APPENDIX

The Succession of Geologic Strata in Eastern Nigeria With an Outline of their Lithology and Related Topography

Period Age Formation1 Max. thickness (feet

Quaternary Recent Alluvium -(Holocene) Recent Delta Formation 10,000+ (pleistocene)

Pliocene Coastal Plains Sands 5,000+

-Unconformity-(Benin Formation)

Miocene Lignite Formation 1,700+ (Ogwashi-Asaba Formation)

Tertiary Eocene Bende-Ameki Formation 4,800 (Ameki Formation)

Palaeocene- Imo-Clay Shales Formation 4,000+ Eocene (Imo Shale Formation)

Palaeocene Upper Coal Measures 1,100+ Formation

Maastrichtian (Nsukka Formation)

Maastrichtian Falsebedded Sandstone 1,100+ Formation (Ajali Formation)

Maastrichtian Lower Coal Measures 1,300 Formation (Mamu Formation)

Maastrichtian- Enugu Shales 2,500+ Campian(1)

Maastrichtian- Awgu Sandstone 2,000 Cretaceous Campian(1)

Nkporo Shales 1,500

-Unconformity Coniacian- Awgu-Ndeaboh Shale 3,000 Turonian (1) Formation

(Awgu Shale Formation)

Turonian Eze-Aku Shale Formation 2,000

Albian- Asu River Group 6,000+ Cenomanian

Unconformity-Palaeozoic (1)

I Basement Complex 1

Pre-Cambrian Archaean (1)

1 Names in brackets are those given in Reyment (1965) and are not in general current use.

Lithology Origin 01 Topography materialsl

Unconsolidated sands with subordinate gravels, clays, Flat valleys of Niger and Cross

Rivers silts. Low-lying land, tidal creeks

Unconsolidated dominantly yellow and white sands, occasionally pebbly with clay beds of various colours. C Gently sloping and undulating

plain, more hilly in north-west.

Cross-bedded sandstones, often coarse; carbonaceous Rolling, undulating lowland. mudstones and lignite; variegated clays, often sandy C and usually plastic.

Fine to coarse sandstone, generally red, white, yellow; Dissected plateau, ridges and shaley sandstones, shales, and sandy shales, mudstones M valleys and rare thin sandy limestones.

Blue, dark grey shales with occasional bands of clay ironstone and thin argillaceous sandstones. Intra- M

Lowlands and ridges

formational sandstones at several horizons.

White to grey, coarse to medium sandstones, carbona- Minor cuesta, outlier hills (buttes) ceous shales, sandy shales, thin coals, occasional lime- C on Nsukka-Udi Plateau stone.

Fine to coarse-grained, cross-bedded friable sand-stones, sometimes poorly consolidated, with occasion- C

Plateau in north, cuesta in south.

al bands of white or pale grey shade. Escarpment.

Fine to medium-grained, white to grey sandstones, Escarpment (lower slopes) shaley sandstones and sandy shales; grey mudstones C and shales. Subordinate calcareous shales and coals.

Bluish-grey to dark grey mudstones and shales with beds of white sandstone and striped sandy shale. M Occasional limestone beds in the lower part.

Fine to coarse-grained massive sandstones, locally cross-bedded, with some pebbly beds and subordinate M Escarpment (lower slopes) and bands of siltstone and carbonaceous shale. Shales and immediate lowlands at foot limestone at base. of scarp.

Dark shales and mudstones with occasional thin beds of sandy shale and sandstone; very thick lenses of M sandstone present in Afikpo area with associated carbonaceous shales and thin coals.

Bluish-grey, well-bedded shales with subordinate shelly limestones and sandstones. Strong development M of sandstone in Afikpo area. Cross River Plain, an extensive

lowland with minor undulations Flaggy, calcareous shales and mudstones and sub- M formed by more resistant sand-ordinate shelly limestones and sandstones. stones and limestones.

Occasional prominences from Bluish-grey to olive-brown shales and sandy shales, volcanic materials. fine-grained micaceous sandstones and dense blue M and grey limestones.

Gneisses, schists, granites and associated crystalline Mountainous terrain of the rocks. Eastern Highlands, with

planated margins.

1 C Essentially Continental; M Essentially Marine.

Bibliography

I. PERIODICALS (CONTINUING SOURCES)

The following English-language periodic publications feature up-to-date contributions on African, West African, Nigerian and Eastern Nigerian geography. Reference should be made to these sources for the latest data on developments in the continent and the region of study featured in this book.

A. AFRICA, WEST AFRICA

Africa (quarterly) Africa Report (monthly) African Soils (quarterly) Annals of the Association of American Geographers (quarterly) Economic Geography (quarterly) Focus (monthly) Geographical Journal (quarterly) Geographical Magazine (monthly) Geographical Review (quarterly) Geography (quarterly) Journal of Tropical Geography (quarterly) National Geographic Magazine (monthly) Outlook on Agriculture (quarterly) Scottish Geographical Magazine (quarterly) Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie (quarterly, contributions

in English) Tropical Agriculture (quarterly) West Africa (weekly) West African Directory (annual)

a NIGERIA, EASTERN NIGERIA

Agro-Meteorological Bulletin (monthly): Nigerian Met. Service

BIBLIOGRAPHY 319 Annual Abstract of Statistics: Nigeria (Fed.), Office of Statistics Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria Marketing Board Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture (Agricultural

Division) Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture (Forestry

Division) Annual Report: Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Commerce Annual Report: Nigerian Coal Corporation Annual Report: Nigerian Geological Survey Annual Report: Nigerian Railway Corporation Crop and Weather Report (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of

Agriculture Development (quarterly): Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation Eastern Nigeria (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Information Extension Newsletter (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture Farm and Forest (quarterly: ceased publication) Handbook of Commerce and Industry (occasional): Nigeria (Fed.), Ministry

ofInformation Journal of the West African Science Association (quarterly) Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (quarterly) Nigeria Magazine (quarterly): Nigeria (Fed.), Ministry ofInformation Nigerian Field (quarterly): Nigerian Field Society Nigerian Geographical Journal (half-yearly): Nigerian Geographical

Society Nigerian Grower and Producer (and West African Farmer) (quarterly):

University of Ibadan Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Studies (quarterly): Nigerian

Institute of Social and Economic Research, University ofIbadan Nigerian Opinion (monthly) Nigerian Scientist (occasional) Nigerian Trade Journal (quarterly): Nigeria (Fed.), Ministry of Commerce

and Industries Overseas Review (monthly): Barclays D.C.O. Overseas Survey (annual): Barclays D.C.O. Shell-BP Bulletin (formerly Oil Search Bulletin): (bi-monthly, occasionally

monthly): Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd.

