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Appendix
1. THE PROTO-ATLANTIC OCEAN
In this book detailed references have been made to the existing Atlantic Ocean and its comparative youth. Consequently, it is interesting to record the views of several geologists that, in order to apply the plate tectonic theory to the formation of the Caledonide-Appalachian fold belt now extending from Great Britain to the eastern USA, it is necessary to postulate a Proto-Atlantic Ocean opening in the Lower Palaeozoic era and closing during the late Palaeozoic era, thus existing within the time interval from approximately 570 million years to approximately 225 million years before the present.! This has been termed the Iapetus Ocean. 2 There is evidence favouring its existence along a region which now comprises the middle of the fold belt.3 •4
As regards the opening phase of the Iapetus Ocean, the following observations may be made:
(i) Data of faunal provinces suggest increasing separation of the European and American species during the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician periods and only Ordovician and Silurian oceanic sediments are preserved since earlier (Cambrian) ones were probably destroyed during subduction.
(ii) Lata Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic structural history on each side of the central (postulated) oceanic belt was very different.5 There are slices of oceanic crust which were thrust locally on land as tectonic klippe (ophiolite complexes) and retain evidence of the types of early oceanic volcanics and sediments originally involved.
270
Appendix
1. THE PROTO-ATLANTIC OCEAN
In this book detailed references have been made to the existing Atlantic Ocean and its comparative youth. Consequently, it is interesting to record the views of several geologists that, in order to apply the plate tectonic theory to the formation of the Caledonide-Appalachian fold belt now extending from Great Britain to the eastern USA, it is necessary to postulate a Proto-Atlantic Ocean opening in the Lower Palaeozoic era and closing during the late Palaeozoic era, thus existing within the time interval from approximately 570 million years to approximately 225 million years before the present.! This has been termed the Iapetus Ocean. 2 There is evidence favouring its existence along a region which now comprises the middle of the fold belt.3 •4
As regards the opening phase of the Iapetus Ocean, the following observations may be made:
(i) Data of faunal provinces suggest increasing separation of the European and American species during the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician periods and only Ordovician and Silurian oceanic sediments are preserved since earlier (Cambrian) ones were probably destroyed during subduction.
(ii) Lata Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic structural history on each side of the central (postulated) oceanic belt was very different.5 There are slices of oceanic crust which were thrust locally on land as tectonic klippe (ophiolite complexes) and retain evidence of the types of early oceanic volcanics and sediments originally involved.
270
APPENDIX 271
As regards the closing phase of the Iapetus Ocean, the following observations may be made:
(i) The initially distinctive European and American faunal provinces began to decline in the mid-Caradocian and the later Ordovician faunas provide evidence of mixing so that by the Silurian period the provinces became indistinguishable.
(ii) The formation of Benioff zones and therefore the contraction of the ocean is shown by the accumulation in the trench of oceanic sediments and volcanics, the formation of high pressure glaucophane-bearing assemblages and oceanic crust segments near the trench and the intrusion and extrusion of calc-alkaline plutonic and volcanic rocks on the continental margins.
(iii) The gradual elimination of the ocean yielded in certain localities to the onset of non-marine conditions in the Middle Silurian and by the Upper Silurian fish became restricted to brackish environments. 6 By the Devonian period Old Red Sandstone formed under desert (continental) conditions.
2. POLLUTION THREAT TO LAKE BAIKAL
This lake is believed to be about 20 million years old and supports 2681 known life types of which 84~~ are endemic including the Baikal seal and the golomyanka. The high oxygen level and relatively constant temperature from top to bottom have also sustained a microscopic shrimp (Epishura), a vital component of the life chain in the lake. At the end of the 1960s, a wood pulp mill was built at Baikalsk and pressure from environmentalists compelled subsequent installation of filters as an antipollution device. However, the Selenga river (the largest of the lake's 336 tributaries) still introduces pollution from the city of Ulan-Ude. Another problem arises from the Baikal-Amur mainline railway and of course the Trans-Siberian line has run peripherally to the southern shore since 1905. Finally oil tankers have been shipping oil through the lake to the BAM construction area and this could result in a spill. Conservationist measures have been made and a ban on fishing has restored stocks. It operated from 1969 to 1977. Also the seal population has grown to 70000. This magnificent lake with winds capable of causing 15 foot waves remains endangered, however, and constant environmental controls remain necessary.
APPENDIX 271
As regards the closing phase of the Iapetus Ocean, the following observations may be made:
(i) The initially distinctive European and American faunal provinces began to decline in the mid-Caradocian and the later Ordovician faunas provide evidence of mixing so that by the Silurian period the provinces became indistinguishable.
(ii) The formation of Benioff zones and therefore the contraction of the ocean is shown by the accumulation in the trench of oceanic sediments and volcanics, the formation of high pressure glaucophane-bearing assemblages and oceanic crust segments near the trench and the intrusion and extrusion of calc-alkaline plutonic and volcanic rocks on the continental margins.
(iii) The gradual elimination of the ocean yielded in certain localities to the onset of non-marine conditions in the Middle Silurian and by the Upper Silurian fish became restricted to brackish environments. 6 By the Devonian period Old Red Sandstone formed under desert (continental) conditions.
2. POLLUTION THREAT TO LAKE BAIKAL
This lake is believed to be about 20 million years old and supports 2681 known life types of which 84~~ are endemic including the Baikal seal and the golomyanka. The high oxygen level and relatively constant temperature from top to bottom have also sustained a microscopic shrimp (Epishura), a vital component of the life chain in the lake. At the end of the 1960s, a wood pulp mill was built at Baikalsk and pressure from environmentalists compelled subsequent installation of filters as an antipollution device. However, the Selenga river (the largest of the lake's 336 tributaries) still introduces pollution from the city of Ulan-Ude. Another problem arises from the Baikal-Amur mainline railway and of course the Trans-Siberian line has run peripherally to the southern shore since 1905. Finally oil tankers have been shipping oil through the lake to the BAM construction area and this could result in a spill. Conservationist measures have been made and a ban on fishing has restored stocks. It operated from 1969 to 1977. Also the seal population has grown to 70000. This magnificent lake with winds capable of causing 15 foot waves remains endangered, however, and constant environmental controls remain necessary.
272 SURFACE WATER
REFERENCES
1. WILSON, J. Tuzo, 1966. Did the Atlantic close and then re-open? Nature, 211, 676.
2. WINDLEY, BRIAN F., 1977. The Evolving Continents. John Wiley and Sons, London, p. 171.
3. DEWEY, J. F., 1969. Evolution of the Appalachian/Caledonian orogen. Nature, 222, 124-9.
4. BIRD, 1. M. and DEWEY, J. F., 1970. Lithosphere plate: continental margin tectonics and the evolution of the Appalachian orogen. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 81, 1031-59.
5. McKERROW, W. S. and ZIEGLER, A. M., 1972. Palaeozoic oceans. Nature, Phys. Sci, 240, 92-4.
6. McKERROW, W. S. and ZIEGLER, A. M., 1972. Silurian palaeogeographic development of the Proto-Atlantic Ocean. 2nd international Geological Cong., Montreal, Sec. 6, 4-10.
272 SURFACE WATER
REFERENCES
1. WILSON, J. Tuzo, 1966. Did the Atlantic close and then re-open? Nature, 211, 676.
2. WINDLEY, BRIAN F., 1977. The Evolving Continents. John Wiley and Sons, London, p. 171.
3. DEWEY, J. F., 1969. Evolution of the Appalachian/Caledonian orogen. Nature, 222, 124-9.
4. BIRD, 1. M. and DEWEY, J. F., 1970. Lithosphere plate: continental margin tectonics and the evolution of the Appalachian orogen. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 81, 1031-59.
5. McKERROW, W. S. and ZIEGLER, A. M., 1972. Palaeozoic oceans. Nature, Phys. Sci, 240, 92-4.
6. McKERROW, W. S. and ZIEGLER, A. M., 1972. Silurian palaeogeographic development of the Proto-Atlantic Ocean. 2nd international Geological Cong., Montreal, Sec. 6, 4-10.
