Appendix Selected Biographies of Mechanicians978-94-007-6353-1/1.pdf · continuum mechanics and solid mechanics, so that pure ﬂuid mechanicians, excellent as they obviously are

AppendixSelected Biographies of Mechanicians

Here we call ‘‘mechanicians’’ those academics and researchers who worked in thefield of applied and/or theoretical mechanics in departments such as those ofMechanical Engineering, Applied Mechanics, Theoretical Mechanics, Engineeringsciences, Applied Mathematics, Aerospace and Aeronautics, etc.

Writing about Darwin in the London Review of Books of January 07, 2010, p. 5,the Harvard historian of sciences Steven Shapin says: ‘‘The very idea of payinghomage to the great scientists of the past is problematic. Scientists are not widelysupposed either to be heroes or to have heroes. Modern sensibilities insist onscientists’ moral equivalence to anyone else, and notions of an impersonalScientific Method, which have gained classical dominance over ideas of scientificgenius, make the personalities of scientists irrelevant’’. Of course, scientists, ifthey do not see themselves as heroes, do have heroes. This was the case of allscientists I met, sometimes with the proud posting of their heroes’ portraits on thewalls of their office. Now the exercise of writing a short biographical note ofcontemporary scientists is even more perilous, in particular when speaking aboutliving persons whose personality and ego are often quite strong. There is a primedifficulty in choosing the few words authorized by the exercise. I have been carefulin this choice, avoiding any negative bias of the practice or personality of personswho are just human beings not devoid of such a trait. But the result is not exactlyhagiography, and I tried to be as neutral as possible except in a few cases wheremy enthusiasm went much over my caution. All the people cited I have met or, forthe older ones, they have had a strong influence on my own works or they left adefinite print in my memory. I am obviously parsimonious with my own age classwhere the choice may seem arbitrary to many, especially to those who are not citedin a list that is necessarily limited. I have remedied this shortcoming to someextent by listing names of younger scientists who have been influenced ormentored by our elders. The list concerns uniquely people active in generalcontinuum mechanics and solid mechanics, so that pure fluid mechanicians,excellent as they obviously are and so close to our community, are not cited unless

G. A. Maugin, Continuum Mechanics Through the Twentieth Century,Solid Mechanics and Its Applications 196, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6353-1,� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

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they also contributed to general continuum mechanics and/or solid mechanics.Only a very few scientists born after 1950 are listed, and most of those cited in thisclass died unexpectedly in their fifties or sixties.

Achenbach Jan D. (born 1935): Dutch/American mechanical engineer. Ph.D.Stanford (1962). Spent most of his career at Northwestern University nearbyChicago. An internationally known and recognized specialist of wave propagationin solids and non-destructive evaluation techniques: waves and vibrations inviscoelastic solids, dynamics of composite materials, fracture, acousticmicroscopy, quantitative ultrasonics, elasto-dynamics. Author of the classicbook ‘‘Wave propagation in elastic solids’’ (1973). Founder and first editor of theinfluential WAVE MOTION journal. Has received many awards including theNational Medal of Science of the USA. Mentored Andrew Norris, Yves Angel, andothers.

Aifantis (At‹ uamsg91) Elias C. (born 1950): Greek-American physicist educatedin Greece and Minnesota, with a marked interest in diffusion processes and themotion of defects, in particular that of dislocations, and dissipative structures(under the influence of PRIGOGINE’s group). One of the main exponents anddevelopers of the theories of elasticity and plasticity with strain gradients.Professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and also in Michigan.

Ball John Macleod (Sir) (born 1948): British applied mathematician, FRS,Professor at the Mathematical Institute, Oxford University after B.Sc. atCambridge, Ph.D. (1972) Sussex University with David Eric Edmunds, and aprofessorship of Applied Analysis at Herriot-Watt University in Edinburgh(1982–1996). Recipient of many honours. Specialist of large strain elasticity andthe mathematics of materials with phase transitions. Author of fundamentaltheorems in the subject. President of the International Mathematical Union(2003–2006).

Barenblatt (<APEHBKAT) Grigory I. (born 1927): Russian mechanician-applied mathematician, Doctoral degree under A. N. Kolmogorov in Moscow,internationally recognized for his contributions to fracture mechanics (theBarenblatt-Dugdale model), the theory of fluid and gas flows in porous media,the mechanics of non-classical deformable solids, turbulence, self-similarity andintermediate asymptotics, nonlinear waves. Honored by many awards. Influenced,among others, Genady P. Cherepanov.

Bazant Zdenek P. (born 1937): American civil engineer native ofCzechoslovakia, formed in Prague. At Northwestern University in Evanston,USA, since 1969. A prolific author of many papers and books with a large numberof co-authors. Supervised many Ph.D. Theses including the one of GillesPijaudier-Cabot from France. Both a theoretician and an experimentalist withworks on the creep of concrete, the stability of structures, and above all scale effectsin solid mechanics and a nonlocal theory of damage (with G. Pijaudier-Cabot).A much cited and honoured author in the field.

290 Appendix: Selected Biographies of Mechanicians

Berdichevsky (<EPLBXEBCRBQ) Victor L. (born 1944): Russian-Americanapplied mathematician-mechanical engineer. Initially formed under the leadershipof Academician Leonid D. Sedov in Moscow. After immigration to the USA,professor at Georgia Tech and then at Wayne State University in Michigan. Bestknown for his proposal of general variational principles, his works on dislocationtheory, and the formulation of asymptotic homogenization for slender structures.Later interested in the foundations of thermodynamics and stochastic processes.Author of a remarkable book on variational principles in mechanics, physics andthermodynamics (Russian version, 1983; English much enlarged version, 2009).

Bingham Eugene C. (1878–1945): American scientist, who coined the term‘‘rheology’’ together with Markus Reiner. Was a professor at, and Head of, theDepartment of chemistry at Lafayette College, Pennsylvania. Binghamviscoplastic fluids are named after him. Both a theoretician and experimentalistin rheology. Founded the Society of Rheology in 1929. Considered to be the fatherof the science of rheology.

Biot Maurice A. (1905–1985): Belgian-American physicist-geophysicist.Educated at the French speaking University of Louvain (Belgium; D.Sc. 1931),also Ph.D. at Caltech (1932). Worked at various American universities (Harvard,Columbia, Brown) and for a number of agencies and companies. An original butsomewhat lonely researcher, he is famous for his theory of poro-elasticity (so-called ‘‘Biot theory’’), but also for his various works on variational principles, theincremental theory of deformable solid mechanics, and irreversiblethermodynamics.

Bowen Ray M. (born 1936): American mechanical engineer. Ph.D. TexasA&M University (1961). Taught at Rice University (1967–1983), University ofKentucky (1983–1989), and became President of Texas A&M University(1994–2002). Known for his theory of fluid mixtures in continuum mechanics.A gifted administrator, he was instrumental in expanding Texas A&M University.

Bridgman Percy W. (1882–1961): American physicist who studied at Harvard(AB, AM, PhD) and was a Professor of mathematics and natural philosophy thereuntil his retirement. A specialist of high-pressure deformation and flow (plasticity),he was the one who experimentally proved that plastic behaviour is essentially dueto slip (or shear) strain (for nonporous metals). He is the author of a famous book‘‘The nature of thermodynamics’’ (1941) that poses correctly the interpretation ofirreversible thermodynamics in continua, in fact proposing the consideration ofinternal variables of state. He received the Nobel prize in Physics for 1946,probably the only ‘‘mechanician’’, together with Lord Rayleigh (NP, 1904), tohave been honoured by this prize.

Budiansky Bernard (1925–1999): American mechanician, Ph.D. Brown 1950,With NACA at Langley (1950–1955) and then Professor at Harvard Universityfrom 1955. Author of seminal contributions to the mechanics of solids andmaterials, and micromechanics. Influenced the whole school of mechanicalengineering in the USA.

Appendix: Selected Biographies of Mechanicians 291

Bui Hui Dong (born 1937): French mechanician of Vietnamese origin,educated at Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, student of Jean Mandel. Best known forhis extensive creative works in the theory of fracture. Research career spent atElectricité de France and Laboratoire de Mécanique des Solides, EcolePolytechnique, first in Paris and then in Palaiseau. Member of the FrenchAcademy of Sciences (Paris).

Caratheodory (Jaqaheodxqg9 ) Constantin (1873–1950): Born in Berlin ofGreek parents. Educated in Belgium (Lycée, Engineering military school).Worked as a civil engineer in Egypt while educating himself in mathematicalanalysis. Completed his formal education in mathematics in Berlin and thenGöttingen under the supervision of Herrmann MINKOWSKI. Published in 1909 acelebrated axiomatics of thermodynamics introducing the notion ofthermodynamic adiabatic accessibility, a work acclaimed by Max Planck andMax Born. Professor (1908–1920) in Bonn, Hannover, Breslau, Göttingen, andBerlin. Then taught in Smyrna, Athens, Munich and finally Berlin until 1950.Published famous mathematical works in analysis with many theorems andconjectures bearing his name.

