85

Appendix I References

Bibliography

ADB, 2002, Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan to

the Lao People’s Democratic Republic for the Nam Ngum River Basin Development Sector Project

Chip Fay, Martua Sirait, Ahmad Kusworo (2000) Getting the Bounderies Right Indonesia’s Urgent Need to

Redefine its Forest Estate, Southeast Asia Policy Research Working Paper, No. 25

http: //www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Publications/files/workingpaper/WP0043-04.PDF

FAO Forestry, Country pages, Indonesia, http: //www.fao.org/forestry/site/30807/en/idn/

Irrigation feasibility study report in Vientiane capital area by Lao- Italian government cooperation in 1975.

Joesron Loebis, 2000, The Effect of Dams Development towards Water Conservation and River Basin

Management in Indonesia

MAF and Nippon Koei （1999, 2000）Master Plan

Mekong River Commission（2001）Report of the Water and land use of the Mekong River Basin

Mekong River Commission (2005) BDP. The MRC Basin Development Plan. Sub-area Report: - The

Central Lao Sub-area (SA4L)

Mubajir Utomo, Afandi, Maryanto MT, Arifani, 2004, Watershed Erosion Analysis and Simulation

Modelling of River Channel Erosion in Tulang Bawang River Basion, Southeast Asia Policy Research

Working Paper, No. 8

Patrice Levang, Baslian K. Yoza, Diana Etty and Haryati Etty (1999) Not Every Could has a Silver Lining:

Crop Farmers in Transmigration Areas, Working Paper 99.16,

http: //www.adelaide.edu.au/cies/papers/iwp9916.pdf

Presentation of Lao-Thai project on Num Ngum River development by MAF in 1998.

Republic of Indonesia (2003) Water resources management towards enhancement of effective water

governance in Indonesia,

http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/Library/Publications_and_reports/country_reports/report

_Indonesia.pdf

JICA （2006）Technical position paper on irrigation in Laos conducted by Hideyuhi and Kanamori

Sustaining Indonesia’s Forests (2006) Strategy for the World Bank, 2006-2009

http: //siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-

1152870963030/IDForestStrategy.pdf?resourceurlname=IDForestStrategy.pdf

JICA and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2001) Master plan study on integrated agricultural

development in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. KRI international Corp. (Tokyo),

3 volumes.

MAF（1999）Irrigation Projects in Laos

Hydraulic Institute of Hanoi（2000）Water Resources Study report on the left bank of the Num Ngum River

Basin

Integrated Watershed Management Unit (IWU), MAF（2006）Draft information of Num Ngum watershed

Water Resources Coordination Community（2006）Draft report on Num Ngum River Basin Development

MAF（2007）National Statistic from 1975-2007 (in Lao Language)

The Government of Laos Water resources and irrigation development policy 1996-2000 (in English);

2006-2010draft report (in Lao Language)

86

Lao National Mekong Committee（2007）Presentation on Development Support Framework Modeling,

case studying in Num Ngum river basin

National Statistics Center of the Lao PDR (2003) Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2002/2003

(LECS 3)

National Statistics Center of the Lao PDR (2005) Population and Housing Census 2005

Philip Hirsch and Khamla Phanvilay（1998）Community-Based Natural Resource Management and

Watershed Resource Conflicts: A case study from Nam Ngum, Lao PDR, International Workshop

The International Energy Agency (2002) IEA Hydropower Implementing Agreement Annex VIII –

Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits: Case Study 12-02:

Benefits due to Dam Function – Nam Ngum I Hydropower Plant, Lao PDR http:

//www.ieahydro.org/reports/Annex_VIII_CaseStudy1202_NamNgum1_Laos.pdf

FAO (1999) Flood Management and Mitigation in the Mekong River Basin

http: //www.fao.org/docrep/004/ac146e/AC146E00.HTM

国際協力事業団 1977年ラオス人民民主共和国タゴン農場改修計画基本設計調査報告書

国際協力事業団 2003年ラオス人民民主共和国森林保全復旧計画フェーズ II終了時評価報告書

国際協力事業団 2002年第 4次インドネシア国別援助研究会報告書

http: //www.jica.go.jp/branch/ific/jigyo/report/country/pdf/2001_03.pdf

丹治肇 2004年国際河川メコン川の水利用・管理システム

http: //www.jst.go.jp/kisoken/crest/report/heisei16/pdf/pdf14/14_1/010.pdf

石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構 1999年ラオスの鉱業投資振興政策及び環境政策

http: //www.jogmec.go.jp/mric_web/kogyojoho/1999-03/1999-03-04.pdf

Interviews:

Prof. Michael R. Dove, Margaret K. Musser Professor of Social Ecology, School of Forestry and

Environmental Studies, Yale University

Mr. Nagaoka Akira, JICA Expert for Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Lao PDR

Mr. Somunuk Chanthaseth, Director of Planning and Cooperation Division, Department of Irrigation,

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Lao PRD

Mr. Thatheva Saphangthong, DD of Information Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Lao PDR

Mr. Khammay Vongsathiane, Deputy Director Technical Division, Irrigation Department, Ministry of

Agricuture-Forestry Irrigation Department, Lao PDR

Mr. Somphathay Liengsone, Project Administrator, Department of Planning, Nam Ngum River Basin

Development Sector Project

Mr. Arinal Djunaedi, Forest Service of Lampung Province

Mr. Edwin Bangsaratoe, Forest and Estate Service of east Lampung Regency

Mr. Darwin, Irrigation Service of Lampung Province

Mr. Chrisna, Irrigation Service of East Lampung Regency

Mrs. Rely, Provincial Research and development of Lampung Province

Mr. Makoto Yamane, JICA Indonesia

Mr. Katsuhiko Ohara, JICA Indonesia

Mr. Makoto Hatano, JICA Laos

87

Appendix II Review Committee

1) The first review committee

The fist review committee

Date: February 2, 2007 14: 00～16: 00

Place: The Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan

Subjects:

• Explanation about the project and report on the preliminary visit

• Discussion about approach

ii. Survey items

iii. Procedures

• Discussion about the final report

• Discussion about the workshop

• The date for the second review committee

2) The second review committee

The second review committee

Date: March 5, 2007 10: 00～12: 00

Place: Sanjyo Kaikan, The University of Tokyo, Meeting Room - No.001

Subjects:

• Explanation about the project and report on the research

• Discussion about the conservation manual which should be prepared during the

following 2 years.

• Discussion about the final report

• Discussion about the workshop

88

Appendix III Workshop

1) Indonesia

a) Schedule

Table 37: Workshop schedule in Way Japara

No Time Topics Resources Person Moderator

1 09.00–09.15 Opening Ceremony The President University/ The

Dean of agriculture Faculty

MC

2 09.15-09.45 The Provincial Government Policy

at Way Jepara Catchment Area

Head of Forest Service of

Lampung province

Dr. Bustomi

Rosadi

3 09.45-10.00 The Regency Policy at Way

Jepara Catchment area

Head of Forest and Estate

Service of East Lampung

Regency

Ahmad Tusi,

STP

4 10.00-11.00 Soil and water conservation at

Way Jepara catchment Area

Organizer-Bustomi Ir. Oktafri,

M.Si.

5 11.30-12.30 Stock management and the

catchment

Prof. James Nickum Dr. Bustomi

Rosadi

6. 12.00-13.30 Closing ceremony and Lunch Organizing Committee

7. 13.30-15.00 Non formal discussion with the

farmer

Prof J. Nickum, Dr. Bustomi, Ms.

Chisa Ogura, Ahmad Tusi, Mr.

Supardi, Mr. Suyoto, Mr. Yulianto,

and Mr. Agus Sumali

WORKSHOP

THE ROLE OF WAY JEPARA CATCHMENT AREA

IN “STOCK MANAGEMENT” OF IRRIGATION WATER

IN THE FRAME OF COOPERATION BETWEEN

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE OF LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY AND PROMAR JAPAN

UPTD Balai Pelatihan Kesehatan Provinsi Lampung, March 15th, 2007

89

b) List of attendants

Table 38: List of the attendants

Name Organization

Prof. James E. Nickum Asian Water and Resources Institute

Chisa Ogura Research Consultant Promar Japan

Dr. Bustomi Rosadi, M.S. Dosen Jurusan Teknik Pertanian

Ahmad Tusi, S.TP Dosen Teknik Pertanian

Ir. Gunardi Djoko W, M.Si. Ketua Jur. Manajemen Hutan

Ir. Nugroho Haryono Dosen Teknik Pertanian

Dr. Rofandi Hartanto, M.P Sekretaris Jurusan Teknik Pertanian

Ir. Oktafri, M.Si Dosen Teknik Pertanian

Ir. Budianto Lanya, M.T. Dosen Teknik Pertanian

Diding Suhandy, S.TP., M.Agr. Dosen Teknik Pertanian

Dr. Ir. Afandi Dosen Ilmu Tanah

Ir. Teguh Endaryanto, M.Si Dosen Sosek

Ir. Hurip Santoso, M.Si Dosen Sosek

Ir. Rita Manik, M.Sc Dosen Agromet-Unila

Prof. Dr. Ir. Muhajir Utomo, M.Sc Rektor Universitas Lampung

Dr. Ir. Hamim Sudarsono, M.Sc Dekan Fakultas Pertanian

Prof. Dr. Ir. Muhajir Utomo, M.Sc Rektor Universitas Lampung

Dr. Ir. Hamim Sudarsono, M.Sc Dekan Fakultas Pertanian

Endro P.W Staf Peneliti LP Unila

Guntur, H Staf Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Lampung

Ir. Darwin Efendi Kasubdin Bina OP Dinas Pengairan Provinsi Lampung

Zainul Bachri Staf Dinas Pengairan Propinsi

Sukar Kasubdin OP Dinas Pengairan Propinsi

Ir. Heru Pramono Staf Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kab. Lampung Timur

