.!!.~ 1500

"c: 1000.I.5 500

04 14 24 34 44

"29

Figure 5.9a . Sample S.3.1 whole rock scan.r----'--------.-.--~- . -----------

I

Whole rock scan S32

450040003500

i 3000~ 2500

IE500

I 0 l:4~~~~1:;4:::::-::::~~::;24~~::::::::::::;34~~~~44

l ---------------=----------Figure 5.IOa. Sample S.3.2 whole rock scan.Whole rock scan 011

40003500- 3000I 2500.!!.

~ 2000

I15001000500

0

1 4._.'4___=_ _~ ~ _Figure 5.11a . Sample 0.1.1 whole rock scan.

312

Appendix A

----~~~-- ---!

----~-------~---

Whole rock scan 012

3000

2500t 2000u-~ 1500.,c 1000•.s 500

04 14 24 34 44

--------~----------

Figure 5.12a. Sample D.l.2 whole rock scan.

Whole rock scan 021

25002000-B. 1500~

~ 1000.,c•.s 5000

4 3424~9

4414

Figure 5.13a . Sample D.2.1 whole rock scan.

Whole rock scan C1B1

18001600

- 1400B. 1200~ 1000~ 800I 600! 400

2000

4 14 24eza

34 44

Figure 5.14a . Sample C.l.B.l whole rock scan.

313

Appendix A

rIII

I

3500

3000- 2500t~ 2000~ 1500•c:

1000!.5

500

04

Whole rock scan C1B2

24

~

34 4414

_______ ~ ,_. __ . . ~ . . ... .. __ .. ~ .._. __ J

Figure 5.15a. Sample C.I.B.2 whole rock scan.

Whole rock acan C1B4

45004000

t35003000

~ 2500~ 2000

I15001000500

04 14 3424

~

44

Figure S.16a. Sample C.I.B.4 whole rock scan.r --- - -

Whole rock scan C1as

40003500

- 3000I 2500~f 200015001000

5000

4 14 24

~

34 44

Figure 5.17a . Sample C.I.B.S whole rock sean.

314

Appendix A

Whole rock scan C21

35003000

i 2500.e 2000~ 1500..r:::.8 1000.5 500

04 14 24 34 44

"29

L. . ~_~ . . - ----.-------------~--.----------------.-. ".-~~--_j

Figure 5.l8a. Sample C.2.1 whole rock scan.F"" -~--- ----------------~-.-------------------.------- -----,

Whole rock scan C31

400035003000

i 2500~~2ooo! 1500~ 1000

500

I 0 4 14 24 34 44

l________ _ - ---:---------~-----.------------- -----------------------Figure 5.19a . Sample C.3.1 whole rock scan.

r" --------- ..-,--- ..-,---.------.~-.--- --._--- ..---------.--------- ...- -_..._--------- ..-----'---,. --- ..------ ..-----._----- ----,--" -.------II

II,

Whole rock scan C41

2500

2000-I1500.e

f 10005000

4 14 24 34 44

iL ._.._.__._,..-.._-,.--,----,.---_.-.-----,--_---.------.,--~----..._----------.---------.--------------.--------,."_--....--- -Figure 5.20a . Sample C.4.1 whole rock scan.

315

~--- ------------

Whole rock scan CSi

35003000.. 2500a.

~ 2000~ 1500II)i=:S 100:1.5

50004 24 34 4414

Figure S.2Ia. Sample C.S.I whole rock scan.,----I

3500 _

3000

t 2500~ 2000~ 1500!I 100:1 jI

500104

Whole rock scan C52

24'2l

34 4414

Figure 5.22a . Sample C.5.2 whole rock scan.---I

Whole rock ecan e6i

2500

2000au 1500-f 1000J 500

04 14 24

eze34 44

Figure S.23a . Sample C.6. 1 whole rock scan.

316

Appendix A

Appendix A

~--------. ---~------- --------

Whole rock scan C71

IOVU

1400

i 1200~ 1000

!'•~I

800600400 ]200 1~-......_--o L-,-,----~------- --_-,--~-4 14 4424 34

i_________________________________ . . __ J

Figure 5.24a .Sample C.7.1 whole rock scan.

Whole rock acan C82

2500

2000

i1500~

!'1000I

.5 500

04 14 24

"29

~- -~.---..-

34 44

Figure 5.25a . Sample C.g.2 whole rock scan.

Whole rock scan C83

2500

2000-I1500~

!' 1000!I 500

04 24

"29

34 4414

Figure 5.26a .Sample C.g.3 whole rock scan.

317

Appendix A

~------ -----

Whole rock scan C92

1000800

i600.2-

~ 400!I 200

04 14 24 34 44

°29

Figure 5.27a. Sample C.9.2 whole rock scan.r------I

Whole rock scan C101

35003000

i 2500.2- 2000~ 1500

I1000500

04 34 4414 24

°29

Figure 5.28a . Sample C.l 0.1 whole rock scan.

Whole rock ecan C111

2000

!1500

I100050024 34 444 14°29

Figure 5.29a . Sample C.ll.l whole rock scan.

318


3000

2500

i 2000~~ 1500I!! 1000! 500

04 14 24 34 44

·29

Figure 5.30a . Sample C.ll.2 whole rock scan.r-------·-----~---II

1I

----------~--- -_ .._-------_I


2000

1500!~ 1000

I 5004 14 24 34 44

·29

Figure 5.31a. Sample C.12.l whole rock scan.


2000

- 1500'!..!!.~ 1000

I 50004 14 24

02E)

34

Figure 5.32a . Sample C.l2.2 whole rock scan.

319

Appendix A

I-----~--~-Whole rock scan C131

16001400

0 1200B. 1000a~ 800I!! 600~ 400

2000

4 3414 24 44

°29

Figure 5.33a . Sample C.13.1 whole rock scan.