Cattaneo Carlo (1911–1979): Italian mathematical physicist. A student ofAntonio Signorini. Main works in elasticity, thermoelasticity and relativisticcontinuum mechanics. The heat conduction equation called the Cattaneo-Vernotteequation yielding a finite velocity of heat disturbances is named after him and theFrench engineer Vernotte. Was a professor at the University or Rome (now RomaI—La Sapienza).

Cherepanov (XEPEGAHOB) Genady P. (born 1937): Russian born Americanmechanician. Ph.D., Moscow, 1962, Dr of Sc. Moscow 1964 (the youngest ever inMechanics in the former Soviet Union); a student of G. I. Barenblatt.Internationally known for his seminal work in the theory of deformation andfracture of materials and structures; one of the creators of configurationalmechanics with the original introduction of invariant and path-independentintegrals in fracture science. Immigrated to the USA in 1990 and taught at FloridaInternational University before retirement.

Christov (Xpbcnod) Christo I. (1951–2012): Imaginative Bulgarian/Americanapplied mathematician formed in Sofia and Novosibirsk (PhD with N. N. Yanenkoin 1980). Successively at the Meteorological Institute in Sofia, scientific visitor inMadrid, Paris, Brussels, and Stanford before settling down in Lafayette, Louisiana,USA as a university professor of mathematics. Multiple interests in both fluid andsolid mechanics with a special knack for numerical simulations. Developedanalytical techniques in turbulence (random point approximation), introduceddissipative soliton, models of elastic crystals with high-degree dispersion(generalized Boussinesq systems), constitutive equations yielding hyperbolicity.Works in co-operation with K. Z. Markov, Manuel Velarde and G. A. Maugin.


Ciarlet Philippe G. (born 1938): French applied mathematician in the French‘‘Lions’’ line. Educated at Ecole Polytechnique and School of Ponts & Chaussées(ENPC), Paris; Ph.D., Cleveland (1966). Renowned specialist of finite-elementtechniques and the mathematics of elasticity with an interest in plates and shells,and the so-called ‘‘zoom’’ technique (with Ph. Destuynder), allowing passing from3d to 2d or 1d schemes for structural elements. Developed more recently aninterest in differential geometry. Professor at the University of Paris 6 and then atthe City University of Hong Kong, after retirement.

Coleman Bernard D. (born 1930): American chemical engineer turned‘‘rational mechanician’’ at the contact of Clifford A. Truesdell and Walter Noll;Ph.D. Yale 1954. Author of most influential fundamental works in rationalcontinuum thermomechanics and modern rheology (e.g., media with fadingmemory, the ‘‘Coleman-Noll’’ thermodynamics of continua, etc). Recentlyinterested in biological structures such as DNA. First at Carnegie-Mellon inPittsburg and then at Rutgers University in New Jersey.

Cosserat Eugène (1866–1931) and Cosserat François (1852–1914):Respectively, French mathematician-astronomer (Professor at the University ofToulouse) and French civil engineer (‘‘Corps des Ponts et Chaussées’’), brothers,authors of the celebrated book ‘‘Théorie des corps déformables’’ (1909) consideredto be a pioneers’ vision of generalized continua (introduction of couple stresses).‘‘Cosserat media’’ and ‘‘Cosserat spectrum’’ (in 2d elasticity) are named afterthem. Among the first scientists to have introduced the notion of groups incontinuum mechanics (see their ‘‘Euclidean action’’), and thus much acclaimed byElie Cartan, the famous geometer.

Coussy Olivier (1953–2010): French civil engineer (Dipl. Ing. ENPC, Paris,1975), PhD 1978, DSc (Habilitation) 1985, both at the UPMC, Paris. From 1979researcher at the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, while teachingmechanics in various « grandes écoles » (Polytechnique, ENPC). Head of the NavierInstitute of civil engineering (2003). Author of original creative works in the thermo-mechanics of porous and chemically active continua; Biot Medal (2003). Has writtena remarkable book on the ‘‘Mechanics of porous continua’’ (Wiley, 1995).

Drucker Daniel C. (1918–2001): American applied mechanician. Taught atBrown University, the University of Illinois, and the University of Florida. Aforemost authority on the theory of plasticity (e.g., Drucker’s postulate).

Duhem Pierre (1861–1916): Prolific French mathematician and historian ofsciences, epistemologist, who pioneered many aspects of the rational mechanicsand thermomechanics of continua (a precursor of the Truesdellian School).Considered as an ‘‘energetist’’ as opposed to ‘‘atomist’’. A friend of Henri Poincaréand Jacques Hadamard. Spent most of his career in Bordeaux, having definitivelyalienated himself from Parisian authorities after his justified but prematurecriticisms of the theories of Marcelin Berthelot (a ‘‘republican hero’’ of science,but also an excellent scientist).


Duvaut Georges (born 1934): French applied mathematician formed at EcoleNormale Supérieure (Paris) and University of Paris with Paul Germain as mentor.Co-author with J. -L. Lions of a landmark pioneering book on variationalinequalities in mechanics and physics (1972); applications to plasticity andviscoplasticity. Works on periodic homogenization. Professor at the University ofParis 6 until retirement. For some time scientific director of O.N.E.R.A (OfficeNational d’Etudes et de Recherches Aéronautiques).

Eckart Carl H. (1902–1973): American physicist. Ph.D. at Princeton (1925).Post-doctoral stay in Munich with Arnold Sommerfeld. Author of known works inquantum mechanics. Professor in Chicago (1928–1941) and then at the Universityof California in San Diego (1941–1971). Became involved in oceanography andunderwater acoustics. Published in 1940 and 1948 a series of four papers thatanticipated many developments in modern (classical and relativistic) continuumthermo-mechanics.

Edelen Dominic G. B. (1929–2010): American mathematician, Ph.D. JohnsHopkins 1956, Worked first as a researcher at the Rand Corporation, SantaMonica, and then taught mathematics at Lehigh University and mechanics atTexas A&M university. An original and powerful thinker with many works ingeneral relativity, astrophysics, geometry, exterior calculus, the mathematicaltheory of defects, gauge theory, the nonlocal theory of elasticity,thermomechanics, and transformation methods for nonlinear partial differentialequations. Author or co-author of many books in these fields.

Epstein Marcelo (born 1944): Canadian mechanician of Argentine origin andapplied mathematician interested in both applications (structural members,biomechanics) and the abstract rigorous framework of continuum mechanicswith a strong interest in modern differential geometry. Civil Engineer (BuenosAires, 1967). Ph.D. at the Technion in Haifa (1972), and professor at theUniversity of Calgary, Alberta, since 1976. Visited many research centres inthe world. An excellent amateur musician, and an intellectual in the best senseinterested in languages and humanities. Seminal works in co-operation with MarekElzanowski, Manuel de Leon and Gerard A. Maugin (Differential geometry,Material inhomogeneities, Eshelby stress, configurational forces, theory ofmaterial growth).

Ericksen Jerald Laverne (born 1924): American mechanician/physicist. Wasa professor at the Johns Hopkins University, Department of Mechanics(1957–1982)—after war service in the US Navy and Ph.D. at Bloomington(1951) and spending some time at the US. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)—and then joined the University of Minnesota (1982–1999) before retirement. Madeimportant contributions to the fields of mechanics and elasticity. He is best knownfor his work on anisotropic fluids and liquid crystals, plates and shells, solidcrystals and their phase transitions viewed in thermomechanics. An originalthinker; somewhat outside main chapels. Many results and objects bear hisname—e.g., Rivlin-Ericksen tensors, Rivlin-Ericksen fluids, Baker-Ericksen


inequalities, Doyle-Ericksen tensor, Ericksen identity, Leslie-Ericksen theory ofliquid crystals. Influenced C. M. Dafermos, F. M. Leslie, R. C. Batra, R. D. James,M. Pitteri, and G. Zanzotto. One of the most influential mechanicians in the secondpart of the 20th century.

Eringen A. Cemal (1921–2009): Turkish born American engineering scientist.Founded the Society of Engineering Sciences (SES) and created the Journal‘‘International Journal of Engineering Sciences’’. Internationally known for hismany seminal contributions to various generalized continua (micropolar fluids andsolids, micromorphic continua, media with microstretch, nonlocal theory ofcontinua, media with chemical reactions, interactions with electromagnetism, etc).Ph.D. (1948) at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute under the supervision ofN. J. Hoff. Professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology (1948–1953), then inPurdue (1953–1966), and finally at Princeton University until retirement.Mentored and/or influenced, among others, J. C. Samuels, S. L. Koh, R.C. Dixon, J. D. Ingram, J. W. Dunkin, Richard A. Grot, Charles B. Kafadar, RobertTwiss, W. D. Clauss Jr, T. S. Chang, James D. Lee, Hilmi Demiray, Gerard A.Maugin, Charles Speziale, Patrick O’Leary, Geneviève Segol, Leslie E. Hajdo,Nas�it ARI, Byoung Song Kim, etc.