Statistical Digest of Eastern Nigeria (annual): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Economic Planning

320 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Trade and Industrial Bulletin (monthly): Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Commerce

University Geographer (annual): Geography Society, University ofIbadan

II. GENERAL REFERENCES

A. AFRICA, WEST AFRICA

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Among recent publications dealing with the broad physical and human geographical aspects of the African continent are:

Barbour, K. M., Population in Africa (Ibadan, 1963). - and Mansell Prothero, R. (eds.), Essays on African Population (London,

1961). Bascom, W. R., and Herskovits, M. J., Continuity and Change in African

Cultures (Chicago, 1959). Caldwell, J. C., and Okonjo, C. (eds.), The Population of Tropical Africa

(London, 1968). Carlson, L., Africa'S Lands and Nations (N.Y., 1967). DeBlij, H., A Geography of Subsaharan Africa (Chicago, 1964). Fitzgerald, W., Africa, a Social, Economic and Political Geography

(London, 1967). Forde, D. (ed.), African Worlds (London, 1954). Fordham, P., The Geography of African Affairs (Pelican, London, 1965). Gibbs, J. L. (ed.), Peoples of Africa (N.Y., 1965). Grove, A. T., Africa South of the Sahara (London, 1967). Hailey, Lord, An African Survey (London, 1956). Hance, W. A., The Geography of Modern Africa (New York, 1964). Hargreaves, J. F., Prelude to the Partition of West Africa (N.Y., 1963). Harrison Church, R. J., West Africa. A Study of the Environment and of

Man's Use ofIt (London, 1963). - Environment and Politics in West Africa (Princeton, N.J., 1963). - et al., Africa and the Islands (London, 1964). Hatch, J., A History of Postwar Africa (N.Y., 1965). Hazelwood, A., The Economy of Africa (London, 1961). Herskovits, M. J., The Human Factor in Changing Africa (New York,

1963). Hodder, B., and Harris, D., Africa in Transition (London, 1967).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 321 Hodgson, R. D., and Stoneman, E. A., The Changing Map of Africa (N.Y.,

1963). Hughes, J., The New Face of Africa (London, 1962). Hunter, G., The New Societies of Tropical Africa (London, 1962). Irvine, F. R., A Text Book of West African Agriculture (London, 1953). Jarrett, H. R., A Geography of West Africa (London, 1960). Johnson, B. F., The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa

(Stanford,1958). Kimble, G. H. T., Tropical Africa. 2 vols. (New York, 1961). Legum, C. (ed.), Africa: A Handbook to the Continent (N.Y., 1966). Mair, L. P., Studies in Applied Anthropology (London, 1957). Mountjoy, A. B., and Embleton, C., Africa (London, 1967). Murdoch, G. P., Africa. Its Peoples and their Cultural History (New York,

1959). Oxford Economic Atlas: Africa (Oxford, 1965). Ottenberg, S. and P., Cultures and Societies of Africa (New York, 1960). Perham, M., African Outline (London, 1965). Southall, A. (ed.), Social Change in Modern Africa (London, 1961). Stamp, L. D., Africa, a Study in Tropical Development (London, 1966). The Times Atlas of the World, vol. iv (London, 1956). UNESCO, A Review of the Natural Resources of the African Continent

(Paris, 1963). Worthington, E. B., Science in the Development of Africa (London, 1958). Wraith, R., Local Government in West Africa (London, 1964).

R NIGERI~ EASTERN NIGERIA

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Ademoyega, W., The Federation of Nigeria (London, 1962). Aluko, S., The Problems of Self-Government for Nigeria: a Critical Analysis

(Ilfracombe, England, 1955). Anon, Directory of the Federation of Nigeria (The Diplomatic Press and

Publishing Co., London, 1962). Awa, E. 0., Voting Behaviour and Attitudes of Eastern Nigerians (Ibadan,

1961). Awolowo, Chief 0., Thoughts on Nigerian Constitution (Ibadan, 1966). Azikiwe, N., Nigeria in World Politics (London, 1959). Bretton, H. L., Power and Stability in Nigeria. The Politics of Decoloniza­

tion (New York, 1962). L F.E.N.

322 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buchanan, K. M. and Pugh, J. C., Land and People in Nigeria (London, 1958).

Coleman, J. S., Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (Berkeley, 1958). Collis, R., A Doctor's Nigeria (London, 1961). Dickson, M., New Nigerians (Chicago, 1963). Dudley, B. J. (ed.), Nigeria: Crisis and Criticism (Ibadan, 1966). Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Information, Eastern Nigeria. Independence

Edition (Enugu, 1960). - Ministry of Economic Planning, Statistical Digest of Eastern Nigeria.

lst ed. Official Document No. 22 of 1963 (Enugu, 1963). - - Statistical Digest of Eastern Nigeria. 2nd ed. Official Document

No. 24 of 1965 (Enugu, 1965). - Ministry of Works, Master Plan for Urban and Rural Water Supply

(Enugu, 1962). Submitted by Eastern Nigeria Water Planning and Construction Ltd. Prepared by TAHAL (Water Planning) Ltd, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

Ezera, K., Constitutional Developments in Nigeria (Cambridge, 1960). Forde, D. and Scott, R., The Native Economies of Nigeria (London, 1946). Gwam, L. C., A Handlist of Nigerian Official Publications (provisional)

2 vols. (Ibadan, 1961). - A Preliminary Index to the Intelligence Reports in the Nigerian Secre­

tariat Record Group. National Archives (Ibadan, 1961). Harris, P. J., Local Government in Southern Nigeria. Manual of Procedure

and Text ofthe Laws (Cambridge, 1957). Iloeje, N. P., A New Geography of Nigeria (Lagos, 1965). Iyanam, U. 1., 'The Human Geography of Oron County, Eket Division'.