Ir. Crisna Putra Kepala Dinas Pengairan Kab. Lampung Timur

Supadi Kepala UPTD Gunung Balak, Lampung Timur

Mucholis Camat Way Jepara

Isroni, M Camat Sekampung Udik

Fajar, S Camat Sribawono

Sutarno Kasi Tramtib Dinas Kehutana Lampung Timur

Suyoto Kasubsi Pembinaan dan Pemberdayaan Amasyarakat UPT Gn

Balak

Sofian LIBAS

Gunawan LIBAS

Rismulyus Kasi Program Dinas Kehutan Lamtim

Pujiono Ketua IP3A Way Jepara

Ahmad Ketua GP3A Tri Maju Karya

Sutrisno Ketua GP3A Tri Jaya Tunggal

Sugito Ketua GP3A Sri Rejeki

Wignyo Susanto Ketua GP3A Lestari Makmur

Selamet S Ketua GP3A Way Jaya Mandiri

90

Suripno Staf Cabang Dinas Pengairan Way Jepara

Mardjiyanto Staf Cabang Dinas Pengairan Way Jepara

Suleh Kelompok Tani Sri Mulyo

Rudy Kiswoyo Kelompok Tani Sri Mulyo

Tulus Kelompok Tani Sri Mulyo

Suyitno Kelompok Tani Srikaloka

Susanto Kelompok Tani Srikaloka

Saima Kelompok Tani Srikaloka

Nyoman Degong Kelompok Tani Srikaloka

Putu Sudarma Kelompok Tani Srikaton

Heru S Kelompok Tani Srikaton

Sukisno Kelompok Tani Ogan Jaya

Tugino Kelompok Tani Ogan Jaya

Dadi Kelompok Tani Bandung Jaya

Mujianto Kelompok Tani Bandung Jaya

Dewa Aji Kelompok Tani Way Habar

Isya Warni Kelompok Tani Way Habar

c) Presentation materials

Session II: Prof Bustomi Rosadi presentation: （In Indonesian）

91

92

93

94

95

96

Session III: Prof James Nickum presentation:

97

98

99

d) Proceedings

I. Session I: Panel Discussion.

Presenter: 1) Heru Pramono ( Forest and Estate Service of East Lampung Regency) : The

Government Policy in managing of catchment area of Way Jepara East Lampung Regency.

The function of Way Jepara Dam:

- Eksploitation of land and water

- Tourism

- Flood control

- Fishery

- Fresh water for domestic need

The area of the catchment was ± 24.022 Ha:

- Protection forest : ± 22.292,50 Ha was critical condition, at present

- Others : ± 1.700 Ha

According to the law (UU) no. 41

The function of the forest:

- Conservation

- Protection

- Production

The Condition of Way Jepara Catchment area:

- Erosion hazard � at level III

- The ratio discharge Wet season: dry season is too high

- Flood

The efforts which has been done:

1. In the forest area:

- Reforestation

- Re-immigration to the North of Lampung area

After Reformation era, the problems come back � too complex

Dimension

2. Out of the forest area:

- Social forestry

- Social forestry

- Reforestation

The cause factors of the damage of catchment area:

- Land exploitation > Bearing capacity of land

- Land use was not suitable

- Land use was not environmentally sound

- There is no rehabilitation

The policy of Lampung Government � Forest Service of Lampung Province:

- Optimization of the function and benefit of natural resources � Sustainable

development from upstream to downstream

- Improvement the forest protection

- The law enforcement � illegal logging

- Establishment of the forest area � e.g. the forest boundary

- Improvement and accelerate the forest rehabilitation/ reforestation

100

- To improve the community participation � Student activity, etc.

- To improve the potential of the non-tree production of the forest

Presenter: 2) Guntur H ( Forest Service of Lampung Province) : The Government Policy in

managing of catchment area of Way Jepara East Lampung Regency

Policy:

- Reforestation of the protection forest as a regulator of water yield

- Re-immigration program (local transmigration)

- Reforestation

- Forest Rehabilitation movement

VISION:

To build the integrated of forest and estate development, strong, high competition, conservation and

environmentally sound, and agribusiness orientation in the frame to improve the community welfare

MISION:

To improve the management of integrated forest and estate and environmentally sound

Discussion:

Question:

1) Crisna, the Head of Irrigation Service of East Lampung:

The design area of Way Jepara Irrigation System was 6651 ha.

But, in the year 1997 irrigate around 5590 ha

Now, in the year 2007 just irrigate 4126 ha

What happen in the catchment area? Just within ten (10) years the service area decrease from

5590 ha to 4126 ha?

The Implementation of government policy on the field is difficult, within ten years the functional

irrigation area decreases so rice production decrease ± 900 ton/ year

� On the field problem is limited of water availability << ~ catchment area was critic

2) Darwin, Staff of Irrigation Provincial Service.

What is the ideal condition of the catchment area?

How to make the cooperation between upper side and downside of the Way Jepara Dam?

How to use the forest at catchment area?

How the consultant solves the problem Way Jepara catchment area?

What kind of policy will be decided by the Forest Service of Lampung Province to maintain the

catchment area?

3) Though, the lecture staff of the Social Economic Department of Agriculture Faculty the

University of Lampung.

There is a need a rule/law to assure that the farmer at the catchment can take

the benefit in planting trees (Multi Purpose Trees Species, MPTS).

If the farmers plant the MPTS, they must be waiting for long time before

harvesting. Can they mix with food crops, animal husbandry, fish, etc. ?

Is there any regulation in planting MPTS? How about the minimum area must

be planted by the farmer ?

How to assure the community/ farmer to meet they need for they life when

there is a change from food crops to MPTS?

There is a waiting time before the harvest of MPTS?

How many ha the ideal of area can be cultivated by the farmer?

101

Answer:

1) There are three function of the forest:

a. Conservation/ protection

b. Production, and

c. Consumption

So there is a need the redesign of the layout of catchment area.

There is some strategic program of Forest Service of Lampung Province. Two of them are: 1)

Law enforcement and 2) To establish the boundary of the forest area.

2) There is the cooperation between East Lampung Regency and the University of Indonesia. And

they have been conducting the discussion with all stakeholders. This cooperation was about

Social Forestry.

3) In principle, the government policy was good, but the implementation to the field is difficult.

II Session II: Bustomi presentation.

Presentation:

Cycles of water:

Water receive – Water loss = Water storage

- precipitation - run-off - ∆ soil water content

- embun - percolation - surface storage

- adsorption - evaporation

When heavy rainfall in the short time the formula above change to be:

Precipitation - Water storage = Run-off

Land Capability:

- Can be cultivated

Class I s/d Class IV (d) e.

- Limited cultivated

Class V.e

- Can not be cultivated

Class VI.e

Soil and Water Conservation Techniques:

- Vegetative method

Reforestation

Grass

Permanent cover crops

Strip cropping

Mulch

Lining the drainage canal by grass

- Mechanic method

Cultivation

Contour cultivation

Ditch contour

Terracing

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Drainage and Irrigation system

Dam, pond, sediment trap, embankment, etc.

Conservation Vs Development:

� The World Conservation Union (IUCN) + United Environment Programmed (UNEP) + World

Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

World Conservation Strategy

Community participatio0n:

� One of factors that cause of the soil and water conservation efforts fail was low of community

participation

Question:

1) Asep Kusdinar, the staff of the Forest and Estate Service of the East Lampung Regency.

The problem in Mount Balak was complex (multi-problem)

The condition of catchment area now: 76 % was cultivated, and 24 % was general facility

(road) and swampy area

At least cover three problems:

a) Law problem,

b) Institution problem, and

c) Social and culture problem

2) Mr. Mukolis (The head of Way Jepara Sub-Regency)

� Lay out problem � the data between Forest Service and Regency was not the same

3) Mr. Putu (Farmer Group at catchment area)

The farmer aware to plant MPTS by themselves � they need guidance and seeds

They need a rule to assure whether they can cultivate or not according to the land capability

map.

There is no Dam/ reservoir to catch the water in the upper side.

4) Mr. Pujianto (Head of IP3A Way Jepara)

How about then availability of water from the Way Jepara dam? Actually the function area

now just 2000 ha? And the rotation to another 2000ha was to late (two months)

5) Mr. Affandi

The principle of soil and water conservation � If the forest was cultivated by the farmer, there is

a need land recovery with the new lay-out/ restoring

III. Session III: Prof James Nickum presentation:

Question:

1) Teguh, the lecture staff of the Social Economic Department of Agriculture Faculty

the University of Lampung

The conclusion of the presenter actually was the actual problem now. How to

solve the problem?

2) Crisna

There is a need a coordination program to solve those problems, especially at

103

regency level.

3) Slamet (WUA)

There is so many irrigation infrastructure was not function?

The planting season this year was delay?

Because of limiting water supply from the Way Jepara dam.

There is a need step-by-step solution to increase the water availability of the

dam

4) Gunardi, the lecture staff of the Forest management Department of Agriculture

Faculty the University of Lampung.

Compare to the Japan condition, there is a need a change of culture.

The close remark of the workshop:

To solve the problem of the Way Jepara Catchments area, there is a need deeply consideration and carefully,

so:

1) There is a need to conduct the deep study about:

a) Basic need analysis of the farmer at the catchments area

b) Socio, economic, and culture study

c) Soil and water conservation study

2) There is a need the institutional building

3) There is a need the capacity building

4) There is a need a rule to assure:

a) the land can be cultivated or not

b) the settlement area (legally or not)

5) There is a need the law enforcement

J Nickum notes

Conversation with president of Lampung U., Prof. Muhajir Utomo, Ph.D., U Kentucky

Four of five watersheds in Lampung have water problems. Lampung is one of the poorest provinces in

Indonesia, 4th or 6

th from bottom. 2.5 million of the 7 million people here live in poverty. Prof. Muhajir is

second-generation immigrant, family from South Java. His wife is Lampungnese. Relations between

kolonasi and Lampungnese are good. Those who came in colonial times had a drive to succeed; this is not

the case with newer immigrants.

Lampung University has over 20,000 students. There are about 12 technical universities in Sumatra. A high

percentage of LU’s students come from outside Lampung, e.g., west Java and north Sumatra.

Q&A after first presentation (Lampung Province, Rida)

Irrigation official We expect the dam to work, but it is silted up.