Eshelby John (‘‘Jock’’) Douglas (1916–1981): British physicist educated inBristol, worked in Cambridge, and taught in Sheffield (first as a reader and then asa professor in 1971), Faculty of (the theory of) materials. Best known for hisoriginal work on dislocation motion, the driving force on a material inhomogeneityand on a field singularity, the continuum theory of lattice defects, and the‘‘Eshelby’’ inclusion problem. The material Eshelby stress tensor, the spatial partof the energy-momentum tensor, is named after him (coinage by G. A. Maugin andC. Trimarco, 1989–1992).

Föppl August (1854–1924): German physicist-civil engineer, Professor ofTechnical Mechanics and statical graphics at TU Munich (1893–1922). Interestedin mathematical physics. Introduced Heaviside’s Maxwell electrodynamics toGermany in 1894 in a book that influenced Albert Einstein. Arnold Sommerfeldhighly valued him. Ludwig Prandtl was one of his first students. Influenced severalgenerations of mechanicians in Germany through his books.

Germain Paul (1920–2009), French mathematician (ENS alumnus) with earlysuccessful works in various branches of theoretical fluid mechanics (transonicflows, flows around delta-wings, structure of shock waves in fluids and MHD;consideration of generalized functions and asymptotic methods in problems offluid mechanics), introduced a curriculum in continuum mechanics that influencedthe teaching of the matter in all institutions in France. Then turned to generalcontinuum thermomechanics and various applications in dissipative solids.Revived the interest for the formulation using the principle of virtual power inthe modelling of complex continua and structures. Has shown a remarkable open-mindedness towards various theories. Influenced, among others, Jean-PierreGuiraud, Georges Duvaut, Patrick Muller, Francois Sidoroff, Monique Piau,


Gérard A. Maugin, Alain Gérard, Raymonde Drouot, and Pierre Suquet. Professorat the Sorbonne and then University of Paris 6 (now Université Pierre et MarieCurie) and the celebrated Ecole Polytechnique. One of the founders of the‘‘Journal de Mécanique (Paris)’’ that was to become the ‘‘European Journal ofMechanics A/B’’. He also created the Laboratoire de Mécanique Théorique inassociation with CNRS (1975), to become the Laboratoire de Modélisation enMécanique (1985), and then integrated in the Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert byG. A. Maugin (2007). Président of IUTAM (1984–1988). Member of mainNational Academies of Sciences (Paris, USA, USSR, Poland, Royal Society,Lincei, Pontifical Academy).

Gurtin Morton E. (born 1934): American mechanician-appliedmathematician, Ph.D. Brown University (1961) with Eli Sternberg. Taught atBrown University and then Carnegie-Mellon. Author of seminal works innonlinear continuum mechanics, thermomechanics of continua, dynamical phasetransitions, evolving phase boundaries, configurational forces, dislocations andplasticity. Influenced, among others, Ian Murdoch, Paolo Podio-Guidugli and EliotFried.

Green Albert E. (1912–1999): English applied mathematician. Ph.D. (1937) inCambridge under Sir Geoffrey I. Taylor, Professor at Oxford University(1968–1977), FRS, Numerous works in linear and nonlinear elasticity, importantcontributions to continuum mechanics including generalized continuum mechanics(multipolar theory, thermoelasticity, theory of shells and rods, elastic-plasticbehavior, etc). Fruitful co-operation with Ronald S. Rivlin and Paul M. Naghdi.

Grioli, Giuseppe (born 1912, reached a hundred in the spring of 2012): Italianmathematician, Long time Professor of Mathematics (Rational mechanics) at theUniversity of Padova. A follower of Antonio Signorini. Specialist of mathematicalproblems in elasticity and media with couple stresses.

Hamel Georg (1887–1954): German mechanician-applied mathematician,professor in Berlin. Proposed an axiomatization of mechanics and formed manyGerman mechanicians through his influential books.

Hellinger Ernst (1883–1950): German mathematician. Author of a noted(Felix Klein) Encyclopedia article on continuum mechanics (1914) and anotherarticle with O. Toeplitz on analysis. Also known in mechanics for the Hellinger-Reissner (two-field, displacement and stress) variational principle. Educated inHeidelberg, Breslau and Göttingen with David Hilbert. He was professor inFrankfurt am Main but left for the USA in 1939 and then taught at Evanston. Mostworks in integral and spectral theories.

Herrmann George (1921–2007): Swiss/American mechanical engineer withRussian as one of his native tongues (was born in Moscow which he left in his teens).Educated at ETH Zurich; Doctoral degree in 1949 with William Prager. LeftSwitzerland for North America in 1949, first in Montreal, then at ColumbiaUniversity, New York, and Northwestern University, Evanston. Professor of


Mechanical engineering at Stanford (1970–1984). Created the journal ‘‘InternationalJournal of Solids and Structures’’ and was editor of the English translation of P.M.M.Works in shell theory, stability of structures, vibrations of elastic bodies, wavepropagation, fracture, and the theory of material forces (configurational mechanics).

Hetnarsky Richard B. (born 1928): Polish/American applied mathematician.Fundamental contributions to problems of thermoelasticity. Created the ‘‘Journalof Thermal Stresses’’ and founded a series of international conferences under thetitle of ‘‘Thermal stresses’’. Author of encyclopaedic books on thermoelasticity. Inthe USA was a professor at Rochester, New York State, before retirement.

Hill Rodney M. (1921–2011): English applied mathematician. Education inmathematics at Cambridge, Ph.D. 1949, and research career in Sheffield,Nottingham (1953–1963) and at Cambridge (1963 on). One of the maincontributors to the modern theory of elastoplasticity and the theory ofhomogenization of solids. Precocious author of a remarkable book on plasticity(Oxford, 1950). He was the founding editor of the ‘‘Journal of the Mechanics andPhysics of Solids’’ in 1952.

Hutchinson John W. (born 1939): American mechanical engineer, BS Lehigh1960, Ph.D. Harvard 1963 with Bernard Budiansky; Professor at Harvard, authorof seminal works in solid and fracture mechanics, and elasto-plasticity.

Hutter Kolumban (born 1941): Swiss theoretical mechanician, Dipl. CivilEngineer Zurich (1964), Ph.D. Cornell (1973, with Y. -H. Pao). Habilitation inVienna with Heinz Parkus. Worked first at the Hydraulics, Hydrology andGlaciology Research Laboratory of ETH Zurich, and then as a Professor ofMechanics at TU Darmstadt (1987–2006). Retired in Zurich. Prolific author ofpapers and books, with a marked interest in geophysical mechanics with applicationsin the dynamics of glaciers and ice sheets, the mechanics of granular materials,avalanching flows of snow, debris and mud, physical limnology, but also in thefoundations of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and evenelectrodynamics of continua. Founder and first Editor-in-Chief of ‘‘ContinuumMechanics and Thermodynamics’’. Max Planck Prize (1994), Alexander vonHumboldt Prize (1998). Recognized as one of the most creative and successfulapplicants of modern continuum mechanics to glaciology.

Ilyushin (BKM>IBH) A. A. (1911–1995): Russian mechanical engineer.Author of fundamental works in elasto-plasticity. Rector of the University of StPetersburg (then Leningrad) after WWII and then Professor of continuummechanics at the Lomonosov State University of Moscow, Chair of elasticity.Introduced Ilyushin’s principle in plasticity.

Kachanov (RAXAHOB) Lazar M. (1914–1993): Russian mechanician atLeningrad/St Petersburg, noted for his pioneer’s works in the theory of damageand creep (1958, 1961), works in viscoelasticity and rate-dependent plasticity.


Kestin Joseph (1913–1993): Polish-American thermodynamicist in the UK andthen the USA, Brown University. The most knowledgeable specialist on all aspectsof thermodynamics. Contributed fundamentally to the modern vision of thethermodynamics with internal state variables (one of the possible avenues to thedescription of many dissipative processes).

Knops Robin J. (born 1932): British applied mathematician (B.Sc.Nottingham, 1955; Ph.D. with Rodney HILL, 1960). Then visitor to the USA(Brown), lecturer and reader in Newcastle (1962–1971), and finally Professor ofMathematics and Head of Department at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburghuntil his retirement. Both an efficient organizer and a highly productive appliedmathematician with many works on the mathematics of elasticity (uniquenesstheorems, ill-posed problems, stability, Saint-Venant’s principle). Many works co-authored with L. E. Payne from Cornell University.

Knowles James K. (1931–2009): American mechanical engineer, studied withEric Reissner at MIT. Professor at Caltech since 1965. Many seminal works inelasticity and phase-transition problems in solids with Eli Sternberg, Cornelius O.Horgan and Rohan Abeyaratne.

Koiter Warner Tjardus (1914–1997): Influential Dutch mechanical engineer.Landmark Ph.D. Thesis Delft (1945) on the ‘‘Stability of elastic equilibrium’’acknowledged internationally after its English translation by NACA in 1960.Works on the asymptotic theory of initial post-buckling stability, the theory ofshells, plasticity. Professor of Applied Mechanics at Delft Technical University(1949–1979).