University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript.

Jennings, J. and Oduah, S., A Geography of Eastern Nigeria (London, 1966).

Mbah, V. C. J., A Preliminary Index to the Intelligence Reports in the Enugu Secretariat Group. National Archives (Enugu, 1962).

Menakaya, J. C. and Floyd, B. N. (eds.), Junior Atlas for Eastern Nigeria (London, 1965).

Ndem, E. B. E., lbos in Contemporary Nigerian Politics. A Study in Group Conflict (Onitsha, 1961).

Nigeria, Director of Surveys, Gazetteer of Place Names on 1 : 500,000 Map of Nigeria (Lagos, 1949).

- Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Nigerian Trade Journal. Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 - Ministry of Information, Nigeria 1960. Special Independence Issue of

Nigeria Magazine; M. Crowder (ed.) (Oct. 1960). Oboli, H. O. N., A Sketch-Map Atlas of Nigeria (London, 1960). Omali, D.O., A Nigerian Villager in Two Worlds (London, 1965). Pedler, F. J., Economic Geography of West Africa (London, 1955). Perkins, W. A., and Stembridge, J. H., Nigeria: A Descriptive Geography

(London, 1966). Pugh, J. C., and Perry, A. C., Short Geography of West Africa (London,

1960). Quinn-Young, C. T., and Herdman, T., Geography of Nigeria (London,

1964). Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nigeria: the Political and Economic

Background (London, 1960). Sircar, P. K. (ed.), Nsukka Division. A Geographic Appraisal, University

of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1965). Cyclostyled. Sklar, R. L., Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African

Nation (Princeton, N.J., 1963). Stapleton, G. B., The Wealth of Nigeria (London, 1958). Tilman, R. 0., and Cole, T. (eds.), The Nigerian Political Scene (Durham,

N.C., 1962). Watson, G. D., A Human Geography of Nigeria (London, 1960). U.K., Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Disorders in the Eastern

Provinces of Nigeria, Nov. 1949 Col. No. 256 (London, 1950). - Willink Commission on the Problems of Nigerian Minorities (Lagos,

1958).

Periodicals

Adebanjo, T., et al., 'Six Views of the Nigerian War', Africa Report, vol. 13, no. 2 (Feb. 1968).

Anene, J. C., 'The Nigeria-Southern Cameroons Boundary', Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, vol. ii, no. 1 (Dec. 1961), 186-95.

Buchanan, K. M., 'Nigeria - Largest Remaining British Colony', Economic Geography, vol. xxviii (1952), 302-22.

Floyd, B. N., 'The Federation of Nigeria' , Focus (Nov. 1964). Frodin, R., 'A Note on Nigeria', Reports Service, American Universities

Field Staff, West Africa Series, vol. iv, no. 6 (Nigeria) (Aug. 1961). Kitson, A. E., 'Southern Nigeria. Some Considerations of its Structure,

People and Natural History', Geographical Journal, vol. xli, no. 1 (Jan. 1913), 16-38.

324 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mitchel, N. C., 'Nigeria', Focus (Mar. 1954). Ogunsheye, A., 'Nigeria's Economy', Nigeria Magazine, no. 66 (Oct. 1960),

12-19. Prescott, J. R. Y., 'The Geographical Basis of Nigerian Federation',

Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. ii, no. 1 (June 1958), 1-13. - 'The Evolution of Nigeria's Boundaries', Nigerian Geographical Journal,

vol. ii, no. 2 (Mar. 1959),80-104. - 'Nigeria's Regional Boundary Problems', Geographical Review, vol. xlix

(1959),485-505.

III. HISTORICAL ASPECTS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Ademoyega, 'Wale, The Federation of Nigeria, from Earliest Times to

Independence (London, 1962). Burns, A., History of Nigeria (London, 1948). Crowder, M., The Story of Nigeria (London, 1962). Dike, K. 0., Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta 1832-1885 (Oxford, 1956). English, M. C., An Outline of Nigerian History (London, 1960). Fage, W., An Atlas of African History (London, 1958). Flint, J. E., Sir George Goldie and the Making of Nigeria (Oxford, 1962). Forde, D., Efik Traders of Old Calabar (London, 1956). Hodgkin, T., Nigerian Perspectives: an Historical Anthology (Oxford,

1960). Jones, G. I., The Trading States of the Oil Rivers: a Study of Political

Development in Eastern Nigeria (London, 1963). Perham, M., Native Administration in Nigeria (London, 1937).

Periodicals Hartle, D. D., 'Archaeology in Eastern Nigeria', Nigeria Magazine, no. 93

(June 1967), 134-43.

IV. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. Basden, G. T., Niger /bos (London, 1921). Chubb, L. T., Ibo Land Tenure (lbadan, 1961). Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Community Development in

Eastern Nigeria. Official Document No. 20 of 1962 (Enugu, 1962).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 325 Elias, T. 0., Nigerian Land Law and Custom (London, 1962). Eme, J. C. U., 'Sociological Problems Connected with Farm Settlement

Schemes', Appendix VI in Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture, Farm Settlement Scheme. Third Annual Programme Planning Con­ference. Technical Bulletin No.4 (Enugu, 1963).

Forde, D., and Jones, G. I., The Ibo and Ibibio speaking Peoples of South­eastern Nigeria. International African Institute (London, 1950).