Socioeconomic professor LU Economics is the key. People want to eat. It is not easy for them to change

from crops to trees. Can’t we have agro forestry that gives them income from trees?

A: It’s hard for the province to enforce laws because of the condition of the people. More reclamation would

cause water quality to fall. There is no natural forest left in the catchment. There are commercial crops in the

forest, such as coffee and cocoa. There are trees there but they want more forest to keep the water clean.

It’s complicated. They ask people to stay out of the forest, but they come back again. They don’t know the

mission. The most important thing is to educate the people in the area. Way Jepara is not the largest

watershed in Lampung, but it is important. There is not much they can do about the watershed. (some of this

104

may be from the regency presentation and Q&A)

Bustomi presentation

Hydrology to conditions in Way Jepara to user organizations, and understanding of need for trees

Q: government official In 2002, 75% of the area was settled. Economics is the most important. They need

to socialize the rules for protecting forests. Ideal would be an empty watershed, but can’t do that, so need to

consider institutions. Government needs to sit together with the local community.

Planting crops is related to culture. There is no experience with trees by people from Java and Bali. A key

point is culture. Then comes socioeconomic. First, we need strict rules.

Government official Some of the catchment is also outside the protected forest area. Some belongs

traditionally to the community, as family land. But it was changed to protected forests. The government

should formalize traditional rights.

Official or Bustomi We need a strict map. Data vary. They we can socialize the community about what is

protected area or a future village. Three is a dispute over just what is a protected area. If people don’t know,

they may go ahead and plant. It’s not always the peoples’ fault if property rights are not clear.

Some rules are from the ministry in Jakarta. They are not necessarily appropriate to local conditions.

Butu (Putu?), leader of farmer group: We will support projects for the government but give us a choice to

earn an income. If wood and forest products will give us an income, we have no problem with that. We also

need to have property rights. Can we have small dams? What’s in it for us if we protect the dam below?

You should be fair.

Bustomi The 1974 soils map was not possessed by the Forestry Department. The FD didn’t communicate

with the community.

Pujiyono (WUA leader). Even though it is rainy season, only 1 of three districts can get water. The

government has many voices. Need to bring together stakeholders. It’s too confusing if done part by part.

We need to deal with each other directly.

Soil physics expert: When the soil has been opened it is almost impossible to put it back. The problem is

now conservation. The most important thing is where you plant. I don’t agree with reforestation. It’s better to

have a zone map.

Moderator. Some trees consume water.

Q&A after Nickum presentation

Socioeconomic professor The conclusions are the problem. How can we do it?

Official The problem now is drought, not flood. Is it too late? Planting time is shifting.

Review of questionnaire with the farmers and officials

Balinese came in 63/64. In 1976 the sub regency (went to?) Gn Bolah. In 1983 it was erased, but 3 villages

didn’t moved. It was done step-by-step so they stayed because politics changed. They were to be moved in

1995. About 15% of people came back, not just Bali. Others who came in were from the surrounding area,

other provinces, even Java. Now 40% are Balinese. Others are Java, Sunda, Kampung.

The 1997 economic crisis caused people to come back, for some reason.

Forestation 1983-88 was a 90% success. There was a full forest. In 1997 people came back. The trees

were rapid growers for timber. When they were cut down they were only used for burning; they were not sold

[Butu; really????] There was good soil there when they were cut, but by 2003 they began to use chemical

fertilizer.

105

The population is the same after return as it was before.

Rawa Habar was dredged beginning in 2002, but stopped in 2003. Then someone came and opened the

fields while they were waiting. They need law enforcement to evict the interlopers [re Butu]. They are waiting

for the government to decide. It they can cultivate it, they will get rid of the squatters.

In 2006, 150 ha were reforested with multiple purpose trees species such as rubber and durian. Each

household has these trees.

Each of the new villages has a relationship with a registered village nearby outside the catchment.

Sri Widodo 800 households; Sri Kaloka 743 households; Sri Katon, 160; Mulyo 700; Bandung Jaya, 150,

Ogan Jaya, 300; Way Abar ???; Sidodadi, 240. One household is about 4 people. People in Ogan Jaya

have another home outside the catchment. About 10% of Bandung Jaya is like this. Immigration increases

from year to year. They come without knowing anyone in the catchment. Farm laborers come and build a

new house. They have no village coherence. They just come. These days most are from the catchment.

They “only eat” in the catchment, no motorcycles or wealth goods. [in response to question as to whether

they are better off than those in the irrigation district, phrased as what goods do you have]

106

2) Laos

a) Schedule

08.00 08.30 Registration

08.30 08.40 Opening Remarks Chisa Ogura

(Research Consultant

of Promar Japan)

08.40 09.00 Introduction of participants Facilitated by

Fongsamuth

09.00 09.30 Presentation 1

• Concept and purpose of the project

• Scope and limitation of study

• Expectation from the study

Dr. Nickum (Vice

President and Japan

Manager of Asian

Water and Resources

Institute-AWARI)

09.30 10.00 Presentation 2

• Situation of pilot site

• Existing information

• The possible effects of catchment on

irrigation facility and its management

Fongsamuth

(Water Resource

Engineering

Department, National

University of Laos)

10.00 10.15 Coffee Break

10.15 11.45 - Discussion and brainstorming comments from

participants

- Discussion topics will be raised on the screen

Facilitated by Dr.

Nickum

/Ogura/Fongsamuth

11.45 11.55 Summary of discussion Dr. Nickum (AWARI)

11.55 12.00 Closing Remark Dr. Nickum (AWARI)

b) List of attendants

No. Name Organization Contact

(Tel No., Email)

1 Mr. Bunharb Num Houm Irrigation Project 020-7703023

107

2 Mr. Thid Thuene Head of Water User Group (Farmer) ,

Num Houm Irrigation Project

020-7618838

3 Mr. Somvang Water Resource Coordination

Committee

021-218737

4 Dr. James Nickum Promar Japan 81-3-6222-0003

5 Ms. Chisa Ogura Promar Japan 81-3-6222-0003

6 Mr. Khammay

Vongsathiane

Dept of Irrigation, MAF 020-5915892

7 Mr. Souphan Gnabandith WAD, Ministry of Transportation

Communication Post Construction

(MCTPC)

020-5607969

8 Mr. Somphathay Num Ngum Development Sector

Project, Office National Project

Manager

020-5404651

9 Mr. Ohetsamone

Khanophet

Lao National Mekong Committee

(LNMC)

020-5585380

10 Mr. Ouane Head of KM 6 Irrigation Project, Tha

Ngon

020-5521755

11 Mr. Aloune Sayavong Lao National Mekong Committee

(LNMC)

020-5762569

12 Mr. Somesavan Head of Water User Group (Farmer),

KM 6 Irrigation Project

020-5494858

13 Mr. Khamkol Head of Water User Group (Farmer),

KM 6 Irrigation Project

14 Mr. Chanit Kokphosi Model Farmer, KM6 Irrigation Project 021-461393

15 Mr. Bounsone Tha Ngon Irrigation Project 020-5900799

16 Mr. SayKham Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane

Capital

020-5502301

17 Mr. Somnuk Chanthaseth Dept of Irrigation, MAF 020-2244905

18 Mr. Chansaveng Dept of Electricity and Hydropower choungmong@yah

oo.com

19 Mr. Chanthanome

Douangdara

Water Supply Dept, MTCPC chanthanomelua@

hotmail.com

20 Mr. Fongsamuth National University of Laos, Water

Resources Engineering Dept.

fongsamuth@mrc

mekong.org

108

c) Workshop materials

Session I: Fongsamuth Phengphaengsy presentation

109

110

111

112

113

114

Session II: Prof James Nickum presentation

（Same as the one for Way Jepara）

Concept paper

1. General

The Promar Japan, a consultant company based on research activity, is required by

the Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry (MAFF) of Japan to conduct preliminary

survey on the effect of catchments on irrigation facility and its efficient management.

The study is expected to be helpful for Laos and other Asian developing countries,

where the management of irrigation facilities is one of the major problems.

2. Purposes of the workshop

• To introduce the study concept to participants and local organizations

• To present a summary of the pilot situation based on second hand -

collected data

• To discuss and brainstorm idea from participants who have relevant

experience on watershed management on the pilot size of Num Ngum

river Basin or on other watersheds areas in Laos, especially regarding

possible effect of upstream watershed on irrigation system facility and

management

• To realize the comments and recommendations contributed by

participants in order to improve the report and develop the study concept.

3. Date and Duration

Due to limited time, the workshop will be conducted only half a day on 13 of March

2007.

4. Participants

Around 20 participants are expected to be invited to the workshop. A representative of

each organization below is invited to attend to the workshop.

• Water Resources Coordination Community (WRCC)

• Hydropower Office (HPO)

• Integrated Watershed Management Unit (IWMU)

• International Water Management Institute, National Agriculture and

Forestry Research Institute (IWMI, NAFRI)

• Lao National Mekong Committee (LNMC)

• Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (DOI, MAF)

• Water Supply Department, Ministry of Transportation Communication Post

Construction (WSD, WWD, MTCPC)

• Water Way Department, Ministry of Transportation Communication Post

Construction (WSD, WWD, MTCPC)

• Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ministry of Agriculture and

Forestry (DMH, MAF)

• Mekong River Commission Secretariat (GTZ, MRC)

115

• Water Resource engineering Department (Tad Thong), National University

of Laos The Office of the National Project Manager (ONPM), Planning

Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

• JICA

• KM 6 irrigation Project

• Tha Ngon Irrigation Project

• Num Houm Irrigation Project

• Farmer Groups from above irrigation projects

• NGOs

5. Venue

The workshop will be held at Lao Plaza Hotel at May Hall Room, Vientiane, LaoPDR

6. Implementing Agency

Promar Japan, a research consultant company in Japan, in collaboration with Water

Resource Engineering Department at the National University of Laos.

7. Materials

• Information on workshop program, project document, and concept note are

attached with invitation letter.

• The copy of power Point Presentation and other related information will be

provided at the workshop.

8. Transportation Cost

The Promar Japan will cover transportation costs for each participant.