Whole rock acan C132

6000

5000

i 4000u-~ 3000! 2000I 1000

04 14 24 34 44

"29


Whole rock KIIn C133

2500

2000

! 1500

4 14 24 34 44


320

Appendix A

Appendix A

~~~--- --~~~~


3000

2500

i 2000~~ 1500! 1000~ 500

04 14 24 34 44

"29

L~_~ ~~-

Figure 5.36a. Sample C.l4.1 whole rock scan.~~ ---------_ ------ ---- -------- --------------l


35003000

i 2500~ 2000~ 1500

I100050004 34 4424

"29

14



16001400

i 1200~ 1000~ 800

I 60040020004 24 34 4414

·29

Figure 5.38a. Sample C.16.1 whole rock scan.

321

Appendix A

------------------I

I

II 5000II 4000

IIt

3000.!:!.

I~

20001 jI

1000 ~J

04

IL__

r-I

II

5000

- 4000I3000.!:!.

Whol. rock acan C171

34 4414 24

~

Figure 5.39a . Sample C.17.l whole rock scan.

Whol. rock acan C172

~ 2000

I I.oooI o.f:=~~::;=::=~~~~~~~~

4 14 24 34 44

I ~

l~__~__Figure 5.40a . Sample C.17.2 whole rock scan.

Whol. rock .can C181

2500

2000

!1500I1000500

o~~~~~~~~~~~~..____________ . .. . ~ __ .__ .. .. J

Figure 5.4Ia. Sample C.IS.I whole rock sean.

322

Appendix A

APPENDIX A3. CLAY MINERALOGY XRD PLOTS.

Ca11 «2J1m)

5000

4500

4000

3500

r 3000"-~ 2500! 2000J

1500

1000

500

04 9 24

~

29 34 3914 19

~--------------------Figure 5.42a . Sample Ca. I. I.

~------~-----lCa12 «2J1m)

I+Q

3500

3000

2500

-f 2000-~i 1500

1000

500

04 39 4424 29 349 14 19

·29

Figure S.43a . Sample Ca.l.2.

323

Appendix A

~--'--'-'----~-I

I

I

(-- Mm

3500

3000

t 2500Co)-~ 2000II 1500

1000

500

04 9

Ca13 «2J.1m)

29 39 44

II

I

I

•

i

I

I.~ __ .~ ~ . .J

GJy.

3414 19 24

"29

Figure 5.44a . Sample Ca.1.3.

011 «2J.1m)

10000

9000

8000

7000-I 8000.!.

f5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

04

Ch+K

Ch+K I+IIS

29 34 39 449 14 19 24

eze

Figure S.4Sa . Sample 0.1.1.

324

8000

7000

6000

i 5000u-:t 4000!~ 3000

2000

1000

04

Appendix A

012 «2~m)

Ch+

K~

liS I ~~ Ii Ch+ I+IJS

l III I+IJS K

\>1 I ~-- GJ,.V'AJ l~j~_jU A.D.

9 19 4424

"29

29 34 3914

___~ J

Figure 5.46a . Sample 0.1.2.

---~--------O-2-1-«-2-J1m-) --------- --~---~----~I10000

9000

8000

7000

i 6000e

f 500040003000

2000

1000

04

L

I+Q

Ch

Ch

9 14 19 3424

"29

29 39 44

------- --------------Figure 5.47a . Sample 0.2.1.

325

Appendix A

326

Appendix A

I----~I

9000 Ch

I8000 ,I

I7000

~ /'6000i 5000~ U~! 4000

L~~ 3000

2000

1000 LJ04 9 14

831 «2J.1.m)

I+Q

Ch

A.D.

,IiI!!IL.__ J

19 24 29 34 39°29

Figure 5.50a. Sample S.3.1.

---_._--- -----------------------------,i832 «2J.1.m)

9000 Ch

8000

7000 Ch

I LL~6000 Ch!5000 Li _-~~

I400030002000

1000 L~~U0

4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39°29

Figure S.Sla. Sample S.3.2.

Gly.

A.D.

327

Appendix A

--,

011 «2~m)

I+Q16000

Sm

14000

12000

10000Ch Ch

8000

6000

5 10o~----------------------------------------------------------

Figure S.S2a . Sample 0.1.1.

012 «2~m)

10000

9000

8000

7000-1 6000u Sm-~ 5000! 4000I

3000

2000

1000

04 9 14 29 34 39 4419 24

-29

____j

Figure S.53a. Sample 0.1.2.

328

Appendix A

021 «2J.1m)

9000

1000

Ch8000

7000 Ch

6000t~5000

fCh

4000

3000

2000

A.D.

4 9 14 19 24"29

29 34 39 44

L_ i._-------_._--_._jFigure 5.54a . Sample 0.2.1.

---- -------------1

C1B1 «2J.1m)

4 9 14 19 24"29

29 34 39

LFigure 5.55a. Sample C.I.B.I.

329

Appendix A

~--------------------------------------------------'--,

C182 «2IJm)

I+US I+US8000

7000

6000

I 5000~ 4000!I 3000

2000

1000

04

IIL_____ ..

9 19 2414 29 34 39 44·29

iI__ ~ ~ ~~ __ ~ ~ ~ __ ..__ ~ .._.J

Figure 5.56a . Sample C.I.B.2.

6000

5000

4000

Gly.

4 14 19 24.. 3929 349Figure 5.57a . Sample C.I.B.4.

330

Appendix A

-l

I

I

C1B6 «2J.1m)

I+USUS I K5000

4500

4000

3500

t 3000'"-~ 2500•j 2000.=

1500

1000

500

04 29 34 39 4424

~

L._____ J14 199

Figure 5.58a . Sample C.I.B.s.

,--------- ----------------

C21 «2J.1m)

K+Ch7000

6000

5000

-I 4000-~i 3000

2000

1000

04

A.D.

US I K+Ch I+US

KGly.

34 39 4419 24

02Q

299 14

L _ I___ JFigure 5.59a. Sample C.2.1.

331

1000 _/~ J

O~ U4 9

- 50001~ 4000

I

8000

7000

6000

3000

2000

C31 «2J.1m)

K

I+I1S K

Appendix A

44

IIII

IJ

Q

J

14 19 3924 29 34·28

Figure 5.60a. Sample C.3.I.

~

J\j~~~~DO~--4----+--~----+---~---+----~--~--~o

4500 I4000 r35003000

12500

1000

I:: K

5 10 25 4030 3515 20

Figure 5.61a. Sample C.4.1.

332

-----.-------.-----1

Gly.

45

Appendix A

------------~CS1 «2J1.m)

K+Ch9000 liS I I+IIS8000

7000

6000i~ 5000

f400013000

K

2000

1000

4 9 14 19 24~

29 34 39 44IIL__

Figure S.62a. Sample C.S.l.

CS2 «2J1.m)

12000 K+Ch

K+Ch10000 liS I I+IIS

8000

4000

2000

4 9 14 19 24

~29

l~ ~. .._. . .__ _ ,

Figure 5.63a . Sample C.5.2.

333

Appendix A

7000

6000

5000

i 4000Cl-~! 3000!

2000

1000

04

C61 «211m)

9 14 19 24~

29 34 39 44

7000

6000

5000

-I 4000Cl-f 3000

2000

1000

04

Figure S.64a. Sample C.6.1.

----~----------------!C71 «2J.1m)

K+Ch K+Ch

lIS I I : I+I/S

~ I ~ i ~7SC

~, ~----A 'l__---"__rn,i I !\ ~

/"\__) '\___~-)~ __j \) ~~___l\~A.D.9 14 24

~

29 3419 39 44

L._________ ~ ~

Figure S.64a. Sample C.7.1.

334

Appendix A

C82 «2J.1.m)

10000

9000

8000

7000

K+Ch

liS II+I/S

K

Gly.

A.D.

29 34 39 444 9 14 19 24"29 i. J


---------lI

I

II!I

10000

9000

8000

7000

! 6000 Ch

K+Ch

I+IIS K+Ch I+IIS

3000

2000

1000

O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~29 34 39 444 9 14 19 24

"29I

l ---------------Figure 5.66a . Sample C.8.3.

335

Appendix A

I

II7000 liS I Ch+K I+IIS

'i ( Ch+K6000 !I ! I5000

Ch )iU~~eJ-t 4000u-~I 3000I

2000 u~J10000

4 9 14 19 24 29 34

"29


K

Gly.

.1-.--.......:::.....:;:::;::::__~:;:............~~~A.D. I39 44 I

I--~~~--~--__j

_.__ .._-- --------~-----

C101 «2~m)

10000

9000

8000

7000

- 6000I- 5000f 40003000

2000

1000

04

lIS I I+I1S!Ki I+~ K~Gly.

A.D.

29 34 39 449 14 19 24

"29

Figure 5.68a. Sample C.IO.I.

336

Appendix A

C111 «211m)

7000

6000

5000

i 4000Co»-~• 3000leI

2000

1000

04

I+IISI+IIS 1\

~ i11 Ch~+K I+IIS Ch+K·.

Ch 1\ I Ch Q \ rry \__) 1~ 37SoC

'- I

!I

Gly.

A.D.

14 19 24-ze

29 399 34 44

Figure 5.698 . Sample C.ll.l.

1-------, 12000

C112 «211m)

I+IISI+IIS10000

8000

2000

Gly.--~-

A.D.

24-ze

29 39 4419 344 9 14

Figure 5.708 . Sample C.ll.2.

337

Appendix A

C121 «2~m)

7000

6000

5000

t 4000~~I 3000I

2000

1000

04 39 4429 349 14 19 24

~

--- ---------~


r-----------------------------

I C122 «2~m)

I

I

8000 K+ChK+Ch

7000

6000

- 5000ICl-I40003000

2000

1000

04

I+IISJ+IISCh Q

K

Gly.

A.D

29 34 39 449 14 19 24~

L _


------ -------------------------

338

Appendix A

-------------l

III

C132 «2J.1m)

14000 I12~j10000 -

-I 8000~f 6000.I.!i

4000

2000

04

K

liS I I+IIS Q

K

I+IIS K

_~J___~)750C

Oly.__,, .._._A~_~~

A.D.

9 14 19 2402()

29 34 39 44

L _,,

----- ------------------------Figure S.74a . Sample C.13.2.

339

Appendix A

9000

8000

7000

6000t

5000Co)-~4000I

~ 3000

2000

1000

04

C133 «2~m)

K K

K

Gly.

A.D.

9 14 19 24

~

29 39 4434

I____~i

Figure 5.75a . Sample C.l3.3.

3000

2000

1000j

o j ,4

C141 «2~m)-------1

I!

I+IIS

K+Ch ~I+I~k

__A~. ~v~LJ~u~_,~ AD.

Gly.

i , • i

9 14 19 24~

29 39 4434


340

Appendix A

C161 «2~m)

14000K+Ch

13000 K+Ch1200011000

10000

t 9000 I+IIS Ch I+I/S.2- 8000

~ 7000 K 375°C• 6000c:! 5000

4000 Gly.

300020001000 A.D.

0

I4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44

"29 _jFigure S.77a. Sample C.lS.l.

~----IC161 «2~m) i

II

12000 K IKII

10000III

8000

t.!!. I+Ch~ 6000 liS I

I K\ 375°C4000 ~Gly.

2000A.D.

04 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44

"29IL -'---'~--'~

Figure S.78a. Sample C.l6.1.

341

Appendix A

C171 «2~m)

I+US K+Ch6000

5000

4000-&.!!.~ 3000I.a.e 2000

1000

04

Gly .

A.D.

19 24~

29 34 39 449 14

iI

___j


,-----------~- ------------- ~------

C172 «2~m)

8000T7000

I+US K+Ch

6000

5000

A.D.

34 4439-29

------------~~.----~-Figure 5.80a . Sample C.17.2.

342

Appendix A

C181 «2J.1m)

6000

5000

4000

i~~ 3000•c::.a.s 2000

1000

04

KK

liS 1 :\ I+IISI

I+IIS K

i Gly.

l ~D .19 24

"29

29 34 399 14 44

Figure 5.Sla. Sample C.IS.I.

343

Appendix A

APPENDIX A4: RAW DATA FOR SEMIQUANTITATIVE eLA YDETERMINA nONS.

Sample Qtz (I+I1S)-Q Chlorite Kaolinite Paragonite Smectite Gly: III Htd:I11Call 19.125 413.94 37.83 ----- 280 -----Cal2 19.25 391 33.93 ----- 228 -----Cal3 29.75 329.12 62.5 ----- 187.69 -----Oil 12.9 121.1 34.82 ----- ----- ---- 76 143.75012 43 285.94 70.31 ----- ----- ---- 51.5 93.25021 13.125 322.12 37.5 ---- 112 ---031 35.475 346.09 36.61 --- ----- -----Sil 40.312 699.94 46.87 ---- .---- ----- 66.5 97.5S31 30.637 546.86 62.5 ----- ----- -----S32 21.5 280.37 47.77 ---- ----- ----OIl 11.825 382.55 ---- 57.14 ---- 2.53012 45.15 385.91 9.37 ---- ----- 37.1021 25.53 441.72 93.75 ---- ----- -----ClS1 54.556 616.44 22.77 67.86 ----- ----- 310.25 365.75CIS2 146.737 376.51 26.78 100 ----- ---- 101.75 122CIB4 69.606 460.64 19.2 89.29 --- ----- 176.5 216.75CISS 56.437 641.81 5.36 166.7 ----- ----- 151.75 205.25C21 41.925 414.07 23.99 153.9 ----- ---- 84 136C31 56.437 451.94 ----- 157.7 ----- .---- 120.25 176.75C41 161.787 538.84 10.71 91.1 ----- ----- 156 265.75C51 15.05 581.95 21.87 136.9 ----- ----- 395.9 1260.8C52 16.93 367.19 18.58 133.9 --- ---- 102.25 142.5C61 33.86 541.14 20.7 57.14 ---- --- 148 213.5C71 30.1 269.9 44.64 142.86 ----- ----- 66 133.25C82 16.12 243.31 22.1 47.62 ----- --- 174.75 375.5C83 11.82 213.17 20.76 SO ----- ----- 183.5 228.75C92 129 1034.25 34.82 220.24 ----- ----- 187.5 331.5CIOI 51.6 1007.15 37.5 104.76 ----- ----- 141.75 204ClIl 64.5 131.06 IS.30 42.86 ---- - 110.75 254.5CI12 25.S 512.32 24.11 133.33 ----- ----- 209.25 354CI21 93.52 435.85 38.84 104.8 ----- ----- 239.5 323.5CI22 70.95 77.05 10.05 366.68 ----- ----- 43.5 59CI31 3S.7 61.3 ----- 327.38 ----- ----- 17.75 32.5C132 35.47 94.02 --- 252.38 ---- --- 17.75 30.5CI33 ------ 110 ----- 283 ----- ---- 40.75 96.25C141 99.97 680.52 44.2 138.09 --- ---- 166.5 250.75C151 19.35 127.65 19.64 190.48 ----- ----- 33 89.75CI61 38.7 56.3 -- 242.86 ---- --- 16 36.25CI71 38.7 430.3 36.16 130.95 ----- ----- 217.75 281.25CI72 32.25 493.75 29.46 136.9 --- ----- 194 292.75C181 55.9 98.16 22.3 163.69 ---- ----- 23 36.25

