Kosciuszko Bridge Project i February 2007

APPENDIX P – HAZARDOUS WASTE AND ASBESTOS ASSESSMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Hazardous Material Screening Report (June 2005)

2. Contaminated Material Investigation Findings Report (July 2006)

3. Asbestos Tech Memo (April 2005)

Items separated by blue page

HAZARDOUS MATERIALSSCREENING REPORT

KOSCIUSZKO BRIDGE PROJECT KINGS & QUEENS COUNTIES, NEW YORKP.I.N. X729.77.123

Prepared For:

Parsons Transportation Group of NY, Inc.100 BroadwayNew York, New York 10005-4505

For Submittal To:

New York State Department of Transportation-Region 11

Prepared By:

Environmental Planning & Management, Inc. 1983 Marcus Avenue, Suite 109 Lake Success, New York 11042

June 2005

EPM, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section /Description Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Limitations 1-11.2 Geographic Location 1-11.3 Methodology 1-1 1.4 Feasible Alternatives 1-2

2.0 HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING

2.1 Geology and Hydrogeology of Kings County 2-1 2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology of Queens County 2-1 2.3 Site Specific Geology and Hydrogeology 2-2

3.0 FINDINGS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ASSESSMENT

3.1 Past and Current Land Use 3-1 3.1.1 Freedom of Information Review 3-1 3.2 Site Inspection 3-3 3.3 Historical Sanborn Map Review 3-3 3.4 Environmental Database Review 3-8

3.4.1 Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in NYS 3-9 3.4.2 CERCLIS Sites 3-10 3.4.3 National Priorities Listing 3-12 3.4.4 Hazardous Substance Waste Disposal Sites (HSWD) 3-123.4.5 New York State Solid Waste Facilities 3-133.4.6 Major Oil Storage Facilities 3-15 3.4.7 Federal RCRA TSD Facilities 3-153.4.8 Federal RCRA Corrective Action Sites 3-153.4.9 Identified Hazardous Material Spills 3-153.4.10 Petroleum Bulk Storage Facilities 3-18 3.4.11 RCRA Hazardous Waste Generators/Transporters 3-19 3.4.12 Chemical Bulk Storage Sites 3-21 3.4.13 Toxic Release Inventory Sites 3-21 3.4.14 Historic Utility Facilities 3-22 3.4.15 Wastewater Discharges 3-223.4.16 Air Discharges 3-23 3.4.17 Civil & Administrative Enforcement Docket 3-23 3.4.18 Emergency Response Notification System 3-23 3.4.19 NYC Fire Marshall Tank Sites 3-23

4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4-1

EPM, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

Section / Description Page

FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Kosciuszko Bridge Project Location 1-4 Figure 3-1 Areas of Environmental Concern along the Kosciuszko Bridge 3-24 Corridor from Sutton Street to Vandervoort Avenue Figure 3-2 Areas of Environmental Concern along the Kosciuszko Bridge 3-25 Corridor from Vandervoort Avenue to Varick Street Figure 3-3 Areas of Environmental Concern along the Kosciuszko Bridge 3-26 Corridor from Varick Street to Gardner Avenue Figure 3-4 Areas of Environmental Concern along the Kosciuszko Bridge 3-27 Corridor from Gardner Avenue to Newtown Creek Figure 3-5 Areas of Environmental Concern along the Kosciuszko Bridge 3-28 Corridor from Newtown Creek to 56th Road Figure 3-6 Areas of Environmental Concern along the Kosciuszko Bridge 3-29 Corridor from 55th Avenue to 54th Avenue

TABLES

Table 3-1 Active Hazardous Material Spills 3-16 Table 3-2 Petroleum Bulk Storage Sites 3-18 Table 3-3 Hazardous Waste Generators 3-19 Table 4-1 Areas of Environmental Concern (AOCs) Along the 4-2 Kosciuszko Bridge Project Corridor

APPENDICES

Appendix A – NYSDEC FOIL Responses Appendix B – Project Corridor Photographs Appendix C – Summary of Site Inspection Observations Appendix D – Historical Sanborn Maps Appendix E – Environmental Database Report

EPM, Inc. i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Environmental Planning & Management, Inc. (EPM), as subconsultant to Parsons Transportation Group of NY, Inc., has completed a Hazardous Materials Screening Investigation for the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) in connection with the Kosciuszko Bridge Project (PIN: X729.77.123). The project corridor is located along a 1.1-mile section of the Brooklyn Queens Expressway (BQE) from Morgan Avenue in Brooklyn (Kings County) northward to the BQE / Long Island Expressway (LIE) Interchange in Queens County, and includes the Kosciuszko Bridge over Newtown Creek. This assessment was conducted to identify areas along the project corridor that could contain hazardous materials with a potential to impact the construction phase of the project. The results of this assessment can be used to identify where the collection and analysis of soil and/or groundwater samples may be warranted to characterize the actual conditions of areas of concern. The sampling results can then be used to avoid contaminated areas if feasible, identify appropriate material handling and disposal options, and identify public and worker health and safety precautions required during construction.

Several design alternatives are currently being considered for the project (refer to section 1.4). The build alternatives being considered all include new construction of permanent and/or temporary parallel bridges on one or both sides of the existing structure. Construction will require excavation for placement of support structures, foundations, and possible utility relocation. Excavations that approach Newtown Creek could encounter groundwater, thus requiring dewatering. Construction operations that extend greater than approximately 30 feet below grade in the vicinity of Van Dam and Varick Streets in Brooklyn have the potential to encounter a free-phase petroleum plume known to exist in the area.