Green, M. M., Land Tenure in an Ibo Village in Southeastern Nigeria, London School of Economics, Monographs in Social Anthropology No.6 (London, 1941).

-lbo Village Affairs (London, 1948). Inyang, P. E, B., Language Groups of Eastern Nigeria, Geography Depart­

ment, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1963). Manuscript. Jackson, I. C., Advance in Africa; a Study of Community Development in

Eastern Nigeria (London, 1956). Leonard, A. G., The Lower Niger and its Tribes (London, 1906). Meek, C. K., Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe (London, 1937). A

Study in Indirect Rule. - Land Tenure and Land Administration in Nigeria and the Cameroons,

Col. Research Studies No. 22 (London, 1957). Obi, S. N. C., Ibo Law of Property (London, 1963). Ottenberg, P., 'The Afikpo Ibo of Eastern Nigeria', in J. L. Gibbs (ed.),

Peoples of Africa (N.Y., 1965). Ottenberg, S., 'Ibo Receptivity to Change', in W. R. Bascom and

M. J. Herskovits, Continuity and Change in African Cultures (Chicago, 1959).

Schwartz, F. A., Nigeria: the Tribes, the Nation or the Race (Cambridge, Mass., 1965).

Smythe, H. B., and M. M., The New Nigerian Elite (Stanford, 1960). Talbot, P. A., Peoples of Southern Nigeria. 4 vols. (London, 1926). - Tribes of the Niger Delta (London, 1932). - and Mulhall, H., The Physical Anthropology of Southern Nigeria, A

Biometric Study in Statistical Method. Occasional Publications of the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cam­bridge, 1962).

Periodicals Alagoa, E. J., 'Ijo Origins and Migrations', Nigeria Magazine, no. 92

(Mar. 1967),47-55. L2 f.E.N.

326 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anumba, E. 0., 'Geographical Significance of Social Institutions in Eastern Nigeria', The University Geographer (Ibadan), vol. iii, no. 2 (May 1962), 17-20.

Ardener, E. W., 'Some Ibo Attitudes to Skin Pigmentation', Man, vol. ci (1954),1-3.

Brinkworth, I., 'Nigeria's Cultural Heritage', Geographical Magazine, vol. xxxi, no. 9 (Jan. 1959),425-38.

Forde, C. F., 'Land and Labour in a Cross River Village, South Nigeria', GeographicalJournal, vol. xc (1937), 24-51.

Harris, J. S., 'Papers on the Economic Aspects of Life among the Ozuitem lbo', Africa, vol. xiv (1943), 12-23.

- 'Some Aspects of the Economies of Sixteen Ibo Individuals', Africa, vol. xiv (1944),302-35.

Jones, G. 1, 'Ibo Land Tenure', Africa, vol. xix (1949),309-23. - 'Dual Organization in Ibo Social Structure', Africa, vol. xix(1949), 150-6. Morgan, W. B., 'The Influence of European Contacts on the Landscape

of Southern Nigeria', GeographicalJournal, vol. cxxv, Pt. 1 (Mar. 1959), 48-64.

Ntukidem, A. E., 'Rural Markets in Nigeria', University Geographer (Ibadan), vol. iii, no. 2 (May 1962),27-29.

Nzekwu, 0., 'Ibo People's Costumes', Nigeria Magazine, vol. lxxviii (Sept. 1963), 164-75.

Ottenberg, S., 'The Present State ofIbo Studies', Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, vol. ii, no. 2 (Dec. 1961).

Porter, P. W., 'Environmental Potentials and Economic Opportunities -a Background for Cultural Adaptation', in W. Goldschmidt et al., 'Variation and Adaptability of Culture: a Symposium', American Anthropologist, vol.lxviii (1965), 409-20.

Ukeje, L. 0., 'Weaving in Akwete', Nigeria Magazine, vol. lxxiv (Sept. 1962),32-41.

V. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Anugwelem, S. C., The Urban Growth of Aba, University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscripts.

Emenyi, E. A. H., 'Geography of Oron Town, A River Settlement', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 327 Karmon, Y., A Geography of Settlement in Eastern Nigeria, Scripta Hiero­

solymitana 15, Pamphlet No.2 (Jerusalem, The Magness Press for the Hebrew University, 1966), 90 pp.

Madukaife, G. N., 'The Impact of Migration on Agriculture in Ogidi', Original Essays in Geography, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1966). Manuscript.

Mitter, O. K., 'On Birth and Death Rates in Nigeria', Mathematics Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1965). Manuscript.

Nigeria, Department of Statistics, Population Census of the Eastern Region of Nigeria (Lagos, 1953).

- Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industry, This is Nigeria: Onitsha (Lagos, n.d.).

Port Harcourt Chamber of Commerce, Port Harcourt (port Harcourt, n.d.).

Wigwe, G. A., 'Trade, Commercial and Industrial Development of Aba', University ofIbadan, Original Essays in Geography (1962). Manuscript.

Periodicals

Allpress, P. L., 'Post-war Settlement and Resettlement in the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria', Farm and Forest, vol. vii (1946).

Buchanan, K. M., 'Internal Colonization in Nigeria', Geographical Review, vol. xliii (1953),416-18.

Hair, P. E. H., 'Enugu: An Industrial and Urban Community in East Nigeria, 1914-1953', Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference, West Africa Institute of Social and Economic Research (lbadan, 1953), 143-67.

Jennings, J. H., 'A Population Distribution, Map of the Eastern Region of Nigeria', GeographicalJournal, vol. cxxiii (1957), p. 416.

- 'Enugu - a Geographical Outline', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),28-38.

Jones, G. I., 'The Method of Obtaining Slaves in the Ibo Country and hence the Effect on Population', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol.lxxix (1949).

Mabogunje, A., 'The Economic Implication of the Pattern of Urbanisa­tion in Nigeria', Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, vol. vii, no. 1 (Mar. 1965),9-30.