344

Appendix A.

APPENDIXA5. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FREEQUARTZ BY SODIUM PYROSULPHATE FUSION.

ReapDts

A- 40g NaOH - IOOOcc.H20 - IN.

20g NaOH - 1000cc. H20 - 0.5N.

B- [Cone. HCL -10.5-12 N]

IN HCL - 90cc. cone. HCL - IOOOcc.H20.

3N HCL - 270cc. cone, HCL - IOOOcc.H20.

Method.

1. Weigh 20Omg. sand/silt size fraction, dried at IOsoC into a SOmI. vitreous silica

crucible and 1O-1Sg. of sodium or potassium pyrosulphate [X2S207] powder, mix

thoroughly using a glass rod.

2. Fuse the mixture under a fume hood using a low flame to start, until vigerous

bubbling of melt ceases, then a full flame of the meker burner is applied. When a

heavy N~S04 crust covers the surface at full heat the fusion is complete. Whilst

cooling the crucible is swirled to spread the melt onto the crucible sides.

3. The solidified melt is transfered as a cake to a lS0cc. beaker with 60cc. 3N. HCL.

using a rubber tipped glass rod. The cake is slaked by gentle boiling and the resultant

suspension is transferred to a 70cc. pointed centrifuge tube. Seperate the insoluble

material by centrifugation and discard the supernatant liquid, wash a further 2 times

with 3N. HeL. each time discarding the supernatant liquid.

4. Transfer the residue from the tube to a SOOcc.nickel or stainless steel beaker with

O.SN. NaOH making a total volume of 100-ISOcc. Bring the suspension to a rapid

boil then boil for 2.Smin., then cool rapidly in a cold water bath.

345

AppendixA.

5. Transfer the suspension to 2 x 70cc. pointed centrifuge tubes (transfer solid residue

quantitatively). The residue is seperated and washed 3 times using 3N. HCL. (care to

wash lip of tube) and once with distilled water.

6. Transfer residue to a polyethylene centrifuge tube, add 5-10cc. of 30%

hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SiF6 treated with pure quartz to remove any HF) stir

contents twice daily keep in a dark place between IS-20°C (to prevent HF formation)

for 3 days.lf sample has much feldspar repeat with fresh acid for further 3 days.

7. After acid treatment wash and centrifuge 3 times with 50cc. portions of distilled

water and transfer to a pre-weighed platinum or teflon crucible. Obtain weight of

crucible and residue after total evaporation of water overnight at 105°C - check

residue by XRD or under microscope for purity.

CalculaUQo:-

%Free quartz = [Wt.residue+Wt.sample] x 100.

346

Appendix A

APPENDIX A6: RAW DATA FOR XRD QUARTZ DETERMINATION.

Sample %B Hr:QIB %Q %B Hr:Q/B %Q LOI% Ql-corr Q2-corrCall 10.18 0.76 16.23 10.35 0.75 16.27 3.32 15.7 15.7Cal2 9.48 0.992 20.06 10.15 0.91 19.63 2.85 19.5 19.1Cal3 9.29 1.04 20.66 9.29 1.06 21.07 2.99 20.0 20.4011 10.4 0.528 11.17 10.4 0.44 9.11 6.99 10.4 S.S012 12.28 0.361 8.58 12.28 0.324 7.56 7.92 7.9 7.0021 10.25 1.08 23.71 10.25 1.l02 24.22 4.62 22.6 23.1031 10.06 0.897 19.14 11.07 0.808 IS.8S 4.44 18.3 18.0511 10.54 0.872 19.46 10.54 0.897 20.05 4.0 . 18.7 19.2531 9.97 0.966 20.51 9.97 0.887 18.74 4.22 19.6 IS.0532 9.64 1.263 26.26 9.64 1.333 27.78 4.48 25.1 26.5011 9.88 0.874 18.29 9.88 0.956 20.10 8.51 16.7 IS.4012 '10;99 0.53 11.85 10.99 0.58 13.08 11.66 10.5 '11;6021 11.81 0.412 9.6 11.81 0.479 11.38 4.18 9.2 10.9CIBI 10.07 0.25 4.52 10.07 0.23 4.07 26.64 3.3 3.0CIB2 8.94 0.69 12.85 . 8.938 0.73 13.65 5.S6 12.1 12.9CIB4 9.21 1.09 21.51 9.21 1.053 20.75 6.1S 20.2 19.5CIBS 9.92 1.195 25.51 9.92 1.21S 26.02 5.63 24.1 24.6C21 10.03 0.907 19.31 10.03 1.05 22.53 16.0 16.2 18.9C31 10.45 1.69 38.49 10.45 1.74 39.67 11.24 34.2 35.2 -C41 8.98 0.396 6.98 8.98 0.365 6.35 20.08 5.6 5.1C51 10.44 0.744 16.27 10.44 0.867 19.16 7.55 15.0 17.7C52 11.135 1.3 31.26 11.135 1.36 32.76 4.95 29.7 31.1C61 10.4 0.558 11.87 10.4 0.551 11.70 5.60 11.2 11.0C71 11.64 0.68 16.47 11.64 0.69 16.73 9.96 14.8 15.1C82 10.11 0.395 7.83 10.11 0.436 8.77 11.38 6.9 7.8C83 9.96 1.129 24.14 9.96 1.26 27.07 5.77 22.7 25.5C92 9.93 0.35 6.69 9.93 0.317 5.96 56.45 2.9 2.6CIOI 10.31 0.957 21.00 10.31 1.03 22.69 5.12 19.9 21.5Clli 10.03 0.346 6.67 10.03 0.303 5.7 13.08 5.8 5.0C1l2 9.97 1.15 24.63 9.97 1.20 25.75 7.03 22.9 23.9Cl21 13.8 0.316 8.25 13.8 0.27 6.82 9.56 7.5 6.2CI22 11.10 0.417 9.15 11.10 0.462 10.27 16.36 7.7 8.6CI31 12.11 0.226 4.79 12.10 0.239 5.14 21.54 3.8 4.0CI32 10.65 1.094 24.97 10.65 1.002 22.77 8.81 22.8 20.SCI33 10.93 0.52 11.54 10.93 0.523 11.61 11.19 10.2 10.3CI41 11.92 0.622 15.31 11.92 0.688 17.08 8.72 14.0 15.6CI51 10.035 0.81 11.13 13.035 0.766 20.96 8.53 15.7 19.2CI61 12.235 0.307 7.06 12.235 0.314 7.26 23.66 5.4 5.5C171 11.22 1.574 38.41 11.221 1.423 34.60 7.04 35.7 32.2CI72 12.43 1.095 29.17 12.43 1.053 28.00 6.41 27.3 26.2CI81 10.51 0.80 17.70 10.51 0.85 18.88 9.2 16.1 17.1

347

Appendix A.

APPENDIX A7. DETERMINATION OF PYRITE BY CHROMIUM

REDUCTION.

~======~@

Experimeptal Apparatus.

@-

(1) Reaction flask: (2) Reagent inlet port and treservoir : (3) Argon inlet port: (4) Condenser: (5) Bev -O-Line tubing™. (6) Trapping vessel.

Reapnts.

Chromic chloride hexahydrate.

Conc. HCL.

Ethanol (95%).

2% Copper sulphate solution.

Argon gas.

For the Jones reduetor:-

Granulated zinc (20-30 mesh).

Mercuric nitrate.

348

Appendix A.

Metbod.

1. Prepare the Jones reductor (see Vogel,1978 p.395) by packing the zinc which has

been amalgamated (usingan acidic 2% mercuric nitrate solution) into a glass column.

2. Draw the 1 M chromic chloride solution (which has been acidified to 0.5 N with

HCI) under vaccum through the Jones reductor. On reduction the green chromic(III)

solution changes valence state to blue chromic (II). Due to atmospheric oxidation this

solution is unstable and should be prepared every two days. Store the prepared

solution in a glass vessel out of direct light.

3. Weigh out 1 g of the powdered sample into the digestion flask, add 10 ml of ethanol,

connect to the condenser and flush with argon for a few minutes. To the trapping

vessel add 75 mL of 2% CUS04 solution, in addition retain a 10 mL fraction as a

stock solution for analysis.

4. Through the side arm add 40 mL of the CrCl2 solution and 20 mL of concentrated

HCI apply a bunsen flame and boil the mixture for two hours.

5. When the digestion has been completed, filter the contents of the trapping vessel,

thus removing any CuS precipitate from the solution and retain 25 mL of the reacted

copper sulphate solution for ICP-AES analysis.

CalculatioQ example.

Reaction- FeS2+ 2H2= 2H2S + 2CUS04 = 2CuS + 2H2S04·

Therefore by atomic weights:- CuS = S/Cu =0.504.

FeS2 = FeS2/S2 = 1.871.

:. Blank CUS04 solution by ICP-AES = 9640 ppm Cu.

:. Test CUS04 solution by ICP-AES = 8750 ppm Cu.

349

Appendix A.

Convert concentrations of the solutions used into concentration of copper in test

quantity ie. 75 mL and convert ppm (concentration) into mg (weight) where 0.001 mglg

= 1 ppm.

:. In the 75 mL stock solution = (9640 x 75)/1000 = 723 mg Cu.

In the 75 mL test solution = (8750 x 75)/1000 = 656.25 mg Cu.

Therefore the reaction uses up (723 - 656.25) = 66.75 mg ofCu.

S used = Cu(66.75 mg) x 0.504 = 33.68 mg.

FeS2 detected = S(33.68) x 1.871 =2lmg.

Therefore in 612.5 mg of test sample there is 63 mg of FeS2 (pyrite)

:.(63 x 100)/612.5 = 10.3% pyrite.

Notes.

1. It is advisable to split the gas supply line into two or four outlets so that multiple

digestions may be run at the same time.

2. Make sure the reaction digestion vessel is washed out as soon as it is cooled enough

to be handled as the contents solidify.

3. Only use H2S- resistant line (ie. Bev-A-Line IV®) as the connection to the

absorption cell as other rubber lines will react giving off sulphur gas.

4. Care must be taken with the ICP analysis, the equipment must be carefully calibrated

against a standard and checks run to make sure there are no instrument fluctuations

which may result in errors.

5. IfICP or AA are not available the absorbant solution may be titrated with 0.1 M

EDTA (see Vogel 1978).

350

Appendix A.

APPENDIX A8. DETERMINATION OF NON ORGANIC CARBON

(C02) AND ORGANIC CARBON (Corg) IN MUDROCKS.

Experimental apparatus.

Rea&enQ.

(1) Reaction flask: (2) Condenser: (3) Argon

inlet: (4) Arnold bubbler: (5) Glass bead water

trap: (6) Absorbant solution reservoir: (7) Rea-

ction cell: (8) Micro burette: (9) Titrant soluti-

on reservoir: (10) Gas outlet port.

Concentrated orthophosphoric acid.(H3P04)

Chromic acid (analar).

Silica gel (self-indicating).

Soda asbestos 6-12 mesh.

Absorbant solution:- 300mls of dimethyl fonnamide mixed with 10 mls of

ethanolamine and 3m1s of thymolphthalain indicator solution (0.1% in dried methanol).

Titrant:- 0.1 N Tetra-n-Butyl Ammonium hydroxide.

351

Appendix A.

Method.

1. Weigh out the appropriate amount of sample «O.Sg depending on carbon content),

place the sample into a clean dry distillation flask. Stop the carrier gas flow and

attach the distillation flask to the condenser, restart the gas flow, then blank for S

minutes. Titrate the absorbent with the titrant to the first permanent blue colour. (RI)

2. Stop the gas flow, add 2Smls of concentrated H3P04 through the gas entry port.

Restart the gas flow at a steady rate and commence to boil with a 2.Scm high bunsen

flame. Boil for IS minutes then titrate back to a blue end point which is permanent.

(R2)

3. Let the flask cool for a few minutes then add 5 grams of chromic acid through the gas

entry port. Continue to heat for a further 30 minutes then titrate back to the blue end

point. (R3)

4. Stop the gas, wash and dry the distillation flask as soon as it is cool enough to handle

as the contents solidify on cooling. .

CalculatioDs.

%C02 = [RrRl(mls) x 4.4] / [Wt. ofsample(gms) x 10]

%COI'I= [R3-R2(mls) x 1.2] / [Wt. ofsample(gms) x 10]

Nmca.

1. Do not get any traces of moisture into the absorbent cell.