Properties along the project corridor were evaluated based on two primary criteria, 1) the known or suspected presence of hazardous materials, and 2) the probable impacts to any of the design alternatives by a potentially contaminated site. Thus, a property could be considered potentially contaminated and not considered a candidate for further investigation if the soils or groundwater of the property will not be disturbed during the construction phase. This assessment consisted of a visual site reconnaissance in January 2005 to identify current land use; a review of prior land use as depicted on historical Sanborn Maps dating to 1888, and a review of Federal, State, and local agency environmental records. The assessment focused on identifying locations of underground or aboveground storage tanks, hazardous waste generators, and properties with reported hazardous material spills. A preliminary asbestos survey was also conducted to identify potential asbestos containing utilities and building materials within the limits of the project corridor, the results of which will be provided under separate cover. The asbestos survey was limited to a review of utility and bridge record plans provided to EPM.

Each property along the project corridor was assigned an impact potential level of ALow, Moderate, or High.@ The ALow, Moderate, or High@ designation represents an increased potential (low to high) that suspected or identified contamination at a property may adversely impact the project. Thirty-five (35) areas of concern (AOCs) were identified along the project corridor with a High impact potential. A summary of each AOC is provided in the following table, with their locations relative to the project corridor indicated on Figures 3-1 through 3-6.

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EPM, Inc. v

The sediments of Newtown Creek in the vicinity of the project corridor are known to be contaminated with various heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Although current design options do not include construction of bridge support structures in Newtown Creek, it is possible that one or more barge docking areas could be constructed for ingress and egress of construction materials and waste products. Construction of the barge docking area(s) would likely require excavation and removal of Newtown Creek sediment. If dredging is conducted, a permit would be required from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). As a stipulation of the dredging permit, sampling and laboratory analysis of sediment in the proposed areas of dredging would be required according to a pre-approved sediment sampling and analysis plan.

Groundwater encountered during construction activity along the project corridor will likely be contaminated to some degree based on the industrial nature of the area. A free-phase petroleum plume is known to exist in the vicinity of the project site in Brooklyn. EPM reviewed a groundwater monitoring report prepared by Remedial Engineering, P.C., on behalf of ExxonMobil Corporation, identified as The Ninety-Third Operation and Maintenance Report, 1st Quarter, 2005, Off-Site Free-Product Recovery System, Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York,dated April 27, 2005. The report includes data for groundwater and free product level measurements collected on February 28, 2005. The report also includes a free-product occurrence map based on the February 2005 data, which shows the presence of free-product in the vicinity of the project site in Brooklyn near Van Dam and Varick Streets. Free product thickness in the vicinity of the project site is reported to range from non-existent to approximately 1 foot, and is located at depths ranging from approximately 35 to 40 feet below grade. If free-phase petroleum product is encountered during construction dewatering, removal of the product and likely treatment to remove dissolved phase contaminants would be required prior to discharge to the NYC sewer system or discharge to Newtown Creek under a State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) Permit.

Sample collection and laboratory analysis of potentially contaminated materials would be required to determine actual site conditions. If conducted, the sampling should include the advancement of soil borings to the proposed depths of excavation, and the collection of soil and/or groundwater samples for laboratory analysis.

The preliminary asbestos survey identified suspect asbestos containing materials in underground utilities and in Kosciuszko Bridge construction materials. Sample collection and analysis of suspect material likely to be disturbed during construction would be required to confirm the presence/absence of asbestos.

EPM, Inc. 1-1

Section 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Purpose and Limitations

This Hazardous Materials Screening Assessment was conducted in connection with the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) Kosciuszko Bridge Project (PIN: X729.77.123) to identify areas along the project corridor with a potential to be impacted with hazardous materials. This report assesses the potential for encountering contamination on a site during construction by identifying possible adverse environmental conditions associated with past or current use of the site. The results of this assessment can be used to identify where the collection and analysis of soil and/or groundwater samples may be warranted to characterize the actual conditions of areas of concern. The sampling results can then be used to avoid contaminated areas if feasible, identify appropriate material handling and disposal options, and identify public and worker health and safety precautions required during construction.

The conclusions presented in this report are based upon on-site inspections and research into available Federal, State, and local agency records. The on-site inspections of the project corridor during January 2005 had visual limitations due to a significant amount of snow cover. Due to the dynamic nature of the project corridor, future events or investigations could alter the findings of the current report. The findings of this assessment are preliminary; actual soil, sediment, or groundwater collection and analysis was not performed. Full access to the properties along the project corridor was not available. The site inspections were limited in most cases to the visually accessible portions of the properties as viewed from the property boundaries. The conditions of a site may change subsequent to the issuance of this report.

1.2 Geographic Location

The project corridor occupies a 1.1-mile section of the Brooklyn Queens Expressway (BQE) from Morgan Avenue in Brooklyn (Kings County) heading northward to the BQE / Long Island Expressway (LIE) Interchange in Queens County, and includes the Kosciuszko Bridge over Newtown Creek (Figure 1-1. Kosciuszko Bridge Project Location).

1.3 Methodology

The methodology used to perform this investigation was consistent with Chapter 5.1 of the NYSDOT Environmental Procedures Manual. Chapter 5.1 outlines a minimal three-step process for conducting hazardous waste screening for NYSDOT projects: site inspections, a review of current and past land use, and a review of available records, including underground storage tank records and hazardous waste incident reports. This assessment consisted of 1) a visual on-site inspection of the project corridor in January 2005; 2) examination of historic Sanborn fire insurance maps dating to 1888 for such uses as gasoline stations, electric substations, gasworks, chemical works, metal fabricators, and other activities that could have resulted in the contamination of underlying soil or groundwater; and, 3) a review of available Federal, State, and local agency environmental records. Potential areas of environmental

EPM, Inc. 1-2

concern were identified based on two primary criteria, 1) the known or suspected presence of hazardous materials, and 2) the probable impacts to the construction phase of the project by a potentially contaminated site.

To evaluate the degree of potential environmental risk that a property poses to the project corridor, each property along the corridor was assigned an impact potential level as follows:

A Low potential impact designation signifies that a given area is considered a minimal potential environmental concern due to a lack of evidence of the use, storage, disposal, and/or spills of hazardous materials, and a lack of identifiable historic land use that could involve hazardous or toxic materials (manufacturing, automotive repair, gasoline filling stations, etc.).