Kröner Ekkehart (1919–2000): German mathematical physicist who studiedPhysics in Stuttgart in 1948–1954 after the Second World War where he was along time prisoner of war in the Soviet Union. Professor in Clausthal and then atthe university of Stuttgart. A deep thinker and pioneer in the geometric approach todefective crystals introducing there notions such as the incompatibility tensor andthe Einstein tensor. Definite works in elasto-plasticity of crystals (multiplicativedecomposition of deformation gradient), materials with stochastic properties,homogenization techniques. Mentored K. H. Anthony (in defect theory) and F.W. Hehl (in modern gravitation theory). Influenced many others, including W.Noll, I. A. Kunin, M. Berveiller, and G. A. Maugin.

Kruskal Martin D. (1925–2006): American applied mathematician, notexactly a mechanician, but with so many fields of interest. Formed at theUniversity of Chicago and then in New York (NYU, Courant Institute: Ph.D.1952). Worked on the Matterhorn project and controlled thermonuclear fusion.Internationally known for his seminal work on plasma instabilities and on solitontheory (he coined the word; with co-workers he introduced the inverse-scatteringmethod in this field) and asymptotic methods; also, ‘‘Kruskal coordinates’’ ingeneral relativity in the study of black holes. Long time professor of astrophysicsand applied mathematics at Princeton University (1951–1989) and then at RutgersUniversity. National Medal of Science of the USA.


Kunin (REHBH) Isaac A. (born 1928): Russian/American scientist, Ph.D.1958 Polytechnical Institute Leningrad. At Novosibirsk (1952–1979) and thenProfessor at the University of Houston (1979–2003). All round physicist andmechanician with works in dislocation theory, nonlocal theory of continua, mediawith microstructure, mathematical physics, dynamical systems. Author of afamous book ‘‘Media with Microstructure’’ in two volumes (English translation,1982, edited by E. Kröner).

Lee Erastus H. (1916–2006): English-American mechanical engineer.Education at Cambridge University, UK, and Ph.D. at Stanford (1940) with S.Timoshenko. Spent WWII in the UK. Moved definitively to the USA in 1948.Taught at Brown University (1948–1962) and then Stanford (1962–1982), andfinally moved to Rensselaer Polytechnic for ten years. Contributions to plasticityof metals, viscoelasticity and plastic wave propagation. Is often attributed themultiplicative decomposition of the finite total deformation gradient in elasto-plasticity.

Lemaitre Jean (born 1934): French mechanical engineer with D.Sc. from theUniversity of Paris. Became professor of mechanics at this University whilecreating the Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie at the Ecole NormaleSupérieure de Cachan (suburb of Paris) after applied research on fatigue andviscoelasticity at O.N.E.RA. One of the main contributors to the continuum theoryof damage in a thermomechanical framework basing on original ideas ofKachanov and Rabotnov. Co-author with Jean-Louis Chaboche of a pioneeringbook on damage mechanics (1985).

Leslie Frank M. (1935–2000): British (Scottish) applied mathematician,educated in Dundee and Manchester (Ph.D. 1961 with James Lighthill), FRS,Professor in Newcastle and then in Glasgow at Strathclyde University. Especiallyknown for his theory of dissipative liquid crystals (1968, with Jerald L. Ericksen).

Mandel Jean (1907–1982): French engineer (‘‘Corps des Mines’’), professor ofmechanics at the celebrated Ecole Polytechnique, founder of a true school ofresearch in solid and soil mechanics; most influential in introducingthermomechanics in France in the 1960–1970s, with applications to anelasticsolids. Influenced, among others, Hui D. Bui, Nguyen Quoc Son, Joseph Zarka,Claude Stolz, and Bernard Halphen.

Marsden Jerald E. (1942–2010): Canadian applied mathematician. A prolificauthor of books and papers in mechanics. B.Sc. Toronto, Ph.D. Princeton (1968).A world leading authority in mathematical and theoretical classical mechanicswith a marked interest in differential geometry, symplectic topology, chaos, etc.Professor at Caltech. Max Planck Research Award (2000), Foreign member of theRoyal Society of London. Main co-authors: A. E. Fischer, A. Weinstein, T.S. Ratiu, P. J. Holmes, J. C. Simo, T. J. R. Hughes, A. J. Chorin, etc. One of themost highly cited scientists in the field.


Maugin Gerard A. (born 1944): French mechanical-aeronautical engineer withan American education (Ph.D. Princeton, 1971) and a marked interest inmathematical physics; D.Sc. in Mathematics, Paris, 1975. Successive works inrelativistic continuum mechanics, foundations of the electrodynamics of continua,the mechanics of ferroic states (ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity), nonlinearwaves in lattices and continuum models of solids, such as shock waves andsolitons, surface waves on structures, configurational mechanics of defects, growthof biological tissues, and dynamic materials.

Mindlin Raymond D. (1906–1978): American mechanical engineer, educatedand then Professor at Columbia University, New York, where he mentored manystudents, among them Y. -H. Pao, Harry F. Tiersten, P. C. Y. Lee, and RaymondParnes. Internationally recognized scientist for his works in structural mechanics,photo-mechanics, vibrations of plates, piezoelectricity and its dynamicapplications to signal processing (cf. the celebrated US Army monograph on thevibrations of plates), and the mechanics of continua with microstructure includinggranular materials.

Moreau Jean-Jacques (born 1924): French mathematician-mechanician,Educated at Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris; Thesis in Mathematics, Universitéde Paris, (1949). Professor at University of Montpellier, France. An analyst, withfirst works in hydrodynamics and theoretical fluid mechanics, and then in convexanalysis, and a strong interest in numerical simulations for problems withunilateral constraints for which he developed special algorithms. Was instrumentalin introducing convex analysis in problems of solid mechanics (friction, plasticity,viscoplasticity, flow of granular materials) in the 1960–1980s. Influenced BernardNayroles, Michel Fremond, Michel Jean, Pierre Suquet and many others.

Müller Ingo (born 1936): German thermodynamicist, a student of J. Meixner inAachen. Taught at Johns Hopkins University and the Technical University ofBerlin. Best known for his exploitation of the notion of coldness, and as founder ofrational extended thermodynamics. Co-created the Journal ‘‘ContinuumMechanics and Thermodynamics’’.

Muschik Wolfgang (born 1936): German mathematical physicist educated andProfessor at the Technical University of Berlin. A disciple of Walter Schottky(thermodynamics of discrete systems). Author of critical studies of the bases ofthermodynamics. Main author of the theory of mesoscopic continuum mechanicswith applications to liquid crystals. Together with Joseph Kestin one of the bestanalysts of the science of thermodynamics.

Naghdi Paul Mansour (1924–1994): Iranian born American mechanicalengineer. Came to the USA in 1945. B.Sc. Cornell, Ph.D. University of Michigan1951. Joined Berkeley in 1958. Professor of mechanical engineering at theUniversity of Berkeley for some thirty years. Long time co-operation with A.E. Green. A specialist of elasto-plasticity, polar materials using the director theory(Cosserat surfaces), the theory of plates and shells, he influenced, among others,James Casey, Miles B. Rubin, Marcel J. Crochet, and A. R. Srinivasa.


Nelson Donald F. (born 1929): American physicist. A co-worker of C.H. Townes in the development of LASERS at Bell Telephone Laboratories; co-developer of the first continuously operating ruby laser (1961). Co-author (1970s)with Melvin LAX of definite works on piezoelectric-pyroelectric crystals in thespirit of modern continuum mechanics.

Noll Walter (born 1925): German/American scientist who, with Clifford A.Truesdell and Bernard D. Coleman, formulated the bases of the modernthermomechanics of continua. Also author of a famous encyclopaedia article (withC. A. Truesdell in 1965) and a theory of uniformity of materials that influenced somelater works by C. C. Wang, M. Epstein and G. A. Maugin. Formed in Berlin, Paris andBloomington, Indiana. Professor at Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh.

Nowacki Witold (1911–1996): Polish engineer-mathematician, who, afterWWII, contributed to the creation of a successful Polish school of continuummechanics working in elasticity, thermoelasticity, structural mechanics, Cosseratsolids (asymmetric elasticity), plasticity, and electroelasticity.

Nguyen Quoc Son (born 1944), French cvil engineer of Vietnamese origin, astudent of Jean Mandel at Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. Seminal contributions tofracture mechanics, the thermomechanics of continua, modelling and numerics ofelasto-plasticity, and the stability of continua.

Ogden Ray W. (born 1943): English Applied mathematician, Education atCambridge (BA, Ph.D. with Rodney Hill), FRS. Professor of mathematics at theUniversity of Glasgow. Best known for his works in nonlinear elasticity withapplications to elastomers and biological tissues.

Odqvist Folke K. G. (1899–1984): Swedish mechanical engineer, known forhis work on creep and plasticity, 1934, (Odqvist parameter, now identified with thehardening parameter that is the past history of the magnitude of the plastic strain).Was Professor at the Royal Institute of Technology (K.T.H) in Stockholm(1936–1966).