116

Concept paper (Lao)

117

118

119

d) Proceedings

Question from Irrigation Division, MAF (Somnuk)

• Why do you choose Nam Ngum river basin as project site?

• ADB carried out study about Nam Ngum river basin already.

• Concerning the basin, effect of the dam development of catchment (hydropower, by

2010)– NNH II is very important.

• Gold mining exploration in Vientiane Province is a concern.

• Sedimentation downstream of dam is no problem.

• Also, water is very clean.

• Km6 uses Nam Ngum water project for its supply.

• Cost of implementation is the problem.

• NN I water flow - max 2,000㎥/s. NN II storage will give more capacity to manage flood.

• According to that, there is very minor impact downstream from the dams.

• My concern is why you select NNWB?

Answer from Dr. Nickum and Ogura

• The project site is selected by the Japanese MAFF.

• Tha Ngon is the first irrigation project in Japanese grant projects.

• It is very useful to know who the actors are in this project area.

Comment from Irrigation Division MAF (Khammay)

• How can we get the Japanese government to support Laos?

• We believe NNRB does not face many problems, but there is flooding in Vientiane

Province.

• 5 irrigation projects are in the NNRB area.

• We should monitor upstream deforestation.

• There is also Nam Lik Hydropower Plant study.

• The only problem is flood. If the dam is constructed, there will be no more flood.

• There are many water users in upstream.

• Look at the sector policy in Tha Ngon – applied IWRM.

Comment of Fongsamuth

• Hydropower may impact on irrigation.

• Catchment sedimentation and mining activity are potential matters for concern.

• Also, besides Tha Ngon, other projects – KM6, Num Houm, etc. -- would face almost

the same situation.

120

Integrated Watershed Management Unit (IWU), MAF

• Three components are important.

o Modeling

o Future scenario writing

o Relationship between Tha Ngon and Laos

Comment from Hydropower office (Soupanh Somphat)

• We are concerned with different sectors

o We are in the Prime Minister’s Office

o Integrated water management (IWRM)

o We deal with the Ministry of Energy and Mines, and the MAF

• The Nam Ngum dam operation is a matter of concern. It is not primarily for irrigation.

• We are not concerned only with hydropower. We also consider flood and drought. So

there is little reason to worry.

• We plan to link Nam Ngum with its 23 sub-watersheds into our Integrated Watershed

Management

• Regarding shifting cultivation, xienkhuan province has projects promoting the

replanting of trees. But we need to learn how to promote replanting, how to protect the

forest area, how to shift people from shifting cultivation to improving water quality. This

is difficult to implement.

• In this area, most of projects are supported by ADB and IFD, with a small amount of

support from Japan

Mekong River Committee

• As you know, NNRB is big and very important basin, a priority basin for the government

• Many organizations are involved in NN

• From the planning view, NN has no master plan

• Many sectors are involved: hydropower, mining. Regarding mining, there is no concern

so far, but there may be a problem of quality in the near future.

• Regarding irrigation, management is a more important issue than upstream factors.

How can we manage program handover.

• Farmers need electricity to use water. What should we do about the electricity fee?

The government gives a 70% subsidy.

• New need to improve crop species and marketing to increase farm incomes to make

the irrigation system sustainable. But the farmers have herd behavior when we

introduce markets.

• Cropping strategy is very important.

121

• I don’t understand stock management. We don’t have the positive conditions of Japan,

like abundant data.

• You can cooperate with many agencies in the Lao government in the next stages.

Comment from Dr. Nickum

• The timing of reform may be important..

Irrigation division, MAF (Khammay)

• The quality of sticky rice in Laos is good. Rice can be exported to Japan. But we need

market development.

• Electricity is a very important issue.

Comment from the representative of KM6 project (Bonnsone)

• It would be useful for us to do the next phase of this project. We need more projects.

We need to study from the past.

• We want someone to study our area.

• I have been working on the KM6 project since 1994. There was a bad drought and

flood. In 1995, flood continued in Vientiane for almost 1 week.

• The 1995’ flood was caused by the Mekong as well as the Nam Ngum River.

• This year, it is now the dry season – in March, the water is very low. The river may go

below the intake; it is already getting close. I am worrying since April is the harvest

season. There are fears that the water level will be very low.

• In this year, there might not be enough water for paddy.

• We afraid water – because of erosion and no rain

• In the last 5-10 years, water was very clean compared to Mekong River. Quality was

good.

• We will tell the result of this workshop to our farmers in Tha Ngon and KM6 to educate

them.

• We are using 18-20 cu.m/ha in the dry season.

• Unfortunately, paddy is not a good product for marketing

• Once the crop was 2.8-3.0 mt/ha in the dry season; but after the KM6 project, it rose to

5.0-6.0mt/ha

• I feel the water level is declining year by year. In some areas, such as the Tha Ngon

Bridge, sand islands appear every year in the dry season.

• The Nam Ngum provides water supply as well as irrigation. This is already 20,000-

30,000 cu.m./day for water supply, and it may increase in the future.

• The farmers say if there is water, we will cultivate paddy and cash corps. My project

has 1500 households.

• I’m not sure what will happen with climate change.

122

Department of Electricity (Chansowang)

• Responding to the concerns of the irrigators, they could lower their intake of the water

supply if the fiver falls. We will divert water from elsewhere into the NN basin.

• There are 10 potential dam sites.

• 4 existing dams

o NN1

o Num Lik

o Num Tum

o Num Sum

• NN2 will be done by 2011, producing 15 Mw; NN3, by 2013.

• We are designing NN4 and NN5, as well as Nam Soang.

• NN2 and NN3 are big dams, with flood control functions. After all three dams are

complete, we can have good flood control via a cascade.

• We estimated 400 mt/sq. km/ann sediment on the NN1, but actually it’s only 30% of that

when we checked it 20 years after construction.

• Water level management

o We are managing the water level. We release water 16-24 hours a day. We

have 5 units. But we do not stop all units, but 2 or 3 units.

o We are avoiding fluctuation of water supply

• Water supply is very good in Laos. Problems are more in production and pest disease

control.

Comment from MTCPT

• Ministry’s major concern is population increase.

• Water quality is good. We are also planning to supply water to Thailand. So we have

plenty of water compared to the neighboring countries.

• Even with population growth, our country still has a water surplus.

Comment from farmer

• Our life depends on the river, and water management within the irrigation system.

Before we had upstream-downstream conflicts. Now downstream can take water first,

as the supply is good. Some years, but not all, production costs are high.

Comment from Water Supply Division official (Soupanh)

• The temperature is too high now; this affects the Nam Ngum Rier. We are not

concerned to date about quality. Urbanization is the biggest problem. We have a

model about the water level.

Comment from BPD, LNMC

123

• We are a landlocked country. Many factors come into play. We are rich in water

resources. We have a plan to transfer to Northeast Thailand. We need to learn more

about neighboring countries, to have a master plan on water management. Multiple

uses of water indicate a need for IWRM.

Comment from Tha Ngon

• Water level is low in this year. Flood occurs every year. Average 150-200ha is affected

by flood.

• Another project has had drought form 2003 to now. Problems, in my opinion, are

shifting cultivation and rainfall. Population growth means less water available.

124

Appendix IV Other materials related to Way Jepara

1) Questionnaire

Questions are of Way Jepara Catchment Area

In the frame of “Supplemental Study Catchment of Way Jepara, East Lampung”

Petunjuk Pengisian : Isilah pertanyaan dibawah ini dengan memberi tanda silang ( X ).

Ada beberapa pertanyaan yang bisa dijawab lebih dari 1.

A. Respondent Identity :

1. Name :

2. Sex : a. Man b. Woman

3. Age : a. 16 s/d 20 th e. 36 s/d 40 th i. 56 s/d 60 th

b. 21 s/d 25 th f. 41 s/d 45 th j. 61 s/d 65 th

c. 26 s/d 30 th g. 46 s/d 50 th k. 66 s/d 70 th

d. 31 s/d 35 th h. 51 s/d 55 th l. > 70 th

4. Place : …………………….

5. Religion : a. Islam c. Kristen Katolik e. Budha

b. Kristen Protestan d. Hindu

6. Clan : a. Lampung c. Sunda e. dll (Sebutkan : ………….)

b. Jawa d. Bali

B. Land cultivation :

6. Area of land cultivation : ha

7. Land locvation : a. Ex. Sri Widodo d. Ex. Sri Kato g. Rawa Habar

b. Ex. Sri Kaloka e. Ex. Bandung Jaya h. Lain-lain :

c. Ex. Sri Mulyo f. Ex. Ogan Jaya

……………

8.Cropping pattern : a. Monokultur b. Mix farming

9. If Mix farming, give explanation:

……………………………………………….

……………………………………………….