A Moderate potential impact designation signifies that a given area is considered a potential environmental concern due to current or historic land uses that could involve hazardous or toxic materials, and/or where there is evidence of the use, storage, disposal, and/or spills of hazardous materials. If contamination is present in these areas, the area is located distant enough from the proposed project activities that any contamination is not considered to have a significant potential to impact the soil and/or groundwater quality of the project corridor.

A High potential impact designation signifies that a given area is considered a significant potential environmental concern to the construction phase of the project based on the site’s location relative to proposed construction activity, combined with the known or suspected presence of hazardous materials. Properties assigned a “high” impact designation have been identified as having suspected or known contamination and are located in areas proposed for excavation, dewatering, and/or property acquisition. Further investigation may be warranted on these properties to determine actual conditions.

1.4 Feasible Alternative(s)

The descriptions of the feasible alternatives refer to the feasible alternatives described in the Kosciuszko Bridge Project, Project Update, September 2004 prepared by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT).

No Build Alternative

The No Build Alternative makes no physical or operational improvements to the Kosciuszko Bridge, but continues NYSDOT’s aggressive maintenance program. The existing bridge, with its steep grades, would remain as it is today.

RA-5 Rehabilitation with New Parallel Bridge on Eastbound Side

Alternative RA-5 rehabilitates the existing bridge and constructs a new parallel bridge on the eastbound side. The parallel bridge would be built at a lower elevation to allow for lower grades. When completed, the new bridge would carry three lanes of eastbound traffic and have

EPM, Inc. 1-3

standard lane widths and shoulders. The existing bridge would continue to carry six lanes of traffic (2 eastbound, 4 westbound), maintaining the existing narrow lane widths and non-standard (narrow) shoulders.

RA-6 Rehabilitation with New Parallel Bridge on Westbound Side

Alternative RA-6 rehabilitates the existing bridge and constructs a new parallel bridge on the westbound side. The parallel bridge would be built at a lower elevation to allow for lower grades. When completed, the new bridge would carry three lanes of westbound traffic and have standard lane widths and shoulders. The existing bridge would continue to carry six lanes of traffic (4 eastbound 2 westbound) maintaining the existing narrow lane widths and non-standard (narrow) shoulders.

BR-2 Bridge Replacement with Permanent Eastbound Bridge and Temporary Westbound Bridge

Alternative BR-2 replaces the existing bridge by building new parallel bridges on both sides of the existing bridge – one temporary, one permanent. The new bridges would be built at a lower elevation to allow for lower grades. When completed, the new bridges would carry five lanes of eastbound traffic and four lanes of westbound traffic and have standard lane widths and shoulders. The old bridge would be demolished.

BR-3 Bridge Replacement with Permanent Bridges on Both Eastbound and Westbound Sides

Alternative BR-3 replaces the existing bridge by building new permanent, parallel bridges on both sides of the existing bridge. The new bridges would be built at a lower elevation to allow for lower grades. When completed, the new bridges would carry five lanes of eastbound traffic and four lanes of westbound traffic and have standard lane widths and shoulders. The old bridge would be demolished.

BR-5 Bridge Replacement with Permanent Bridge on Eastbound Side

Alternative BR-5 replaces the existing bridge by building a new permanent, parallel bridge on the eastbound side of the existing bridge. The new bridge would be built at a lower elevation to allow for lower grades. When completed, the new bridge would carry five lanes of eastbound traffic and four lanes of westbound traffic and have standard lane widths and shoulders. The old bridge would be demolished.

Copyright (C) 1997, Maptech, Inc.

Name: BROOKLYNDate: 12/13/2004Scale: 1 inch equals 1081 feet

Location: 040° 43' 23.56" N 073° 55' 46.27" WCaption: Figure 1-1 Kosciuszko Bridge Project

14° W

EPM, Inc. 2-1

Section 2.0 Hydrogeologic Setting

2.1 Geology and Hydrogeology of Kings County

The geology of Kings County, New York is comprised of a thick layer of unconsolidated material overlying crystalline bedrock. The unconsolidated material is made up of several layers of well-differentiated layers of sand, gravel, and clay of the upper Cretaceous and Pleistocene ages. The bedrock consists of dense metamorphic and igneous rocks (schists, gneiss, and granodiorite) of pre-Cambrian age. Kings County, has four aquifers in the unconsolidated sediments: the Lloyd, Magothy, Jameco, and Upper Glacial Aquifers.

The Lloyd Aquifer is the oldest and deepest of the aquifers and is located in the Lloyd sand member. Groundwater is under artesian conditions, and is confined by the Raritan Formation clay member. Maximum pumping rate is up to 200 Gallons Per Minute (GPM). The Magothy Aquifer is located in the Magothy formation in the southern section of the County. This aquifer is not as important in Kings County as in other Long Island counties. Artesian conditions exist, and pumping rates may be up to 1,000 GPM. The Jameco Aquifer, located in the Jameco gravel, is Kings County's most important water-bearing formation. Its area covers most of the County except the northern part. Artesian conditions exist and are confined by the Gardiners clay. Pumping rates may reach 2,000 GPM. The Upper Glacial Aquifer is located in the Upper Pleistocene deposits. Water table conditions prevail. This aquifer was an important groundwater source, but over-pumping and salt water contamination limits its use. Water is easily accessible throughout the County with a maximum pumping rate of 1,500 GPM.