Oldroyd James H. (1921–1982): British mathematician and noted rheologist.FRS. Educated at Cambridge University. Worked at Courtaulds ResearchLaboratory after WWII before teaching mathematics at Swansea (1953–1965)and then at the University of Liverpool (1965 until retirement). A ratherparsimonious writer, he published in 1950 a landmark paper in theoreticalrheology, introducing the celebrated Oldroyd model of visco-elasticity of a non-Newtonian fluid.

Pao, Yih-Hsing (born 1930): Chinese-American mechanical engineer, astudent of Raymond D. Mindlin, Ph.D. Columbia 1959. Professor at CornellUniversity and then in Taiwan (from 1984) and Mainland China. Specialist ofphysical acoustics and wave propagation in solids. Among his Ph.D. students:Francis C. Moon (1967) and Kolumban Hutter (1973).


Parkus Heinz (1909–1982): Austrian mechanical–aeronautical engineer. Mainworks on helicopter mechanics, thermoelasticity and the electrodynamics ofdeformable solids. A long-time professor of mechanics at TU Wien afterprofessional engineering experience in Austria and the USA. Mentored, amongothers, Franz Ziegler, his successor at TU Wien. Kolumban Hutter (Switzerland)took his Habilitation under his supervision.

Podio-Guidugli Paolo (born 1939): Italian civil engineer with a markedinterest in applied mathematics. Educated in Pisa. Many works of high standards incontinuum thermomechanics, often in cooperation, or in the line of, MortonGurtin. Professor of Civil Engineering at University of Roma-II.

Prager William (1903–1980): German born American applied mathematicianand mechanician. Educated at TU Darmstadt (Ph.D. 1926), he became the Directorof the Institute of applied mathematics in Göttingen at the early age of 26. Then aprofessor at TU Karlsruhe. Left Germany in 1934 and first taught in Istanbulbefore immigrating to the USA and joining Brown University in 1941 to stay thereuntil his retirement in 1973. He established there the Division of AppliedMathematics in 1946 and founded the Quarterly Journal of Applied Mathematicsin 1943. He was the driving force behind the incredible success of mechanics atBrown. One of the prominent figures in the theory of plasticity.

Reiner Markus (1886–1976): Polish/Israeli civil engineer (TH Vienna) whocoined the term ‘‘rheology’’ together with Eugene C. Bingham and co-created theSociety of Rheology. Moved to Palestine after WWI. Became a Professor atthe TECHNION, Haifa, after the independence of Israel. Bear his name: theBuckingham-Reiner Equation and the Reiner-Rivlin Equation. Introduced theDeborah number as measuring the characteristic relaxation time of flows ofviscous fluids. For ever one of the creators of the science of rheology.

Reissner Eric (1913–1996): German born (the son of an eminent physicistworking in general relativity and gravitation—cf. the celebrated Reissner-Nordström metric) American applied mathematician. Originally Educated at TUBerlin (Doctoral degree, 1935 in Applied Mechanics). Immigrated to the USA in1937. Ph.D. at MIT (1938) where he conducted his research, becoming Professorof Mathematics there (1949–1969), and then at the university of California at SanDiego (from 1969). Published more than 300 papers in scientific journals, manydealing with the elastic theory of beams, plates and shells (e.g., shear-deformationplate theory) that led to significant advances in civil and aeronautical engineering.Much professional recognition.

Rice James R. (born 1940): Education at Lehigh University, Ph.D. in appliedmathematics 1964. Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at BrownUniversity (1964–1981) and then Professor of Engineering Sciences andGeophysics at Harvard University (since 1981). One of the most creative,reputed and honoured American mechanician. Seminal works in theoreticalmechanics, civil-environmental engineering and materials physics. Known for his


works in crack propagation in elastic-plastic metals, path-independent integrals inelasticity (the celebrated J-integral of fracture), the structure of inelasticconstitutive equations, microscopic mechanisms of cleavage and ductile or creeprupture, deformation localization into shear zones, landslides, with applications togeophysics, earthquake studies, fault systems in geology, etc.

Rivlin Ronald S. (1915–2005): British born, later American citizen, appliedmathematician, Education at Cambridge University, Ph.D. 1952. First worked as aphysicist for the British Rubber Producers Research Association, and thenProfessor of Applied Mathematics at Brown University (1953–1967), and Directorof the Centre for the Application of Mathematics at Lehigh University(1967–1980). Developed the basic mathematical theory of large elasticdeformations which became the foundation of the mechanics of rubberelasticity. Are named after him: the Reiner-Rivlin fluids, the Rivlin-Ericksenfluids, the Mooney-Rivlin energy formula for incompressible solids. Influenced afull generation of researchers in continuum mechanics.

Sanchez-Palencia Enrique/Evariste (born 1941): Spanish/French appliedmathematician. Originally formed as an Aeronautical Engineer (Madrid), D.Sc. inMathematics, Paris, 1969. One of the creators of the asymptotic technique ofhomogenization of periodic structures. Also mathematical works onmagnetohydrodynamics and slendered elastic structures (plates, shells). Memberof the French Academy of Sciences (Paris).

Schottky Walter H. (1886–1976): German physicist, Ph.D. Berlin 1912 underMax PLANCK. Taught at Jena, Würzburg and Rostock and then joined SiemensResearch Laboratories until retirement. Best known for his works in quantumphysics, thermodynamics, and above all semi-conductors. Book onThermodynamics, Berlin 1929.

Sedov (CELOB) Leonid I. (1907–1999): Leading and powerful Russianmechanician; Specialist of continuum mechanics, theoretical fluid mechanics(explosions, hydrodynamics, hydrofoils), solid mechanics, general principles ofcontinuum physics, gravitational field, asymptotic and similarity methods.Developed also a genuine interest in variational formulations on basicprinciples. Author of classic textbooks on two-dimensional problems in fluidmechanics, similarity and dimensional analysis, and on general continuummechanics in Russian with many influential translations. Mentored, amongmany, V. Z. Parton, Zhelnorovich, Victor L. Berdichevsky, and Lev M.Truskinovsky, etc. During WWII he devised the so-called SedovSimilaritySolution for a blast wave (also attributed to G. I. Taylor in the West). He wasalso the first chairman of the USSR Space Exploration program. President of theInternational Astronautical federation (1959–1961). Until recently, it had beenthought that L. I. Sedov was the principal Soviet scientist behind the Sputnikproject. He admitted to the author that he was just placed there as a figure head(‘‘every great national project needs an official representative’’). Nonetheless a truegreat scientist.


Sidoroff François (born 1943): French mechanical engineer with D.Sc. fromParis University (1976). One of the scientists much influenced by Paul Germain. Aspecialist of anelastic materials, large deformations and thermomechanics. Formedwith Patrick Muller, Raymonde Drouot, Monique Piau and Gérard A. Maugin theinitial group of continuum thermomechanics under the leadership of Paul Germainat Paris 6. Became a professor of mechanics at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon(Mechanical engineering) until his retirement.

Signorini Antonio (1888–1963): Italian mathematician, specialist ofmathematical problems in elasticity (cf. the celebrated Signorini problem (1959)involving boundaries with unilateral contact and the first appearance of avariational inequality). Works in finite–strain elasticity (e.g., Signorini’sperturbation method). Professor in Rome. Had an enduring influence on theItalian rational mechanics of continua and applied mathematics.

Simo Juan C. (1952–1994): Spanish mechanical engineer educated first inMadrid (B.Sc. M.Sc.) and then at Berkeley (M.Sc., 1980, Ph.D., 1982). A foremostauthority on computational mechanics in finite strains. Rapidly gained aninternational recognition to become one of the highest cited and most influentialscientists in the field. Professor in the Applied Mechanics Division at StanfordUniversity from 1985 to his untimely death in 1994.

Soós Eugen (1937–2001): Highly productive Romanian appliedmathematician. PhD 1972 with Caius JACOB in Bucarest. Worked as aProfessor in the Department of Mathematics of the University of Bucarest andthe Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. Markedinterest in many facets of continuum mechanics including anelasticity, themechanics of composites, electromagnetism, the structure of mechanics, tensorand spinor algebra.

Spencer Anthony J. M. (1929–2008): English applied mathematician withCambridge education, Ph.D. with Ian Sneddon, FRS. Author of fundamental worksin the theory of invariants for anisotropic bodies, the elasticity and elastoplasticityof anisotropic bodies, and the mechanics of solids with inextensible fibres.

Stroh Alan Neil (1926–1962): Formed (B.Sc., M.Sc.) initially in his nativeSouth Africa, moved to the UK in 1951, and obtained his Ph.D. (1953) in Bristolunder the supervision first of J. D. Eshelby and then of Sir Nevill Mott. Then spentone year at Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Taught at Sheffield (1955–1958),and moved to M.I.T. (USA) in 1958. Killed in a car accident in 1962 while joininghis new position on the West coast of the USA. A very original thinker withcreative works in the dynamics of dislocations, cracks and plasticity. The inventorof the rightly celebrated ‘‘Stroh’’ formalism in anisotropic elasticity that greatlyhelps the formulation of boundary and transmission conditions.