Morgan, W. B., 'Farming Practice, Settlement Pattern, and Population Density in South-Eastern Nigeria', Geographical Journal, vol. cxxi (Sept. 1955), 320-33.

328 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Morgan, W. B., 'The "grassland towns" of the Eastern Region of Nigeria', Transactions and Papers of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. xxiii (1957), 213-24.

- 'Settlement Patterns of the Eastern Region of Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. i, no. 2 (Dec. 1957),23-30.

Ogbaugu, B., 'Enugu - Coal Town', Nigeria Magazine, no. 70 (Sept. 1961), 241-51.

Prothero, R. M., 'The Population of Eastern Nigeria', Scottish Geo­graphical Magazine, vol.lxxi (1955),165-70.

- 'Problems of Population Mapping in an Under-Developed Territory (Northern Nigeria)" Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),1-7.

Udo, R. K., 'Land and Population- in Otoro District', Nigerian Geo­graphicalJournal, vol. iv, no. 1 (Aug. 1961),3-13.

- 'Patterns of Population Distribution and Settlement in Eastern Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. vi, no. 2 (Dec. 1963), 73-88.

- 'Distribution of Nucleated Settlement in Eastern Nigeria', Geographical Review, vol. lv, no. 1 (1965),53-67.

VI. GEOLOGY

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Hazell, J. R. T., 'Ground Water in Eastern Nigeria', Geological Survey of Nigeria, Report No. 5198 (Enugu, 1961). Cyclostyled.

Mironenko, P. A., Final Report on the Rural Water Supply Problem in the Cross River Plain, Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Works (Enugu, 1962).

Mitchell-Thome, R. C., Average Annual Natural Recharge Estimates of Groundwater in Eastern Nigeria, with Comments on Consumption, Geology Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1963). Cyclo­styled.

Monkhouse, R. A., The Geology of Eastern Nigeria, Geology Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1966). Cyclostyled.

Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Geologic Division, An Illustrated Review of the Geologic Survey Compiled from Talks Prepared for the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (Lagos, 1963).

- Geological Survey, Mining and Mineral Resources in Nigeria (Lagos, 1957).

- Minerals and Industry in Nigeria (Lagos, 1957). Reyment, R. A., The Future of Geology in Nigeria (Ibadan, 1964).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 329

- Aspects of Geology in Nigeria (Ibadan, 1965). Simpson, A., The Nigerian Coalfield, The Geology of Parts of Onitsha,

Owerri and Benue Provinces. Bulletin No. 24, Geological Survey of Nigeria (Lagos, 1954).

de Swardt, A. M. J., and Casey, O. P., The Coal Resources of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 28, Geological Survey of Nigeria (Lagos, 1963).

Periodicals

Anon, 'Water Resources of Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xiii, no. 1 (Jan./Mar. 1965),2-7.

Hazell, J. R., 'The Enugu Ironstone, Udi Division, Onitsha Province' Rec. Geological Survey, Nigeria (1955) (Kaduna, 1958),44-58.

Jacobson, R. R. E., Snelling, N. J., and Truswell, J. F., 'Age Determinations in the Geology of Nigeria with special reference to Older and Younger Granites', Overseas Geol. Min. Resources, vol. ix, no. 2 (1963), 168-82.

Ledger, D. C., 'Aspects of Nigerian Hydrology', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),18-27.

Orajaka, S., 'Geology of the Obudu Area, Ogoja Province, Eastern Nigeria', Nat. Canad., vol. xci, no. 3 (1964), 73-100.

VII. LANDFORMS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Books Ainslie, J. R., The Physiography of Southern Nigeria, and its Effect on the

Forest Flora of the Country (Oxford, 1926).

Periodicals

Allen, J. R., 'Coastal Geomorphology of Eastern Nigeria', Geologie en Mijnbouw, 44 Jaarg. Nr. 1 (Jan. 1965),1-21.

Carter, J., 'Erosion and Sedimentation from Aerial Photographs; a micro­study from Nigeria', Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. ii (Apr. 1958), 100-6.

Crowder, M., 'Nigeria's Great Rivers; a Survey of the Great Inland Water Highways - the Niger and Benue', Nigeria Magazine, no. 64 (Mar. 1960),28-55.

Iloeje, N. P., 'The Structure and Relief of the Nsukka-Okigwi Cuesta', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iv, no. 1 (July 1961),21-39.

330 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Iloeje, N. P., 'Geomorphology of Nsukka-Okigwi Cuesta', Nigerian Scientist, vol. i, no. 1 (Nov. 1961), 13-23.

Jungerius, P. D., 'The Environmental Background of Land Use in Nigeria', Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap Dee181, no. 4 (1964), 415-37.

- 'The Upper Coal Measures Cuesta in Eastern Nigeria', Annals of Geomorphology v (1964), 167-76.

Of om at a, G. E. K., 'Some Observations on Relief and Erosion in Eastern Nigeria', Revue de geomorphologie dynamique, 17. annee, no. 1. Jan.­fev. 1967,21-9.

- 'Landforms on the Nsukka Plateau of Eastern Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. 10, no. 1 (June 1967),3-9.

Pugh, J. c., 'The Volcanoes of Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. ii, no. 1 (June 1958),26-36.

- 'River Captures in Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iv, no. 2 (Dec. 1961),41-8.

- and King, L., 'Outline of the Geomorphology of Nigeria', South African Geographical Journal, vol. xxiv (1952).

Thomas, M. F., 'On the Approach to Landform Studies in Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. v (1952),87-101.

VIII. SOILS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Grove, A. T., Land Use and Soil Conservation in Parts of Onitsha and OwerriProvinces, Bulletin No. 21, Geological Survey of Nigeria (1951).

- 'Soil Erosion in Nigeria', in R. W. Steel and C. A. Fisher, Geographical Essays on British Tropical Lands (London, 1956), 79-111.

Inyang, P., Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation in Eastern Nigeria, Geo­graphy Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1962). Cyclostyled.