2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology of Queens County

The geology of Queens County, as that of Long Island, is comprised of unconsolidated sediments deposited upon southeasterly dipping consolidated bedrock. The bedrock is crystalline and of Precambrian age. The overlying sediments range from Upper Cretaceous to Pleistocene age. The bedrock is exposed in northern Queens County and dips gently to the southeast to a depth of 2,000 feet below grade on eastern Long Island. The overlying Upper Cretaceous sediments generally follow the dip of the bedrock, and the Pleistocene is lain horizontally. The oldest deposits, the Upper Cretaceous, lie directly above the bedrock. The Upper Cretaceous deposits are made up of the Raritan Formation and Magothy-Matawan Group. The Raritan Formation is broken down into the Lloyd Sand Member and the Raritan Clay. The Lloyd Sand Member is comprised of medium to coarse sand and fine to medium gravel with some clay in areas. The Raritan Clay is described as a silty clay. Above the Raritan Formation is the Magothy-Matawan Group Undifferentiated. This group is a fine clayey sand. Lying above the Upper Cretaceous deposits are the younger Pleistocene deposits made up of the Jameco gravel, Gardiners Clay, and Glacial outwash of the Upper Pleistocene. The Jameco Gravel is coarse sand and gravel. The Gardiners Clay is a thin bed of clay and silt. The Upper Pleistocene deposits consist of glacial till and outwash from the last two glacial advances. The glacial till forms the Harbor Hill and Ronkonkoma terminal moraines and is made up of unsorted sand, clay, gravel, and boulders. The outwash deposits are products of erosion of the moraine and are made up of coarse sand and gravel.

EPM, Inc. 2-2

Long Island contains several aquifers (water bearing formations), three of which are considered substantial. The three aquifers are the Lloyd, Magothy, and Upper Glacial. Other aquifers exist, such as the Jameco, and others restricted to the north shore. The three main aquifers will only be discussed. The Lloyd Aquifer is the deepest and oldest of the three, bounded by the unfractured bedrock, and confining Raritan Clay. The Magothy Aquifer is bounded by the Raritan Clay and by the Gardiners Clay. The youngest and most shallow aquifer is the Upper Glacial. Groundwater in this aquifer is under water table conditions.

2.3 Site Specific Geology and Hydrology

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Topographic Map of the Brooklyn, NY Quadrangle (dated 1967, photo-revised 1979), the terrain of the project corridor fluctuates from approximately 35 feet above mean sea level in Kings County near the southern terminus of the project corridor to approximately 7 feet above mean sea level near the banks of Newtown Creek, to approximately 60 feet above mean sea level in Queens County near the northern terminus of the project corridor. Based upon review of the USGS Topo Map, groundwater is expected to be located approximately 25 to 30 feet below grade near the southern and northern limits of the project corridor, and approaches approximately 5 feet below grade in the vicinity of Newtown Creek. Regional groundwater flow, not taking into account local effects from pumping, if any, is expected to flow towards Newtown Creek, which discharges to the East River.

EPM, Inc. 3-1

Section 3.0 Finding of Hazardous Materials Assessment

3.1 Summary of Past and Current Land Use

Land use in the project corridor was assessed to determine the potential for contamination from current and past industrial and commercial uses such as dry cleaning, gasoline filling and automotive service stations, chemical or petroleum storage, etc. The project area is located in an urban commercial/industrial setting. Existing operations observed within the project corridor include: gasoline filling stations / automotive repair shops, restaurants, waste transfer stations, contractor yards, warehouses, commercial structures, light to heavy manufacturing, and residential dwellings.

Historical development in the vicinity of the project corridor included: residential dwellings, chemical manufacturing plants, refineries, metal works shops, fat/tallow rendering facilities, gasoline filling stations, and automotive repair shops. Many of the current and historical industrial facilities have documented evidence of release of hazardous materials to underlying soils and/or groundwater. A more detailed description of historical development is provided in Section 3.3.

3.1.1 Freedom of Information Review

Pursuant to the Freedom of Information Law (FOIL), a request for information was made to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP) to further identify potential concerns in selected areas along the project corridor. NYCDEP Division of Emergency Response and Technical Assessment and the NYCDEP Asbestos Control Program responded that there is no information relevant to the submitted FOIL request. The NYSDEC provided information on sediment quality in Newtown Creek; proposed remedial actions for the Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation site; and recent well gauging data for the ExxonMobil free-phase oil plume. Theprovided information is summarized below and included as Appendix A.

Newtown Creek Sediment Data

The NYSDEC’s Bureau of Marine Management provided information on Newtown Creek sediment quality. NYSDEC provided a summary of results for sediment sampling conducted within Newtown Creek in the vicinity of the project corridor in August 2000. Results for four sampling locations within the creek were provided for review (Appendix A). The data indicates the creek sediments contain the heavy metals arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc; with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); and with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The NYSDEC also indicated they have recently completed additional sediment sampling in Newtown Creek, the results of which will reportedly be available for public review sometime in April 2005. EPM has submitted a request to review the recent sampling results when they become available and will provide the results of that review as an addendum to this report if deemed necessary.

EPM, Inc. 3-2

Based on existing information, as well as a long history of heavy industrial land use abutting the creek, the sediments in the vicinity of the project corridor are likely to be impacted with contaminants consistent with those detected in 2000.

Proposed Remedial Action Plan (PRAP) – Phelps Dodge Site

NYSDEC in consultation with the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) prepared a Proposed Remedial Action Plan (PRAP), for the Laurel Hill Site, Upland Area: Operational Units 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Maspeth Queens, New York, Site No. 2-41-002, August 2002 (Appendix A). According to the PRAP, historical operations at the Phelps Dodge Refining site included smelting and refining. These activities resulted in the on-site contamination of soil and groundwater with heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum related compounds. As a remedy, NYSDEC proposed physical containment of soils by capping, removal and disposal of heavily contaminated soils, and treatment and containment of contaminated groundwater. Groundwater containment will consist of a steel sheeting barrier wall adjacent to Newtown Creek.

Based on the information provided for the Phelps Dodge Refining Corp. site, there is a significant potential to encounter contaminated soil and/or groundwater during future construction activities on the site. In consideration of the reported ongoing remedial activities, any future excavation or dewatering conducted on the site should be discussed with NYSDEC to identify the implications, if any, to ongoing remedial actions at the site.