Suquet Pierre (born 1954): French mathematician-mechanician, formed atEcole Normale Supérieure, Paris, and the University of Paris 6 under the influenceof Georges Duvaut and Paul Germain. Seminal works in mathematical plasticity


(existence of solutions, functions with bounded variations), nonlinearhomogenization, and others. Member of the French Academy of Sciences (Paris).

Szabò Istvan (1906–1980): Hungarian/German mechanician, influentialProfessor of Applied Mechanics at TU Berlin (1948–1973). Author of acelebrated History of the Principles of Mechanics (Birkhäuser, 1977). WalterNoll was his assistant in the early 1950s.

Tiersten Harry F. (1936–2006): American mechanical engineer, a student ofRaymond D. Mindlin at Columbia. Worked at Bell Labs and then becameProfessor of Mechanical Engineering at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.Author of many creative works on polar continua, linear piezoelectricity, and moregenerally coupled fields and the electrodynamics of deformable solids withapplications to electro-mechanical devices and signal processing.

Toupin Richard A. (born 1926): Ph.D. Thesis at Syracuse with Melvin LAX.A co-worker of Jerald L. Ericksen and Clifford A. Truesdell who spent most of hiscareer at IBM. Co-author of the celebrated Handbuch article on the classical theoryof fields with C. A. Truesdell (1960). Also works in generalized continuummechanics (gradient theory, couple stresses) and a pioneer in the study ofnonlinear elastic electrically polarized materials. Acousto-elasticity (Bernstein-Toupin), and fundamental problems of continuum mechanics.

Truesdell Clifford A. (1919–2000): American applied mathematician andhistorian of science. Ph.D. Princeton, 1943. The most well known and activecontributor to the renewal of continuum mechanics in the years 1940–1970,‘‘godfather’’ of modern continuum thermomechanics. Co-author of celebratedEncyclopaedia articles (Handbuch der Physik). Created the influential ‘‘Journal ofRational Mechanics and Analysis’’, and then the ‘‘Archives of Rational Mechanicsand Analysis’’. Taught at the University of Indiana in Bloomington and then JohnsHopkins University, Baltimore. Mentored W. Noll, R. A. Toupin, etc. Prolificauthor. Never tired editor of Euler’s works.

Willis John R. (born 1937): English applied mathematician, B.Sc. (1961) andPh.D. (1964) at the Imperial College, London. Professor of Applied Mathematicsat Bath (1972–1994, 2000–2001), Professor of Theoretical Solid Mechanics atCambridge University (1994–2000, 2001–2007), FRS. Editor of the ‘‘Journal ofthe Mechanics and Physics of Solids’’ (1982–2006). Best known for his numerousworks in the mathematical investigation of problems arising mostly in themechanics of solids, including the statics and dynamics of composite materials,dislocation theory, nonlinear fracture mechanics, elastodynamics of crackpropagation, and ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. Recipient of many honors.

Wilmanski Krzysztof (1940–2012): Internationally renowned Polish/Germanapplied mathematician with an initial formation in Łodz (PhD 1965) and aHabilitation in Warsaw (1970). At the I.P.P.T. of the Polish Academy of Sciences(1966–1986) and then in various places in Germany (Berlin, Paderborn, Hamburg-Harburg, Essen, Weierstrass Institute in Berlin), and finally in Zielona-Gora in Poland.


Multiple scientific interests including early the axiomatics of thermodynamics andmore recently poroelasticity in which he introduced new modellings accounting forfinite strains, thermal effects, and tortuosity, and considered wave propagation andapplications in geophysics. Works in thermomechanics in the line of the Trusdellianschool and Ingo Müller.

Ziegler Hans (1910–1985): Swiss mechanical engineer educated (mechanics,physics) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich. D.Sc. with E.Meissner (Switzerland) and R. Grammel (Germany). Professor at ETH from 1942to his retirement in 1977. A well known specialist of structural and dynamicalstability (1948–1956). Switched to the plasticity of solids under the influence ofWilliam Prager during a one-year visit at Brown University—cf. the Prager-Zieglerhardening rule. Then developed a strong and creative interest in irreversiblethermodynamics and the generalization of Onsager’s reciprocity relations to thenonlinear case; introduction of a principle of orthogonality. His deep thoughts on thematter are exposed in his book entitled ‘‘An introduction to thermomechanics’’(1986).

Zorski Henryk (1927–2003): Polish scientist with various interests inmathematical problems of continuum mechanics, the theory of defects, andnonlinear waves. Refugee in the Soviet Union during WWII, he also studied in theUK, and then back in Poland. Like many other Polish scientists of the period,worked first at the Military Academy and then at the Institute of FundamentalTechnical Research (IPPT) of the Polish Academy of Sciences. A ratherparsimonious writer of papers, but with a large knowledge of mathematicalphysics and an original thinker, he nonetheless influenced many scientists intheoretical mechanics and materials science, both in Poland and outside, amongthem Dominik Rogula, and Milan V. Micunovic from Serbia.


Index

AAcousto-elasticity, 162American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, 52Ampère’s law, 204Analytical mechanics, 170, 171Anelastic behaviour, 105, 158Anelasticity, 151Anisotropic elastic media, 85Anisotropic materials, 11Anisotropic media, 23Anisotropy, 39Anomalous dispersion, 234Antiferromagnets, 216Applied mathematics, 80Applied Mechanics Division (A.M.D) of the

ASME, 52Applied mechanics, 21Archives for rational mechanics

and analysis, 63Archives of mechanics, 121Asymmetric elasticity, 230Asymptotic method of homogenisation, 104Asymptotic methods, 109, 186Asymptotic periodic homogenisation, 151Asymptotic problems, 156Asymptotics, 25Asymptotic studies, 104Asymptotic techniques, 179Axiom of fading memory, 68Axiomatic approach, 26Axiomatization, 61, 133

BBarenblatt’s theory, 179Betti–Rayleigh reciprocity theorem, 80Bingham fluids, 34Bingham visco-plastic fluid, 34Bio-mechanics of soft tissues, 234, 284Biomechanics of tissues, 139Biomechanics, 41, 69, 134, 144, 145, 151, 155,

156, 158, 159, 255, 285Bio-rheology, 155Biot constitutive relations, 36Blast-wave solution, 173Bleustein–Gulyaev waves, 180Bloch expansion of waves, 218Bodies with microstretch, 227Born–Herglotz condition of rigid body motion,

275Boundary layer, 14Bourbakism, 64Boussinesq paradigm, 231, 234Boussinesq problem, 83, 106Brittle fracture, 178, 252Burgers material, 142Burgers vector, 87, 142

CCanonical conservation laws, 246, 261Canonical equation of conservation, 246Canonical thermomechanics of continua, 248Capillarity, 231Catastrophe theory, 155

G. A. Maugin, Continuum Mechanics Through the Twentieth Century,Solid Mechanics and Its Applications 196, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6353-1,� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

307

Cauchy and Lagrange materialstrain tensors, 35

Cauchy stress, 32, 36Cauchy theorem, 8Cayley–Hamilton theorem, 36Cellular materials, 93Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

(CNRS), 102Change of paradigm, 26Civil engineering, 152Classical groups, 4Clausius–Duhem inequality, 68, 70, 210, 229Complex-variable representation, 82Composite materials, 177Computational mechanics, 102, 131, 145, 147,

155, 156Configurational forces, 82, 84, 218, 247, 282Configurational mechanics, 133, 153, 162, 243Conservation law, 186, 202, 246Conservation of electric charge, 201Conservation of energy, 9Constitutive functional, 69Constrained cosserat continua, 230Continuous distribution of dislocations, 88Continuum mechanics, 119Continuum thermodynamics, 156Contour integrals in electroelasticity, 253Convected (oldroyd) time derivative, 207Convex analysis, 90, 107, 111Co-rotational derivative, 119Corps des Mines, 101, 105Cosserat continuum, 25, 121, 134, 184, 224Cosserat media, 129Cosserat spectrum, 181Couple stress, 225, 226, 228Coupled effects, 199Coupled fields, 6, 122, 162, 187Coupled-field theory, 225Crack propagation, 155Crack-front waves, 86Cracks in lattices, 185Cracks, 81, 160, 173Creep, 159, 177Creep of concrete, 148Crystal elasticity, 150Crystal lattices, 14Crystal plasticity, 188Crystal-lattice dynamics, 234