Author Index
Ackermann, N. L. 20, 49 Aegeter, s. 197,200 Akerblom, C. V. 73, 101 Allersma, E. 133, 134, 135, 157 Allmendinger, R. W. 249,268 Ambach, W. 196,200 Andel, T. H. van 249,268 Arad, A. 21, 49 Arkhangelski, M. M. 126, 156 Amason, B. 190, 198,200
Badon-Ghyben, W. 16,49 Baertschi, P. 39 Bahadur, P. 153, 158 Balek, J. 117, 156 Ballard, R. D. 249, 250, 268 Barnes, B. S. 26 Barnes, H. H. 124, 156 Barry, P. J. 88, 101 Becher, E. 30, 49 Benson, C. 192, 200 Benson, M. A. 150, 157 Bertoni, N. 32, 33 49 Bird, J. M. 270, 272 Blavoux, B. 192,200 Bloemen, G. W. 81,101 Bolin, B. 164, 199 Bolton, G. C. 128, 157 Boodt, M. de 155, 158 Borole, D. V. 266, 269 BougauJt, H. 137,157 Bourne, P. 28
273
Bowen, R. 7,21,48,48,49,50,236, 239, 245, 267, 268
Boyce, I. S. 60, 100 Briggs, R. 225, 267 Brown, G. A. 28 Brown, R. M. 41, 50 Bruin, M. de 133, 134, 135, 157 Bruland, K. W. 257, 269 Bryan, K. 187,200 Budyko, M. L. 45, 50 Bullard, E. C. 236, 267 Burdon, D. J. 15,49,169, 199 Burke, K. 247, 268 Burton, J. 146, 150, 157 Buswell, A. M. 4, 48
Caillot, A. 137, 157 Cameron, J. F. 60,100, 126, 157,216,
267 Carpenter, J. H. 111,156 Chang, Y. Y. 20, 49 Channell, J. K. 136, 157 Charmonman, s. 18,49 Chow, V. T. 9, 49 Clausen, H. B. 43, 265, 269 Cless-Bernert, T. 116, 156 Cluny, P. A. 73, 100 Cochran, J. R. 248, 268 Coleman, N. L. 128, 157 Cooper, H. H. 20, 49 Corda, R. 170, 199
Author Index
Ackermann, N. L. 20, 49 Aegeter, s. 197,200 Akerblom, C. V. 73, 101 Allersma, E. 133, 134, 135, 157 Allmendinger, R. W. 249,268 Ambach, W. 196,200 Andel, T. H. van 249,268 Arad, A. 21, 49 Arkhangelski, M. M. 126, 156 Amason, B. 190, 198,200
Badon-Ghyben, W. 16,49 Baertschi, P. 39 Bahadur, P. 153, 158 Balek, J. 117, 156 Ballard, R. D. 249, 250, 268 Barnes, B. S. 26 Barnes, H. H. 124, 156 Barry, P. J. 88, 101 Becher, E. 30, 49 Benson, C. 192, 200 Benson, M. A. 150, 157 Bertoni, N. 32, 33 49 Bird, J. M. 270, 272 Blavoux, B. 192,200 Bloemen, G. W. 81,101 Bolin, B. 164, 199 Bolton, G. C. 128, 157 Boodt, M. de 155, 158 Borole, D. V. 266, 269 BougauJt, H. 137,157 Bourne, P. 28
273
Bowen, R. 7,21,48,48,49,50,236, 239, 245, 267, 268
Boyce, I. S. 60, 100 Briggs, R. 225, 267 Brown, G. A. 28 Brown, R. M. 41, 50 Bruin, M. de 133, 134, 135, 157 Bruland, K. W. 257, 269 Bryan, K. 187,200 Budyko, M. L. 45, 50 Bullard, E. C. 236, 267 Burdon, D. J. 15,49,169, 199 Burke, K. 247, 268 Burton, J. 146, 150, 157 Buswell, A. M. 4, 48
Caillot, A. 137, 157 Cameron, J. F. 60,100, 126, 157,216,
267 Carpenter, J. H. 111,156 Chang, Y. Y. 20, 49 Channell, J. K. 136, 157 Charmonman, s. 18,49 Chow, V. T. 9, 49 Clausen, H. B. 43, 265, 269 Cless-Bernert, T. 116, 156 Cluny, P. A. 73, 100 Cochran, J. R. 248, 268 Coleman, N. L. 128, 157 Cooper, H. H. 20, 49 Corda, R. 170, 199
274 AUTHOR INDEX
Cortecci, G. 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 267
Courtois, G. 132, 137, 138, 139, 140, 157
Cox, A. 242, 268 Craig, H. 39, 50, 85, 86, 87,101,215,
267 Crane, Kathleen 250, 268 Crozaz, G. 196, 200 Culkin, 209, 266
Dalrymple, G. B. 242, 268 Danilin, A. I. 90, 91, 92, 102, 174,
199 Dansgaard, W. 38, 50,68, 69, 70,
100, 193, 194,200,265,269 Datta, P. S. 153, 154, 158 Davies, J. L. 223, 224, 267 Davis, G. H. 42, 50, 191,200 Deacon, G. E. R. 223, 267 Dean, W. E. 266, 269 Deevey, E. S. 164, 199 Degens, E. T. 236, 267 Demaster, D. J. 43 Dewey, J. F. 270, 272 Dickinson, W. R. 253, 268 Dietz, R. S. 248, 268 Dincer, T. 26, 42, 49, 50,120, 121,
122,156,166,175,177,178,180, 181, 182, 183, 191, 199,200
Doell, R. R. 242, 268 Dole, R. B. 111,156 Domanitskiy, A. P. 183, 200 Drabbe, J. 16,49 Draskovic, R. 117,156 Dubrovina, R. G. 183, 200 Duncan, D. L. 91, 92,102
Eden, G. E. 225, 267 Edmond, J. M. 265, 266,269 Ehhalt, D. H. 87,88, 101 Eisner, H. 196,200 Elder,R.A.170,199 Ellett, W. H. 73, 100 Emelyanov, V. A. 126, 156 Emiliani, C. 245, 264, 269
Endrestol, G. O. 93, 102 Epstein, S. 48, 50 Eriksson, E. 59, 67, 69, 100, 169, 199 Erin, J. 192,200 Ewing, M. 205, 207, 208, 243, 266
Filip, A. 117, 156 Fischmeister, V. 91, 92,102 Fitzgerald, J. E. 73, 100 Flandrin, J. 192,200 Fleisher, E. 21, 49 Florkowski, T. 26, 49, 108, 114, 126,
155,157, 191,200 Fontes, J. C. 85,101, 192,200 Forsberg, H. G. 109, 155 Fox, P. J. 247, 268 Freeland, G. L. 248, 268 Friedman, I. 174, 199 Fritz, P. 86, 101
Gaillard, B. 170, 199 Gaspar, E. 169, 199 Gat, J. R. 89, lOJ, 167, 168, 180, J99 Gattinger, T. 191, 200 Gehringer, P. 116,156 Geithoff, D. 43 Gill, A. C. 128, 157 Goel, P. S. 153, 154, 158 Gonfiantini, R. 39, 85, 89, 90, 101,
178, 179, 199 Gordon, L. I. 85, 87, 101 Gratziu, S. 90, 101 Green, K. E. 249, 268 Groot, A. J. de 133, 134, 135, 157 Gruber, L. 143, 157 Guimond, R. J. 73, 100 Guizerix, J. 105, 120, 121, 122,155,
156, 170, 199, 225 Gunatilaka, A. 236, 267
Hack, J. T. 144 (See ref. to Schumm) Hagemann, R. 39 Hager, B. H. 252, 268 Halevy, E. 109, 156, 166, 199 Hallam, A. 246, 247, 268
274 AUTHOR INDEX
Cortecci, G. 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 267
Courtois, G. 132, 137, 138, 139, 140, 157
Cox, A. 242, 268 Craig, H. 39, 50, 85, 86, 87,101,215,
267 Crane, Kathleen 250, 268 Crozaz, G. 196, 200 Culkin, 209, 266
Dalrymple, G. B. 242, 268 Danilin, A. I. 90, 91, 92, 102, 174,
199 Dansgaard, W. 38, 50,68, 69, 70,
100, 193, 194,200,265,269 Datta, P. S. 153, 154, 158 Davies, J. L. 223, 224, 267 Davis, G. H. 42, 50, 191,200 Deacon, G. E. R. 223, 267 Dean, W. E. 266, 269 Deevey, E. S. 164, 199 Degens, E. T. 236, 267 Demaster, D. J. 43 Dewey, J. F. 270, 272 Dickinson, W. R. 253, 268 Dietz, R. S. 248, 268 Dincer, T. 26, 42, 49, 50,120, 121,
122,156,166,175,177,178,180, 181, 182, 183, 191, 199,200
Doell, R. R. 242, 268 Dole, R. B. 111,156 Domanitskiy, A. P. 183, 200 Drabbe, J. 16,49 Draskovic, R. 117,156 Dubrovina, R. G. 183, 200 Duncan, D. L. 91, 92,102
Eden, G. E. 225, 267 Edmond, J. M. 265, 266,269 Ehhalt, D. H. 87,88, 101 Eisner, H. 196,200 Elder,R.A.170,199 Ellett, W. H. 73, 100 Emelyanov, V. A. 126, 156 Emiliani, C. 245, 264, 269
Endrestol, G. O. 93, 102 Epstein, S. 48, 50 Eriksson, E. 59, 67, 69, 100, 169, 199 Erin, J. 192,200 Ewing, M. 205, 207, 208, 243, 266
Filip, A. 117, 156 Fischmeister, V. 91, 92,102 Fitzgerald, J. E. 73, 100 Flandrin, J. 192,200 Fleisher, E. 21, 49 Florkowski, T. 26, 49, 108, 114, 126,
155,157, 191,200 Fontes, J. C. 85,101, 192,200 Forsberg, H. G. 109, 155 Fox, P. J. 247, 268 Freeland, G. L. 248, 268 Friedman, I. 174, 199 Fritz, P. 86, 101
Gaillard, B. 170, 199 Gaspar, E. 169, 199 Gat, J. R. 89, lOJ, 167, 168, 180, J99 Gattinger, T. 191, 200 Gehringer, P. 116,156 Geithoff, D. 43 Gill, A. C. 128, 157 Goel, P. S. 153, 154, 158 Gonfiantini, R. 39, 85, 89, 90, 101,
178, 179, 199 Gordon, L. I. 85, 87, 101 Gratziu, S. 90, 101 Green, K. E. 249, 268 Groot, A. J. de 133, 134, 135, 157 Gruber, L. 143, 157 Guimond, R. J. 73, 100 Guizerix, J. 105, 120, 121, 122,155,
156, 170, 199, 225 Gunatilaka, A. 236, 267
Hack, J. T. 144 (See ref. to Schumm) Hagemann, R. 39 Hager, B. H. 252, 268 Halevy, E. 109, 156, 166, 199 Hallam, A. 246, 247, 268
AUTHOR INDEX 275