10. The type and number of tree:

a. Rengas ( … batang) g. Citrus ( … batang) m. Petai (…. Batang)

b. Sonokeling ( … batang) h. Cacao ( … batang) n. Coffee (…. Batang)

c. Coconut ( … batang) i. Vanili ( … batang) o. Others : ……….

d. Durian ( … batang) j. Clove ( … batang)

e. Rambutan ( … batang) k. Lada ( … batang)

f. Rubber ( … batang) l. Jengkol ( … batang)

11. The type and ha of food crops:

a. Lowland paddy ( … ha) e. Cassava ( ... ha)

b. Upland paddy ( … ha) f. Soybean ( … ha)

125

c. Corn ( … ha) g. Sweet potato ( … ha)

d. Groundnut ( … ha) h. Others : ..… ( … ha)

12. Do you use labour for cultivate of land :

a. Yes b. No

13. If the answer of No. 12 : Yes, How many labour per ha:

a. 1 person b. 2 persons c. others : ……. Orang

14. The average salary of the labour per month:

a. < Rp. 500.000 d. Rp. 1.500.000 s/d Rp. 2.000.000

b. Rp. 500.000 s/d Rp. 1.000.000 e. > Rp. 2.000.000

c. Rp. 1.000.000 s/d Rp. 1.500.000

C. Others :

15. Daily transportation using:

a. Foot (Walk) c. Motorcycle e. Others : ……………….

b. Bicycle d. Car

16. The transportation for the agriculture tools/equipment and yield using:

a. Foot (Walk) c. Motorcycle e. Others : ……………….

b. Bicycle d. Car

17. Are you using vechicle by rent?:

a. Yes b. No

18. If the answer No. 14 : Yes, How much per trip : Rp. ……………..

19. How about productivity of your land :

a. Corn : …… ton / ha e. Others : …………….

b. Cacao : ……ton / ha

c. Coffee : ……ton / ha

d. Paddy : ……ton / ha

20. How much the price of your commodity:

a. Corn : Rp. / kg e. Others : ………………

b. Cacao : Rp. / kg

c. Coffee : Rp. / kg

d. Paddy : Rp. / kg

21. The average income per year:

a. < Rp. 5.000.000,- e. Rp. 20.000.000 s/d Rp. 30.000.000

b. Rp. 5.000.000 s/d Rp. 10.000.000 f. Rp. 30.000.000 s/d Rp. 50.000.000

c. Rp. 10.000.000 s/d Rp. 20.000.000 g. > Rp. 50.000.000

Thank you for your participation

126

2) List of interviewees

Table 39: The list of the interviewees

No Name Farmer Group Village

1 Nasir Maju Jaya Srikaton

2 Sarifudin Maju Jaya Srikaton

3 Suparli Maju Jaya II Srikaton

4 Putu Suparte Maju Jaya I Srikaton

5 Nyoman S Maju jaya I Srikaton

6 Imam Sujono Maju Jaya III Srikaton

7 Suwarji Sido Makmur Srikaton

8 Ketut Jaya - Srikaton

9 Supriyanto Sido Makmur Srikaton

10 No name Sido makmur Srikaton

11 No name - Srikaton

12 Komang Merta - Bandung Jaya

13 Tugino - Bandung Jaya

14 Nyoman Dad - Bandung Jaya

15 Darlis Sumber Jaya Sumber Jaya

16 Mariadi Sumber Jaya Sumber Jaya

17 Made Darta Irawan - Srikaloka

18 Irawadi - Srikaloka

19 P. Oka Dipayana - Srikaloka

20 Darso Maju Bersama Srikaloka

21 Gede - Srikaloka

22 Komang Setiawan - Srikaloka

23 Nyoman - Srikaloka

24 PB. Putu - Srikaloka

25 Kadel - Srikaloka

26 P. Karti - Srikaloka

27 KT Budi Yanta - Srikaloka

28 Km Madia - Srikaloka

29 Nira - Srikaloka

30 Nyoman Pastra - Srikaloka

31 Mita - Srikaloka

32 Puje - Srikaloka

33 Kadek Sukre - Srikaloka

34 P. Redi - Srikaloka

35 Giriada - Srikaloka

36 Nyoman Degong - Srikaloka

37 No name - Srikaloka

38 Susanto Sumber Jaya Srikaloka

39 KT Suidiane - Srikaloka

40 Anwarni - Srikaloka

41 Mar at - Sriwidodo

42 Nila - Sriwidodo

43 Wayan Karme - Sriwidodo

44 Ketut Wila - Sriwidodo

45 Sunyoto Srimaju Sriwidodo

46 Pandu - Sriwidodo

127

47 Sutono Tunas Jaya Srimulyo

48 Rifai - Srimulyo

48 Suryanto Tunas Jaya Srimulyo

49 Eros - Srimulyo

50 Mardi - Srimulyo

51 Kadek Gel Gel - Srimulyo

52 Herman Maju Jaya Srimulyo

53 Rosyidun Suka Maju Srimulyo

54 Eros - Srimulyo

55 A Thalib Rahman Tunas jaya Srimulyo

56 Misoi Suka Maju Srimulyo

57 Made S - Srimulyo

58 Dormaudi - Srimulyo

59 Mangku Serang - Srimulyo

60 Sunarto - Srimulyo

61 Katiyo - Srimulyo

62 Nasipan Sumber Rejeki III Srimulyo

63 Untung S Tunas jaya Srimulyo

64 Min - Srimulyo

65 Sofyan - Srimulyo

66 Suleh Sumber Rejeki Srimulyo

67 Sugiono - Srimulyo

68 Sugiyanto Sumber Rejeki Srimulyo

69 Made Suastike - Srimulyo

70 Nyoman Sudete - Srimulyo

71 Tumiran - Srimulyo

72 A Mujiono - Srimulyo

73 Lamiran - Srimulyo

74 Endar - Srimulyo

75 Imam Nahrowi - Srimulyo

76 Nurwanto - Srimulyo

128

3) Results of interviews

Table 40: The summary of answers

N

o

2 3 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

1 a c a b 0.25 d a c (10) c (0.1) a c(6) a c c b 50,000 a(7) a(800) b

2 a c a c 1 d a c (3), d (2), g(1),

h(150) l(3), m(5), n

(6)

c(1) a c (10) a b b b a(7) a( 700), b(8000) b

3 a i a b 0.75 d b Corn, Cacao, Petai,

jengkol

h(200), j(10) l(10),

m (25)

b(.25), c

(0.75),

d(0.25)

a b a b d a 1,200,00

0

a(6) a(1200), b(8000),

c(13000), d (17.000)

a

4 a h d d 3 d b Corn, Cacao, Petai,

jengkol, coconut,

durian

c(20), d(5), h(800),

l(5), m (25)

c(3),

g(0.5)

a c(6) a a d a 2,000,00

0

a(8),

b(8,5)

a

5 a c d d 3.4 d b cacao, corn ,

coconut

c(200), h(900) c(3.4) a c(10) a C.O

ther

s

d a 2,000,00

0

a(8), a(1200), b(8000),

c(13000), d (17.000)

b

6 a j a b 4 d b cacao, petai,

coconut,

c(200), h(2000), m

(100)

a b a a d a 3,000,00

0

a(6),

b(0,5)

a(1200), b(9000) a

7 a e a b 1 d b cacao,corn, coconut,

durian

b(10), c(25), d(10),

e(10), f(324),

h(800), j(10), l (10),

m(50)

a(0,25),

b(0,25),

c(0,5),

g(0,25)

a c(-) a b b a 1,500,00

0

a(6), b(5),

d(1)

a(1000) b

8 a d d d 6 a, b b cacao, corn , coffee,

banana

c(25), d(20), h(650) c(4) a b a a b b 600 a(6) a(800), b(8000) c

9 a c a b 1 d b c(50), h(400), m(10) b(0,25),

c(1)

c b b b a(8) a(900), b(8000),d 1900 b

10 a e a a 1 d coconut, corn,

durian

c(-), d(-), m(-), n(-) a(-), b(-),

c(-), e(-)

a b e a b b b a(6), b(1),

d(1)

a(1000), b(8000), a

11 a a b 0.5 d c(30), d(5), h(350) e(0,5)

12 a c d d 2 e b coconut, corn,

cacao, durian

c(-), d(-), e(-), h(-),

l(-0, m(-)

a(1,5),

c(1,50

a a a a b b 1000 a(1,5),

cacao(0,7

5), d(1,5)

a(1300), b(9500),d(3000) c

13 a c a b 4 e b coconut, corn,

cacao,

b(1), c(50), d(100),

e(20), h(1000), l(5),

m(50)

a(2), c(3) a a a b e a 1500000 a(7),

b(0,8),

d(4)

a(1300), b(9500),d(3000) b

14 a e d d 4 e b coconut, corn,

cacao, durian

b(50), c(30),d(100),

e (20), f(2000),

g(50), h(6000), j(5),

l(50), m(100)

a(2), c(3),

g(0,25)

a c(10) a a e b 2500000 a(8),

b(0,5),

d(6)

a(1300), b(9000),d(3000) f

15 a d a a 1.25 h(Sumberjay

a)

b coconut, corn,

banana, cacao

b(4), c(25), d(2),

h(400), o(7)

b(0,12),

c(1),

h(0,5)

b a a e a 50000/d

ay

a(3),

d(0,5)

a(800), b(8000), d(2500) a

16 a b h(Sumberjay

a)

durian, corn,

coconut

c(10), d(3), h(600),

i(1), j(30), m(50),

a(0.5),

c(0,5)

b a a(6), b(2),

c(3)

a(1000), b(9000),

d(2700)

17 a d d d 3.5 b a c(20), d(3), e(10),

h(300), m(10)

c(3),

g(0,5)

b a d a a(5),

b(5kg)

a(600) a

18 a d d d 1 b a c(-) b c d a a(6) a(1000) b

19 a d d d 6 b,c b cacao, banana,

alvocado

c(500), d(-), e(-),

h(200), m(100),

banana(-)

c(4), a c(10) b c c,d a a(8), b(1) a(1000), b(10000),

banana(3000/tandan)

e

20 a a c 1 b cacao, banana,

cassava

a(0,5),

corn(0,5),

cassava(-

)

a b a a,b b,c a(6),

b(0,5),

d(4)

a(1000), b(8000),

d(2000)

a

21 a c d d 1.75 b a c(200), d(50), e(30),

g(2) h(1200), j(10),

m(25)

h.banana(

1,75)

a c(3) b a e b b(5.5) b(8000) b

22 a d d d 2 b b cacao, corn banana h(400), o.

pisang(400)

c(2) a c(-) b b d a 500000 a(8) a(1000) c

23 a c d d 1 b b banana, cacao d(-), h(-) c(-) a c(-) b b d b 2000000

24 a g d d 5 b b durian, cacao d(-) c(-) a b b b d b 2000000 a(4.5) a(1000) c

25 a b d d 1 b b C(10),d(10),c(2),n(4c(1) b b a b d a 1000000 a(9) a(800) c

129

0)

26 a e d d 2 b b corn,cacao, upland

rice

c(200),d(50), e(25),

h(400)

c(2) a b a c d a a(6) a(800), b(8000) c

27 a b d d 1 b b cacao, banana h(200) c(0,5) b a e b a(3),

b(0,25)

a(800), b(8500) a

28 a d d 2 b a d(80) c(2) b b e b a(4) a(800) a

29 a c d d 2.25 b c(5), e(1), h(50),

o.banana (-)

c(2.25),

g(0,25)

a a d a(6) a(800)