DDamage, 41, 177, 182Damage mechanics, 150Defective elastic crystals, 153

Deformable magnetized bodies, 162Deformable microstructure, 227Deformable piezoelectrics, 158Deformable semiconductors, 217Determinism, 66Detonation waves, 25Dielectric, 213Differential geometry, 111Dilatational elasticity, 228Dimensional analysis, 173Director frame, 106Directors (unit vectors), 226Discontinuity surfaces, 257Discontinuity waves, 174Dislocation, 23, 84, 87, 157, 172, 174, 286Dislocation theory, 84Dissipation potential, 106Distributions, 181Distribution theory, 150Domain of elasticity, 22Double-normal force, 232Driving force, 251, 258Drucker inequality, 55Drucker’s stability postulate, 55Dual I-integral, 252Dual integral equations, 83Dynamic fracture, 144, 157, 159Dynamics of magnetic spin, 188Dynamics of propagating phase boundaries, 55Dynamics, 24

EEcole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées

(E.N.P.C), 100Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), 101Ecole Polytechnique, 5, 7, 10, 20, 100, 105,

118, 122, 138Einstein tensor, 268Einstein–Cartan space, 236Elastic energy, 8Elastic limit, 22Elastic media with microstructure, 187Elasto-plasticity, 121, 162, 175, 182Elasto-plastic materials, 119Elasto-plastic polycrystals, 112Electricity conductors, 174, 175Electrodynamics of continua, 141Electrodynamics of moving bodies, 268Electrodynamics of moving media, 205Electro-elasticity, 57Electromagnetic bodies, 162Electromagnetic constitutive equations, 201Electromagnetic continua, 105, 151, 153

308 Index

Electromagnetic energy, 202Electromagnetic internal degrees of freedom,

212Electromagnetism in continua, 153Electromagnetism, 199Electro-magneto-deformable media, 119Electro-magneto-elasticity, 162, 187, 190Electro-magneto-mechanical interactions, 217Electromechanical devices, 200Electro-mechanical interactions, 213Electromotive intensity, 204Electronic-spin continua, 229Electro-rheological materials, 160Electrostriction, 91Energetic stress, 9Energy–momentum tensor, 270, 272Energy-release rate, 82, 252Engineering mechanics, 21Entropy flux, 70Epistemological rupture, 26Equation of internal energy, 68Ergodic hypothesis, 91Eshelbian continuum mechanics, 261Eshelby material stress tensor, 246Eshelby’s contributions, 87Euclidean invariance, 25, 113Euler–Cauchy equations, 32Eulerian, 4Euler–Lagrange equations, 250Existence theorems in nonlinear elasticity, 92Existence, 25Extended thermodynamics of continua, 140Extended thermodynamics, 70, 132Extra entropy flux, 70

FFading memory, 24Fatigue, 182Ferroelectric crystals, 215Fibre-reinforced materials, 40, 282Field theory, 2Finger strain, 36Finite-element computations, 248Finite-element method, 123, 130Finite-element scheme, 259Finite-strain elastoplasticity, 104Finite-strain viscoelasticity, 104Finite-volume scheme, 259First law of thermodynamics, 9, 14First Piola–Kirchhoff stress, 4

Fluid mechanics, 102, 110, 179Format of Piola–Kirchhoff, 247Formation of shear bands, 145Fourier heat-conduction law, 11Fractal sets, 236Fractional calculus, 153, 155Fractional derivatives, 237Fracture mechanics, 177, 178Fracture of metals, 83Fracture, 158, 247French masters, 99Frenkel–Kontorova model, 172, 188Friction, 21Frictional materials, 142Functional analysis, 103Functional form, 66Functionally graded materials, 159Fung’s elastic material, 41

GGalilean approximation, 206, 207Galilean invariant, 207Gauge theory of dislocations, 187Gauss–Poisson’s equation, 204General relativity, 120, 269Generalized continua, 10, 155Generalized continuum mechanics, 121, 129,

154, 158, 183, 218, 223Generalized elastic continua, 56Generalized functions, 181Generalized Mooney–Rivlin materials, 40Generalized standard materials, 73, 106, 111Generating function, 258Geometric theory of the continuous distribu-

tion of dislocations, 88Geometrical theory of defects, 183Ginzburg–Landau theory of phase

transitions, 232Global stability criterion, 176Gradient elasticity, 154, 157Gradient materials, 162Gradient models of materials, 142Gradient plasticity, 157Gradient theories, 224, 230Gradient theories of the n-th order, 231Grandes écoles, 20, 99Granular materials, 94, 111, 154, 159Green function, 7Green reciprocity theorem, 7Green theorem, 7Green’s elasticity, 66

Index 309

Griffith’s theory, 81Grinfeld instability, 180Group theory, 150, 186Gyromagnetic effects, 217

HHandbuch der physik, 103Hellinger–Reissner variational principle, 54Helmholtz operator, 234Hereditary processes, 153Hill principle of macrohomogeneity, 91Hill–Mandel principle, 91Hill–Mandel principle of macrohomogeneity,

106History of the principles of mechanics, 132Homogeneity, 66Homogenisation, 26Homogenisation of composites, 109Homogenization techniques, 156Hooke’s law, 6Hooke–Duhamel constitutive equation, 6Huber–Mises criterion, 119Hyperelastic materials, 36Hyperelastic, 213Hyperstress, 228, 231Hypo-elasticity, 46, 63, 162, 273Hysteretic phenomena, 155Hysteretic properties, 143

IIlyushin’s postulate, 175Incompressibility, 38Incremental approach, 141Inelastic discontinuities, 256Inelasticity of crystals, 148Inequality of clausius, 68Ingénieur–Savant, 9Inhomogeneous elasticity, 249Inhomogeneous thermoelastic material, 255Inhomogeneous waves, 153Initial stresses, 187Integral equations, 174Integral transforms, 83Integro-differential equation, 24Intermediate configuration, 245Internal degrees of freedom, 25, 148, 154, 217,

226Internal variables of state, 46, 106, 154International Centre of Mechanical Sciences

(CISM), 121, 130, 150, 163

International Journal of Solidsand Structures, 53

Intrinsic material force, 256Irreversible thermodynamics, 119Isotropic bodies, 37Isotropic elasticity, 5Isotropic response, 22

JJaumann co-rotational time derivative, 216Jaumann time derivative, 46J-integral, 250, 251J-integral of fracture, 179Journal of Applied Mechanics, 52Journal of the Mechanics and Physics

of Solids, 89

KKelvin continuum, 183Killing’s theorem, 271Kinematic hardening, 55Kinetic theory of gases, 10, 155Kinetic theory, 70Kolosov–Muskhelishvili approach, 189Korteweg-de vries (KDV) equation, 191Kutta–Zhukovsky circulation theorem, 170

LLagrangian, 4Lamé coefficients, 32Landau curriculum, 172Latent microstructure, 154Lattice dynamics, 215Law of normality, 73Lee–Eringen theory of liquid crystals, 229Lie derivative, 273, 275Lie groups, 25Lie group theory, 261Linear elasticity, 31Linear irreversible processes, 28Linear piezoelectricity, 213Linear visco-elasticity, 44Liquid crystals, 154, 184, 226Local action, 66Local balance law for electric fields, 214Local material rearrangement, 253Local stability criterion, 176Local structural rearrangements, 236, 286Localization of nonlinear waves, 185

310 Index

Long-range memory, 66Lorentz force, 204, 206, 207Love surface waves, 81Love–Kirchhoff theory of plates, 13Lyapunov-function method, 183

MMach number, 26Magnetic-spin waves, 216Magneto-elastic continua, 216Magneto-elastic interactions, 216Magneto-electro-elasticity, 121Magnetohydrodynamics, 150, 159Magnetostriction, 200, 216Mandel stress, 254Material configuration, 243Material coordinates, 4Material defects, 81Material frame-indifference, 66Material instabilities, 159Material uniformity, 66, 247Materials with memory, 153Mathematical elasticity, 160Mathematical plasticity, 89Maximum plastic work, 90Maximum stress theory, 23Maximum-distortion-energy theory, 23Maximum-strain-energy theory, 23Maxwell and Kelvin–Voigt models, 24Maxwell elastic stress, 246Maxwell electromagnetic stress, 246Maxwell model, 10Maxwell’s equations, 15, 200Maxwell–Cattaneo conduction law, 101D Maxwell’s visco, 11Mechanics of anisotropic plates, 190Mechanics of composite materials, 160Mechanics of composites, 151, 187Mechanics of defects, 178Mechanics of electromagnetic continua, 143Mechanics of fracture, 145Mechanics of ice, 133Mechanics of materials, 93, 112, 184Mechanics of phase transformations, 160Mechanics of polymers, 159Mechanics of structures, 129Mechanics research communications, 58Micro-deformation, 227Micro-inertia, 227Micromagnetism, 229Micromechanics of materials, 160Micromechanics, 139, 142, 162, 184, 191Micromorphic bodies, 227

Micromorphic materials, 284Micro-motion, 229Micropolar bodies, 224, 227Micropolar continua, 144, 226Microstructure, 254Mindlin problem, 56Mises’ criterion, 119MIT, 54Mixture theory, 63Molecular dynamics, 286Mooney–Rivlin material, 39Mullins effect, 41Multiplicative decomposition, 40, 89, 149,