Hamill, L. 107, 155 Hammer, C. U. 265, 269 Harpaz, Y. 109,156 Harris, J. 174,199 Hartley, P. E. 140, 157 Hartmann, R. 155, 158 Hays, J. D. 263, 264, 265, 269 Heath, G. R. 263, 269 Heezen, B. C. 205, 266 Heirtzler, J. R. 242, 267 Herzberg, B. 16, 49 Herzen, R. P. von 249, 268 Hess, H. H. 205, 241, 266 Honda, M. 43 Horibe, Y. 85, 101 Horton, R. E. 123, 156 Houtman, J. P. W. 133, 134, 135, 157 Huang, N. E. 265, 269 Huff, D. D. 122, 156 Hull, D. E. 106, 117, 155 Hutton, L. G. 14,49
IAEA 92,102 Imbrie, J. 263, 269 Irving, H. 134, 157 Isayeva, L. I. 183, 200
Jantsch, K. 43 Jeanneau, B. 137, 157 Jenkins, W. F. 265, 266, 269 Johannessen, O. M. 215, 267 Johnson, B. D. 247, 268 Jones, J. A. A. 93, 102
Kafri, U. 21, 49 Kashef, A. A. I. 131,157 Kates, R. W. 146, 150, 157 Katesindi, R. N. Kawasaki, S. 93, 102 Kazo, S. 143, 157 Keefer, W. R. 190,200 Keeling, C. D. 164, 199 King, C. A. M. 217, 223, 267 Kirby, Celia 46, 47, 50 Kjensmo, J. 164, 199
Knott, K. 87, 101 Knutsson, G. 109, 155 Kodama, M. 93, 102 Komar, P. D. 225, 267 Kominz, M. A. 263, 265, 269 Kopf, F. 88, 101 Krishnamurti, S. 257, 259, 269 Krishnaswami, S. 266, 269 Kruger, P. 136, 157 Ku, Ti-L, 263, 269 Kumar, H. 153, 158
Lal, D. 40, 43, 50, 73, 101 Lambert, L. B. 237, 267 Lee, O. S. 215, 267 LeGrand, H. E. 20, 49 Leitao, C. D. 265, 269 Le Pichon, X. 254, 268 Letol\e, R. 192,200 Leyden, R. 207, 208, 266 Libby, W. F. 67, 100,239, 267 Lindner, M. 43 Ljunggren, K. 109, 155 Longinelli, A. 215, 267 Lorius, C. 197, 200 Lowenstam, H. A. 48, 50 Lusczynski, N. J. 18, 49
Magri, G. 73, 101 Mahler, H. 31 Mairhofer, J. 169, 199 Malkus, J. S. 47, 50 Mandel, S. 109, 156 Margrita, R. 192, 200 Martinec, J. 26, 49, 90, 92, j()2 Matthews, D. H. 241, 267 Mazjoub, M. 197,200 Mazloum, S. 15, 49 Mazor, E. 14, 49 McCaffrey, R. J. 260, 269 McHenry, J. R. 128, 157 McKenzie, D. 254, 268 McKerrow, W. S. 270, 271, 272 McKinnery, C. R. 48, 50 Meester, P. de 155, 158 Meinzer, O. E. 188, 189,200
AUTHOR INDEX 275
Hamill, L. 107, 155 Hammer, C. U. 265, 269 Harpaz, Y. 109,156 Harris, J. 174,199 Hartley, P. E. 140, 157 Hartmann, R. 155, 158 Hays, J. D. 263, 264, 265, 269 Heath, G. R. 263, 269 Heezen, B. C. 205, 266 Heirtzler, J. R. 242, 267 Herzberg, B. 16, 49 Herzen, R. P. von 249, 268 Hess, H. H. 205, 241, 266 Honda, M. 43 Horibe, Y. 85, 101 Horton, R. E. 123, 156 Houtman, J. P. W. 133, 134, 135, 157 Huang, N. E. 265, 269 Huff, D. D. 122, 156 Hull, D. E. 106, 117, 155 Hutton, L. G. 14,49
IAEA 92,102 Imbrie, J. 263, 269 Irving, H. 134, 157 Isayeva, L. I. 183, 200
Jantsch, K. 43 Jeanneau, B. 137, 157 Jenkins, W. F. 265, 266, 269 Johannessen, O. M. 215, 267 Johnson, B. D. 247, 268 Jones, J. A. A. 93, 102
Kafri, U. 21, 49 Kashef, A. A. I. 131,157 Kates, R. W. 146, 150, 157 Katesindi, R. N. Kawasaki, S. 93, 102 Kazo, S. 143, 157 Keefer, W. R. 190,200 Keeling, C. D. 164, 199 King, C. A. M. 217, 223, 267 Kirby, Celia 46, 47, 50 Kjensmo, J. 164, 199
Knott, K. 87, 101 Knutsson, G. 109, 155 Kodama, M. 93, 102 Komar, P. D. 225, 267 Kominz, M. A. 263, 265, 269 Kopf, F. 88, 101 Krishnamurti, S. 257, 259, 269 Krishnaswami, S. 266, 269 Kruger, P. 136, 157 Ku, Ti-L, 263, 269 Kumar, H. 153, 158
Lal, D. 40, 43, 50, 73, 101 Lambert, L. B. 237, 267 Lee, O. S. 215, 267 LeGrand, H. E. 20, 49 Leitao, C. D. 265, 269 Le Pichon, X. 254, 268 Letol\e, R. 192,200 Leyden, R. 207, 208, 266 Libby, W. F. 67, 100,239, 267 Lindner, M. 43 Ljunggren, K. 109, 155 Longinelli, A. 215, 267 Lorius, C. 197, 200 Lowenstam, H. A. 48, 50 Lusczynski, N. J. 18, 49
Magri, G. 73, 101 Mahler, H. 31 Mairhofer, J. 169, 199 Malkus, J. S. 47, 50 Mandel, S. 109, 156 Margrita, R. 192, 200 Martinec, J. 26, 49, 90, 92, j()2 Matthews, D. H. 241, 267 Mazjoub, M. 197,200 Mazloum, S. 15, 49 Mazor, E. 14, 49 McCaffrey, R. J. 260, 269 McHenry, J. R. 128, 157 McKenzie, D. 254, 268 McKerrow, W. S. 270, 271, 272 McKinnery, C. R. 48, 50 Meester, P. de 155, 158 Meinzer, O. E. 188, 189,200
276 AUTHOR INDEX
Menard, H. W. 46, 50 Merlivat, Liliane 197,200 Mero, J. 234, 267 Merritt, W. F. 88, 101 Moicard, R. 215, 218, 267 Molinari, J. 170, 199 Moore, W. S. 266, 269 Morley, J. J. 263, 264, 265, 269 Moser, H. 38, 50 Miinnich, K. O. 152,158 Murphree, C. E. 128, 157
Nace, R. L. 46, 50 Nakai, K. 93, 102 Nakai, N. 164, 199 Neff, E. L. 81,101 Nelson, A. 187,200 Nelson, K. D. 187, 200 Nesterov, V. E. 126, 156 Nief, G. 197, 200 Nijampurkar, V. N. 73, 101 Nir, A. 42, 50, 109, 156 Norton, I. O. 247, 268 Noto, P. 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 267
O'Connell, R. J. 252, 268 Oeschger, H. 197,200 Olive, Ph. 192, 200 Olivier, H. 84, 101 Onescu, M. 169, 199 Ostlund, G. 72, 100 0strom, S. 194, 200 Ozturgut, E. 216, 217, 267
Paloc, H. 192,200 Parr, C. G. 265, 269 Payne, B. R. 26,41,49,50, 166, 169,
191,199,200 Peckham, A. E. 166, 199 Peixoto, J. P. 59, 100 Penman, H. L. 57, 83, 101 Picciotto, E. 196, 200 Pilgrim, D. H. 64, 100, 122, 146, 156 Pinder, G. F. 20, 49 Pisias, N. G. 263, 269
Powell, C. McA. 247, 268 Pritchard, D. W. 111,156 Przewlocki, K. 42,50
Radojcic, M. 117,156 Radosavljevic, R. 117, 156 Ralkova, J. 117,156 Rama, S. 73, 101, 153, 158 Redfield, A. C. 174, 199 Renaud, A. 197, 200 Rice, T. R. 214, 266 Riedlmayer, L. 116, 156 Riis, F. 249, 268 Rimmar, G. M. 110,156 Robbins, N. S. 14, 49 Rodda,J.C. 79, 101, 150, 157 Rodebush, W. H. 4, 48 Rona, P. A. 265, 266, 269 Roth, E. 197,200 Rotzer, H. 116, 156 Rubey, W. W. 143, 157
Sabherwal, R. K. 153, 158 Salati, E. 86, 101 Samuels, A. 43 Sangal, S. P. 153, 158 Sansom, O. W. 128, 157 Sarin, M. M. 257, 259, 269 Sauzay, G. 140,157 Schoen, B. 174, 199 Schumacher, R. 197,200 Schumm, S. A. 144, 145, 157 Sclater, J. G. 247, 268 Sellschop, J. P. F. 14,49 Sengor, A. M. C. 247, 268 Shackleton, N. J. 263, 269 Sheridan, R. 207, 208, 266 Shumakov, B. B. 126, 156 Sibuet, J. C. 254, 268 Sigurgeirsson, Th. 190,200 Silva, C. 86, 101 Skyring, G. W. 237, 267 Smith, L. J. 91,102 Smith, S. M. 46, 50 Snyder, W. S. 253, 268 Sochorec. R. 117, 156
276 AUTHOR INDEX
Menard, H. W. 46, 50 Merlivat, Liliane 197,200 Mero, J. 234, 267 Merritt, W. F. 88, 101 Moicard, R. 215, 218, 267 Molinari, J. 170, 199 Moore, W. S. 266, 269 Morley, J. J. 263, 264, 265, 269 Moser, H. 38, 50 Miinnich, K. O. 152,158 Murphree, C. E. 128, 157
Nace, R. L. 46, 50 Nakai, K. 93, 102 Nakai, N. 164, 199 Neff, E. L. 81,101 Nelson, A. 187,200 Nelson, K. D. 187, 200 Nesterov, V. E. 126, 156 Nief, G. 197, 200 Nijampurkar, V. N. 73, 101 Nir, A. 42, 50, 109, 156 Norton, I. O. 247, 268 Noto, P. 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 267
O'Connell, R. J. 252, 268 Oeschger, H. 197,200 Olive, Ph. 192, 200 Olivier, H. 84, 101 Onescu, M. 169, 199 Ostlund, G. 72, 100 0strom, S. 194, 200 Ozturgut, E. 216, 217, 267
Paloc, H. 192,200 Parr, C. G. 265, 269 Payne, B. R. 26,41,49,50, 166, 169,
191,199,200 Peckham, A. E. 166, 199 Peixoto, J. P. 59, 100 Penman, H. L. 57, 83, 101 Picciotto, E. 196, 200 Pilgrim, D. H. 64, 100, 122, 146, 156 Pinder, G. F. 20, 49 Pisias, N. G. 263, 269
Powell, C. McA. 247, 268 Pritchard, D. W. 111,156 Przewlocki, K. 42,50
Radojcic, M. 117,156 Radosavljevic, R. 117, 156 Ralkova, J. 117,156 Rama, S. 73, 101, 153, 158 Redfield, A. C. 174, 199 Renaud, A. 197, 200 Rice, T. R. 214, 266 Riedlmayer, L. 116, 156 Riis, F. 249, 268 Rimmar, G. M. 110,156 Robbins, N. S. 14, 49 Rodda,J.C. 79, 101, 150, 157 Rodebush, W. H. 4, 48 Rona, P. A. 265, 266, 269 Roth, E. 197,200 Rotzer, H. 116, 156 Rubey, W. W. 143, 157