Jungerius, P. D., 'The Soils of Eastern Nigeria', Publicaties van het Fysisch­Geogrqfisch Laboratorium van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, no. 4 (1964),185-98.

Obihara, C. H., Bawden, M. G., and Jungerius, P. D., The Anambra-Do Rivers Area, Soil Survey Memoir no. 1, Ministry of Agriculture (Enugu, 1964).

Vine, H., Nigerian Soils in Relation to Parent Material, Commonwealth Bureau of Soil Science, Technical Communication, no. 46 (Harpenden, 1949).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 331 - Notes on the Main Types of Nigerian Soils, Nigeria Agricultural Depart­

ment, Special Bulletin No.5 (Lagos, 1953).

Periodicals

D'Hoore, J., 'La Carte des sols d'Afrique au sud du Sahara', Pedologie, x (1960).

Floyd, B. N., 'Soil Erosion and Deterioration in Eastern Nigeria: A Geographical Appraisal', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. viii, no. 1 (June 1965), 33-44.

Grove, A. T., 'Farming Systems and Soil Erosion on Sandy Soils in South Eastern Nigeria', Bulletin Agric. du Congo BeIge, xl, 2150-5.

- 'Soil Erosion and Population Problems in South-East Nigeria', Geo­graphicalJournal, vol. cxvii (1951), 291-306.

Jungerius, P. D., and Levelt, T. W. M., 'Clay Mineralogy of Soils over Sedimentary Rocks in Eastern Nigeria', Soil Science, vol. xcvii, no. 2 (Feb. 1964),89-95.

Obihara, C. H., 'The Acid Sands of Eastern Nigeria', Nigerian Scientist, vol. i, no. 1 (1961), 57-64.

Of om at a, G. E. K., 'Soil Erosion in the Enugu Region of Nigeria', African Soils, ix, no. 2 (1964), 289-348.

- 'Factors of Soil Erosion in the Enugu Area of Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. viii, no. 1 (June 1965),45-59.

Randall, P. C., 'Soil Degradation and Land Use in Onitsha Province', Farm and Forest, vol. i, no. 2 (1940), 21-5.

Sykes, R. A., 'A History of the Anti-Erosion Work at Udi', Farm and Forest, vol. i, no. 1 (1940),3-6.

Vine, H., 'Experiments on the Maintenance of Soil Fertility at Ibadan, Nigeria', Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. xxi (1953), 65-85.

IX. CLIMATE

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Garnier, B. J., Using Potential Evapotranspiration as a Guide to the Water Requirements of Crops, University ofIbadan (Ibadan, 1957).

- Weather Conditions in Nigeria, Climatological Research Series No. 2 (McGill University, Montreal, 1967).

Gregory, S., Rainfall over Sierra Leone, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Research Paper No. 2 (Liverpool, 1965). Section 1: West African climate.

332 BIBLIOGRAPHY

U.K., British West African Meteorological Services, Preliminary Note on the Climate of Nigeria (1950). Cyclostyled.

- Gusts in Nigeria. Nigerian Meteorological Notes No.1 (Lagos, 1952). Cyclostyled.

University of Nigeria, Faculty of Agriculture, Basic Data: Agrometeoro­logical Station (Nsukka, 1964). Cyclostyled.

Walker, H.O., The Monsoon in West Africa, Ghana Meteorological Department, Note No.9 (Accra, 1958).

Periodicals

Crowe, P. R., 'Wind and Weather in the Equatorial Zone', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, xvii (1951).

Davies, J., 'Estimation of Insolation for West Africa', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. xci, no. 389 (July 1965), 359-63.

- 'Solar Radiation Estimates for Nigeria', The Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. ix, no. 2 (Dec. 1966),85-100.

Eldridge, R. H., 'A Synoptic Study of West African Disturbance Lines', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. lxxxiii, no. 357 (1957),303-14.

Ene, N., 'A Bibliography on the Climate of Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. v, no. 1 (June 1962), 53-60.

Garnier, B. J., 'Some Comments on Measurements of Potential Evapora­tion in Nigeria', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, no. 2 (1953),11-18.

- 'Report on Experiments to Measure Potential Evapotranspiration in Nigeria', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, No.8 (1956).

- 'Some Comments on Defining the Humid Tropics', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, no. 11 (1958), 9-125.

- 'Maps ofthe Water Balance in West Africa', I.F.A.N. Series A, vol. xxii, no. 3 (1960),709-22.

- Fosberg, F. R., and Kuchler, A. W., 'Delimitation of the Humid Tropics', Geographical Review, vol. Ii, no. 3 (July 1961).

Hamilton, R. A, and Archibold, J. W., 'Meteorology of Nigeria and Ad­jacent Territory', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. lxxi, no. 309 (1945), 231-66.

Hare, F. K., 'The Concept of Climate', Geography, vol. Ii, no. 2 (Apr. 1966),99-110.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 Hodder, B. W., 'A Note on Delimiting the Humid Tropics: the case of

Nigeria in West Africa', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, No. 10 (June 1957), 1-7.

Ireland, A. W., 'The Little Dry Season of Southern Nigeria', Nigerian GeographicalJournal, vol. v, no. 1 (June 1962),7-20.

Ladel1, W. S. S., 'Physiological Classification of Climates illustrated by reference to Nigeria', Proceedings, International West Mrican Congress, Ibadan, 1949 (Jos, 1956),4-21.

Miller, R., 'The Climate of Nigeria', Geography, vol. xxxvii, no. 4 (Nov. 1952),198-213.

Pugh, J. C., 'Rainfall Reliability in Nigeria', Proceedings, 17th Inter­national Geographical Congress (Washington, D.C., 1952),280-5.

Schove, D. J., 'A Further Contribution to the Meteorology of Nigeria', Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, vol. lxxii, no. 331 (1946), 105-12.