2. Before proceeding with the determinations blank until stable, and run a known CO2

standard.

352

Appendix A.

3. Ensure that the silica trap is blue; the soda asbestos is brown; the chromic acid is red;

the absorbent is clear.

4. Be careful of the burette tap. It is stiff because it must be greaseless.

5. Ifmore than about lOmls of titrant are used the results become less accurate therefore

repeat on a smaller sample weight.

353

APPENDIX A9: RAW DATA FOR CARBONATES AND ORGANICCARBON DETERMINATIONS.

%C02 o/oCOI'IlSample Run I Run2 Ave%. Carbonate Min. Ratios. I Run I Run2 Ave%.Call 0.12 0.14 0.13 0 0.18 0.17 0.2Ca12 0.37 0.35 0.36 0 0.1 0.1 0.1Ca13 0.08 0.10 0.09 0 0.11 0.13 0.1011 1.19 1.23 1.21 C 0.18 0.17 0.2012 0.96 1.01 0.985 C 0.37 . 0.32 0.3021 0.07 0.06 0.065 C 0.49 0.50 0.5031 0.11 0.27 0.19 S:C=1.7: 1 0.35 0.41 0.4SII 0.55 0.58 0.565 C 0.3 0.28 0.3S31 1.25 0.70 0.975 0 0.48 0.67 0.6S32 0.47 0.49 0.48 C 0.67 0.79 0.7011 5.21 4.73 4.97 S:0=5.S: I . 0.21 0.79 0.5.012 7.2 8.7 7.95 0:C==4.6: 1 0.19 0.17 0.2021 0 0 0 ---------------------- 0.17 0.2 0.2CIBI 4.8 5.28 5.04 C 14.94 15.17 15.0CIB2 1.28 2.49 1.885 C 0.45 0.87 0.7CIB4 1.77 1.96 1.865 C 0.71 0.73 0.7CIBS 0 0 0 ---------------- 0.75 0.79 0.8C21 1.1 1.6 1.35 S:C=2.27: I 7.74 7.25 7.5C31 9.58 9.15 9.365 S 1.28 1.23 1.2C41 13.85 14.54 14.195 0 3.19 2.22 2.7CSI 2.32 2.95 2.635 S:C=1.26: 1 0.40 0.43 0.4CS2 0.11 0.13 0.12 C:S-1.9: 1 0.39 0.28 0.3C61 1.0 1.0 1.0 S:C=1.82: 1 0.86 0.87 0.9C71 1.34 1.28 1.31 S:C-3.2: 1 2.35 3.6 3.0C82 5.77 5.78 5.775 S 1.02 1.38 1.2C83 2.05 1.99 2.02 S:C=3.33: I 1.70 2.75 2.2C92 5.65 7.72 6.685 S 41.96 40.98 41.5CIOI 0 0 0 ------------------- 0.67 0.58 0.6Clli 1.1 0.76 0.93 C:S-1.04: I 6.0 5.79 6.0CI12 4.31 3.4 3.8S5 S 0.92 0.66 0.8CI21 4.41 4.21 4.31 S:C==4.35: I 1.60 1.27 1.4CI22 1.44 1.39 1.415 S:C-2.1 : 1 6.2 6.09 6.1Cl31 1.04 2.49 1.765 S 9.91 9.71 9.8CI32 LSI 3.04 2.275 S 1.14 1.15 1.1cus 0 0 0 --------------------- 2.56 1.39 2.0CI41 1.92 2.06 1.99 S:C=4.21 : I 2.05 2.10 2.1CI51 1.61 1.88 1.745 S:C==4.43: 1 1.01 0.81 0.9CI61 14.11 14.28 14.195 S 6.5 6.3 6.4CI71 3.6 3.72 3.66 S:C-3.6: I 1.04 1.05 1.0CI72 2.36 2.42 2.39 S:C'"'2.21 : I 0.83 0.80 0.8CISI 1.46 1.38 1.42 S:C-I.87: 1 1.2 1.12 1.2

C'" Calcite; 0- Dolomite; S- Siderite.

354

Appendix A

APPENDIX Al O. THE METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION TEST.

Method.

1. Prepare the methylene blue solution.- oven dry the methylene blue crystals

(CI6HloN3SCI) for several hours at 105°C to expel water as methylene blue is

hygroscopic. Prepare a 0.0094 N solution ie. 3.0 g crystals in 250 mL distilled water,

then dilute to 1 L. (Molecular Wt. ofdry methylene blue is 319.9 g/mol.).

2. Prepare the rock by drying, crushing in a TEMA mill and sieving «75f.lm) a

representative sample. If the sample has a high organic content then pretreat by low

temperature thermal oxidation. This involves heating the sample to 380°C for a

minimum of 16 hours, or overnight (Keeling, 1962). Make a suspension of the rock

powder by accurately weighing out -2.0 g of the aggregate and diluting in 50 mL of

distilled water. Place the suspension in a water bath for 30 min.

3. Add 2 mL of methylene blue solution to the aggregate slurry from a 50 mL burette,

shake the solution using a magnetic stirrer for 2 min. After the first 2 mL titration

place a drop of the slurry using a glass rod onto the edge of a piece of filter paper

(Whatmans No. 40) if a sharp boundary between the spot and the water halo is

evident then continue adding the titrant and allow at least 2 min of stirring. When

after placing a drop of the slurry onto the filter paper a diffused halo around the

coloured spot is evident then suspend the titration for 2-5 min continuing mixing,

after this period place another drop of the slurry onto the filter paper if the halo is still

diffused then the end point has been reached, if not then continue the titrations (

Appendix A

Since the normality of the MB(methylene blue) solution is known, the net cation

exchange capacity (CEC) can be calculated.

CEC=[(lOO x n x p (mL. MB)] + A (g) [mEq/lOOg].

X= Weight of dry methylene blue crystals used.

Y= Volume of dilute methylene blue solution used,

p= Volume of methylene blue solution added.

A= Weight ofrock powder used.

n= Normality of the methylene blue solution.

356

AppendixB

APPENDIX Bl. RESULTS FOR THE WATER ADSORPTION ANDABSORPTION TESTS.

Sample Water ADI % WaterA02% Water ABI % WaterAB2% WaterAB3 %Call 0.01 0.08 0.21 0.19 0.19Cal2 0.00 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.17Ca13 0.07 0.09 0.16 0.15 0.15011 1.95 2.13 5.27 5.42 5.34012 2.67 2.28 7.37 6.69 7.16021 0.55 0.09 1.12 1.03 1.04031 0.15 0.19 2.16 2.20 2.18SII 2.06 2.04 3.89 3.90 3.97S31 0.55 0.53 2.24 2.60 2.32S32 0.13 0.11 1.12 0.63 0.91Dll 0.68 0.37 4.71 4.72 4.76Dl2 1.24 1.20 3.68 3.69 3.68021 0.73 0.58 1.37 1.47 1.44CIBI 1.13 1.19 2.52 2.72 2.66CIB2 0.95 1.00 2.36 2.34 2.32CIB4 0.81 0.79 1,49 1.50 1.51ClB5 0.54 0.61 2.42 2.37 2.45C21 1.84 1.12 6.54 11.13 9.26C31 0.78 0.73 1.74 1.87 1.84C41 1.14 1.13 7.22 6.60 6.52C51 1.68 2.10 8.85 8.79 8.82C52 0.60 0.63 4.11 4.63 4.37C61 0.97 1.33 3.92 3.96 3.97C71 1.42 1.21 6.28 5.20 5.67C82 1.99 1.98 7.00 7.07 6.79C83 0.77 0.75 3.54 3.56 3.56C92 0.20 0.30 2.40 2.43 2.41CIOI 1.62 1.49 6.05 5.87 5.86Clll 2.47 2.51 12.08 14.87 12.31C1l2 1.49 1.50 3.85 4.06 4.02Cl21 1.89 1.85 5.67 5.65 5.70

.J2122 1.75 1.51 2.97 2.51 2.80C131 2.76 2.66 5.84 5.99 5.84Cl32 1.61 0.71 2.96 2.82 3.00Cl33 0.82 1.00 4.10 4.32 4.20C141 1.85 2.08 9.68 10.35 10.26

vCISI l.S9 1.60 4.00 4.20 4.11CI61 0.80 0.88 6.41 6.08 6.25Cl7l 1.04 1.00 4.14 4.15 4.15Cl72 1.04 0.93 2.59 2.69 2.66Cl81 1.18 1,48 3.56 3.70 3.60.

AD. = Adsorption. AB. = Absorption.

357

Appendix B

APPENDIX B2. RESULTS FOR THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND DRYDENSITY DETERMINATIONS.

Sample Gs. I. Gs.2. Gs.3. yd. I. yd.2. yd.3.Call 2.90 2.92 2.91 2.82 2.82 2.82Cal2 2.88 2.87 2.88 2.81 2.81 2.80Cal3 2.88 2.89 2.88 2.83 2.83 2.84011 2.79 2.80 2.84 2.62 2.64 2.65012 2.82 2.80 2.79 2.61 2.61 2.62021 2.90 2.87 2.88 2.71 2.73 2.71031 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.72 2.72 2.71Sll 2.76 2.77 2.77 2.56 2.57 2.56S31 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.67 2.66 2.67S32 2.81 2.82 2.82 2.73 2.73 2.73011 2.78 2.80 2.79 2.64 2.65 2.64012 2.76 2.77 2.74 2.62 2.64 2.60021 2.76 2.77 2.79 2.59 2.59 2.59CIBI 2.30 2.32 2.31 2.20 2.20 2.21CIB2 2.73 2.74 2.74 2.65 2.65 2.65CIB4 2.76 2.75 2.76 2.66 2.66 2.66ClBS 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.61 2.62 2.61C21 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.30 2.30 2.31C31 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.66 2.66 2.65C41 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.50 2.50 2.50CSI 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.53 2.53 2.52CS2 2.63 2.65 2.64 2.46 2.46 2.46C61 2.67 2.82 2.74 2.63 2.62 2.63C71 2.65 2.67 2.66 2.52 2.52 2.51C82 2.79 2.80 2.78 2.49 2.50 2.49C83 2.70 2.79 2.75 2.48 2.47 2.49C92 1.87 1.79 1.83 1.76 1.76 1.77CIOI 2.73 2.75 2.74 2.52 2.53 2.54Clli 2.58 2.59 2.59 2.49 2.49 2.50C1l2 2.73 2.79 2.75 2.50 2.51 2.50CI21 2.77 2.75 2.76 2.57 2.57 2.56CI22 2.46 2.48 2.47 2.39 2.38 2.39Cl31 2.45 2.45 2.44 2.39 2.40 2.39C132 2.62 2.66 2.64 2.48 2.48 2.48CI33 2.59 2.60 2.60 2.49 2.49 2.48CI41 2.78 2.76 2.78 2.50 2.50 2.50CISI 2.72 2.70 2.71 2.51 2.50 2.51CI61 2.70 2.71 2.73 2.60 2.60 2.60Cl71 2.73 2.70 2.71 2.59 2.59 2.58CI72 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.61 2.62 2.61Cl81 2.65 2.66 2.66 2.51 2.51 2.50

Gs ...Specific gravity. yd = Dry density.

358

Appendix B

Appendix:B3:PSD plots for the slake durability test debris.

1009080

f :J :

10o0.001

I i ! I iii! T : i j ; , Illi Il"iiil! i I I! I i ill I

,III 'i :ilI I i i I ,\ j :;

I i I! :1 I I r i ill II 1:( i::I I, , II I iII !!III I ! 'II If i

,!! li,l I, I

u i I I I I I : ; . :1" II III' I' I I /1 I I: i! i;1 iII I i I /1 ! .llil!! j I I I I I! 'i iiii i I ! I J I I· :!ii:I

I l'llil ! I! I , I' : I 'I !, I0.01 0.1 1 10 100

PartIcle .In (mm)

Figure 6.1b . Sample 0.1.1. Platy and elongated shards.

Partlele .Izt (mm)

_ .. ) i--,._ -.·cl i,e,

Figure 6.;2b.:Sample 0.1.2. Blocky, almondy rare platy.

i 1OQ:·.,..:...._..,........_,..,~ ........""r""':''''t''!"I'~~-':"''.,..,.,."I''r'r:'-------..,...,.-+,...,....r'i'!'mI 9C):,,-, .....;.....1-4.,H~·~H;...y.+t+!+---+-+:4-f-f+j'*"'-...;..;.......;;.....-:-71~-f-+.;.....;...t+tffi

.i'_"4'· :...-.!4~+#l>~F+-++4++!+-"-H*H+t+---+-----+~!-:f-+--'-+t-Httifij!~.~~~##--4#fJ++*,,""--t-'-'~*+=""~~7-4-r-+-++++Hif'i·.t:i.....44~~;.....;.p.:~++H+l-"""++-+i4+Ht-..;..:~~~---;,~+H-I+ti

2O'."'....;;.;..,#.;....;4~~""'44++fH.~";';'O;r-+-ii'+H~:;...p;-+...:..o..r;.~IE:4+f-tttt+f

10·r:±f~m=~::±:3Ee::TI~:tttttl1lPartIcle ••• (mm)

FiaaJe6.3b . Sample S.1.1. Bl~ky, a1mondy and platy.

359

AppendixB

1009b80

i:J :

2010o0.001

I 1 i i 11:1 , , i III1I1 i i I I1III i , , I i! II;I , , I ..j I I Ii II I I Ii j :Ili I I II 1111 I i I I l'lli, , . ! i !I i i I'll i 1111il , i I I IIiI i I I , :11i ' .

! I ! ! Ii 11 I I III :11 I ! 1III i i i,

: 'ill, I ,I I I I liil I I I Illlil I , ! 1IIIi I ! I i' .' , I I ! i Ii!, I , ,. i·' , ,j I i I Ii I ! Illill ; Ii I I

,i i 1'1,'

, ' II]I " I : I i I ! :.,I I I I , II i iii III II :1 I I I i! . : , , : iiiI \ Illi I

I I , I I II I J II1II II I i I I ILl: I .,l I I, ITII ,I I II 1111 i I ! i i III i : I II i II I"Y' : I , III:1, II I i ; II!I! I I i : i ill! J 1 II il ~ii;1 , i I 'll, Ii'

0.01 0.1

PIrtIcIe size (mm)

10 100

Figure 6.4b .Sample C~l_.B.l. platy.

1009080

I10eo50J 4103020

10

, i 'Ii I j! :Iil I ill I i i /. : ; . ii'i I ii i , Ii ,11 I I i ill I , , r , I ! : '! , I ,, .

1 il. I i ilii I I i .liJ i i : ! :1 I ,I',Ii! HTil, 1 I I Ii, ! , 1 i r :, : i1 . I , II : ii I I II /II , I :1' i I , .f,I' i , I j

I II il i II i' I I 11 , :1 I ! , :1:I ! ,,! i if 'Iii I ' I I i II: , i , ; i Ii, i , , I