Sabherwal, R. K. 153, 158 Salati, E. 86, 101 Samuels, A. 43 Sangal, S. P. 153, 158 Sansom, O. W. 128, 157 Sarin, M. M. 257, 259, 269 Sauzay, G. 140,157 Schoen, B. 174, 199 Schumacher, R. 197,200 Schumm, S. A. 144, 145, 157 Sclater, J. G. 247, 268 Sellschop, J. P. F. 14,49 Sengor, A. M. C. 247, 268 Shackleton, N. J. 263, 269 Sheridan, R. 207, 208, 266 Shumakov, B. B. 126, 156 Sibuet, J. C. 254, 268 Sigurgeirsson, Th. 190,200 Silva, C. 86, 101 Skyring, G. W. 237, 267 Smith, L. J. 91,102 Smith, S. M. 46, 50 Snyder, W. S. 253, 268 Sochorec. R. 117, 156
AUTHOR INDEX 277
Somayajulu, B. L. K. 257, 259, 269 Starr, V. 59, 100 Stichler, W. 38, 50 Stommel, H. 213 Stringfield, V. T. 20, 49 Stuiver, M. 164, 199 Suess, H. E. 40, 50 Suzuki, O. 86, 101 Swallow, J. C. 205 Swarzenski, W. V. 18,49
Tamrazyan, O. P. 183, 184, 185, 186, 199,200
Tanwar, B. S. 153, 154, 158 Tasovac, T. 117, 156 Tazioli, O. S. 73, 101, 126, 157 Thatcher, L. L. 41, 50 Thomson, J. 260, 269 Thorarinsson, S. 198, 200 Thornthwaite, C. W. 56, 57, 84, 101 Todd, D. K. 19,21,49 Tonarelli, B. 216, 218, 219, 220, 267 Tongiorgi, E. 26, 49, 89, 90, 101 Trudinger, P. A. 237, 267 Turekian, K. K. 202, 231, 255, 260,
266, 267, 269 Turkevich, A. 43
Urey, H. C. 4, 39, 48, 50,243
Vandenberg, A. 21, 49 Veevers, J. J. 247, 268
Verhagen, B. T. 14, 49 Vignander, S. 170, 199 Vine, F. J. 236, 241, 267 Vukmirovic, V. 117, 156 Vukotic, R. 117, 156
Wada, M. 93, 102 Waldheim, K. 31 Waring, E. A. 93, 102 Warnick, C. C. 91, 92, 102 Webster, P. J. 75, 77,101 Weisskopf, M. 34, 50 Weyman, D. 151, 158 Willen, D. W. 91, 102 Williams, D. L. 249, 268 Williams, R. 134, 157 Willis, J. C. 128, 157 Wilson, C. 73, 101 Wilson, J. F. Ill, 112, 156 Wilson, J. Tuzo 245, 268, 270,272 Windham, S. T. 73, 100 Windley, B. F. 270, 272 Wolfe, D. A. 214, 266 World Water 28, 49
Yurtsever, Y. 42, 50
Zandt, O. 253, 268 Ziegler, A. M. 270, 271, 272 Zimmermann, U. 87, 88, 101 Zuber, A. 170, 173, 199
AUTHOR INDEX 277
Somayajulu, B. L. K. 257, 259, 269 Starr, V. 59, 100 Stichler, W. 38, 50 Stommel, H. 213 Stringfield, V. T. 20, 49 Stuiver, M. 164, 199 Suess, H. E. 40, 50 Suzuki, O. 86, 101 Swallow, J. C. 205 Swarzenski, W. V. 18,49
Tamrazyan, O. P. 183, 184, 185, 186, 199,200
Tanwar, B. S. 153, 154, 158 Tasovac, T. 117, 156 Tazioli, O. S. 73, 101, 126, 157 Thatcher, L. L. 41, 50 Thomson, J. 260, 269 Thorarinsson, S. 198, 200 Thornthwaite, C. W. 56, 57, 84, 101 Todd, D. K. 19,21,49 Tonarelli, B. 216, 218, 219, 220, 267 Tongiorgi, E. 26, 49, 89, 90, 101 Trudinger, P. A. 237, 267 Turekian, K. K. 202, 231, 255, 260,
266, 267, 269 Turkevich, A. 43
Urey, H. C. 4, 39, 48, 50,243
Vandenberg, A. 21, 49 Veevers, J. J. 247, 268
Verhagen, B. T. 14, 49 Vignander, S. 170, 199 Vine, F. J. 236, 241, 267 Vukmirovic, V. 117, 156 Vukotic, R. 117, 156
Wada, M. 93, 102 Waldheim, K. 31 Waring, E. A. 93, 102 Warnick, C. C. 91, 92, 102 Webster, P. J. 75, 77,101 Weisskopf, M. 34, 50 Weyman, D. 151, 158 Willen, D. W. 91, 102 Williams, D. L. 249, 268 Williams, R. 134, 157 Willis, J. C. 128, 157 Wilson, C. 73, 101 Wilson, J. F. Ill, 112, 156 Wilson, J. Tuzo 245, 268, 270,272 Windham, S. T. 73, 100 Windley, B. F. 270, 272 Wolfe, D. A. 214, 266 World Water 28, 49
Yurtsever, Y. 42, 50
Zandt, O. 253, 268 Ziegler, A. M. 270, 271, 272 Zimmermann, U. 87, 88, 101 Zuber, A. 170, 173, 199
Subject Index
Air masses, 98 Alluvial fans, 147 Altitude effect, 38 Ammonia, 99 Amount effect, 70 Angus camera system, 250 Antarctic bottom water (AABW), 212 Anticyclones, 75 Aquiclude, 7 Aquifer, 7, 18, 19, 20,40, 189 Argon-39, 74 Arid terrain, 13-15 Atmometer, 81 Atmosphere, 9, 51-102
circulation, 75-8, 97-8 constituents of, 54 Earth's, 99 energy in, 51-4
Atmospheric moisture, 54--66 Atmospheric pressure, 95, 176 Aurora Australis, 53 Aurora Borealis, 53 Austausch, 67
Baikal, Lake, 271 Balance equation, 89,175 Bed load traps, 131 Benioff zones, 271 Bergeron-Findeisen theory, 62 Beryllium-IO, 239 Bioturbation, 259 Black box, I 19 Boiling mud pools, 190
279
Boiling point, 6 Bowen's ratio, 57, 83, 84 Bromine-82, 107
Calcium, 261 carbonate, 239, 243, 244, 261, 262
Caledonide-Appalachian fold belt, 270
Capillary binding potential, 155 Carbon-14, 192, 239 Carbon dioxide, 99, 100,202, 256 Carbonates, 15-16 Centrifugal force, 96 Channel forms, 143-6 Chezy coefficient, I 10 Chromium-51, 109 Clays, 233, 261 Climatic factors, 176 Cloud types, 6 I, 62 Coastal terrains, 16-21 Coastlines, 223-8 Cobalt, 135 Cobalt-60,91 Condensation, 2, 61, 70, 86, 190 Conductivity, 5 Constant rate injection method, 105-6 Continental margins, 204 Continuity equation, 8 Corbel erosion rate formula, 141 Coring and corers, 237-8, 243 Coriolis
force, 77, 78,96, 21 I parameter, 78
Subject Index
Air masses, 98 Alluvial fans, 147 Altitude effect, 38 Ammonia, 99 Amount effect, 70 Angus camera system, 250 Antarctic bottom water (AABW), 212 Anticyclones, 75 Aquiclude, 7 Aquifer, 7, 18, 19, 20,40, 189 Argon-39, 74 Arid terrain, 13-15 Atmometer, 81 Atmosphere, 9, 51-102
circulation, 75-8, 97-8 constituents of, 54 Earth's, 99 energy in, 51-4
Atmospheric moisture, 54-66 Atmospheric pressure, 95, 176 Aurora Australis, 53 Aurora Borealis, 53 Austausch, 67
Baikal, Lake, 271 Balance equation, 89,175 Bed load traps, 131 Benioff zones, 271 Bergeron-Findeisen theory, 62 Beryllium-IO, 239 Bioturbation, 259 Black box, I 19 Boiling mud pools, 190
279
Boiling point, 6 Bowen's ratio, 57, 83, 84 Bromine-82, 107
Calcium, 261 carbonate, 239, 243, 244, 261, 262
Caledonide-Appalachian fold belt, 270
Capillary binding potential, 155 Carbon-14, 192, 239 Carbon dioxide, 99, 100,202, 256 Carbonates, 15-16 Centrifugal force, 96 Channel forms, 143-6 Chezy coefficient, I 10 Chromium-51, 109 Clays, 233, 261 Climatic factors, 176 Cloud types, 6 I, 62 Coastal terrains, 16-21 Coastlines, 223-8 Cobalt, 135 Cobalt-60,91 Condensation, 2, 61, 70, 86, 190 Conductivity, 5 Constant rate injection method, 105-6 Continental margins, 204 Continuity equation, 8 Corbel erosion rate formula, 141 Coring and corers, 237-8, 243 Coriolis
force, 77, 78,96, 21 I parameter, 78
280 SUBJECT INDEX
Crustacea, 259 Current meters, 103 Cycladophora davisiana, 264-5
Darcy's law, 155, 171 Dead Sea Rift, 248 Decay law, 42 Deep Sea Drilling Programme, 238,
247, 254 Deep water isotopic current analyser
(DWICA), 170 Depressions, 75 Deuterium, 4, 24, 38, 39, 59, 66, 68,
69, 85, 88, 90, 164, 165, 166, 168,174,190-1,194,198
Developing countries, 29 Dew point temperature, 57-8 Diatoms, 232 Dilution
gauging, 105 methods, 139-40
Disease, 34 Divergence, 98 Drainage, 15, 151
areas, 11 Drought, 32-7 Dyes, 111-13, 121
Eccentricity, 264 Eddy diffusion, 67, 69, 71
coefficient, 67 Electrolytes, 5 Electronic triangulation
(LORAN), 203 Energy, 75
budget, 47, 56 changes, 77-8 the atmosphere, in, 51-4
Environmental isotopes, 66-74, 85, 164, 165, 169, 194, 196
Equilibrium constant, 243 isotope fractionation factor, 87
Erosion, 22, 93-5, 123, 141-3 Estuaries, 259
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), 109
Evaporation, 2, 6, 8,9, 10, 24-5, 55, 57,58,61,70,81-90,176,178, 180, 181, 182, 190,223