X. VEGETATION

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc. African Timber and Plywood (Nigeria) Ltd., A.T.P. Sapele (Lagos, n.d.). Aubreville, A. M., 'Tropical Africa', in S. Haden Guest, J. K. Wright,

E. M. Tec1aff, A World Geography of Forest Resources (New York, 1956), chap. 16.

Keay, R. W. J., An Outline of Nigerian Vegetation (Lagos, 1959). Molski, B. A., The Importance of Shelterbelts as a Means of Developing

Nigerian Agriculture, Botany Department, University of Nigeria (1966). Cyc1ostyled.

Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Nigerian Timber (Lagos, n.d.).

- Federal Ministry ofInformation, Some Nigerian Woods (Lagos, 1962). - Forest Department, The Vegetation of Nigeria; descriptive terms

(Lagos, 1948). Richards, P. W., The Tropical Rain Forest (Cambridge, 1952). Rosevear, D. R., Check List and Atlas of Nigerian Mammals; with a fore­

word on vegetation (Lagos, 1953). - and Lancaster, P. C., Our Forests (Lagos, n.d.).

Periodicals Adeyoju, S. K., 'The Forest Resources of Nigeria', Nigerian Journal of

Geography, vol. viii, no. 2 (Dec. 1965), 115-26. F.E.N.

334 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jones, A. P. D., 'Notes on Terms for Use in Vegetation Description in Southern Nigeria', Farm and Forest, vol. vi (1945).

Killick, H. J., 'The Ecological Relationships of Certain Plants in the Forest and Savanna of Central Nigeria', Journal of Ecology, vol. xlvii, no. 1 ~ar. 1959), 115-27.

Northern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture, 'A Key to Nigerian Grasses', Samaru Research Bulletin, no. 1 (Kaduna, 1960). .

Rains, A. B., 'A Field Key to the Commoner Genera of Nigerian Grasses', Nigerian Field, vol. xxii, no. 4.

Richards, P. W., 'Ecological Studies on the Rain Forest of Southern Nigeria', Journal of Ecology, vol. xxvii (1939),1-61.

- 'The Floristic Composition of Primary Tropical Rainforest', Biological Review, vol. xx (1945).

Rosevear, D. R., 'Mangrove Swamp', Farm and Forest, vol. viii, no. 1(1947).

XI. AGRICULTURE

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Anomba, E. 0., 'Rural Economy of Onitsha Southern County', University ofIbadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript.

Aurlien, 0., 'Research Results from Fertilizer Trials'. Paper presented at Conference on Fertilisers, University of Nigeria (Jan. 1964). Cyc10styled.

Bartlett, R., Rubber in Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for Inter­national Development. Consultant Report No. 10 (Lagos, 1961). Cyclostyled.

Christiansen, J. E., et aI., Preliminary Survey of the Cross River Drainage Basin of Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development (Enugu, 1963). Cyclosty1ed.

Coppock, J. T., 'Tobacco Growing in Nigeria', Erdkunde, vol. xix, no. 4 (1965),297-306.

Davis, L. L., Status of Rice Production in Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No. 12 (Lagos, 1962). Cyclostyled.

Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation, Oils (Enugu, n.d.). - The E.N.D.C. in the First Decade 1955-1964 (Enugu, n.d.). Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture, Eastern Nigeria Farm Settlement

Scheme, Agricultural Bulletin No.2 (Enugu, n.d.). - Eastern Nigeria Farm Settlement Scheme. Supplement to Agricultural

Bulletin No.2. Technical Bulletin No.6 (Enugu, n.d.).

BlnLlOGRAPlIY 335 - Farm Settlement Scheme, Third Annual Progress Planning Conference,

Technical Bulletin No.4 (Enugu, 1963). - Crop Calendar for Eastern Nigeria, Technical Bulletin No. 8 (Enugu,

1963). - Farm Management Studies in Eastern Nigeria 1964-65 (Enugu, 1965). - Ministry of Economic Planning, Plantation Survey of Eastern Nigeria

1961-62. Official Document No. 17 of 1965 (Enugu, 1965). - Ministry ofInformation, Agriculture (,Progress' Series No.1, Enugu, 1960). Ekejiuba, F. I., Padi Lands of Abakaliki District, University of Ibadan,

Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Fennell, M. A., Brief Summary of Cassava Production in Nigeria, Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ibadan (1961). Cyclostyled. Floyd, B. N., 'Rural Land Use in Nsukka Division', in P. K. Sircar (ed.),

Nsukka Division: A Geographic Appraisal (Nsukka, 1965), chap. 5, 51-71. Cyclostyled.

- EN DC Ranch: Cattle Ranching in Eastern Nigeria (Enugu, 1965). Halverson, J. H., The Present Nutritional Situation in Nigeria, SSOM/

Nigeria Consultant Report No.4 (Lagos, 1961). Cyclostyled. Helleiner, G. K., Peasant Agriculture, Government and Growth in Nigeria.

Economic Growth Center, Yale University (Homewood, 111.,1966). Highsmith, R. M., et al'Shifting Cultivation in Southeastern Nigeria', in

Case Studies in World Geography, Occupance and Economy Types (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961), chap. 1,3-10.

Johnson, G. J., 'Making Practical (Economic) Fertilization Recommenda­tions'. Paper presented at Conference on Fertilisers, University of Nigeria (Jan. 1964). Cyclostyled.

Jugenheimer, R. W., A Maize Improvement Program for Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No. 17 (Ibadan, 1962). Cyclostyled.

Lynn, C. W., Agricultural Extension and Advisory Work, with special reference to the Colonies, Colonial Office Publication No. 241 (London, 1949).

McClung, J. R., and Maxwell, T. A., Presenting a Plan for an Agricultural Credit Service for Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for Inter­national Development. Consultant Report No. 17 (Lagos, 1962).

MacFarlane, D. L., and Oworen, M. A., 'Investment in Oil Palm Planta­tions in Nigeria: A Financial and Economic Appraisal', Economic Development Institute, University of Nigeria (1965). Manuscript.