Ninety-Third Operation and Maintenance Report, 1st Quarter, 2005, Off-Site Free-Product Recovery System, Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York

EPM reviewed a groundwater monitoring report (Appendix A) prepared by Remedial Engineering, P.C., on behalf of ExxonMobil Corporation, identified as The Ninety-Third Operation and Maintenance Report, 1st Quarter, 2005, Off-Site Free-Product Recovery System, Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York, dated April 27, 2005. The data in the report reflects groundwater and free product level measurements collected on February 28, 2005, as well as the cumulative volume of free product removed from the water table over the period January 1, 2005 through March 31, 2005. The report includes a free-product occurrence map based on the February 2005 data, which shows the presence of free-product in the vicinity of the project site in Brooklyn near Van Dam and Varick Streets. Free product thickness in the vicinity of the project site is reported to range from non-existent to approximately 1 foot, and is located at depths ranging from approximately 35 to 40 feet below grade.

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3.2 Site Inspection

EPM scientists visually inspected each of ninety nine (99) sites identified along the project corridor and noted observations regarding the presence of aboveground and/or underground storage tanks (ASTs/USTs), the storage of on-site toxic or hazardous materials, illegal dumping in the area, any incidents involving spills of hazardous or toxic materials, and current land use of the property. Inspectors were alert to noxious odors; discolored soil or water; dead, unhealthy or missing vegetation; unexplained changes in topography; and leaking pipes, transformers, and containers. The site inspections were limited in most cases to the visually accessible portions of the properties as viewed from the property boundaries.

The project corridor is situated in a predominantly industrial / commercial area, with scattered residential development located primarily in the vicinity of each terminus of the project corridor. Along the project corridor in Kings County, commercial structures include a fast food restaurant, several food distribution/storage warehouses, a gasoline station, vehicle repair facilities, a public park, several building supply establishments, and several waste transfer stations. A large cemetery is located adjacent to the west of the project corridor in Queens County. Commercial lots observed along the project corridor in Queens County include a concrete facility, several open storage areas, wholesale and retail compressed gas sales, several food distribution/storage warehouses, a metal works, and historic metal refining areas that were observed to be vacant. Photographs of the project corridor, including photos of each identified AOC, are provided as Appendix B.

Field observations for all properties identified along the project corridor are provided in Appendix C. The site observation summary report in Appendix C also contains the Low, Moderate, or High impact designations assigned to each property (refer to section 1.3 for an explanation of the designations).

There are also numerous catch basins located within the roadway along the project corridor. EPM scientists inspected each catch basin along the project corridor for noxious odors, discoloration, and staining of areas in and around each catch basin. Visual evidence of illegal dumping of hazardous or toxic materials was not observed in the catch basins.

3.3 Historical Sanborn Map Review

Past use of properties in the vicinity of the project corridor was ascertained through a review of available Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps for the years 1888, 1907, 1933, 1951, 1965, 1979, and 1989 for Kings County and 1902, 1914, 1936, 1950, 1971, 1982, and 1990 for Queens County. A summary of historical land use as depicted on the Sanborn Maps is provided below. Copies of the Sanborn Maps are provided in Appendix D.

Kings County1888The vicinity of the project corridor is occupied primarily by vacant lots and very few residential structures. American Carbon Works (AOC 20, AOC 21, and AOC 22) was identified on the southwest corner of Scott Avenue and Thomas Street. A furnace, two ventilators, grinding mills, four tanks, and several retorts were identified with American Carbon Works.

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1907The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1888 maps. American Carbon Works and its associated components are no longer identified. There are two vacant structures formerly occupied by American Carbon Works. Northwest of the intersection of Scott Avenue and Thomas Street is the Joseph Rosenberg Tallow Factory (AOC 23). The factory is identified as having two horizontal steam boilers, and an unknown 4,000-gallon tank.

1916The 1916 maps cover the area abutting the project corridor to the northwest from Morgan Avenue to Vandervoort Avenue. This area consists primarily of residential structures and stores, except for the Iron Railing Works located on Meeker Avenue between Apollo Street and Hausman Street.

1933A store, a bottling works, and oil storage is identified on the southwest corner of Morgan Avenue and Meeker Avenue (AOC 1). The northeast corner of Kingsland Avenue and Lombardy Street is identified as the Knickerbocker Ice Co. with ice machinery, freezing tanks, and ice storage (AOC 1). The ice storage is identified as having fireproof construction. To the east of the Knickerbocker Ice Co. is Max Trunz Pork Packing with two boiler rooms, an engine room, and a loading area (AOC 1). The southeast corner of Morgan Avenue and Meeker Avenue is a filling station with seven gasoline tanks (AOC 2). Abutting the filling station to the east is a casket shed, an automobile repair shop with one gasoline tank (AOC 3), chicken feed manufacturing, and four groups of ten automobile stalls with one gasoline tank. On the northeast corner of Cherry Street and Vandervoort Avenue is a 55-car garage with a gasoline tank associated with it. Abutting the garage to the east is a filling station with two gasoline tanks (AOC 4).

A furniture manufacturer located on the southwest corner of Cherry Street and Porter Avenue is identified as having two gasoline tanks and performs paint spraying (AOC 5). On the northeast corner of the same intersection is a structure identified for skein dyeing and metal door manufacturing (AOC 4). Abutting the metal door manufacturing to the north is a 60-car garage with two gasoline tanks. The south side of Cherry Street from Porter Avenue to Varick Avenue is identified as contractor storage (AOC 6). A truck shed is identified on the northern portion of 99-105 Cherry Street (AOC 14). At the southeast corner of Cherry Street and Stewart Avenue a boiler works is identified (AOC 12). The northeast corner of the same intersection is identified as having an iron reclaiming facility with two furnaces and a storage building (AOC 19). A color works with a boiler room (AOC 19) abuts the iron reclaiming facility to the east. A fat rendering facility is located on the northwest corner of Cherry Street and Gardner Avenue. The southwest corner of the same intersection is identified as an Acid Works with acid tanks and a tar pot (AOC 35). The area abutting the Acid Works to the east is identified as Fleer Bros. CoalYard. The northwest corner of Thomas Street and Scott Avenue has an auto repair, a hide and fertilizer warehouse, and a tallow facility (AOC 23). The northwest corner of Cherry Street and Scott Avenue is identified as fish rendering (AOC 22).