pan, 81 Evapotranspiration, 8, 56, 59, 81, 82,
88 Evapotron, 82 Exchange resins, 136
Factor k, 176 Famine, 36 Filter
fluorometer, 113 tube method, 170
Filtration velocity, 170 Floats, 104, 115, 116 Flood
characteristics, 150 hazards, 146-50 hydrograph, 148 hydrology, 119 plains, 146-50
Flow rate measurement, 103-17 Flumes, 114-15 Fluorescence, Ill, 113 Fluorimeters, 113 Fractionation factor, 183 Fresh water cycle, 103 Frictional forces, 96-7 Fumaroles, 190, 203
Galapagos Rift, 249, 250 Gamma
densimeter, 174 radiation, 91, 93
Geiger-Muller (GM) counter, 91, 92 Geochronometry, 238 Geothermal energy, 189 Geothermal water, 190 Geysers, 190, 203 Ghyben-Herzberg relation, 17, 18 Glaciers, 192-8 Glasses, 136 Globorotalia menardii, 243
280 SUBJECT INDEX
Crustacea, 259 Current meters, 103 Cycladophora davisiana, 264-5
Darcy's law, 155, 171 Dead Sea Rift, 248 Decay law, 42 Deep Sea Drilling Programme, 238,
247, 254 Deep water isotopic current analyser
(DWICA), 170 Depressions, 75 Deuterium, 4, 24, 38, 39, 59, 66, 68,
69, 85, 88, 90, 164, 165, 166, 168,174,190-1,194,198
Developing countries, 29 Dew point temperature, 57-8 Diatoms, 232 Dilution
gauging, 105 methods, 139-40
Disease, 34 Divergence, 98 Drainage, 15, 151
areas, 11 Drought, 32-7 Dyes, 111-13, 121
Eccentricity, 264 Eddy diffusion, 67, 69, 71
coefficient, 67 Electrolytes, 5 Electronic triangulation
(LORAN), 203 Energy, 75
budget, 47, 56 changes, 77-8 the atmosphere, in, 51-4
Environmental isotopes, 66-74, 85, 164, 165, 169, 194, 196
Equilibrium constant, 243 isotope fractionation factor, 87
Erosion, 22, 93-5, 123, 141-3 Estuaries, 259
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), 109
Evaporation, 2, 6, 8,9, 10, 24-5, 55, 57,58,61,70,81-90,176,178, 180, 181, 182, 190,223
pan, 81 Evapotranspiration, 8, 56, 59, 81, 82,
88 Evapotron, 82 Exchange resins, 136
Factor k, 176 Famine, 36 Filter
fluorometer, 113 tube method, 170
Filtration velocity, 170 Floats, 104, 115, 116 Flood
characteristics, 150 hazards, 146-50 hydrograph, 148 hydrology, 119 plains, 146-50
Flow rate measurement, 103-17 Flumes, 114-15 Fluorescence, Ill, 113 Fluorimeters, 113 Fractionation factor, 183 Fresh water cycle, 103 Frictional forces, 96-7 Fumaroles, 190, 203
Galapagos Rift, 249, 250 Gamma
densimeter, 174 radiation, 91, 93
Geiger-Muller (GM) counter, 91, 92 Geochronometry, 238 Geothermal energy, 189 Geothermal water, 190 Geysers, 190, 203 Ghyben-Herzberg relation, 17, 18 Glaciers, 192-8 Glasses, 136 Globorotalia menardii, 243
SUBJECT INDEX 281
Glomar Challenger, 238 Gravity, 6
measurements, 207 Greenhouse effect, 52, 100 Groundwater, 2, 12, 19,23,27,33,
37,42,43,73, 181, 187, 191
Hail, 63 Heat transfer, 10 Heavy water, 4 Helium, 53 Hjiilstrom curve, 130 Horton morphometry, 123 Hull's equation, 117 Humidity, 57, 89 Hydraulic gradient, 155 Hydraulic potential, 155 Hydrogen, 3, 5, 37, 53
bond, 3 cycle, 3-50 ion concentration, 256 isotopes, 190
Hydrograph, 119-20, 122 Hydrologic cycle, 1, 2, 6-11
change in, 22--4 interruption in, 32-7 isotopes in, 37--44 river basin, 117-22 wastage in, 24-5
Hydrologic equation, 8 Hydrologic factors, 176 Hydrology
basic principles, 11-13 definition, 6 terrain, 13-21
Hydrometeorology, 66-74 Hydropower, 180 Hydrosphere, 1 Hydrothermal activity, 266 Hyetograms, 64
IAEA portable gauge, 128 Iapetus Ocean, 270-1 Ice, 2, 5,48, 197, 198 Immersion vessels, 139 Infiltration, 15
rate, 152
Infinite radius, 121 Instantaneous unit hydrograph, 120,
122 Integration method, 106-17 International Drinking Water Supply
and Sanitation Decade, 45 International Hydrologic Decade,
26-7 Iodine-131, 109 IPOD (international phase of deep
drilling), 254 IR radiation, 100 Irrigation, 22, 23, 24, 34, 166, 180 Isobars, 64 Isocount curves, 140 Isotherms, 64 Isotope ratio, 40 Isotopes, 37--40, 58, 59 Isotopic species, 4
JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic Institutes Deep Earth Sampling Programme) project, 242--4
Karst, 20 Kinetic effects, 183 Krypton-85, 74
Lagoons, 162 Lakes, 87
average area, 185 depths, 185
classification, 159 contents, 163 distribution with regard to mean
sea level, 187 dynamics of, 164-5 general characteristics, 159-64 glacial,161 hydrological balance, 168 leakages, 165-74 meromictic, 163, 164 play, 162
SUBJECT INDEX 281
Glomar Challenger, 238 Gravity, 6
measurements, 207 Greenhouse effect, 52, 100 Groundwater, 2, 12, 19,23,27,33,
37,42,43,73, 181, 187, 191
Hail, 63 Heat transfer, 10 Heavy water, 4 Helium, 53 Hjiilstrom curve, 130 Horton morphometry, 123 Hull's equation, 117 Humidity, 57, 89 Hydraulic gradient, 155 Hydraulic potential, 155 Hydrogen, 3, 5, 37, 53
bond, 3 cycle, 3-50 ion concentration, 256 isotopes, 190
Hydrograph, 119-20, 122 Hydrologic cycle, 1, 2, 6-11
change in, 22--4 interruption in, 32-7 isotopes in, 37--44 river basin, 117-22 wastage in, 24-5
Hydrologic equation, 8 Hydrologic factors, 176 Hydrology
basic principles, 11-13 definition, 6 terrain, 13-21
Hydrometeorology, 66-74 Hydropower, 180 Hydrosphere, 1 Hydrothermal activity, 266 Hyetograms, 64
IAEA portable gauge, 128 Iapetus Ocean, 270-1 Ice, 2, 5,48, 197, 198 Immersion vessels, 139 Infiltration, 15
rate, 152
Infinite radius, 121 Instantaneous unit hydrograph, 120,
122 Integration method, 106-17 International Drinking Water Supply
and Sanitation Decade, 45 International Hydrologic Decade,
26-7 Iodine-131, 109 IPOD (international phase of deep
drilling), 254 IR radiation, 100 Irrigation, 22, 23, 24, 34, 166, 180 Isobars, 64 Isocount curves, 140 Isotherms, 64 Isotope ratio, 40 Isotopes, 37--40, 58, 59 Isotopic species, 4
JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic Institutes Deep Earth Sampling Programme) project, 242--4
Karst, 20 Kinetic effects, 183 Krypton-85, 74
Lagoons, 162 Lakes, 87
average area, 185 depths, 185
classification, 159 contents, 163 distribution with regard to mean
sea level, 187 dynamics of, 164-5 general characteristics, 159-64 glacial,161 hydrological balance, 168 leakages, 165-74 meromictic, 163, 164 play, 162
282 SUBJECT INDEX
Lakes-contd. saline, 164 salt content, 163 tectonic, 160 total
volume of USSR waters, 185 water resources, 183~ 7
volcanic, 161 ~4 water balance, 174-83
Land degradation, 34 Lead-21O, 194-7,257 Levantine intermediate water (UW),
215~19
Lightening, 64 Limestone, 141, 142, 166, 180, 188,
189 terrain, 15~ 16
Long Island Sound, 260 . LORAN (electronic triangulatIOn),
203 Lysimeter, 81, 154
Magnesium, 261, 262 Magnetic reversal dating, 241 Magnetosphere, 53 Malnutrition, 34 Manganese nodules, 234, 235, 266 Manning
formula, 123 roughness coefficient, 123
MANOP (manganese nodule project), 266
Marking procedures, 135 Mass
attenuation coefficients, 126, 127 balance equation, 89 labelling, 137 mixing ratio, 57 transfer, 82
Meander wavelength, 145 Melting point, 6 Mendocino Escarpment, 253 Meridional transport, 58, 67 Mesopause, 53 Mesosphere, 53 Metal stability, 135 Metalliferous deposits, 234, 236
Methane, 99 Moisture balance equation, 56 Mollusca, 259 Monoenergetic electromagnetic
radiation, 126 Morphometric analysis, 123 Mountain building, 251
Neutron detector, 174 moisture gauge, 174
North Atlantic deep water (NADW), 212
Nuclear technology, 165 Nutrient elements, 257