30 a c d d 1 b b durian, alvocado, a(3), c(10),d(50) c(1) b a b b b a(9) a(-) c

31 a d d d 1 b b rubber, corn f(6), b(1), c(1) a a a b b b a(7), d(4) a(900), c(9000) a

32 a d d d 1.25 b b c(128), d(60), e(40),

h(4000), m(80)

c(6,5) b a e a(6) a(800), b(8000) c

33 a d d d 7.5 b b cacao, jack fruit,

durian rambutan,

cacao alvocado

c(40),d(60),e(10),

h(2000), m(60)

c(4) b a b b a(5),b(0,5

)

a(800), b(9000) g

34 a d d d 3.5 b b c(20), d(3), e(5),

h(200), o.pisang(-)

c(3.25) a a d b 250000 a(8),

b(40)

a(800), b(8000) e

35 a d d 2 b a(0,25),

b(0,25),

c(1)

b a e b a(5),

b(25),

d(500)

a(1000), b(9000),

d(3000)

a

36 a d d d 5 b,c a c(-), d(37), e(5),

h(1000)

c(3.25) a b a a b a 500000 a(8), a(800), b(8000) a

37 a a b 4 b c(40), h(200), c(4) a a(4) a(1000),b(9000) f

38 a e a b 1 a cacao, durian, petai c(50), d(25), h(700),

m(200, o(100)

a(0,25),

c(0.5)

a b a b b b 20000 a(3),b(1) a(800), b(9000), d(1200) a

39 a d d d 1 b b cacao, rubber c(1), a(0,25),b(

-

),c(1),g(1

00)

b b b b a(4),d(1) a(500), d(1000) a

40 a i d d 3 b b cacao, rubber f(600), h(625) b(-), c(-),

g(-)

a b a a b b a(5),

b(10),d(2)

a(1000), b(9000),

d(3000)

c

41 a d d 2 a b cacao, corn c(3),h(700), m(5) a(-), c(-) c d a a(5) a(600) a

42 a d d 1 a b cacao, rubber f(-) g(-) b,d a a(4), d(1) a(500),c (9000), d(1000)

43 a b d d 2 a b corn, manggo,

rubber

c(9), f (50), h(100), c(2) b b b b d b 50000 a(10) a(900), b(9000), c(7000),

d(2500)

c

44 a c d d 2.25 a b alvocado, durian ,

petai

f(600), h(600),

m(25), o.alvocado(-)

b(-), C(2),

g(-)

a b a a b b a(5),

b(30)

a(1000),b(9000), d(-) b

45 a f a b 3 a b cacao, coconut,

rubber, pala

c(30),

f(300),h(1000), l(20,

m(6)

a(2),

g(0,5)

a b a c c b b(0,5),

d(2,5)

b(8000), d(2200) b

46 a a d 3 a b corn, cacao, banana b(3), c(25), d(10),

f(500), h(300)

a(0,5),

c(2)

b b b b a(5) a(1000),b98000),

d(2500)

a

47 a d a b 3 c a cacao, corn, banana c(6), e(1), l(1),

m(16)

c(2) a c(5) e b c b a(6) a(800) c

48 a f a b 1 c b corn, banana, cacao c(20), d(5), f(10),

h(200), l(2), m(5)

c(1) a b a c c b a(6) a(1000), b(8000) c

48 a d a b 2 c b papaya, c(60), d(10),

h(2400), m(10)

b a a d a a(6), b(2) a(800), b(9000)

49

50 a a b c b corn c(1) b b e b a(6) a(1000) a

51 a d d d 1.25 c b b(4),c(2), d(1),

h(400),o,alvocado,

manggo

c(1.5) b a b c a 1000000 a(6) a(900) a

52 a f a a 1.25 c c(24), d(2), e(4),

h(175), m(25),

o.alvocado (10)

c(1),

g(0,25)

a b a c c b a(8), b(1) a(900), b(8500) b

53 a c a b 2.5 b,c b cacao, coconut,

papaya

c(20), h(1500), l(1) c(1) b c d a a(8) a(800), b(7500) b

54 a d d d 1 c b corn cassava,

banana

h(-) b(0,25),

c(1),

g(0,25)

a b a b,c b,c b a(5),

B(15),

D(2)

a(1000),b(9000), d(3000) c

55 a j a e.

pa

le

1.75 c b d(10), e(5), h(1200),

l(20, m(25), o.

pisang

h.pisang(

1,75)

b a c b b(4.5) b(8000), e.pisang b

130

m

ba

ng

56 a e a b 2 c b corn, cococnut,

rubber

c(20), f(400) c(2) a a a b d a a(8), a(800) b

57 a b a b 1.5 c b(3), c(4), h(300) c(-) d b b b a(7) a(700) c

58 a b a b 1 c b b(1), c(7), d(1), e(2).

L(2), m(10)

c(1) a b b d a(8) a(1300), c(800) b

59 a d d c b(40),c(150), d(25),

e(2), g(100), h(3,5),

j (10), m(30), n(30)

c(3) c a(5),

b(3.5),

c(100)

60 a d a b 1.25 c b b(5),c(4),d(10), f(1),

h(-), l(1), m(5)

c(1) a b a c c b 1000000 a(5) a(800) c

61 a d a b 3 c b c(10), d(20), l(2),

m(20)

b(0,25),

c(2,75)

a b a a c b 3000000 a(18),

d(1)

a(1250), d(2750) c

62 a h a b 2 c b c(5), b(5), f(1000),

h(500), l(5), m(50)

c(2) a c(10) b b c b 1500000 a(16.5) a(1000) e

63 a d a b 1 c b corn, durian, cacao c(3), d(4), f(2),

h(600), j(1), m(11)

c(0,33),g(

0,25)

a b b c c b a(6) a(950)

64 a k a b 1 c b corn, c(10), d(2), e(2),

h(300), m(2)

c(0,75),

e(0,25)

b b b a(4),

b(30)

a(900), b(8500) b

65 a e a e.

pa

le

m

ba

ng

1 c b corn, cacao c(20), h(650) c(1) a b b b b b a(5) a(500) a

66 a e a b 1.25 c b cacao, cabe b(7), c(25), e(2),

h(700), l(10), m(40)

b(0,25),

c(30)

b c b a a(8),

b(2.5)

a(800), b(7500) b

67 a h a b 0.75 c a c(10), d(15), e(2),

h(400)

a(1), c(-) a b a a d a 500000 a(8),

b(0,5)

a(800), b(8000) a

68 a d a b 1.5 c a,b cacao, petai,

alvocadom durian

c(30), d(1), g(3),

h(400), k(200, l(8),

n(10), o. alvocado

(10)

c(1) a c(10) b a,c c b a(8),

b(0,1)

a(950) c

69 a e d d 0.75 c c(-), d(-), h(-), l(-),

m(-)

b a a b(1) b(9000) a

70 a c d d 3 c b cacao, corn, tree

plants

b(8),h(500) c(2.5) a b a c d a a(6),

b(0,1), e

(50)

a(1000), b(9000) c

71 a f a b 1 c b h(100) c(1) b b b,d a(4) a(800) c

72 a i a b 1.25 c a d(2), h(350), m(4),

Jati(30)

c(0,75),

g(-)

b a c,d b a(4) a(800), b(8000) b

73 a l a b 1 c b corn, cacao h(350), c(0,25) b b d b e(-) a(850), b(8000) a

74 a c a b 2 c b(60), c93), d(10),

h(600)

c(1) a b a c d 500000 a(6), b(1) a(850), b(8000) c

75 a d a b 1 c a cacao, corn c(20), d(2), e(1),

h(300)

c(0,5) b b b,d a(3,5) a(800), b(8000)

76 a c a b 2 c b(10),c(10),d(10),

e(3), f(25)

c(1) b b a b b a 500000 a(5) a(850), b(6000),

c(13000)

b

131

3) Farmers’ groups for reforestation

Table 41: Farmers group for reforestation

No. The Name of farmer groups Chief of farmer groups

1 Tanjung Biru Wayan Yadnye

2 Seroja M. Tayib

3 Teratai Abdul Rahman

4 Anggrek Solikhin

5 Kamboja Dul Panglimo

6 Kecubung Husin

7 Mawar Kodir

8 Melati Imron Rosadi

9 Tulip Musidi

10 Balam Jaya Ali Imron

11 Raflesia Joko Romadhon

Unit I

Village: Bojong (Ogan Jaya)

Sub-Regency: Sekampung udik

12 Kenanga Mulyadi

1 Tani jaya 1 Nyoman Muter

2 Tani jaya 2 Nyoman sakania

3 Tani jaya 3 Aijan

4 Tani jaya 4 Warsan

5 Tani jaya 5 Rohmad

6 Tani jaya 6 Umur MP

7 Tani jaya 7 Tugino

8 Tani jaya 8 Supriyadi

9 Tani jaya 9 Sariman

10 Tani jaya 10 Doris siswoyo

11 Tani jaya 11 Abdul Kadir

Unit II

Village: Bojong (Bandung Jaya)

Sub-Regency: Sekampung udik

12 Tani jaya 12 Munajir

1 Lestari I Gd Pramana

2 Sakti Purwoto

3 Rahayu Hartoyo

4 Langgeng Ketut Kompyang

5 Abadi Sarwani

6 Jaya Suhidar

7 Mukti M. Samsi

8 Melati Tutur Suwito

9 Meranti Parwoto

10 Cempaka Ketut Parno

11 Randu Supardi

Unit III

Village: Bojong

Sub-Regency: Sekampung udik

12 Pinus Jumani

1 Kenanga Bejo Utomo

2 Mahkota Dewa Rkhimi

3 Kantil M. Nasin

4 Mayang Ngatimin

5 Anggrek Sunandir

6 Melati Tamsir

7 Matahari Sugeng

8 Bunga Jaya K Subandi

9 Bunga Seroja Suleman

10 Cempaka I. Gusti Ngurah Utara

11 Kamboja I Nengah Bakat

I Reforestation in

2005

Unit IV

Village: Sidorejo

Sub-Regency: Sekampung udik

12 Kamboja II Wayan Sanatiya

132

1 Wana Tani jaya Supriyadi

2 Wana Sari Wayan Mudi

3 Wana Yasa Amirudin

4 Wana Tirta Putu Sudarme

5 Wana Bhakti Kadar

6 Wana Rejo Kadek Marta

7 Wana Dadi Putu Sudane

8 Wana Mulyo Mangku Aji

9 Wana mukti Somo

10 Wana lestari Bambang

Unit V

Village: Gunung Balak (Sadar)