i Ii I I I! !! II J-4t t- i : !A i i : ; ! jl, . i . II i I !I I' , iT i :y; !: : i i . ,, I I Ii ii'! i ! I Iii i , I I I , " _, , , iI I , i II , ,o

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

;:') ,Fipre 6.,sb. Sample C.1.B.2. platy, occasioDally blocky.

*:,1, 1&1 ,III r: I iii i i ii .'. I /;

, , \1~

, r i i ! I , :~:, I : 101 t " 1 ,

,H , I til , I .1 ij4~ eo i ! r

j 1ti I rH II iii iII i I It, I :il I 1 i:l I, . II 111 I: : f I i r I I I I jj I: i i ,;'.., ~ 1 , ;-- , I! I I t II " ./ ~ 'I:J : i , :1so , I , i' I I ~:, .' 1-: ,;~.' ~1'4j III t I , !1::'· I IJ «'.

··,[,,-1; , ! i "

:'Ht!1 1',-. ! , : II t II }I\" : I: '. I , i , 1130 _",- ,..+- ....""7-t(: ft-.... t 1TI, , -- ! I , YI! ,. i I20, , I ,; ~ !.-:;; I I !

,.111" Iii :1 i. , ilt/' I i j I ' .10 , , . ~l : , : ! ,

i I i 'F';"4 t.'I14H1 !, ,

; .:0 i : 1 I; i , I ;

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Fp 6.6b.Samp1eC.1.B.5.Blocky and almondy.

AppendixB

10090

! ii' ';! ,; I,

i , III80 . ,·1 I

I70, :' 'j i I !k

I,: ; I, I!!eo l: I,:, ' ' , I! i Ii50 I;;

JI;'! I ; ! I40 ,

30 i ; Ii II I j i I [I20 I i i ~: i : ; ! J TI r !10

T , UH ! ! I I i:10 I ' ' !I iii 1 T[0.001 0.01 0.1

i lIt I I !TIlll' ! I IIT I I I iii: 1;,11 .. !IlI rr 111 I ! i : i; tli ! i ! ii', ,L,' I'\'

I~ .I f i :: ill l i i:;'

'I

I

1

PartIcle .tze (1ft ... ,

~ ! I i l : : i in ii, I '!

10 100

Figure6.1b . Sample C.2.1. Platy and elongated.

I 100I

I : II80 :; "80 :'

f! ; i ::170

eo :50

! II.

J

AppendixB

1001 Iii! ,

•iii iii i!il 1 ! ~I

,: )!

90 I l l i r, : ,

I , I i IT " i 1 !!I, , II 1 ~:,i i,

i i i.'80 , ,

f 70 !! i I ! ii, I ! : III I!III I [1 \ : :i ! 1 r Ii :1,

i r I; ! :'! 1 1:1 I; I :il! I 1 I ! ;1; i Ieo i I , : ,I i ' I , I i i]!' I~ i i ~; ! i i I ! !50 , , l j " I' " !

,

I, i i i i I ! iii I! i ~ 'I dl I ii i 'iii ! !40 i ,~ !! : ,i I , i I II! If! __vr i I I I I

, ! I , fl:30 , ! 1 ~ i,

20 ! ! " i u..H"i 'j ! : I I ! !!: :'1I ! : i~ ; ,t

I I i iJJ ~ , iii! , i ! 1 i, : !li !

, I ,; I:

10 ! i " jl !

0 ~lrr 11 ! i I IT I i II iii! I i i I! ii0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

PMIcIe ea (m...)

Figure 6.1Ob. Sample C.S.I. platy.

100 ,i 1:1 I , I ! i Iii! i I I i !1Lif.T' i i80 I I .:

i !, ; i !I I I ; I;,!: I Iii

, I ill, ;~ i80 I

I i ! '!i,' i !; i:PI I !L 1 P" I : :10 , I ;,ly

Ii I' 1: i ::,: ! : II id TI! I i;'it I , : ,80 ,, IT! i I 1 , : I , ! i :Iil' II i I 'j ;j I i I I50 , , . ,: ,

I; u : I I ill ; : Ii 11 ! !i i40 , i ! !!! ! i ,i:1 i ,I II!! I

, I ' , 'I: ; i' ,30 , ! i i I I, I t ! i i i ;! II I ILl: ! /: 1 Ii20 , : i i I,i I ; i , ' I I I llil ! u '!I / ; i I ! if I10 ,I , :1 Iif , il I i i i IIII i I i~,~ II I :1 " j

,I

0 ; , f f I0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

......... aC"'...'

Fipn '.llb .SanlpleC.S.2. Platy.

1~~~ ~~ ~-- ~ __ ~~----------~J ii: i ;..l! ! i i ,I i'8O~~~~~--~~+H~~~H4H#--+-~~~~~~~Ii 'l I;' ;.r-~++~~~~~~~~+H~--~~-+~~~~~

I10 ,,': rT Ii ,i,' ii" ;,' I' 'i, i, ",;., ': ,,'" u ,'1:1:1: ,:::,.' SO !,J!! :;11" il: I ! ,1:li/ i1;11I'402030 ,I , 'Ii I I ' il! !, I I ~ Ii :,,i:• ;::t Ii 1; i: Ii; l..l 1,1 ,/: I:, :Jil : ;·rrP

; I 11 II I ! ! :' 'il T: 'i! I! I I , ;:!! ' ': I ji! .:

1, ! r , I I, : ill ' I,,

I'III

362

r-------------------.--------------------------------------~II· 100

r • 90Ii 80I

I f 7080I 50II J

Appendix B

I 100I ' ' I'

,r I : I ! ! I if I i ! \: l!ll i i :: iii90 ,I , , i

I 'I I I T ! i I i: i III I :: ilI 80 • i i' I ! I ' I" ,i:i! I i I I ! ! !! I ,'I : i I U

It 70 , i i i 111'I i ' 'IH , i 11 : 1 I I i I: i! i(, eG ; 1::1 I, :::\! I : l : I, i I ,I I;! i I

I50 , ! I , i

1: iI ! ~; ! i I , i I , 'Ii I , iii' I ! I II4() , ,

1 3C) I i , i!l!! f ! : 11!, , I i I I ,v' !: !!II! i I ! 'I'il : I Ii] Vi i i: i I ii2Q ! 'I , , ,I I i!11I : i 1 i II i I I 11 ;j10 I0 ~;I I I TIT I , j , ! II Ii0~OO1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Figure6.16b. Sample C.9.2. Platy. occasionally blOCky.

100Ilii I i I 1111 I ! i I ! ; : II Iii I i I : ~!to i:" I:!;ij i : Ii I II I

,I i illii I I ! , i :l!80 I

f 'IQ' ,: 1i i II I, ! , I :!i: I i ii,, ,

i , ; , 'r ! !, IT ! I filii I I i ' ,eo , ~ .i I

I I ; Ii:! I I ! II; , ! : i if,ill I : , ! ill., , , ,J ,i:ii

! 1 !iIi,

'I i II I til I : ,!i40 I I It Ii r ,j:;i I i I I ,i l"/ , I , , 'I30 : I , I': ::: , I I ! i ! I r :: i;ito /: , , I I' ;;! : I',::1 iii Ii ! ! j i'ii' , t I I I Ii,10

I ii'·1 ,'It· " i! I, ! I i i tj! : f

,0 40.001 o.Ot 0.1 1 10 100

1WtICIe,11ft,(mm)

Figure 6.17b.,,5ampIeC.IO.l. 810Cky aad platy.

AppendixB

Figure 6.l9b. Sample C.Il.1. Platy aad shards.PIaty mudstonelalmondy siltstone.

tOOi , l:l:! ! , if!1 ! I:: I

,i ! !Vl ' , II!80 , i i " ! I'

I !iil. ; I: : lIT I Ii , i n ' I'80 1 I I·· "1 :'!:! ! i!: I i, I i I' I , .1

f 70:. i r d u :i!

1 i ilili :1'1 1 1 'I:! Ii1 I!,

10 : !, : , 1 , , !I!

1 ill;: :;11 1 I ! i iIl ; Ii!10 I

I; iTiii : , ' ~! i I n 1 I Ii , , !

"40, 1

: i !!II! ' i ll i ii, Vi I / I il. t ii:., ,i I :!In , !) ;1 ! :'1: I ! , !W ::i20 , 1 illi ! II Ii! ! , :1'1 I I u.v 1 i i I! , ' 'Ii,0 , 1 , 1 :!IiI, : I,'" I 1 . .1 jI I'! J ~T;j! I' ! ~:0 , ,

0.081 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

..,......(...)Fi&Ul'-6~ •SImpleC.U.l.Pllty IIld shards.

r!rit .

!

~I (fiji I ::Ii III I ~II ;ji ::il i: li'I,: i "1

; 1 ir~l r : lll .1 i : in7 I: : ij;1 :; i'iT i ! l!i': ; I! ! J v! ;: i.:!; i ~I :; I ~

ii, n 11 i;'1 iT ! j 11 •.. l lJi; :: I i r1111 ;Xl, I " '. :1,

I ·i' I.: L!! i 1 i ,:./ :;: ;II I!', ,IT!frlT,·r l.:.:J',i,!!I:j ::',i'

1 1

II

1 10 100

t·II. L~ ~ __~~~.~~ __~ __-- __--~~--------------------~

,',-.,_.

AppendixB

II 100II

I iii!' i .: ;!! 'i':ii I Ii; "j 90 I III 80 ; ! I: ' liii I I ; I ii I I V:" III i :ji! 1I ! I : : I nr I 1III 1/1 ,Ii: i I! ;:1I I70 !eo i , i r::; 1II J. ! ! ii:1 ! , l: 1;150 ! I' 'ilii I :: i il Ii i I illl i I i 1 ;!!i , i ' , "j

J

AppendixB

10r-~i~i~ll~II~#-__ ~~I~'-;~II;__ ~!L~I~I~II~4-~~~~~I+~1.o~~i__,~!.I~rd~I~'~~i.il~T~~~T~1~!~I~L:l~~~~~~~ruir~0.001 0.01 0.1 1

PartIcle .Ize (mm)

100

Figure 6.2Sb. Sample C.14.1. Blocky and platy.

100r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~90 +--+-+-' ....! ~; i+: :i+,-' __ +-1 -+;.i;~;I;,_' -+-+i -Hi !-+' ++i lti-II__ 1-1+i -+i'1-' ++' '+t' i if-:i ._I.~4-'-ji:..,lh':"'!"". t+tI' i :I~r--1i~:T-j'IH+,I~i, __ ~:-+!~~:*,ll-i~_+;~il-+I~II!__ !l-+i-+I+·~:i~!~~+I-1I~!h,+:~iil

I807050.L.._"""-.,.._' -1' f+i f.;..' __ +-1-+T-+-' -,,' ....: 1,....1 --+'-t-Mli-+++!' !~:!__ '~! ..;.1 ~i++,:J,1+I~II--+:-ji....,'-+'....' H+j! ~:y- "II i; I I l IT, T ;; ; ,'i I I Jrl :Ij I j 1 !, iI; ;, Ii' ! : I ,:;'1 ! I iii, . » ::11', I! i j,il11 10 100¢1

,.,... alze (mm)

Fiaure 6.26b . Sample C.lS.l. AJmondy to blocky. occasionally platy.

IIIIIcJ

III.1<

1C1O "80 !',:; i: i: i,: :1: I Ii ! ii'';;'1" ~!,I Hii:·,,!!lliI1F 1!lil I70 .:!; r: [ii, r:i ,p, 1 i i llleo"'" ',!i:T , : ! i!' ,I: , i I !5Ot~ :: filii ;ril, 1 Ill'if!!40 k;; !. j WfI;,j; ! III III!30 ~;;IIi:, I,' l,nll! ! I !1

'\' .. "jq, I ,n; j.I'j I, I20 : " , ,"ii,10';1' i :," in'Hi ' I

'''.; ..y,'" ,,1,'1:' , , .1,0: ~---' I r ! ~'l: .1 f ; I !- i, l

0.0011 O.lL~!c; 1........ ·.IU(mM)

! I : I ill j!t I IIIH: ! , I '

I Ii, I1 I,' i ill

; I 11"! : I!I Ii: i; !; I"I!: !I i I

, 1 1/: llii: 1,11,

:! Iii i ! Iq;

: 1_ 1 : j

; It 11 Ii: i' i I:

.j' U

1 J .IA1Hl10 100

AppendixB

1oor---~~~--~--~------~~~----~~ ~9Ot--+~!_i~il~'!~;I~!__ ~~i _,~:~,~;__ ~~iJ'~i~:I*i!__ 41-+'4!+:+':~'+!'__ +-~:++I~' ~~r--+~I~:I~!~T':__ +-~~'~1:7:__ ~~I+!4!I~q__+-I~'~li!_'~:iLi ~-+~!,~!~:70 +----t--+-:"j-I,t-:t-I, ...,'i+-1 __ .__!_~I' ..,.,-''~ ~i-+i I++I,""+-!!__ .L;+i..J..i.,_1'....' :....: _ _._iL.l+li'-+'.:...j'80 -f--+-+ .........I, 4' ff';--' i,~'_,''_'i_-l--+-;:JI..J..i ! '-4+I:!--+--i-I+' +' +,'-l.+--_'_'_'_! "-,I !..l.l~!i50+--+-+-" ....,It-!~Ii~lt-'__ ~~~~'~-l-~14i~i+'~I,*!I __ _,_~f+!+:~li~!i..J..i__ ~iH-'~I-+'~!1~~~~:~i+ll~i~:! __ ~~~~~4'~!-+!+i'~"~i','__ ~ii~I'!T,,~li~:__ ~~i~,~:!i30 r--+'-+-' ,_iHi'H-! l+tII:-!, __ y_,l-i,'---'-;+----r-+, -+'-+: ~!I"i-i! __ +' .L+i +' +-I' '+:; '+I, ~ ...~' ....j'__L.1W' :_j..I;...j:'~r_-r++!+i~lrt,:!r_~t_i~!,~,~'4!1--+;~I~i4!+II~'~ii--I~I~!+I++;:~:j~I!~~'~I~i'~i'~i~i10

0t=t:!!:t111tT~I,!l:, ::!1~T~ti' ~I ';' 'g;'! ~!~I± i!~!I~i:~II:::crli='it II,,:"Jj~I' "'it: :,,=ttil!r! :11,~·:\ 1 I I ,:, I 1 , I . j r i :-rr[

0.001

iI

I i! II J

0.01 0.1

Particle .Iz. (mm)1 10 100

Figure 6.28b . Sample C.17.1. Platy, elongated occasionally blocky.

10090 I f I iI'80 i

1 :!,

I70 , ilit

"

eo ",50 , ;j j:;, I

J ~I ! iI , I ;!j30 ; .r:

~ i I , 1'1I I ;~: )~10 I

! I 1 , "00.001 0.01 0.1

PIrtle.. liz. (mm)

I : I ~ ;,~ i

i 'l j i , I! ;1:"'I l ! lI I;

i . 'j : : ~:

1 I ! i ', I I,; ,

Ii! I ~:

10 100

I I j

Figure 6.29b . Sample C.17 .2. Blocky, aImondy, occasionally platy.

100" ,. II iiiI , : I :80 I:: ,

i : .;' Ii I! ii!~ ,j ! I ! 'I!

f 70; ; ,

i , I I ! 1 I ~II80 , I I i"50

I 1[: I, , I 1 ! :','I'i I" !,il I :iII i'l, !

~ i I ;

30 I , , ''I , i , i ,'I,I

,:1 :ij~ I ; I "

I : r I j "10, " ~i : ~ ; 11 Ii' ._..._ I I I 11 0110 ,

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

PIrtle .. liz. (mm)

1 I I I! :i I I 1:'"i:ii' '! I,':I 'J ,

I I, :"" I : , '! I,1 ; :, i' ; i I I 'ii',: ! i:i

'-.., ,I, ': ,

10 100

FilUle 6.3Ob. Sample C.18.1. Almondy.

368

Appendix.B

APPENDIX B4. TRIAXIAL SWELLING TEST PLOTS.

0.0090.0080.007

I0.0080.005I0.0040.003

0.0020.001

00

YlZaxis

1000 2000 3000

TIm. (mm)

4000 5000 6000

Figure 6.31b . Sample Ca.1.1.

0.025

0.02

i i 0.015....I 0.01eo

0.005

00

0.040.04O.~

I 0.030.025J 0:020.015

•.·0.01O.oat

00

___ Xaxis-B

VIZ axis

100002000 4000 6000 8000

TIm. (min)

Figure 6.32b . Sample Ca.I.2.

2000 4000 6000 8000

TIm. (mm)

Figure 6.33b . Sample Ca.1.3.

369

Appendix B

1.4 Yaxia-B

1.2

1

i 0.8 X axis-I0.80.4 Zaxis0.2

00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TIm. (min)

Figure 6.34b . Sample 0.1.1.

1 Xaxia - B

0.90.80.7