Oceanic ridge systems, 205, 236 Oceans, 20 1 ~69
basin structure, 203~ 7 bottom topography, 203~5 circulation, 208~ 19 dating techniques, 244 deep circulation, 212 deep deposits, 229-45 floor layers, 207 history, 245~54 motions in, 219~22 origin, 201 physicochemical properties, 209 radioisotopes, 213~ 15 surface velocities, 211 temperature profiles, 210 volume, 201
Ophiolites, 251 Organic matter production, 237 Organometallic complexes, 134 Orogenic belts, 251 Overall counting rate method, 140 Oxygen, 3, 4,5,37,216,218,219,
244 Oxygen-18, 38, 39, 59, 66, 69, 70, 85,
90,164,165,166,174,194 Ozone, 52, 54, 99
Pan evaporation, 88, 182 Particle transport, 229
282 SUBJECT INDEX
Lakes-contd. saline, 164 salt content, 163 tectonic, 160 total
volume of USSR waters, 185 water resources, 183~ 7
volcanic, 161 ~4 water balance, 174-83
Land degradation, 34 Lead-21O, 194-7,257 Levantine intermediate water (UW),
215~19
Lightening, 64 Limestone, 141, 142, 166, 180, 188,
189 terrain, 15~ 16
Long Island Sound, 260 . LORAN (electronic triangulatIOn),
203 Lysimeter, 81, 154
Magnesium, 261, 262 Magnetic reversal dating, 241 Magnetosphere, 53 Malnutrition, 34 Manganese nodules, 234, 235, 266 Manning
formula, 123 roughness coefficient, 123
MANOP (manganese nodule project), 266
Marking procedures, 135 Mass
attenuation coefficients, 126, 127 balance equation, 89 labelling, 137 mixing ratio, 57 transfer, 82
Meander wavelength, 145 Melting point, 6 Mendocino Escarpment, 253 Meridional transport, 58, 67 Mesopause, 53 Mesosphere, 53 Metal stability, 135 Metalliferous deposits, 234, 236
Methane, 99 Moisture balance equation, 56 Mollusca, 259 Monoenergetic electromagnetic
radiation, 126 Morphometric analysis, 123 Mountain building, 251
Neutron detector, 174 moisture gauge, 174
North Atlantic deep water (NADW), 212
Nuclear technology, 165 Nutrient elements, 257
Oceanic ridge systems, 205, 236 Oceans, 20 1 ~69
basin structure, 203~ 7 bottom topography, 203~5 circulation, 208~ 19 dating techniques, 244 deep circulation, 212 deep deposits, 229-45 floor layers, 207 history, 245~54 motions in, 219~22 origin, 201 physicochemical properties, 209 radioisotopes, 213~ 15 surface velocities, 211 temperature profiles, 210 volume, 201
Ophiolites, 251 Organic matter production, 237 Organometallic complexes, 134 Orogenic belts, 251 Overall counting rate method, 140 Oxygen, 3, 4,5,37,216,218,219,
244 Oxygen-18, 38, 39, 59, 66, 69, 70, 85,
90,164,165,166,174,194 Ozone, 52, 54, 99
Pan evaporation, 88, 182 Particle transport, 229
SUBJECT INDEX 283
pH scale, 256 Planets, 202 Plankton, 258 Plate tectonics, 246, 252 Point dilution method, 169 Pollution, 1 Ponds, 162 Pontacyl Pink, III Potassium, 262 Potassium-argon dating, 240 Potential evapotranspiration (PE), 56,
82-5 Precipitation, 2, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15,26,
38,40,41,45,58,61,62,64-6, 68-71,77-81,85,86,93,97, 151, 175, 180, 181, 196,198
Pressure, 95 gradient, 97
Proto-Atlantic Ocean, 270 Psychrometric constant, 84
Radioactive cloud method, 170 Radioactive decay, 42 Radioactive isotope, 165 Radioactive labelling techniques, 133 Radioactive nuclides, 238 Radioactive tracers, 106-17, 152,175,
225 Radiocarbon, 37, 42, 43, 192, 197,
239 Radioisotopes, 125, 128, 132, 142,
173,213 Radiotelemetry, 93 Radiotracers, 120-2, 131 Radium, 72 Radon, 37, 60, 73 Radon-222, 43, 72 Rain gauges, 79-81, 94 Rainfall, 3, 55, 63, 64,70,71,80,94,
119,151 Rain-making, 63 Rainstorm, 65 Raoult's Law, 178 Rating curve, 115, 116 Relative humidity, 57, 70, 89, 179,
183
Reservoirs dynamics of, 164-5 leakages, 165-74 temperature gradient, 172 water balance, 174
Reynolds number, 123, 171 Rhodamine B, Ill, 121 Rhodamine WT, III River(s), 103-58
basin hydrologic cycle, 117-22 morphometry, 123-9
channel forms, 143-6 discharge of, 103-17 erosion studies, 141-3 flood hazards, 146-50 load, 129-40 rates of flow, 103-17 velocity, 124
Rubey's equation, 143 Runoff, 2, 7, 10, 15,26,48, 72,95,
119,121,151,198
Saline intrusion, 21 Saline water, 19,20 Salinity, 217, 219
effects, 178-9 variations, 209-10
Sampling, 90 San Andreas fault system, 253 Sand bars, 162 Sanitation, 28-31 Scintillation
counter, 122, 165,225 detector, 142, 173
Sea water components, 209 concentrations, 255 density, 210
Seas, 201-3 chemistry and biology, 254-66
Sediment(s), 228, 232, 236, 237, 239, 259, 260
composition, 134 concentration gauge, 128-9 gauge, 126 movement, 131
SUBJECT INDEX 283
pH scale, 256 Planets, 202 Plankton, 258 Plate tectonics, 246, 252 Point dilution method, 169 Pollution, 1 Ponds, 162 Pontacyl Pink, III Potassium, 262 Potassium-argon dating, 240 Potential evapotranspiration (PE), 56,
82-5 Precipitation, 2, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15,26,
38,40,41,45,58,61,62,64-6, 68-71,77-81,85,86,93,97, 151, 175, 180, 181, 196,198
Pressure, 95 gradient, 97
Proto-Atlantic Ocean, 270 Psychrometric constant, 84
Radioactive cloud method, 170 Radioactive decay, 42 Radioactive isotope, 165 Radioactive labelling techniques, 133 Radioactive nuclides, 238 Radioactive tracers, 106-17, 152,175,
225 Radiocarbon, 37, 42, 43, 192, 197,
239 Radioisotopes, 125, 128, 132, 142,
173,213 Radiotelemetry, 93 Radiotracers, 120-2, 131 Radium, 72 Radon, 37, 60, 73 Radon-222, 43, 72 Rain gauges, 79-81, 94 Rainfall, 3, 55, 63, 64,70,71,80,94,
119,151 Rain-making, 63 Rainstorm, 65 Raoult's Law, 178 Rating curve, 115, 116 Relative humidity, 57, 70, 89, 179,
183
Reservoirs dynamics of, 164-5 leakages, 165-74 temperature gradient, 172 water balance, 174
Reynolds number, 123, 171 Rhodamine B, Ill, 121 Rhodamine WT, III River(s), 103-58
basin hydrologic cycle, 117-22 morphometry, 123-9
channel forms, 143-6 discharge of, 103-17 erosion studies, 141-3 flood hazards, 146-50 load, 129-40 rates of flow, 103-17 velocity, 124
Rubey's equation, 143 Runoff, 2, 7, 10, 15,26,48, 72,95,
119,121,151,198
Saline intrusion, 21 Saline water, 19,20 Salinity, 217, 219
effects, 178-9 variations, 209-10
Sampling, 90 San Andreas fault system, 253 Sand bars, 162 Sanitation, 28-31 Scintillation
counter, 122, 165,225 detector, 142, 173
Sea water components, 209 concentrations, 255 density, 210
Seas, 201-3 chemistry and biology, 254-66
Sediment(s), 228, 232, 236, 237, 239, 259, 260
composition, 134 concentration gauge, 128-9 gauge, 126 movement, 131
284 SUBJECT INDEX
Sediment(s)--contd. tracing, 139 transport, 133, 135
Seismic images, 253 Seismic refraction, 206 Semi-arid terrain, 13-15 Shear, 98
stress, 125 Shearing force, 125 Sheba ridge, 248 Shingle, 138 Silica, 232 Silicon, 261, 262 Silicon-32, 43, 72, 73, 197,239 Silt, 137-8 SMOW (standard mean ocean water),
39, 215 Snow
density measurements, 194 gauging, 90-3 packs, 192-8 water content, 92
Sodium, 262 Soil
erosion, 93-5, 142 splashing, 94 structure, 95 water movement through, 151-5
Solar energy, 1-2, 6, 9, 75, 76, 99, 223
Solubility controls, 255 Space integration method, 140 Specific heat, 6, 76 Springs, 187-92
artesian, 188 classification, 187 cold, 190--1 contact, 188 depression, 188 discharge, 188-9 fissure, 187 gravity, 188 hot, 190 hydrogen isotopes in, 190 impervious rock, 188 Meinzer classification, 188 non-thermal, 191 thermal, 191