Sub-Regency: Sribawono

11 Wana jaya Mukti Nyoman barji

1 Restu ibu Mat Syapei

2 Sido Muncul Edi

3 Mekar Sari Gustam

4 Sido Mukti Dani

5 Bunga Mayang Miyadi

6 Setia Kawan Umar

7 Harapan Mulya Saroni

8 Anggun Mulia Syahratu

9 Baru Muncul Nurdin SB

10 Jaya Guna Madarum

11 Saraswati Made Edy P.

12 Raja Enggal Bandarsyah

13 Ojo Dumeh Wiyono

14 Restu Jaya Kalis

15 Tani Jaya Sayunik

16 Maju Jaya Markuat S.

17 Makmur Jaya Sapiyudin

18 Kerengkeng Lukman

19 Sidodadi Aad Yunandi P

20 Timbul Jaya Asan

21 Harapan Maju A, Wahab

22 Moroseneng Juweni

23 Sidolaris AR Sujarwo

24 Margasari Rakiyo

25 Ingin Maju Alek

II Social Forestry in

2005

Village: Sumur Bandung (Way

Abar)

Sub-regency: Way Jepara

26 Sidorejo Sugeng

1 Tani Makmur Mujiyanto III GREEN BELT Village: Bojong (Bandung Jaya)

Sub-Regency: Sekampung udik 2 Sumber Makmur Masyhuri

Source: Gunung Balak Conservation Forest Office

133

4) Precipitation, water level, and discharge

Table 42: The monthly rainfall in Way Jepara（（（（mm））））

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Average

1979 587 445 96 190 238 92 181 12 109 52 75 347 2,423 201.9

1980 488 583 445 206 79 57 152 140 188 44 577 487 3,447 287.2

1981 561 295 255 170 451 59 199 73 169 41 264 294 2,829 235.8

1982 581 507 425 225 76 95 45 0 109 40 41 212 2,354 196.1

1983 234 249 190 254 155 144 136 2 1 123 224 419 2,129 177.4

1984 370 274 221 168 208 120 324 39 139 36 208 474 2,579 214.9

1985 305 212 219 167 82 73 264 75 136 141 312 218 2,202 183.5

1986 501 463 276 556 97 172 174 92 137 220 159 281 3,125 260.4

1987 294 505 209 265 264 153 13 34 23 35 176 390 2,359 196.6

1988 616 258 333 233 125 108 66 167 64 200 305 395 2,866 238.8

1989 320 884 269 154 186 43 60 170 46 56 340 285 2,812 234.3

1990 364 309 228 168 98 115 67 195 85 137 42 283 2,090 174.1

1991 389 360 302 460 103 14 77 0 0 3 208 163 2,078 173.2

1992 406 203 306 249 68 136 140 80 168 170 9 22 1,954 162.8

1993 281 375 213 268 236 213 237 64 58 8 155 333 2,441 203.4

1994 454 327 211 160 6 32 2 4 10 9 159 295 1,667 138.9

1995 293 381 504 268 175 113 93 89 50 98 228 696 2,986 248.8

1996 267 429 346 88 112 103 137 264 136 98 317 123 2,418 201.5

1997 271 50 158 561 182 59 21 0 0 0 17 60 1,377 114.8

1998 190 499 171 210 295 118 186 370 98 141 115 169 2,561 213.4

1999 756 67 350 184 50 176 117 30 25 229 170 270 2,422 201.9

2000 368 216 308 215 45 294 274 61 49 222 199 387 2,636 219.6

2001 498 202 418 225 132 123 233 82 209 136 303 194 2,754 229.5

2002 325 97 250 213 78 36 303 26 0 19 222 143 1,711 142.6

2003 795 413 522 139 163 13 26 36 86 129 68 322 2,710 225.9

2004 634 187 382 188 178 17 42 15 65 59 59 263 2,086 173.8

2005 457 292 336 222 347 105 180 135 34 48 97 133 2,383 198.6

2006 555 401 509 197 124 84 0 0 0 5 18 46 1,939 161.5

2007 234 163 397 33.0

Source: Way Jepara Irrigation Office

134

Table 43: The elevation of Jepara dam（（（（m））））

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jun-Nov

Average

Dec-Mar

Average

1979 32.78 36.57 36.77 36.65 35.99 34.89 33.67 32.61 33.17 34.91 32.58 28.67 33.64 32.76

1980 30.82 32.10 35.03 35.93 34.03 31.61 34.61 33.56 32.95 32.07 32.69 33.48 32.91 35.73

1981 36.60 36.51 36.50 35.32 35.96 36.17 35.56 34.52 32.73 35.82 36.10 30.41 35.15 35.37

1982 36.30 36.74 38.26 36.37 34.18 32.38 29.65 28.34 29.83 31.25 30.49 27.30 30.32 29.24

1983 28.14 27.61 27.29 30.45 34.66 34.88 33.57 30.11 29.17 30.24 29.12 27.30 31.18 31.90

1984 29.67 31.18 35.26 35.84 32.19 31.47 30.44 35.96 36.68 36.67 34.59 32.14 34.30 32.34

1985 33.69 32.01 35.49 30.97 29.73 28.07 27.31 34.83 36.29 36.71 36.20 34.21 33.23 35.82

1986 35.81 36.58 36.67 36.50 35.16 35.66 34.46 33.21 34.56 36.63 36.34 33.39 35.14 32.64

1987 31.00 30.82 34.23 33.80 32.62 32.41 31.48 30.60 30.80 32.01 32.46 30.80 31.62 34.40

1988 31.47 35.47 35.61 36.47 36.60 36.24 34.53 34.38 35.76 36.60 36.27 34.63 35.63 34.94

1989 33.16 33.39 36.65 36.38 35.42 33.55 30.95 30.28 32.26 33.74 33.14 29.19 32.32 28.98

1990 28.31 28.10 28.94 30.08 29.27 26.99 29.32 29.63 30.99 32.03 27.67 30.12 29.44 30.41

1991 29.44 28.17 29.54 32.70 32.50 27.32 28.97 30.23 31.81 32.21 32.78 31.06 30.55 31.53

1992 28.61 28.24 30.16 35.37 35.73 34.06 33.47 33.93 34.97 35.89 30.46 31.85 33.80 33.48

1993 29.75 32.85 35.99 35.81 34.67 36.07 36.26 36.69 36.68 36.65 36.08 32.60 36.40 33.98

1994 29.85 34.11 36.35 36.15 34.86 33.87 33.82 34.69 35.66 36.46 35.41 35.00 34.98 34.87

1995 29.95 35.37 36.71 36.45 35.76 31.68 31.39 32.70 34.64 36.27 34.74 31.41 33.57 33.00

1996 30.55 34.65 36.67 34.61 30.15 28.42 27.76 29.34 31.97 33.77 33.60 31.30 30.81 29.67

1997 29.31 28.73 27.87 28.42 32.37 34.24 32.81 30.94 28.43 28.03 28.46 28.67 30.48 32.22

1998 29.21 30.96 34.59 35.74 34.15 34.53 33.45 33.71 36.57 36.72 36.69 32.81 35.28 34.72

1999 30.87 34.70 36.74 36.62 36.60 36.49 36.56 36.67 36.69 36.69 35.40 31.97 36.41 32.19

2000 28.98 30.18 31.92 35.27 34.82 33.45 33.12 34.30 35.71 36.63 36.21 33.01 34.90 34.75

2001 33.00 34.82 36.71 36.66 34.31 34.15 32.07 31.05 33.52 35.14 35.64 33.98 33.59 34.38

2002 32.65 34.08 34.93 35.53 35.10 33.09 34.13 36.72 36.70 36.61 35.25 31.64 35.42 31.55

2003 27.78 27.99 30.05 35.38 36.44 34.12 31.22 27.99 28.84 30.35 30.20 27.86 30.45 34.60

2004 34.07 36.63 36.79 36.70 35.58 32.91 30.50 29.13 29.68 31.01 30.88 29.76 30.68 34.77

2005 34.67 36.69 36.72 36.35 34.44 31.76 30.04 29.70 31.15 32.82 33.16 28.90 31.44 33.08

2006 30.33 33.43 35.28 36.36 34.19 32.19 29.85 28.75 29.49 30.21 30.53 31.04 30.17

2007 28.01 28.63 31.88

Source: Promar prepared based on the data of Way Jepara Irrigation Office

135

Table 44: The outflow of Jepara dam（（（（㎥㎥㎥㎥/sec））））

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan-Nov

average

Dec-May

average

1979 3.65 6.11 3.60 4.99 5.11 4.01 3.75 2.84 0.00 0.60 5.76 4.14 2.82 5.00

1980 4.98 5.13 4.75 6.25 4.75 4.70 6.13 5.71 0.00 0.93 2.83 3.67 3.38 7.10

1981 7.75 9.50 7.07 7.50 7.09 8.67 8.50 8.58 0.00 0.10 7.24 4.58 5.51 5.66

1982 2.20 9.56 3.57 6.84 7.21 5.00 5.35 1.51 0.00 0.00 3.16 5.50 2.50 4.59

1983 5.84 5.85 4.13 2.09 4.16 3.71 4.50 3.55 0.38 0.25 3.73 3.00 2.69 3.71

1984 2.53 3.95 4.99 4.53 3.29 2.34 2.75 2.07 0.00 0.00 4.45 4.25 1.93 4.04

1985 4.78 6.53 2.93 3.37 2.42 1.73 1.00 2.41 0.00 0.00 4.00 2.75 1.52 4.90

1986 4.27 6.50 5.96 6.00 3.95 6.00 4.45 2.74 0.00 0.00 2.23 5.49 2.57 4.29

1987 6.00 4.24 3.06 3.48 3.50 3.00 2.43 1.84 0.88 0.39 1.56 3.00 1.68 4.71

1988 6.60 5.64 5.25 4.10 3.65 3.42 3.16 2.05 0.09 0.56 2.78 5.04 2.01 4.60

1989 6.52 4.21 3.87 3.95 4.00 4.00 3.77 0.92 0.00 0.00 2.79 5.00 1.91 2.84

1990 3.79 2.90 1.95 1.59 1.84 1.73 1.63 0.52 0.00 0.00 2.38 4.55 1.04 2.44

1991 2.32 2.82 1.58 1.41 1.97 5.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 4.09 1.09 2.44