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1942Similar to the 1916 maps, the 1942 maps cover the area abutting the project corridor to the north from Morgan Avenue to Vandervoort Avenue. The Iron Railing Works depicted on the 1916 maps is not identified. A concrete steel approach to the Meeker Avenue Bridge appears for the first time. Underpasses are located at Morgan Avenue and Vandervoort Avenue.

1951The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1933 maps. A widening of the south side of Meeker Avenue from Morgan Avenue to Vandervoort Avenue occurred. The southwest corner of Meeker Avenue and Morgan Avenue is identified as parking associated with the Max Trunz Pork Packing facility. The southeast corner of the same intersection is identified as auto parking. Abutting the auto parking to the east is a furniture warehouse with a loading area. Proceeding from west to east is a private garage, a fish smoking facility and four groups of 10 automobile stalls. The garage and filling station along Cherry Street west of Porter Avenue no longer exists. On the northeast corner of Cherry Street and Porter Avenue is identified as machinery storage and private garage for five trucks. Two gasoline tanks are identified on the property. The southeast corner of the same intersection is identified as a private garage with two gasoline tanks. The northeast corner of Cherry Street and Stewart Avenue no longer has an iron reclaiming facility, a color works, or a fat rendering facility. The northeast corner of Gardner Avenue and Cherry Street is identified as a warehouse. Abutting the warehouse to the east is a dog food canning operation (AOC 20). The southeast corner of the same intersection is identified as a Fat Rendering facility with a private garage (AOC 35). Fleer Bros. Coal Yard is no longer identified. The concrete and steel approach to the Meeker Avenue Bridge has been renamed to the Kosciuszko Bridge.

1965The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1951 maps. The northwest corner of Meeker Avenue and Morgan Avenue is identified as a machine shop. The northwest corner of Meeker Avenue and Apollo Street is identified as being an Auto Body Shop. Located on the southwest corner of Meeker Avenue and Porter Avenue is Acme Steel Partition Co. with associated painting, storage, woodworking, and office structures. The southeast corner of the same intersection is identified as a private garage with two gasoline tanks. Abutting the private garage to the east is American Freightways Co. with structures identified as junk, shop, parts, and offices (AOC 6). There is also a large area identified as automobile scrap metal (AOC 7). The northeast corner of Meeker Avenue and Porter Avenue is identified for waste paper and bags bailing with five trucks (AOC 8). Abutting this property to the east is an Iron Works (AOC 9). Abutting the Iron Works to the east is a contractor’s yard with associated office, electrical contractor storage, and machinery storage structures. In addition, drum storage is identified on the northeast portion of the property (AOC 10). Located on the southeast corner of Thomas and Stewart Avenue is an Iron Works (AOC 17). Abutting the Iron Works to the east is an area identified as used tire storage which is abutted to the east by a scrap yard with a scale (AOC 18). The southeast corner of Cherry Street and Gardner Avenue is identified for scrap metal storage and aluminum smelting (AOC 35). Putty manufacturing is identified on the southeast corner of Cherry Street and Stewart Avenue (AOC 12). Curtis Electro NY Inc. Light Fixture manufacturing is located at 126-140 Cherry Street (AOC 13). A garage is identified at 473 Scott Avenue (AOC 21). Two storage rooms are identified under the Kosciuszko Bridge approach near the northeast corner of Scott Avenue and Thomas Avenue.

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1979The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1965 maps. The buildings associated with Max Trunz Pork Packing are identified as being vacant. The southeast corner of Meeker Avenue and Morgan Avenue previously identified as auto parking is now a filling station. The northwest corner of Meeker Avenue and Hausman Street is identified as a residential dwelling with a paints store on the first floor. The northeast corner of Meeker Avenue and Porter Avenue previously identified for waste paper and bags bailing is identified as a trucking warehouse. American Freightways Co. no longer has the junk structure, storage structures, or auto scrap metal associated with it. The Iron Works located on the southeast corner of Thomas Street and Stewart Avenue as well as the used tire storage area have been replaced by a manufacturing building and an iron smelting structure respectively (AOC 18). Abutting to the east of the scrap metal storage and aluminum smelting (AOC 35) located on the southeast corner of Cherry Street and Gardner Avenue is an auto repair with a Motor Frt.(Freight) Station. A manufacturing structure located on the northeast corner of Cherry Street and Scott Avenue is identified as having been built in 1968. The warehouse on the northeast corner of Gardner Avenue and Cherry Street and the abutting dog food canning operation have been replaced by a single manufacturing structure and parking.

1989The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1979 maps. A garbage transfer station is identified at the northwest corner of Cherry Street and Varick Avenue (AOC 11). The southeast corner of Cherry Street and Gardner Avenue is identified as a warehouse (AOC 35).

Queens County1902The majority of the project corridor and its surrounding area in Queens County is identified with vacant lots, residential dwellings, and Calvary Cemetery abutting the project corridor to the west. Long Island Railroad tracks running east-west are located within the project corridor near Newtown Creek. There is an industrial area located near the northern shore of Newtown Creek. This area is identified with two chemical companies, General Chemical Company (AOC 24, AOC 25) and Nichols Chemical Company. General Chemical Company is identified north of Newtown Creek, south of Laurel Hill Avenue (56th Road), and west of Washington Avenue (43rd Street). The General Chemical Company is identified as having nine horizontal steam boilers, two acid chambers, three ore storage and acid chambers, a marble dust storage and acid chamber, six ore kilns, two dust burners, a bisulphate of soda plant, a melting pot, a machine shop, a lead burner shop, an ore crusher, an ore dump, and five acid tanks (AOC 26). Adjacent to General Chemical Company, north across Laurel Hill Avenue (56th Road) is Nichols Chemical Company- Blue Vitriol Plant (AOC 26, AOC 28). Nichols Chemical Company is identified as having two horizontal steam boilers, a pump house, an air tank, electric, and gaslights, floors made of cement, lead, or asphalt, a dynamo engine, a storage room, office, a laboratory, a furnace room, and a dining room and kitchen.