I0.80.5J 0..40.3

0.2 Zaxis

0.1 Yaxis00 200 eoo 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

TIm. (min)


1 Xaxia - B

0.80.10.7

I 0.8.".... 0.5I0.40.3

0.2 Zaxia

0.1 Yaxia00 200 400 eoo eoo 1000 1200 1400 1600

TIm. Cmin)

_.4 ____ -

Appendix B

0.180.16 Xaxis- B

0.14

I 0.120.1J 0.080.06

0.04 Yaxis0.02 laxis

00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 eooo 7000 8000 9000

TIm. (min)


I1.4

1.2Xaxis- B

I

I1

I 0.8I I

0.8

0.• Yaxis

i 0.2 laxis!i 200 400 600 -800 1000 1200 1400 1600

TIm. (mm)

Figure 6.38b . Sample S.I.I.

0.460•• Xaxis- 8

0.35

I 0.30.25I 0.20.1a

0.1 laxis0.0$ Y lXis

00 1000 2000 3QQO 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

nm.(mln)

._-_-- _-_--_.-Fi&un:6.39b. Sample S.3.1.

371

Appendix B

0.035 X axis - B0.03

0.025

I 0.02.& 0.015i 0.01

0.005 ZaxisYaxis

00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

TIm. (mm)

Figure 6.40b . Sample S.3.2.

0.7Z axis - B

0.6

0.5

I 0.4...t 0.3CIO 0.2

0.1 X ax.Yaxis

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

TIm. (min)

Figure 6.41b. Sample 0.1.1.

0.9 X axis - B0.8o.r

rI 0.8O.S-J 0.49·3O.~0.1 YIZ axis00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

TIm. (mm)


372

AppendixB

373

Appendix B

0.45 ~

0.4 .:. Xaxil- B0.35 .1.

- 0.3 .;_I 0.25 +-J 0.2 +0.151 i0.1 t Yaxil

0.05 Zaxil01

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

TIm. (min,

Figure 6.46b. Sample C.l.B.4.

1.S

1.8 Z axil- B1.4

- 1.2I 1I0.80.8 Xaxis

0.4 Yaxis0.2

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

TIm. (min'

Figure 6.47b . Sample C.I.B.S.

3.5 Xaxil- B3

2.5

I 2-I1.51Yaxis

0.5 Z axil

tOOO 1500 2000 2500 3000

TIm.(mm,

._----Figure 6.48b . Sample C.2.1.

374

Appendix B

1.2

X axis

I0.8

0.6c:J 0.4(I)

0.2 YaxisZaxis

00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Tim. (min)

Figure 6.49b . Sample C.3.1.

1.2X axis - B

j 0.80.6

I0.40.2 Zaxis

Yaxis0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

nn. (min,

FiJure 6.s0b . S8IIlpieC.4.1.

1.61.4

I1.2

1.0.8

I0.60."0.200

Yaxis-B.

X axis.

Z aOcs.

800

TIm. (min)1000 1200 1400 1600

Fipre6.S1b. Sample C.S.I.

315

Appendix B

0.40.35

- 0.3E 0.25- 0.2.& 0.15S 0.10.05

00

__ ----------------- Xaxis-B.

Z axis._------------------Yaxis.

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

TIm. (min)

Figure 6.S2b. Sample C.S.2.

t.61.41.2

I 0.8I0.60.4

0.200

Yaxis-B.

~-_---------------- Zaxis.X axis.

500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Tim. (min)

Fipe 6.S3b . Sample C.6.1.

2'.5

2

IJ 10;5

00

_--------------------- Yaxis-B.

Zaxis~------------------------------ Xaxis.1000:. 2000 3000 4QOO 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

l'IIn.(mIn,

--,_.'--- #'ipn 6.S4b . Sample C.7.1.

376

AppendixB

43.53

I 2.52.s 1.5i 10.500 1000 2000 3000 4000

TIm. (min)

5000 6000 7000 8000

__ ------------------ Xaxis·B.

z axis.__ -------------------------------------Yaxis

Figure 6.SSb . Sample C.8.2.

0.350.3

I 0.250.2J 0.150.1

0.05

00

__ ----------- Yaxis.z axis

4000 6000 8000 100002000TIm. (min)

Figure 6.S6b . Sample C.8.3.

0.40.35 ~_--------- Xaxis·B.0;3I0.25 .

.. 0.2I0.150.10.05.O~_.=====;===:::;:===;::==:;::==:::;::=-----.

o

Yaxis.laxis

8000 12000 1400010000

Figure 6.S7b . sample C.9.2.

377

Appendix B

2.5

2

I 1.5II

I0.5

00 1000 2000 3000

TIm. (min)

4000 5000 6000

~ --------------- X axis·8

::================== Yaxis/. Z axis

Figure 6.S8b . Sample C.IO.I.

6

5

I43i 2

1

00

r--------------------- Xaxis·8

Yaxlslr-------------------- Zaxls

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

TIm. (min)

Figure 6.S9b . Sample C.II.I.

0.35

0.3

0.25

t 0.2...I0.150.1

O.OS

q

_.,. X axis·8

Yaxis~2_-:~~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::-:Zaxis

2000 2500 3000

TIme (min)

Figure 6.60b . Sample C.ll.2.

378

Appendix B •

3.5

3 X axis· B

2.5

I 2J 1.51 Yaxis

0.5 Zaxls

00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Tim. (min)

Figure 6.6Ib. Sample C.12.1.

0.8 X axis • B0.7

0.6

I 0.50.4J 0.3

0.2 Yaxis0.1 Zaxls00 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

TIm. (min)

IFigure 6.62b. Sample C.12.2.

,2.5

X axis • B2

I 1.5I,. 1

0.5 Yaxis! Z axis

0(j 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

nne (min,

;".-------- Figure 6.63b . Sample C.13.t.

379

Appendix B

0.9O.S X axis - B

0.7

I 0.60.5-I0."I

0.30.2

YaxisI 0.1I' Zaxisi 0I 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

TIm. (min)

Figure 6.64b . Sample C.13.2.

0.9X axis - B

0.80.7

I 0.60.5 Zaxis....I0.40.3 Yaxis

0.20.100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

TIm. (min'

Figure 6.6Sb • Sample C.l3.3.

X axis - B

II,1.$1

0.5oL.~~~~~~~~==~~~~o

Yaxis

Zaxis

eoo eoo 1200 1400100011m. ("'in)

~ _ .. -~---.-._._.--- -Figure 6.66b . Sample C.14.1.

310

Appendix B

0.45 X axis - B0.4 laxis

0.35

I 0.30.25 Yaxil-i 0.20.150.1

0.050

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 18000

TIm. (min)

Figure 6.67b . Sample C.l 5.1.

0.160.14 X axis • B

0.12

I 0.1 laxis0.06J 0.08

0.040.02 Yaxis

00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

TIm. (min)

FIgure 6.68b . Sample C.16.l.

0.9 X axis - B0.80.7

i 0.80.5I0.40.3 laxis

0.20.1 Yaxis00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

TIm. (min)

----------- Ficure 6.69b . Sample C.17.1.

381

Appendix B

382

Appendix C

APPENDIX Cl : Roof weathering experiment ICP-AES chemical data.N."... Weathering,C1B1-1 (ppm)

Alsjstad WMIIwlngC1B1-1 (ppm)

AJ ca Fe SI AJ Ca Fe SIS.95 33.8 321.6 4857,7 15,5 Aug-95 3,2 7.0 3,0 3,8

Oct-95 13.6 161,5 1288,5 7,6 S.95 69.7 504.0 5957.0 35,5

Nov-95 0.6 48,1 129.5 0,9 Od-95 19,7 137,0 1046.0 11,0

0ec-95 1,7 18,5 138.7 1,3 Nov-95 47.5 255.5 3194,0 22,4

Jan.96 0.4 12,7 74.5 1.3 Dec-95 10.9 519.0 71.5 5.1

Mar-96 0.1 6.4 8,8 2.8 Jan-96 2,4 11,6 67.0 2.0

Jul..96 0,9 20,9 60,8 0,0 Mar-96 10,2 43.6 119,3 9,4

C1B1-11 (ppm) C1B1-11(ppm)

AJ , Ca Fe SI AJ Ca F. SIS.95 ,~1,2 84,5 4.8 1.3 Aug-95 1.08 13.04 3.75 1.06

Od-95 23.0 204.2 813.4 10.3 S.95 59.66 269.99 2960.1 27.28Nov-95 3.4 57.5 124,4 1.5 Od-95 2.37 87.10 78.20 2.90

0ec-95 4.2 43,3 140,8 3.0 Nov-95 1.74 17.30 52.60 1,98

Jan.96 1.4 13,1 58.3 1.3 Dec-95 1.41 12.02 28.35 1.80

Mar-96 2.3 15.8 20.4 185.7 J.,..98 0.98 8.35 23,52 1.35

~Jul.96 3.7 27,0 129,7 1.0 Mar-98 2.19 8.44 28.68 2,91

C1B1-111(ppm) C1B1-111(ppm)

AJ Ca F. SI AJ Ca Fe SISep-95 54.175 131.457 1360.28 14.56 Aug-95 0.711 7.334 4,8997 0,834

Od-95 28.33 96,5 1399 18.52 Sep-95 9,9598 30.932 279,009 4.0758

Nov-II5 9,3 23.06 371.9 4.117 Od-95 3.856 27.41 318.8 4.915

0ec-95 8.97 25.35 424.7 5.03 Nov-95 4,284 20.83 261.5 2.188

.Ifn-9I 2.902 9.33 129,7 2.937 Dec-95 2,179 8.1 107,9 2.216Mar-ge 5.08 16.02 218.8 193.9 Jan.98 2.981 26.73 208.8 3.838Jul-96 3.978 17,81 210.9 3.97 Mar-96 0,899 6,85 18.58 1,884

C1B1-1v (ppm) C1B1-1v (ppm)

AJ Ca F. SI AJ Ca F. SIsep.95 .. ' 2.425 34.038 3.454 2.858 Aug-95 3.106 22.04 2.3487 3,748

Oct-95 1.458 45.38 1.• 2.522 Sep-85 2.832S 20.1818 5,0573 3.7062

Nov-95 0.586 20.08 0,828 1.031 Oct-95 4.244 61.8 5.58 6,03

Dec-95 0.728 27.79 0.738 1.148 Nov-95 3,385 19,58 2,789 4,395

JM.88 0.4325 8.03 1,016 0.78 Dec-95 2.606 15,59 1.514 3.393

Mar-96 0.501 8.51 0.471 31.97 J.,..96 3.255 18.81 1,945 4.137

Jul.1l8 0.0125 3.438 0.856 2.895 Mar-98 1.88 1.65 1.74 15.59C1B1.., (ppm) C1B1.., (ppm)

AJ Ca F. SI AJ Ca Fe SiSep-85 5.03 95058 48.54 2.718 Aug-95 1.9416 10.1328 48.6332 4.091

Od-95 1.327 41.54 57.8 2.009 S.95 0.277 7.2118 11.3758 0.4204

Nov-95 1.187 35.88 35.92 0.983 Od-95 0.813 43.48 18,12 1.023

Dec-95 0.3414 4.588 8.08 0.351 Nov-95 19.n 50.95 84,3 32,9

Jan.88 0.1571 2.431 2.524 0.3749 Dec-95 0.957 5.985 8.395 1.6215

Mar'" 1.402 50.4 47.78 192.S J.,..88 0.466 3.964 1.055 0,396Ju1-88 0.787 14.4 17.48 4,388 Mar-98 1.25 23.98 11.27 200.8

C181oN8t.(ppm,/IJ ca Fe SI

_95 0.373 5.256 0.151 0.8548

Od-95 0.0299 1.9203 0.014 0.5825

Nov-95 0.0447 4.087 0.0013 0.27490ec-95 0.1567 3.894 0.0027 0.4748

Jan.96 0.0593 2.178 0.0057 0.4535

Mar-96 0.087 4.025 0.0013 26.25

JuI..88 0.1192 5.58 0.2172 2.167

.ISEYi•HCI treatment.U• HNO, treatment.II• Citric acid treatment.Iv.Calgan solution treatment.V. EDTA treatment.Nat.• Naturaly weathered sample.

383

Natural Weathering.C21-1 (ppm)

AI Ca

384

Appendix C

Assisted WeatheringC21-1 (ppm)

AI Ca

KEYi=Hel treatment.II = HNO, treatment.iii • Citric acid treatment.Iv • Calgon solution treatment.v» EDTA treatment.Nat.= Naturaly weathered sample.

Natural Weathedng.C31-1 (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

Appendix C

ASSisted WeatbedngC31-1 (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

385

KEYi= HCI treatment.ii = HN~ treatmentiii = Citric acid treatment.iv = C8Igon solution treatment.v = EDTA treatment.Nat.= Naturaly weathered sample.

Natyral WeathedngC83·1 (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

Appendix C

Assisted weatheringC83-i (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

386

i= Het treatment.ii = HNC, treatment.iii = Citric acid treatment.iv = Calgon solution treatment.v = EDTA treatmentNat.= Naturaly weathered sample.

Natural WeatheringC92-1 (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

"ppendix C

Assisted WeatheringC92·1 (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

387

KEYi= Hel treatment.iI = HN03 treatment.iii = Citric acid treatment.iv = C8lgon solution treatment.v = EDTA treatment.Nat.= Naturaly weathered sample.

NirturalVV@i¢hedngC133-1 (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

Appendix C

Assisted WeatheringC133-1 (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

388

KEYi = Het treatment.jj = HN~ treatmentiii= Citric acid treatment.iv = catgon solution treatment.v = EOTA treatmentNat.= Naturaly weathered sample.

Appendix'C

Natural Weathering.C141·' (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

AsSisted WeathedngC141·' (ppm)

AI Ca Fe Si