1992 3.25 2.75 1.21 1.23 2.10 2.00 1.09 0.13 0.31 1.05 7.44 4.40 2.00 2.85

1993 2.59 2.93 2.19 2.85 2.17 1.20 1.60 0.55 0.50 0.43 2.18 4.71 1.08 3.72

1994 2.65 2.94 3.18 4.23 4.61 2.95 1.68 0.43 0.00 0.34 3.44 5.62 1.47 4.75

1995 2.74 3.01 4.17 5.89 7.09 4.70 1.75 0.31 0.00 0.03 4.18 3.90 1.83 3.70

1996 2.45 2.54 4.16 5.57 3.57 2.15 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 3.11 0.97 2.64

1997 4.00 3.86 3.34 1.46 0.06 1.04 1.99 1.65 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.91 1.07

1998 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.22 2.99 2.24 2.07 0.10 0.00 0.37 2.24 4.82 1.17 3.65

1999 4.20 3.73 3.25 2.88 3.00 2.58 1.25 0.88 0.34 0.72 3.27 4.52 1.50 2.86

2000 2.86 3.35 1.13 2.58 2.77 2.76 1.96 0.00 0.00 0.29 2.09 5.75 1.18 3.06

2001 2.85 3.54 0.00 2.32 3.93 4.00 3.51 0.93 0.00 0.15 3.04 5.95 1.94 3.83

2002 5.67 3.08 2.07 3.00 3.24 3.51 2.20 0.25 0.23 0.38 2.36 5.06 1.49 2.25

2003 3.77 0.00 1.70 0.74 2.23 2.59 1.90 1.41 0.06 0.00 2.13 4.23 1.35 3.65

2004 1.20 4.01 3.00 4.71 4.79 3.04 3.30 1.80 0.07 0.00 1.35 2.50 1.59 3.38

2005 1.46 2.82 3.22 4.62 5.67 5.43 4.10 2.50 0.00 0.10 2.50 3.87 2.44 2.82

2006 1.17 2.67 2.24 3.62 3.38 2.39 2.12 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 0.90

2007 2.60 1.68 0.98

Source: Prepared by Promar Japan based on the materials of Way Jepara Irrigation Office

136

Appendix V Other materials related to Tha Ngon

Table 45: Agricultural land (Unit: ha)

Irrigated paddy field

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 512 2,120 266 800 1,201 1,820 2,468 3,750 5,600 8,000 10,080 8,540 7,388 5,566

Xieng Khouang P. 11 500 500 - - - - 185 320 350 58 90 165 301

Vientiane M. - - 6,000 6,368 6,466 9,100 11,300 12,597 16,730 21,000 22,007 23,100 23,357 21,266

Louang Probang P. 115 250 519 848 742 1,140 880 1,568 2,280 2,500 2,100 2,010 1 800 2,225

Bolikhamxai P. - - 15 47 40 80 444 3,428 6,050 8,000 7,517 5,930 5 590 4,595

Rain-fed paddy field

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 66,047 85,328 33,335 32,500 23,860 33,449 29,760 35,262 35,427 38,000 41,380 43,101 45,788 44,600

Xieng Khouang P. 10,618 18,900 14,378 13,496 11,872 12,694 12,730 11,851 13,103 14,500 14,400 14,497 16,380 17,060

Vientiane M. - -36,252 39,417 27,001 43,479 42,700 46,237 47,683 49,000 47,835 48,156 52,333 51,505

Louang Probang P. 6,312 7,228 8,118 8,370 8,449 9,133 9,300 9,530 9,93311,500 10,255 10,670 11,155 11,545

Bolikhamxai P. - -12,120 17,000 8,225 16,096 15,630 22,284 24,050 23,500 16,945 15,672 27,004 27,970

Upland rice

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 13,158 28,068 25,369 25,000 5,384 3,485 4,200 5,758 4,580 2,000 5,080 3,169 2,553 2,150

Xieng Khouang P. 6,262 8,237 13,711 9,242 8,281 8,163 8,520 6,950 12,320 5,000 8,900 9,188 7,472 7,635

Vientiane M. - - 1,207 640 712 919 2,000 2,025 - - - - - -

Louang Probang P. 36,904 44,193 51,439 63,000 37,221 35,313 34,570 32,829 32,000 20,000 30,900 27,743 24,953 19,382

Bolikhamxai P. - - 10,400 12,000 4,998 7,640 4,900 4,379 2,908 1,000 5,095 2,676 2,164 2,180

Corn

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 610 2 070 1,465 2,800 921 1,580 3,100 3,500 2,130 3,470 7,988 3,710 4,698 2,993

Xieng Khouang P. 1,676 1,300 2,462 3,937 4,839 4,530 4,055 5,850 5,890 5,910 5,955 4,413 4,460 5,708

Vientiane M. … … 1,527 1,900 403 790 1,170 1,600 1,345 1,830 1,680 1,162 1,238 1,346

Louang Probang P. 5,199 5,260 5,922 10,961 4,976 4,035 4,710 5,000 4,570 4,730 4,102 5,356 4,336 4,882

Bolikhamxai P. … … 1,220 1,750 104 135 940 1,000 640 1,660 613 1,422 1,726 1,895

Starchy roots

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 936 1,240 468 1,620 1,099 310 1,835 1,950 320 1,000 937 1,543 2,270 1,990

Xieng Khouang P. 98 720 1,187 2,690 600 750 600 1,300 1,230 … 1,330 767 750 1,583

Vientiane M. … … 361 980 65 215 690 700 320 300 373 326 208 459

Louang Probang P. 1,320 900 286 500 886 980 1,565 1,570 1,630 650 1,358 1,818 1,186 2,396

Bolikhamxai P. … … 360 920 106 250 3,500 3,450 620 1,250 2,212 2,728 2,872 3,197

137

Vegetable and beans

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 600 980 520 600 53 510 2,380 2,400 2,010 4,600 13,320 17,411 16,315 9,937

Xieng Khouang P. 150 340 375 550 448 445 560 1,230 1,275 1,400 2,482 4,719 3,758 5,921

Vientiane M. … … 700 995 200 1,735 4,795 4,850 4,670 6,000 10,942 11,627 12,862 15,356

Louang Probang P. 300 350 311 309 650 1,500 3,015 3,500 5,880 3,450 7,691 2,670 5,054 1,799

Bolikhamxai P. … … 150 240 631 215 1,250 2,020 2,180 4,200 9,333 6,964 9,648 7,313

Peanuts

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 816 2,520 610 370 263 530 2,860 2,500 950 760 660 1,762 1,783 1,264

Xieng Khouang P. 96 100 182 260 276 280 250 310 910 370 370 225 492 509

Vientiane M. … … 91 243 37 60 100 100 265 30 116 41 64 31

Louang Probang P. 512 1,000 833 125 995 1,390 1,700 1,170 1,510 780 1,136 1,815 1,085 892

Bolikhamxai P. … … 100 350 101 170 195 250 190 210 110 240 647 685

Soy Bean

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 180 850 86 100 85 100 80 80 … 90 40 270 50 102

Xieng Khouang P. 200 230 84 166 171 150 … 350 220 290 230 151 175 269

Vientiane M. … … 29 100 43 10 60 70 60 180 38 100 236 74

Louang Probang P. 130 900 305 469 252 380 485 230 240 190 234 247 318 1,275

Bolikhamxai P. … … 86 40 46 30 70 120 … 280 19 85 50 68

Mung Bean

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 275 620 78 290 433 40 195 260 120 140 235 1,105 804 575

Xieng Khouang P. 3 5 7 80 25 … … 50 70 50 40 40 66 108

Vientiane M. - - 353 250 26 50 140 80 35 70 203 150 256 10

Louang Probang P. 514 650 99 300 261 440 640 400 270 130 252 374 348 260

Bolikhamxai P. - - 200 350 11 … 20 20 - 10 90 50 34 52

Tobacco

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 791 2 040 219 1,500 143 450 760 750 450 1,000 90 160 453 836

Xieng Khouang P. 5 140 94 670 377 380 100 80 - - - - 20

Vientiane M. - - 730 1,000 937 860 985 950 1,000 1,250 657 564 435 325

Louang Probang P. 48 60 102 166 492 510 695 680 370 500 354 190 226

Bolikhamxai P. - - 185 300 286 350 840 800 150 1,000 490 490 544 971

138

Cotton

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 150 330 200 290 300 80 1,620 1,550 - - 40 10 16 10

Xieng Khouang P. - - 96 138 117 20 - - - - - - 10 …

Vientiane M. - - 45 180 77 30 35 35 - - 30 … … -

Louang Probang P. - 900 662 75 809 810 850 750 290 241 130 196 121 110

Bolikhamxai P. - - 120 100 95 30 - 40 150 150 16 25 60 …

Sugar Cane

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Vientiane P. 276 302 399 650 200 350 400 500 - - 155 263 427 747

Xieng Khouang P. 4 5 35 70 295 480 300 250 320 320 240 86 230 …

Vientiane M. - - 693 1,081 329 390 450 600 970 970 1,136 1,114 2,149 630

Louang Probang P. 37 37 134 69 153 280 300 150 200 200 120 132 180 110

Bolikhamxai P. - - 200 100 19 65 70 400 350 350 1,130 815 1,110 1,183

Source: National Statistics Center

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