Springs-co/Jtd. tubular or fracture, 188 volcanic, 187
Stable isotopes, 59-60, 167, 168, 194
Stage pole, 115 recorder, 115-16
Standard mean ocean water (SMOW), 39, 215
Stokes' equation, 252 Stokes' Law, 229 Storage, 13
coefficient, 26 Stratigraphy, 196, 263 Stratopause, 52, 53 Stratosphere, 71, 72 Stream flow
characteristics, 144 rates, 103
Strophic balance, 97 Sulphate
ions, 215 reduction, 236, 259
Sulphur, 262 production, 237
Surface labelling, 137 Synthetic unit hydrograph, 120
Tantalum, 135 Tectonic activity, 246 Temperature gradient, 172 Terrain hydrology, 13-21 Thorium-232, 72 Thunderstorms, 64 Tides, 219-21 Transform faults, 245 Transit time, 170, 172, 173 Transpiration, 8, 55, 56, 89 Tritium, 4, 27,37,40,41,42,60,61,
67,71,72,88,89, 108-9, 153, 164,166,167,168,175,191, 192,194,195, 196,215,216, 218,219
balance equation, 168 Tropopause, 52 Troposphere, 51, 52, 60, 71
284 SUBJECT INDEX
Sediment(s)--contd. tracing, 139 transport, 133, 135
Seismic images, 253 Seismic refraction, 206 Semi-arid terrain, 13-15 Shear, 98
stress, 125 Shearing force, 125 Sheba ridge, 248 Shingle, 138 Silica, 232 Silicon, 261, 262 Silicon-32, 43, 72, 73, 197,239 Silt, 137-8 SMOW (standard mean ocean water),
39, 215 Snow
density measurements, 194 gauging, 90-3 packs, 192-8 water content, 92
Sodium, 262 Soil
erosion, 93-5, 142 splashing, 94 structure, 95 water movement through, 151-5
Solar energy, 1-2, 6, 9, 75, 76, 99, 223
Solubility controls, 255 Space integration method, 140 Specific heat, 6, 76 Springs, 187-92
artesian, 188 classification, 187 cold, 190--1 contact, 188 depression, 188 discharge, 188-9 fissure, 187 gravity, 188 hot, 190 hydrogen isotopes in, 190 impervious rock, 188 Meinzer classification, 188 non-thermal, 191 thermal, 191
Springs-co/Jtd. tubular or fracture, 188 volcanic, 187
Stable isotopes, 59-60, 167, 168, 194
Stage pole, 115 recorder, 115-16
Standard mean ocean water (SMOW), 39, 215
Stokes' equation, 252 Stokes' Law, 229 Storage, 13
coefficient, 26 Stratigraphy, 196, 263 Stratopause, 52, 53 Stratosphere, 71, 72 Stream flow
characteristics, 144 rates, 103
Strophic balance, 97 Sulphate
ions, 215 reduction, 236, 259
Sulphur, 262 production, 237
Surface labelling, 137 Synthetic unit hydrograph, 120
Tantalum, 135 Tectonic activity, 246 Temperature gradient, 172 Terrain hydrology, 13-21 Thorium-232, 72 Thunderstorms, 64 Tides, 219-21 Transform faults, 245 Transit time, 170, 172, 173 Transpiration, 8, 55, 56, 89 Tritium, 4, 27,37,40,41,42,60,61,
67,71,72,88,89, 108-9, 153, 164,166,167,168,175,191, 192,194,195, 196,215,216, 218,219
balance equation, 168 Tropopause, 52 Troposphere, 51, 52, 60, 71
SUBJECT INDEX 285
Ultrasonic transducers, 225 UNICEF,33 Unit
hydr?graph theory, 119-20, 122 tractive force, 123
United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, 27-31
Unstable isotopes, 60-6 Upconing, 20 Uranium, 24
decay series, 239 Uranium-238, 72
Valley networks, 123 Van Allen 'radiation' belts 54 V~pour pressure, 55, 56, 83 Ville-Matthews hypothesis, 242 Volcanic activity, 265 Volcanic islands, 234
Water balance, 44-8, 87, 89, 153, 173-83 budget, 180 circulation, 47 classification, 21 composition, 3 cycle, 6 molecules, 3, 5 supply, 28-31, 45 vapour, 9-10, 38, 52, 54, 55, 58, 69,
70,71,76,77,86-9,99,100, 174,177,178,179,203
Waves, 221-4, 227 Weirs, 114-15 Wind
belts, 75 effects, 97 velocity, 55
X-ray film, 92
SUBJECT INDEX 285
Ultrasonic transducers, 225 UNICEF,33 Unit
hydr?graph theory, 119-20, 122 tractive force, 123
United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, 27-31
Unstable isotopes, 60-6 Upconing, 20 Uranium, 24
decay series, 239 Uranium-238, 72
Valley networks, 123 Van Allen 'radiation' belts 54 V~pour pressure, 55, 56, 83 Ville-Matthews hypothesis, 242 Volcanic activity, 265 Volcanic islands, 234
Water balance, 44-8, 87, 89, 153, 173-83 budget, 180 circulation, 47 classification, 21 composition, 3 cycle, 6 molecules, 3, 5 supply, 28-31, 45 vapour, 9-10, 38, 52, 54, 55, 58, 69,
70,71,76,77,86-9,99,100, 174,177,178,179,203
Waves, 221-4, 227 Weirs, 114-15 Wind
belts, 75 effects, 97 velocity, 55
X-ray film, 92
Places Index
Adelie Land 197 Alaska 163 Albert, Lake 160, 186 Alps 163 Amazon 10,77 Andes 77 Antarctic 2, 11,39, 197,212,262 Antarctic Ocean 211, 215 Apulia 73 Aral, Lake 186 Aral Sea 23, 160, 184 Arctic Ocean 44 Argentine Basin 204, 231 Arizona 162 Aschach 117 Aswan Dam 7, 8, 131 Athabasca, Lake 160, 186 Athens 169 Atlantic Ocean 9, 11,39,44,77,204,
208,212,215,230,233,234,241, 243,247,253,254,258,261,262, 264, 265, 270
Aydat, Lake 161
Baffin Island 163 Bafing River 34 Baikal, Lake 159, 160, 184, 186, 271 Balkhash, Lake 186 Barada River 15 Barents Sea 237 Bay of Bengal 36 Belgrade 117 Bering Sea 262
Beysehir, Lake 166, 180, 181, 182 Black Forest 161 Black Rock Desert 162 Black Sea 236, 237, 257 Brahmaputra River 36 British Columbia 163 Burdur, Lake 166, 181
California 190, 236 Cape of Good Hope 211 Caribbean Sea 247, 264 Caspian Sea 23, 160, 184, 186 Chad, Lake 33,34, 160, 186 Chala, Lake 161, 166, 167 Chaubon, Lake 161 Cheddar catchment 141, 142 Chelan, Lake 161 Chesil Beach 227 Chubb, Lake 162 Col de la Schucht 161 Colorado II, 14 Colorado River 162 Columbia II Continental shelf 237 Crater, Lake 161
287
Damascus 15 Danube River 10, 116 Dead Sea 160, 163, 186, 248 Dnieper River 10 Don River 10 Dungeness 228
Places Index
Adelie Land 197 Alaska 163 Albert, Lake 160, 186 Alps 163 Amazon 10,77 Andes 77 Antarctic 2, 11,39, 197,212,262 Antarctic Ocean 211, 215 Apulia 73 Aral, Lake 186 Aral Sea 23, 160, 184 Arctic Ocean 44 Argentine Basin 204, 231 Arizona 162 Aschach 117 Aswan Dam 7, 8, 131 Athabasca, Lake 160, 186 Athens 169 Atlantic Ocean 9, 11,39,44,77,204,
208,212,215,230,233,234,241, 243,247,253,254,258,261,262, 264, 265, 270
Aydat, Lake 161
Baffin Island 163 Bafing River 34 Baikal, Lake 159, 160, 184, 186, 271 Balkhash, Lake 186 Barada River 15 Barents Sea 237 Bay of Bengal 36 Belgrade 117 Bering Sea 262
Beysehir, Lake 166, 180, 181, 182 Black Forest 161 Black Rock Desert 162 Black Sea 236, 237, 257 Brahmaputra River 36 British Columbia 163 Burdur, Lake 166, 181
California 190, 236 Cape of Good Hope 211 Caribbean Sea 247, 264 Caspian Sea 23, 160, 184, 186 Chad, Lake 33,34, 160, 186 Chala, Lake 161, 166, 167 Chaubon, Lake 161 Cheddar catchment 141, 142 Chelan, Lake 161 Chesil Beach 227 Chubb, Lake 162 Col de la Schucht 161 Colorado II, 14 Colorado River 162 Columbia II Continental shelf 237 Crater, Lake 161
287
Damascus 15 Danube River 10, 116 Dead Sea 160, 163, 186, 248 Dnieper River 10 Don River 10 Dungeness 228
288
East African Rift 205 East African Rise 205, 231 Edward, Lake 186 Egridir, Lake 166 180 Eifel 161 ' Elbe River 10 Ems River 134 Erie, Lake 160, 161, 184 Euphrates-Tigris 14 Evian Basin 191
F~yetteville Green, Lake 164 Fmger Lakes 161 Florida 162, 163
Galapagos Rift 249, 250, 266 Galilee, Sea of 167 Gang Nau Reservoir 34, 35 Ganges River 36 Garonne River 10 Geneva, Lake 186 Gerardmer, Lake 161 Gezhouba Dam 35 Ghouta 15 Gobi Desert 233 Grand Canyon 142 Great American Desert 14 Great Bear Lake 160, 184, 186 Great Lakes 161 Great Rift Valley 160 Great Slave Lake 160 184 186 Grimsel, Lake 163 ' , Guery, Lake 161 Gulf Coast 94 Gulf of Aden 205, 248 Gulf of Baja, California 162