244, 285Multiscale modeling of continua, 156Multi-wave resonance, 186

NNano-mechanics, 286Nanson formulas, 12National physical laboratory, 103Natural philosophy (physics), 152Navier–Stokes constitutive equation, 32Neuro-dynamics, 186Newtonian viscous fluids, 32Noether identity, 256Noether’s theorem, 250Nominal stress, 9Non uniformly polarized materials, 215Non-convex problems, 157Nonlinear constitutive equations, 63Nonlinear continuum mechanics, 62Nonlinear dynamics, 25Nonlinear elasticity, 34, 35, 79, 103, 141, 152,

156, 181, 282Nonlinear wave propagation, 160, 178Nonlinear waves, 104, 154, 175, 191Nonlocal theory of continua, 122, 135Non-local theory of materials, 284Non-locality in elasticity, 237Non-Newtonian fluids, 32, 42, 74, 104, 112,

141, 150, 158, 159Non-Riemannian geometry, 89Non-Riemannian spaces, 161Nonsensical branches of mechanics, 28Non-smooth problems, 107Nonsymmetric Cauchy stress, 210Non-symmetric stresses, 25, 224Normality law, 90Novozhilov’s book of 1948, 181Numerical methods, 140Numerical schemes, 259

Index 311

OOdgen model, 41Odqvist parameter, 144Office national d’etudes et de recherches

aéronautiques (ONERA), 103, 109Oldroyd’s time derivative, 45Onsager’s reciprocity relations, 139Onsager’s symmetry relations, 145Operational calculus, 182Orthogonal group, 4

PPath-independent integrals, 56, 84, 247Peach–Koehler force, 188Perfect fluids, 2, 270Perfectly elastic solids, 2Phase transformations, 160, 283Phase-transformation fronts, 191Phase-transition fronts, 154, 174Phenomenological physics, 66Phenomenological thermodynamics, 123Phonons, 260Photo-elasticity, 56, 111Physical acoustics, 81Physical mechanics, 21Piezoelectric bodies, 159Piezoelectric structures, 174Piezoelectricity, 57, 174, 200Piola transformation, 4, 211Piola–Kirchhoff format, 12Piola–Kirchhoff stress, 211, 253Plastic flow, 22Plastic regime, 22Plastic-forming, 284Plasticity of anisotropic bodies, 151Plasticity of soils, 23, 94Plasticity theory, 73Plasticity, 22, 55, 119, 282Plasto-mechanics, 130Plasto-mechanik, 131Point defects, 186Polar continua, 149Polar fluids, 65Polar materials, 276Polar media, 150, 153, 156, 159Polarization gradients, 57Poly-convexity, 92Ponderomotive couple, 208Ponderomotive force, 208Population dynamics, 24Poro-elastic solids, 107Poroelasticity, 141, 283Porous media, 123, 134, 151, 154

Postulate of macroscopic determinability, 176Potential function, 8Potential of dissipation, 72Poynting effect, 43Poynting–Umov theorem, 202Principle of equipresence, 64Principle of isotropy, 176Principle of isotropy of space, 65Principle of material-frame indifference, 65Principle of maximal dissipation, 90Principle of objectivity, 65Principle of orthogonality, 139Principle of virtual power, 104, 217, 231, 233Propagating discontinuities, 25Pseudo material inhomogeneities, 236Pseudo-elastic bodies, 123Pseudo-elastic type, 41Pseudo-inhomogeneity, 248Pseudo-plastic effects, 236Pseudo-plasticity, 248

QQuasi-convexity, 92Quasi-particle, 260Quasi-plastic processes, 245

RRadiation stresses, 113, 186Random media, 184Rate of strain, 32Rational extended thermodynamics, 153Rational mechanics of continua, 5Rational mechanics, 2, 15, 21, 67, 113Rational thermodynamics, 66Rayleigh–Ritz method, 80Rayleigh–Taylor instability, 87Reacting media, 63Reference configuration, 4Reference crystal, 253Reiner–Rivlin model, 43Relativistic continuum mechanics, 145, 157,

267Relativistic elasticity, 269, 273Relativistic electrodynamics, 277Relativistic generalized continuum mechanics,

276Representative volume element, 90Rheological models, 44Rheology and soil mechanics, 108Rheology, 33, 106, 148Riemannian geometry, 161Rigid microstructure, 226

312 Index

Rigid-body motions, 271Rigid-plastic bodies, 23Rivlin–Ericksen tensors, 43Rod-climbing effect, 34Rogue waves, 185Rubber-like material, 38, 41, 48, 154Rule of mixtures, 26Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 169

SSaint–Venant principle, 92Scuola Normale Superiore, 20Second Piola–Kirchhoff, 4Second-order effects in elasticity, 159Sedov’s variational principle, 174Sextic’ formalism, 85Shake down, 56, 146, 154, 155Shape-memory effects, 131Shear banding, 159Shear deformation in plate theory, 54Shocks, 256Shock waves, 25, 175, 276Signal processing, 213Signorini problem, 47Similarity, 173Similarity in mechanics, 179Simple fluids, 66Simple material, 3, 44, 66Sine–Gordon equation, 172Singular hypersurfaces, 276Singular integral equations, 189Size effects, 148, 155Slender elastic bodies, 190Small-strain plasticity, 176Smart materials, 147Soft biological tissues, 48Soft tissues, 154Soil mechanics, 108Solids, 213Solitary wave solutions, 184Solitonic structures, 232Space and time resolution, 71Spatial functionals, 234Special relativity, 269Spin–lattice relaxation, 216Spinor algebra, 151Stability of deformable bodies, 187Stability of magnetoelastic structures, 218Stability of structures, 142, 148Statistical theory of fracture, 187Stochastic processes in mechanics, 147Stokesian fluid, 32Stoneley waves, 81

Strain incompatibility, 88Strain-gradient plasticity, 93Strength of materials, 53, 120, 129, 142, 152,

153, 175Stress-relaxation, 44, 66Stress–strain functional, 24Stroh formalism, 85Stroh’s formulation, 179Strongly nonlocal theory, 230, 234Structural defects, 84, 218, 233, 236Structural mechanics, 139Structural optimisation, 145Successive approximations, 175Superconducting structures, 143, 162Surface wave, 80, 178Symmetric Cauchy stress, 223Symmetric elastic stress, 210Symplectic geometry, 75, 275Synchronization phenomenon, 186

TTensor analysis, 171Tensorial analysis, 108Tensors, 113Theoretical fluid mechanics, 150Theory in elastoplasticity, 234Theory of chaos, 187Theory of cohesive forces, 179Theory of composites, 151Theory of contact, 15Theory of cracks, 144Theory of creep, 144, 177, 182Theory of damage, 104Theory of elastic shells, 189Theory of elasticity, 79Theory of fracture, 133Theory of functions of a complex variable,

189Theory of growth, 48Theory of homogenization, 90Theory of incompatibility, 245Theory of irreversible processes, 28, 67Theory of irreversible thermodynamics, 148Theory of material inhomogeneities, 236Theory of mixtures, 158, 159, 285Theory of plates and shells, 145Theory of polarization gradients, 215Theory of slip lines, 90Theory of structural defects, 161Theory of the first gradient, 231Theory of the growth of deformable

solids, 188Theory of thermo-elasticity, 58

Index 313

Thermal material force, 248Thermal stresses, 146Thermo-dynamical processes, 70Thermodynamically admissible processes, 68Thermodynamics of continua, 106Thermodynamics of vortices, 187Thermodynamics with internal variables of

state, 71, 113, 143Thermo-elasticity, 6, 83, 121, 123, 146, 149,

150, 153, 156, 159, 189, 225, 245Thermomechanical fronts, 180Thermo-mechanics of materials, 140Thermo-mechanics of phase transformations,

147Thermo-mechanics, 9, 61, 111, 123, 133, 153Thermo-piezo-electricity, 162, 283Topological solitons, 172Torsion tensor, 89Toupin’s theory, 213Tresca-Saint–Venant criterion, 119Truesdell time derivative, 45Truesdell’s approach, 62

UUnilateral problems, 157Uniqueness problems, 92University of Paris, 102

VVan der Waals’ theory, 232Variational formulation, 141, 154, 174, 216,

231, 283

Variational formulation of plasticity, 56Variational inequalities, 103, 119, 157Variational methods, 123, 162Variational principle, 2, 12Visco-elastic behaviour, 66Visco-elastic materials, 191Viscoelasticity, 24, 106, 153, 157Viscometric flows, 66Viscometric functions, 66Visco-plastic materials, 178Viscoplasticity, 109Viscous fluids, 31Volumetric growth, 236

WWave Eshelby stress, 260Wave momentum, 260Wave-front propagation, 121Waves in relativistic elasticity, 276Weakly nonlocal theory, 230Weak-nonlocal limit, 235

YYoung modulus, 6

ZZaramba–Jaumann derivative, 119Zener’s one-dimensional models, 44

314 Index

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Appendix Selected Biographies of Mechanicians978-94-007-6353-1/1.pdf · continuum mechanics and solid mechanics, so that pure ﬂuid mechanicians, excellent as they obviously are