iii = Citric acid treatment.iv = Calgon solution treatment.v = EOTA treatment.Nat. = Naturaly weathered sample.

* = No sample obtained for analysis.---r.'~id-""""_-+ __ -f"""'~~+-":I""'l,,,...-t - = Sample removed from testing.

389

AppendixC

APPENDIX C2: Roof weathering experiment ICP-AES data plots.

Aluminium concentration of the leachates 1 month after chemicaltreatment

60.0

I 50.0- 40.0ci 30.020.08 10.08 0.0

Sep-95 act-95 t-ev-95 Dac-95 Jan-96 MElr-96DIle.

_....__C1B1-i.•. []. .• C1B1-i__.._C1B1-ii_. +-. C1B1-iv_ .•. _C1B1-v

--e-C1B1-Nal

JuI-96

Figure C.I. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample CI B I. 1 month after reagent addition.

Calcium concentration of the leachates 1 month after chemicaltreatment

350.0~C1B1-i

I300.0 _____ C1B1-i250.0 •• "A" •• C1B1-ii

J200.0 _. ~" C1B1-iv150.0 _ ••. _C1B1-v100.050.0 --e- C1B1-Nal

0.0-..._

Sep-95 act-95 Nov-95 Dac-95 Jan-96 MElr-96 JuI-96DIle.

Figure C.2. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample CIBI. I month after reagent addition.

Iron concentration of the le.chate.1 month after chemical treatment

390

5000.0

I 4000.0-

J3000.0

2000.0

1000.0

0.0Sep-95 act-95 Nov-95 Dlc-95 Jan-96 MElr-96 JuI-96

01•.

--+--C1B1-i...... C1B1-i_ _._ _C1B1-i

--.oM- C1B1-iv_ ••. _C1B1-v_ ..... C1B1-Nat

Figure C.3. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample CI B I. I month after reagent addition.

AppendixC

Silica concentration of the leachate.1 month after chemicaltreabnent

I200.0

1SO.0-c:

J100.0

SO.O

0.0 ..•-Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 CIc-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

om.JuI-96

....... C1B1-j_ ......._C1B1-i

--..- C1B1-ii_.,.._C1B1-iv

1------C1B1-v_ .... C1B1-Nat

I~------------------------------------------------------------------~Figure C.4. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample Cl B 1. 1 month after reagent addition.-l

I

Aluminium concentration of the leachate.24 hours after chemicaltreabnent.

i70.060.0- SO.O

j 40.030.020.010.00.0Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95

om.Dec·95 Jan-96

--+-C1B1·j I_ ......._C1B1-i

....... Cla1.. I_.,.. _ C1B1-1V

_.lIG-. C1B1-v

Mar-96

Figure C.S. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample Cl B 1. 24 hours after reagent addition.

Calcium concentration of the leachate.24 hours after chemicaltreabnent.

I~OJ500.0- 4100.0J

300.0200.0100.0

0.0Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dec-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

0....

--+-C1B1-j_ ......._C1B1.i

....... C1B1-ii_.,.. _ C1B1-iv

_ .lK-. C1B1-v

II

I

L-- JFigure C.6. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample C lB 1. 24 hours after reagent addition.

391

AppendixC

Iron concentration of the leachatea 24 hours after chemical treatment

6000.0

I 5000.0- 4000.0I3000.02000.08 1000.0

0.0Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 ttw-95 0ac-95

Date.Jan-96 Mar-96

_._C181-j

_~_Ct81.ii I

••••••• Ct81-ii

_. K-. C181-JY

- .Il. _Ct81-y

'----------------------- __J

Figure C.7. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample CI B I. 24 hours after reagent addition.

Silica concentration of the leachate.24 hours after chemicaltreatment

2SO.0

I 200.0-

J1SO.0

100.0

SO.O

0.0Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 ttw-95

Date.Jan-96 Mar-96

_ ...... _C181-j

....... Ct81-i_ ...... Ct81-JJJ

1_·*·_C181.iv___ C181-Y

Figure C.S. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample CIBI. 24 hour after reagent addition.

Aluminium concentration of the 'eachatea1 month after chemicaltreatment

I700.00800.00500.00

J400.00300.00200.00100.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-95 ttw-95 Dlc-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

Date.

_ ...... _C21-j

....... C21-i__.__ C21-ii----- , I

I!I

II

I:i

I

_.*. _C21-JY_.IK-. C21-Nat

Figure C.9. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample C21. 1 month after reagent addition.

392

AppendixC

Calcium concentration of the le.cha.8i month after chemicaltreatment.

Oct-95 Nov-95 Dec-95

1liIa.

Jan-96 MElr-96 JuI-96

_ _..._C21-i

~C21-i••••••• C21-ii_. K ._C21-;"_ ..... C21-Nat.

Oct-95 Nov-95 Dec-95

Date.

Jan-96 MElr-96 JuI-96

_. K ._C21-;"_ ..... C21-Nat.

Figure C.II. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample C2I. I month after reagent addition.

Silicon concentration of the leacha.8i month after chemicaltreatment.

3500.00

I-

J

3000.002500.002000.001500.001000.00500.00

O.OO ... -- ..... -- .. -- .......... ::::.:::~~- ..Sep-95 Nov-95 Dec-95 Jan-96

1liIa.

MElr-96 JuI-96

I ___.,__ C21-i•••••• C21-i_ ..... C21-iii_ "*" _ C21-i11l:~lI!.- C21-Na~

L- __

Figure C.12. Silicon concentration of the leachate from sample C21. I month after reagent addition.

393

AppendixC

Aluminium concentration of the leachates 24 hours after chemicaltreatment.

400.00

i 300.00-

J200.00

100.00

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95

,..'.'. ,................. '

Oct·95 flbv·95

CIte,Dec-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

F-+-_C21.~1 •••••• C21·,_,.._C21·iij_. ~._C21·jy

Figure C.13. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample C21. 24 hours after reagent addition.

calcium concentration of the leachates 24 hours after chemicaltreatment.

I3000.002500.00- 2000.00I1500.00 •1000.00500.008 0.00

Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dec-95 Jan-96 Mar-96DD.

F-+-_C21.j

1--+-C21-iiI ....... C21-iii_. ~. _C21-iv

Figure C.14. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample C21. 24 hours after reagent addition.

12000.00 _-+- _C21·j

I •10000.00 --+-C21-ii- 8000.00 ....... C21-iii

18000.00 _. ~. _C21·JY4000.00

2000.00

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 flbv-95 Dec-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

CIte.

Iron concentration of the leachates 24 hours after chemical treatment.

Figure C.I S. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample C21. 24 hours after reagent addition.

394

AppendixC

Silicon concentration of the l.achate.24 hours after chemicaltreatment.

250.00 II 200.00 .Do.-

J150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00Aug-95

».,.'\.,." .,'\.' ."\. ..'\.~".'" ......•...." -..'\.

.,.,.

Sep-95 Oct-95 New-95 Dec-95

DIa.Jan-96

_-+-_C21-i

• ...... C21-i

__...,_ C21-ii

- • K • _ C21-iv

MBr-96

Figure C.16. Silicon concentration of the leachate from sample C21. 24 hours after reagent addition.-l

II

Aluminium concentration of the leachate.1 month after chemicaltreatment.

Oct-95 New-95 Dec-95

r.t..M1tr-96 JuI-96

_ ..... C31-i____ -C31-ii

---6- C31-ii••• )C••• C31-1v_ ••. _C31-v-.-. C31-Nat

I~-------------------------------------------------------~Figure C.17. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample C31. I month after reagent addition.

Calcium concentnltlon of the leachate.1 month after chemicaltreatment.

I800.00800.00

J400.00

200.00

0.00~95 Oct-95 New-SS DIe-SS Jan-98 MItr-98 JuI-98

r.t..

_ .•• _C31-i____ C31-ii

_ ........._C31-iii

... )Coo. C31-1v

- . le-. C31-v1-.-.C31-Nat I

Figure C.II. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample C31. 1month after reagent addition.

395

AppendixC

Iron concentration of the leacha .. s 1 month after chemical treatment

I

J

....... C31-i

~C31-ii_ ....... _C31-i

_. K-. C31-iv

- .ll. _C31-v

, ---.- C31-Nal

Oct-95 Nov-95 Dac-95 Jan-96 Mar-96 Ju~96

CIte.

Figure C.19. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample C31. I month after reagent addition.

Iron concentration of the leacha .. s1 month after chemical treatment

3500.00- 3000.00i 2500.00j 2000.001500.001000.00500.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-SS' Dlc-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

CIte.

Ju~96

I

II_ ....... _C31.. I

1 C31-i

~C31-i

_.~. C31-iv

- .II.- C31-v

1---.-C31-Nat·1

Figure C.20. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample C31. ] month after reagent addition.

Aluminium concentration ofthele.chates 24 hou.... fter chemicaltreatment

I60.0050.00

J40.0030.0020.0010.000.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95

-+-C31-i

_ .... C31-i

_ .•. _C31-i

.•. )(..• C31-iv

_"*" _C31-v

I~---------------------------------------------------------------~Figun: C.21.Aluminiwn conc:cntration of the leachate from sample C31.24 months after reagent addition.

396

Appendix C

Calcium concentration of the leachatea 24 hours after chemicaltreatment

- 1~OOii 800.00-c: 600.001 400.00200.008 0.00

Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dac-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

CIte.

~C31-i.•••.. C31-i_ ...... C31-iii_.* ._C31-iv_ .... _C31-v

Figure C.22. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample ClI. 24 hours after reagent addition.

Iron concentration of the leachatea 24 hours after chemical treatment

7000.00

i 6000.005000.00

J4000.003000.002000.001000.00

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dec-95 Jan-96 Mlr-96

CIte.

1~C31-i

tl_:=~::~1_K- _ C31-iv I·lIC- __ C31-v IFigure C.2l. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample C31. 24 hours after reagent addition.

Silica concentration of the I•• chatea 24 hours after chemicaltreatment

160.00

I 140.00120.00-

I100.0060.0060.0040.0020.000.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95

rI,,

III,,

Dac-95 Jan-96 Mar-96Nov-95

Date.

~C31-~.1_ .... C31-1 I_ •• - _C31-ii I• _·x .. - C31-iv I1_ .... _C31-V i

Figure C.24. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample ClI. 24 hours after reagent addition.

397

AppendixC

Aluminium concentration of the leachates1 month after chemicaltreatment

I 80.0060.00-J

40.00

20.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dac-95 Jan-96 Mlr-96 Ju~96

DIte.

_-+-_C83-i_ ••. _C83-i

~C83-i... )(•.. C83-iv_.Ir-. C83-Nat

Figure C.2S. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. I month after reagent addition.