1914The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1902 maps with the following exceptions: General Chemical Company added an ore trestle, a purifying plant with wooden tanks, two 150-ton acid tanks, an additional two

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dust burners, and an asbestos storage building. One acid tank has been removed. The Nichols Chemical Company is now identified as Nichols Copper Company. Nichols Copper Company is identified as having a Blue Vitriol Plant and a Silver Refinery (AOC 28). Crude oil tanks are associated with the Blue Vitriol Plant. A garage and a 100-gallon gasoline underground storage tank are associated with the Silver Refinery. Two hotels are located near the northern terminus of the project corridor.

1936The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1914 maps with the following exceptions: General Chemical Company has an experimental plant building where the ore trestle was. The ore dump, ore crusher, four dust burners, and the asbestos storage building are no longer identified. A yard with storage of acid in carboys is identified where acid chambers and ore storage was previously identified. The bisulphate of soda plant has been replaced with an experimental plant and research laboratory which was built in 1916 with steam heat and electrical lighting. Two acid tanks have been removed. The Nichols Copper Company expanded to include a tank room and a Nickel Refinery. An electrical motor machine shop is identified on the southeast corner of Laurel Hill Boulevard and 53rd Avenue. A building identified as Street Cleaning Department is located on the southwest corner of 43rd Street and 52nd Avenue. Another machine shop is located southwest of the Street Cleaning Department.

1950The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1936 maps with the following exceptions: The machine shop, lead burner shop, ore storage and acid chambers, and two acid tanks are no longer identified on General Chemical Company property. The Nichols Copper Company is now identified as Phelps-Dodge Refining Corporation (AOC 28). Falconer Fuel Co. Inc. is identified abutting the project corridor to the west and north of Newtown Creek (AOC 27). Falconer Fuel Co. Inc. is identified as having a coal yard with coal pockets and an open coal bin. The Meeker Avenue Bridge (Kosciuszko Bridge) with a steel approach supported by concrete piers, located within the project corridor, runs from Newtown Creek northward to a connecting highway (Brooklyn Queens Expressway).

1971The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1950 maps with the following exceptions: The surrounding area has become less residential and significantly more commercial and industrial. General Chemical Company, identified as Phelps-Dodge Refining Corporation and General Chemical Division of Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation, has a large scrap iron storage area, a chemical tank building, a chemical storage building, a paint storage building, and a research laboratory. Falconer Fuel Co. Inc. is identified as Merwyn Screening Company Inc. as well as auto wrecking (AOC 27). The Meeker Avenue Bridge has been renamed to Kosciuszko Bridge. Used trucks and parts are identified as being located below the steel approach to the Kosciuszko Bridge. N.Y. Syrup Corp. is located on the northwest corner of 43rd Street and 54th Road (AOC 31, AOC 32, and AOC 33). Across 54th Road to the south is Wholesale School Supplies. A metal works shop is located on the northwest corner of 43rd Street and 54th Drive (AOC 30). Abutting Phelps-Dodge Refining Corporation to the north is an office supplies warehouse (AOC 29). The construction of the Long Island Expressway (LIE) resulted in the demolition of the structures north of 53rd Avenue.

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1982The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1971 maps with the following exceptions: Merwyn Screening Company as well as the auto wrecking businesses abutting the project corridor to the west are no longer present and have been replaced by a warehouse. The used trucks and parts are no longer identified as being located below the steel approach to the Kosciuszko Bridge. An auto junk yard abuts the project corridor to the east and south of 55th Avenue.

1990The general conditions observed in the vicinity of the project corridor are similar to those observed on the 1982 maps with the following exception: the warehouse abutting the project corridor to the west is identified as American Compress Gases, Dry Ice Corporation.

3.4 Environmental Database Search

The database service firm of Toxics Targeting, Inc. was retained by EPM to conduct a database search around the project corridor and compile computerized listings of the following:

Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in NYS (½ mile radius search);

Properties on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) (½ mile radius search) and the National Priority List (NPL) (½ mile radius search);

Hazardous Substance Waste Disposal Sites (HSWD) (½ mile radius search);

NYS Solid Waste Facilities (1/8 mile radius search);

Major Oil Storage Facilities (1/8 mile radius search);

Federal RCRA TSD Facilities (1/8 mile radius search) and RCRA Corrective Action Sites (1/8 mile radius search);

Identified Hazardous Material Spills (1/8 mile radius search);

Petroleum Bulk Storage Facilities (1/8 mile radius search);

RCRA Hazardous Waste Generators/Transporters (1/8 mile radius search) ;

Chemical Bulk Storage (1/8 mile radius search);

Toxic Release Inventory Sites (1/8 mile radius search);

Historic Utility Facilities (1/8 mile radius search);

Wastewater Discharges (1/8 mile radius search);

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Air Discharges (1/8 mile radius search);

Civil and Administrative Enforcement Docket (1/8 mile radius search);

Emergency Response Notification System (on-site search); and,

NYC Fire Marshall Tank Sites (on-site search).

The above databases were reviewed and summarized by EPM. Site distances/directions relative to the project corridor as reported in the databases were adjusted in some cases based on actual field observations. The complete Toxics Targeting Database Report is provided as Appendix E. The potential for off-site contaminant sources (sites outside the limits of the project site) to impact the project site was determined through an analysis of groundwater flow direction; type and quantity of contaminants released; and the media impacted (i.e., soil or groundwater).