PLACES INDEX
Hoover Dam 22, 162 Horn of Africa 32 Hubei 35 Huron, Lake 160, 161, 184, 186
Iapetus Ocean 270, 271 Indian Ocean 11,39,44,47,204,205,
211,247,257,258,261 Indo-Gangetic Plains 153 Indus River 35 Ionian Sea 217 Issyk Kul, Lake 184, 186 Ivan de Juca Ridge 205
Jaipur 35 Jenny, Lake 161 Jipe, Lake 166, 167 Jordan River 169
Kalahari Desert 14 I 5 Kanchatka 190 ' Kano River 33 Kazakhstan 23 Kesse1wandferner 196 Kilimanjaro 161 Kinneret, Lake 167 Kivu, Lake 161, 184, 186 Konya, Lake 181 Kradsnovodsk Bay 237 Krun Dam 169 Kruth Wilderstein Dam 170
Laachersee 161 Labrador 163
Gulf of California 205, 253, 261, 262 Ladoga, Lake 160, 184, 186 Lake District 161
Haryana 153, 154 Hawaii 189 Hebei 34, 35 Hengshu 35 High Andes, Chile 86, 161
Laurentian Shield 163 Levantine Basin 216 217 218 Linz 116 " Long Island 204 Long Island Sound 237, 260 Longemer, Lake 161 Lumi River 166
288
East African Rift 205 East African Rise 205, 231 Edward, Lake 186 Egridir, Lake 166 180 Eifel 161 ' Elbe River 10 Ems River 134 Erie, Lake 160, 161, 184 Euphrates-Tigris 14 Evian Basin 191
F~yetteville Green, Lake 164 Fmger Lakes 161 Florida 162, 163
Galapagos Rift 249, 250, 266 Galilee, Sea of 167 Gang Nau Reservoir 34, 35 Ganges River 36 Garonne River 10 Geneva, Lake 186 Gerardmer, Lake 161 Gezhouba Dam 35 Ghouta 15 Gobi Desert 233 Grand Canyon 142 Great American Desert 14 Great Bear Lake 160, 184, 186 Great Lakes 161 Great Rift Valley 160 Great Slave Lake 160 184 186 Grimsel, Lake 163 ' , Guery, Lake 161 Gulf Coast 94 Gulf of Aden 205, 248 Gulf of Baja, California 162
PLACES INDEX
Hoover Dam 22, 162 Horn of Africa 32 Hubei 35 Huron, Lake 160, 161, 184, 186
Iapetus Ocean 270, 271 Indian Ocean 11,39,44,47,204,205,
211,247,257,258,261 Indo-Gangetic Plains 153 Indus River 35 Ionian Sea 217 Issyk Kul, Lake 184, 186 Ivan de Juca Ridge 205
Jaipur 35 Jenny, Lake 161 Jipe, Lake 166, 167 Jordan River 169
Kalahari Desert 14 I 5 Kanchatka 190 ' Kano River 33 Kazakhstan 23 Kesselwandferner 196 Kilimanjaro 161 Kinneret, Lake 167 Kivu, Lake 161, 184, 186 Konya, Lake 181 Kradsnovodsk Bay 237 Krun Dam 169 Kruth Wilderstein Dam 170
Laachersee 161 Labrador 163
Gulf of California 205, 253, 261, 262 Ladoga, Lake 160, 184, 186 Lake District 161
Haryana 153, 154 Hawaii 189 Hebei 34, 35 Hengshu 35 High Andes, Chile 86, 161
Laurentian Shield 163 Levantine Basin 216 217 218 Linz 116 " Long Island 204 Long Island Sound 237, 260 Longemer, Lake 161 Lumi River 166
PLACES INDEX 289
Maghreb 32 Malawi, Lake 160 Manantali Dam 34 Maracaibo, Lake 160, 184, 186 Mead, Lake 162 Mediterranean Sea 20, 189,215,216,
219,220 Mendip Hills 141, 142 Menton 225 Michigan 163 Michigan, Lake 160, 184, 186 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 205, 235, 243, 249 Mississippi 10 Modry Dul 26, 27 Moravice River 117
Na'aman 21 Nasser, Lake 162 Nevada 162, 163, 190 Nevsiedl, Lake 87, 88,169 New England 150 New York 161, 163 Nicaragua, Lake 186 Nice 225 Niger River 33 Nile River 7, 10, 14,24,36, 131 Nyasa, Lake 160, 184, 186
Ob River 23 Okhotsk Sea 262 Old Red Sandstone 151 Olympic Mountains 66 Onega, Lake 161, 184, 186 Oneida, Lake 266 Ontario, Lake 160, 161, 184, 186 Opava River 117 Orange River 10 Oregon 190 Orinoco 10
Pacific 9,11,29,44,47,77,204,205, 211,215,231,232,233,234,235, 241, 246, 253, 257, 258, 261, 262, 264,266
Pacific Basin 233 Pacific, Sub-Arctic 262 Parana 10 Perch, Lake 88, 169 Persian Gulf 263 Punjab 35, 36, 153, 154
Qatarra Depression 15
Rajasthan 35 Red Sea 236, 248 Retoumeuer, Lake 161 Rhine River 10, 133, 134, 135, 162 Rhone River 10 Rima Basin 34 Rub a1 Khali 14 Rudolf, Lake 160, 186 Ruwenzori region 161
Sahara Desert 14, 32, 33, 34, 85, 233 Saharan Lakes 86, 169 Sahel (belt) 32, 33, 48 Salt Desert 14 Salton Sea 162, 236 San Andreas transform 205, 253 San Francisco Bay 136 San Pablo Bay 253 Sankarini River 34 Sargasso Sea 237 Sea of Crete 217, 218 Selenga River 271 Selingue Dam 34 Selsey Bill 225 Senegal River 34 Seven, Lake 186 Sheba Oceanic Ridge 248 Siberia 23 Sicilian Oceanic Ridge 218 Skerne River 107 Slovenia 142 Sologne 162 Somerset 151 St. Lawrence 10 Straits of Sicily 215, 218, 219 Superior, Lake 159, 160, 161,163,
184,186
PLACES INDEX 289
Maghreb 32 Malawi, Lake 160 Manantali Dam 34 Maracaibo, Lake 160, 184, 186 Mead, Lake 162 Mediterranean Sea 20, 189,215,216,
219,220 Mendip Hills 141, 142 Menton 225 Michigan 163 Michigan, Lake 160, 184, 186 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 205, 235, 243, 249 Mississippi 10 Modry Dul 26, 27 Moravice River 117
Na'aman 21 Nasser, Lake 162 Nevada 162, 163, 190 Nevsiedl, Lake 87, 88,169 New England 150 New York 161, 163 Nicaragua, Lake 186 Nice 225 Niger River 33 Nile River 7, 10, 14,24,36, 131 Nyasa, Lake 160, 184, 186
Ob River 23 Okhotsk Sea 262 Old Red Sandstone 151 Olympic Mountains 66 Onega, Lake 161, 184, 186 Oneida, Lake 266 Ontario, Lake 160, 161, 184, 186 Opava River 117 Orange River 10 Oregon 190 Orinoco 10
Pacific 9,11,29,44,47,77,204,205, 211,215,231,232,233,234,235, 241, 246, 253, 257, 258, 261, 262, 264,266
Pacific Basin 233 Pacific, Sub-Arctic 262 Parana 10 Perch, Lake 88, 169 Persian Gulf 263 Punjab 35, 36, 153, 154
Qatarra Depression 15
Rajasthan 35 Red Sea 236, 248 Retoumeuer, Lake 161 Rhine River 10, 133, 134, 135, 162 Rhone River 10 Rima Basin 34 Rub a1 Khali 14 Rudolf, Lake 160, 186 Ruwenzori region 161
Sahara Desert 14, 32, 33, 34, 85, 233 Saharan Lakes 86, 169 Sahel (belt) 32, 33, 48 Salt Desert 14 Salton Sea 162, 236 San Andreas transform 205, 253 San Francisco Bay 136 San Pablo Bay 253 Sankarini River 34 Sargasso Sea 237 Sea of Crete 217, 218 Selenga River 271 Selingue Dam 34 Selsey Bill 225 Senegal River 34 Seven, Lake 186 Sheba Oceanic Ridge 248 Siberia 23 Sicilian Oceanic Ridge 218 Skerne River 107 Slovenia 142 Sologne 162 Somerset 151 St. Lawrence 10 Straits of Sicily 215, 218, 219 Superior, Lake 159, 160, 161,163,
184,186
290
Surrey 162 Svartisen 142 Szechvan Province 35
Takla Makan 14 Tana, Lake 186 Tana River 108, 114 Tanana River 142 Tanganyika, Lake 160, 184, 186 Taupo volcanic zone 190 Teton Mountains 161 Tiberias, Lake 160, 167, 168, 169 Tiga Dam 34 Titicaca, Lake 160, 184, 186 Trincoma1ee 204 Tyrrhenian Sea 215, 218
Uttar Pradesh 153
PLACES INDEX
Van, Lake 186 Venera, Lake 186 Victoria, Lake 160, 184, 186 Vienna Basin 191
Waddell Sea 212 Wadden Coast 135 Washington 163 Western Desert 15 Winnipeg, Lake 160, 186 Wisconsin 163 Wyoming 190
Yellowstone National Park 190 Yucatan 142, 162 Yukon 11
290
Surrey 162 Svartisen 142 Szechvan Province 35
Takla Makan 14 Tana, Lake 186 Tana River 108, 114 Tanana River 142 Tanganyika, Lake 160, 184, 186 Taupo volcanic zone 190 Teton Mountains 161 Tiberias, Lake 160, 167, 168, 169 Tiga Dam 34 Titicaca, Lake 160, 184, 186 Trincoma1ee 204 Tyrrhenian Sea 215, 218
Uttar Pradesh 153
PLACES INDEX
Van, Lake 186 Venera, Lake 186 Victoria, Lake 160, 184, 186 Vienna Basin 191
Waddell Sea 212 Wadden Coast 135 Washington 163 Western Desert 15 Winnipeg, Lake 160, 186 Wisconsin 163 Wyoming 190
Yellowstone National Park 190 Yucatan 142, 162 Yukon 11