Calcium concentration of the leachates1 month after chemicaltreatment

Nov-95 Jan-96 Mlr-96 Jul-96Oct-95

_.,._C83-i_ ....... _C83-i

•••••.. C83-ii_.*._C83-iv_ . ~. C83-Nat

Figure C.26. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. I month after reagent addition.

I

II I

,

Iron concentration of the leachate.1 month after chemical treatment

_-+-_C83-i.•.•.. C83-i~C:a3-ii

_.*._C83-ivI - • 11:-. C83-Nat I

2500.00

I2000.00

I1500.00

1000.00

500.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-95 tGv-95 1lIc-95 Jln-98 MIr-96 Ju~96

DIte.

L_ ~

Figure C.27.1ron concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. I month after reagent addition.

398

AppendixC

Silica concentration of the leachate. 1 month after chemicaltreatment

5000.00

i 4000.00-J

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dec-95 Jan-96 MIiIr-96 JuJ.96

1JiIa.

--

1-·K'-C83-;" I... )K... C83-Nat

L-._ ~ _

Figure C.2S. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. I month after reagent addition.

Aluminium concentration of the leachatee 24 hours after chemicaltreatment

'---------------------

Calcium concentration of the 'eachate.24 hours after chemicaltreatment

I 200.00150.00-

J100.00

50.00

0.00Aug-95 Slp-95 0et-95 NIw-95 Dlc-95 Jen-96 MIiIr-96

1JiIa.

Figure C.29. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. 24 hours after reagent addition.

I2000.001500.00 ~1J

C83-i1000.00

500.00 t;;"~C83-1V0.00

IAug-95 Sep-95 0et-95 Nov-95 DIe-95 Jan-96 Mlr-96 I

DID. III

______j

Figure C.30. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. 24 hours after reagent addition.

399

AppendixC

Iron concentration of the leachates 24 hours after chemical treatment.

i C83-i__ C83-i

_ ..,._ _ C83-ii

_.~._C83-iv

Figure C.31. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. 24 hours after reagent addition.

Silica concentration of the leachate.24 hours after chemicaltreatment

120.001100.00

JSO.OO60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00Aug-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 DIc-95

DID.

Jan-96 MIlr-96

....... C83-i__ C83-i_ ..,._ _ C83-ii

_.~._C83-iv

Figure C.32. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample CS3. 24 hours after reagent addition.

Aluminium concentration of the leachate. 1 month after chemicaltreatment.

I 8.006.00-J

".00

2.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dlc-95 Jan..96 Mar-96 Ju..96

DID.

_ _.__C92-i

....... C92-i

_.,.__ C92-ii

_.~._C92-iv

_ •lK-. C92-Nat.

~-------------------------------------------------------------~Figure C.33. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample C92. 1month after reagent addition.

400

AppendixC

Calcium concentration of the leachates1 month after chemicaltreatment.

- 250.00i 200.00Go-~ 150.001 100.00I 50.00

0.008Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 0ec-95 Jan-96 Mar-96 Ju~96

CIte.

--+-C92-i_ ...... _C92-i

••• &••• C92-i_ . ~ •_ C92-iv

_ •lK-. C92-Nal

Figure C.34. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample C92. I month after reagent addition.

Iron concentration of the leachates 1 month after chemical treatment

- 2000.00 ri 1500.00 t

J1000.00 ,.--- .-

50000 " .&••..t' .....=>«,.'0.00 .......... •

Sep-95 Oct-9S Nov·95...

DIe·95

CIte.

Jan-96

--+-C92-i_ _C92·i

... & C92·ii_.~._C92·1v

- • lK-. C92.Na~

Figure C.3S. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample C92. I month after reagent addition.

Silica concentration of the leachate.1 month attar chemlcal __ ~~-_ltreatment. ~, I

--+-C92-i II_ ..... C92-i I

_ ••• _C92-ii

_~_C92-iv... )1( ... C92-Nall

Nov-95 0ec-95

DD.

Jan-96 Mar·96 Ju~96Oct-95

Figure C.36. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample C92. I month after reagent addition.

401

AppendixC

Aluminium concentration of the leachate.24 hours after chemicaltreatment

Calcium concentration of the leachate.24 hours after chemicaltreatment

i 2000.001500.00

J1000.00

500.00

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95

..-'....,.

I SO.OO60.00-

J40.00

20.00

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 DIc-95 Ja~96 MIr-96

DIt8.

--+-C92-i_..__C92-i__• __C92-ii

- - -x- - - C92-iv

Figure C.37. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample C92. 24 hours after reagent addition.

--+-::l._C92-1C92 -I

/--.-_ --I: .. x.. - C92-iv! I

Nov-95 Dlc-95 Jan-96 Mar-96 IDIt8. I

'-- JFigure C.3S. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample C92. 24 hours after reagent addition.

-IIron concentration of the l.achate.24 hours after chemical treatm.nt

30000.00

I215000.0020000.00

J15000.0010000.005000.00

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Ncw-95 Dlc-95 Jan.96 Mar-96

DIt8.

1-+-C92-~ I1_ --- _C92-0 I

PI

Figure C.39. Iron concentration of the IeKbate from sample C92. 24 hours after reagent addition.

402

AppendixC

~Silica concentration of the leachates 24 hours after chemical 1

treatment

60.00-i 50.00Do 40.00-I30.00 1I20.00 II 10.008 0.00

Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 1Ibv-95 Dec-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

CIte.

I-+- al2-~.I04- C92.

..

Figure C.40. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample C92. 24 hours after reagent addition.,----------------------------------------------------------------1

II'.-.. -.. -.-. C1=33-;;-Ci:-----11/1'_04- _ C133-i

=:.=~:: II i

- • JIG-. C133-Nal

Aluminium concentration of the leachates 1 month after chemicaltreatment.

I 1000.00800.00-

J600.00400.00200.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-95 1Ibv-95 Dlc-95 .Jan-96 MIIr-96 Juf-96

CIte.

Figure C.4l.Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample C133.l month after reagent addition.

Calcium concentration of the leachate.1 month after chemicaltreatment.

Ir- ....._C133-i [Ii --- C133-i I:_ .... _C133-ii I II ••• )C ••• C133-iY I Ij _.JIG-. C133-Nall II I

I

III

~------------------------------------------------------------~Figure C.42. Cak:ium concentration of the leachate from sample C133. I month after reagent addition.

I1200.001000.00

J800.00600.00400.00200.00

0.00Sep-95 Oct-96 NDv-96 Dlc-95 ... 96 """-96

CIte.

JuI-96

403

AppendixC

Iron concentration of the 1•• ch.... 1month .fter ch.mlcal tre.tm.nt

I" ..... C133-i1~C133-i

I=:=~::~l

1800.00 I1600.00_I1400.00 +1200.00 +

81':::

u 600.00400.00200.00

0.00 1t=~=.,t:=~IoWI ...........-t~;.;,,;:; .... ~~~;.:.:;.~ ...Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dec-95 Jan-96 Mar-96 Ju~96

CIte.

Figure C.43.lron concentration of the leachate from sample C133. 1month after reagent addition.

Silica concentration of the 1•• ch.te.1 month .b, ch.mlcaltre.tm.nt

....... C133-i_ ...... C133-i_ ...,_ _ C133-i

~C133-1v_ .•• _ C133-NIIl

Figure C.44.1ron concentration of the leachate from sample Cl33. 1month after reagent addition.

Aluminium concentrlltion of the 1•• ch.... 24 houra .b, chemicaltre.tment

I500.00400.00-

J300.00200.00100.000.00Aug-95 Sep-85 0ct-95 Nov-95 Dlc-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

DID.

-+-C133-i_ .. _C133-i

I _ ••• - C133-ii

I ... )(... C1~iv I

~-------------------------------------------------------------~Figure C.4S.Alwninium concentration of the leachate from sample C133.24 hours after reagent addition.

404

AppendixC

Calcium concentration of the leacha •• 24 hours after chemlc.ltreatment

Nov-95 DIIc-95 Jan-96 MIIr-96

DIta.

_ -+- _O133-i••••.• O133-i_ ••. _0133-i

I-M-- 0133-;"

~--------------------------------------------------------------~Figure C.46. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample C133. 24 hours after reagent addition.

Iron concentnltlon of the leacha •• 24 hours after chemic. I treatment.

_ -+- _O133-i,-.-0133-ii_ ••• _0133-11

••• )(..• 0133-;"

I300.00250.00- 200.00

J150.00100.0050.000.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 Dllc-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

DIta.

Figure C.47. Iron concentration of the leachate from sample C133. 24 hours after reagent addition.

SIlica concentration of the leacha •• 24 hours after chemicaltreatment.

I300.00250.00

J200.00150.00100.0050.000.00Aug-95 Sep-95 0ct-95 Nov-95 Dllc-95 Jan-96 Mar-96

illite.

1_ -+- - O133-i•••••• 0133-i

I_ ••• _0133-i

-M--0133-;"

Figure C.4I. Silica concentration oftbe leachate from sample C133. 24 hours after reagent addition.

40S

AppendixC

Aluminium concentration of the leachatea1 month after chemicaltreatment.

- 2500.00 Ti: 2000.00 t )

Appendix C

Silica concentration of the leachatea1 month after chemicaltreatment

3500.00- 3000.00i 2500.00-II: 2000.00i 1500.001000.00I 500.008 0.00

Sep-95 Oct-95

~,,,I ,I ,I ,, ,, ,, ,

Nov-95 DIe-95 Jan-98 Mlr-96 Juj.96

CIte.

1

- ...... _C141-i

....... C141-i

I-.._.~:~~:41-v

41-Nat

Figure C.S2. Silica concentration of the leachate from sample C] 33.] month aiter reagent addition.

Aluminium concentration of the leachate.24 hours after chemicaltreatment

I2000.00 ~C141-iJC ....... C141-i1500.00 ,

J, _ ....... _C141-i

1000.00 .- •k-. C141-iv

500.00 _ ••• _C141-v

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-95 Nov-95 D8c-95 Jan-96 Mlr-96

CIte.

Calcium concentration of the leachatea 24 hours after chemicaltreatment

- 3000.00i 2500.00

J2000.001500.001000.00500.00

0.00Aug-95 Sep-95 Oct-SS

Figure C.S3. Aluminium concentration of the leachate from sample C133.24 hours after reagent addition.

.....Nov-95 D8c-SS Jan-96 Mar·96

CIte.

~C141·i

....... C141-i

_ ••• _C141-i

_.k-' C141-iv I_ ..... _C141-v

Figure C.54. Calcium concentration of the leachate from sample C133. 24 hours after reagent addition.

407

AppendixC

I

Iron concentration of the 1•• ch.... 24 hour8 .fter chemical tre.tm.nt. I

__ Cl.'

Documents

APPENDIX AI. eLA YPRETREATMENTS.etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14669/2/587539_vol2.pdf · 2016. 10. 3. · 4 14 24 34 44 °29 Figure 5.33a .Sample C.13.1 whole rock scan. Whole rock acan