3.4.1 Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in NYS

Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites (IHWDS) include dumps, landfills, and other toxic sites listed by NYSDEC. There are four sites within a 1/2 mile radius of the project corridor that are listed on the Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites list:

Kings County

! Jones Motor Site, located at Lombardy Street at Newtown Creek, approximately 837 feet east of the project corridor, is listed as an IHWDS due to reported onsite disposal of unknown industrial waste by a chemical company that operated on the site from 1924 to 1964. The site was investigated in 1984 and subsequently cleaned up and paved. The database indicates that remediation was completed.

! City Barrel Co., located at 421-429 Meeker Avenue, approximately 1,790 feet west southwest of the project corridor. Further details for this IHWDS are described in section 3.4.2.

! Mobil Oil Brooklyn Terminal, located at 300 North Henry Street, approximately 2,390 feet west northwest of the project corridor, abutting Newtown Creek. Further details for this IHWDS site are described in section 3.4.2.

Queens County

! (AOC 26) - Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation, located at 42-02 56th Road, within the limits of the project corridor. This site reportedly occupies approximately 35.8 acres, and abuts Newtown Creek in the vicinity of the Queens abutment of the Kosciuszko Bridge. Further details for this IHWDS are described in section 3.4.2.

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The above site identified as Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation has the potential to have impacted the environmental conditions of the project corridor due to the site’s close proximity to the project corridor and the identified soil and groundwater contamination. The remaining IHWDS are not considered to have a significant potential to have impacted the environmental conditions of the project corridor due to the fact that no further remedial action is planned, and/or their distances and directions relative to the project corridor.

3.4.2 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS)

CERCLIS is a compilation of sites investigated or in the process of being investigated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for release or threatened release of hazardous substances. Following further review and investigation, sites on this list may be downgraded, requiring no further action or could be found to pose a significant threat and be included on the NPL. Twelve sites were identified on the CERCLIS database as located within a ½-mile search radius of the project corridor, as follows:

Kings County

! Brooklyn Union Gas/Varick Gate Station, located at 438 Varick Avenue, is located approximately 600 feet south of the project corridor is listed as a CERCLIS site with no further remedial action planned. The database reported that liquid condensate in Brooklyn Union Gas pipelines has been known to be contaminated with PCBs. The condensate was removed and stored in a 1,500-gallon underground tank for eventual disposal.

! William Harvey Corp., located approximately 667 feet west southwest of the project corridor is listed as a CERCLIS site with no further remedial action being required by USEPA. No additional information was provided for this site.

! Nassau Tank Cleaning Service Inc., located at 323 Nassau Street, approximately 725 feet west northwest of the project corridor, is listed as a CERCLIS site with no further remedial action being required by USEPA. No additional information was provided for this site.

! The Lombardy Street Site, located approximately 780 feet east of the project corridor, is listed as a CERCLIS site with no further remedial action required by USEPA. No additional information was provided for this site.

! The Jones Motor Site, located on Lombardy Street at Newtown Creek, approximately 837 feet east of the project corridor, is listed as a CERCLIS site with no further remedial action required by USEPA. The site was investigated in 1984 and subsequently cleaned up and paved. No additional information was provided for this site.

! City Barrel Co., located at 421-429 Meeker Avenue, approximately 1,790 feet west southwest of the project corridor, is listed as a CERCLIS site with no

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further remedial action required. The database identifies this site as an industrial operation to recycle, recover, and refurbish metal drums, and reported that no actual disposal of hazardous or toxic waste occurred at the site.

! Brooklyn Union Gas/Equity Works, located at Maspeth and Morgan Avenues, approximately 2,050 feet south southwest of the project corridor, is listed as a CERCLIS site as a historical manufactured gas plant with no further remedial action required. By-products produced when the plant was operating included hydrocarbon tar which was temporarily stored onsite until sold. According to Brooklyn Union Gas, when the plant was decommissioned in 1928 the remaining tars were reportedly removed and the facility was razed (demolished).

! Brooklyn Union Gas/Greenpoint Energy Facility, located at 287 Maspeth Avenue, approximately 2,265 feet southeast of the project corridor is identified as a coal gasification plan from 1928 to 1952 which produced and stored hydrocarbon tar onsite. The database lists that no further remedial action is planned for the site.

! Brooklyn Union Gas/Maspeth Gate Station, located at 285 Maspeth Avenue, approximately 2,265 feet southeast of the project corridor is listed as a CERCLIS site for the presence of PCB containing liquid condensate in pipelines. The database indicates that no further remedial action is planned for the site.

! Mobil Oil Brooklyn Terminal, located at 300 North Henry Street, approximately 2,390 feet west northwest of the project corridor, adjacent to Newtown Creek, is identified as a CERCLIS site as an old refinery and as a 15-acre dump site. Confirmed hazardous wastes disposed onsite included gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and other petroleum-based materials.

Queens County

! (AOC 26) - Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation, located at 42-02 56th Road, within the limits of the project corridor. This site reportedly occupies approximately 35.8 acres, and abuts Newtown Creek in the vicinity of the Queens abutment of the Kosciuszko Bridge. This site is listed on the CERCLIS database due to contamination of soil and groundwater by heavy metals (cadmium, and lead), asbestos, and PCBs caused by the production of tri-basic copper sulfate (a pesticide), copper and sulfate pentahydrate, and the refining of copper. Process waste sludge was reportedly stored onsite in an unlined lagoon. Contaminated groundwater is reportedly located at depths ranging from 1 to 5 feet below grade across the site.

A Phase I State Superfund Investigation was completed for the site, and Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation reportedly completed a remedial investigation and removed approximately 10,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil. A Feasibility Study recommended capping 3.5 acres of “hot spots” on the site. In 1994 the New York City Department of Environmental Protection completed a Remedial

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Investigation / Feasibility Study (RI/FS) which identified additional areas of contamination at the site. Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation entered into a new Consent Agreement in January 2003 to conduct further investigation and implement remedial measures as necessary.

! Peerless Property, located at 3850 Review Avenue, approximately 2,125 feet to the west of the project corridor, is listed as a CERCLIS site with no further remedial action required. No additional information was provided for this site.

The