Mann, W. S., A Study in the Economics of Fertilizer Use in Eastern Nigeria, Technical Bulletin No.5 (Enugu, 1963).

336 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Martin, A., The Oil Palm Economy of the Ibibio Farmer (Ibadan, 1956). Morgan, W. B., 'The Strip Fields of Southern Nigeria', in Stamp, L. D.

(ed.), Report of a Symposium Held at Makerere College, 1955 (London, 1956),33-7.

Nicholas, I. D., Land Use and Speciality Crops. Eastern Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development, Consultant Report No. C-36 (Enugu, 1963).

Nigeria, Federal Office of Statistics, Agricultural Sample Survey, Bulletin 5, 1959/60 Eastern Nigeria (Lagos, 1961).

Ntukidem, A., 'Population and Agriculture in Southeast District ofEnyong Division, Uyo Province', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript.

Nugent, J. B., and Taplin, G. B., Cooperatives in Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No. 6 (Lagos, 1961).

Nugent, J. and P., Marketing and Distribution of Imported Goods in Nigeria, United States Agency for International Development. Consultant Report No.7 (Lagos, 1961).

Ogbonnaya, C. I. N., 'A Geographic Appraisal of the Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation's Plantations', University of Nigeria, Original Essays in Geography (Nsukka, 1966). Manuscript.

Okeke, P. N. (Minister of Agriculture, Eastern Nigeria), A More Abundant Life (Enugu, 1961).

Oluwasanmi, H. A., Agriculture and Nigerian Economic Development (London and Ibadan, 1966).

- Dema, I. S., et al., Uboma: A socio-economic and nutritional survey of a rural community in Eastern Nigeria, No.6 of the Wodd Land Use Survey (Bude, Geographical Publications, 1966), 116 pp.

Peters, J. R., Report on Grain Storage, Eastern Nigeria. United States Agency for International Development, Consultant Report No. 15 (Lagos, 1962).

de Schlippe, P., Shifting Agriculture in Africa, The Zande System of Agri­culture (London, 1952).

Schultz, T. W., Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, 1964). Sly, J. M. A., 'Research Results from Oil Palm Fertilizer Trials, WAIFOR',

Paper presented at Conference on Fertilizers, University of Nigeria (Jan. 1964). Cyclostyled.

Smock, D. R., Agricultural Development and Community Plantations in Eastern Nigeria, Rural Development Project, Ford Foundation (Lagos, 1965). Cyc1ostyled.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 337

U.K., Report of Nigerian Livestock Mission, 1949, Col. No. 266 (London, 1950).

- Insect Infestation of Stored Food Products in Nigeria, Col. Research Publication No. 12 (London, 1952).

United Nations, F.A.O., Agricultural Developments in Nigeria, 1965-80 (Rome, 1966).

Upton, M., 'Recent changes from subsistence to commercial agriculture in southern Nigeria', The World Land Use Survey, Occasional Papers no. 7, 1966, 29-40.

Usoroh, E. J., 'The Agricultural Geography of Ikot Ekpene District', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962). Manuscript.

Uzozie, 1., 'Patterns of Crop Combination, Concentration and Intensity of Production in Eastern Nigeria', Geography Department, University of Nigeria (Nsukka, 1965). Manuscript.

Virone,1. E., 'Awakening in the Uboma Forests', Geographical Magazine, vol. xl, no. 3 (July 1967),214-24.

Periodicals

Bridges, A. F. B., 'The Oil Palm Industry in Nigeria', Farm and Forest, vol. vii, no. 1 (1946), 54-8.

Buchanan, K. M., 'The Delimitation of Land Use Regions in a Tropical Environment: An Example from the Western Region of Nigeria', Geography, vol. xxxviii (1953),303-7.

- 'Recent Developments in Nigerian Peasant-Farming', Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. ii (1954), 17-34.

Coppock, J. T., 'Agricultural Geography in Nigeria',Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. vii, no. 2 (Dec. 1964),67-90.

- 'Agricultural Developments in Nigeria', Journal of Tropical Geography, 23 (Dec. 1966),1-18.

Duru, R. C., 'Improvement of the Rural Economy of Eastern Niger Delta', University Geographer (University of Ibadan), vol. iii, no. 2 1962), 9-11.

Fennell, M.A., 'Some Aspects of Research as it Relates to Economic Development in Nigeria', Proceedings of the Agricultural Society in Nigeria, vol. i (1962).

Floyd, B. N., 'Terrace Agriculture in Eastern Nigeria: the Case of Maku', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. vii, no. 2 (Dec. 1964), 91-108.

338 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Floyd, B. N., and Adinde, M., 'The Farm Settlements of Eastern Nigeria', Economic Geography, vol. xliii, no. 3 (July 1967),187-230.

Hanson, A. H., 'Nile and Niger: Two Agricultural Projects', Public Administration, vol. xxxviii (1960).

Hardcastle, J. E. Y., 'The Development of Rice Production and Research in the Federation of Nigeria', Tropical Agriculture, vol. xxxvi, no. 2 (April 1959), 79-95.

Herrman, R., 'Water Supply in Nutrition in the Humid Tropics, with special reference to Eastern Nigeria', Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, vol. 28 (1966), 17-27.

Hill, D. H., 'Beef Production in Southern Nigeria', Nigerian Grower and Producer, vol. i, no. 3 (June/July 1962).

- 'Animal Breeding and Improvement in Nigeria', Outlook on Agriculture, vol. iv, no. 2 (1964),80-5.

Jarrett, H. R., 'The Present Setting of the Oil-Palm Industry, with Special Reference to West Mrica', Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. xi (Apr. 1958),59-69.

Johnson, J., 'Agricultural Development in Nigeria', Nigerian Grower and Producer, vol. i, no. 1 (Feb./Mar. 1962),5-7.

Jones, G. I., 'Agriculture in Ibo Village Planning', Farm and Forest, vol. vi, no. 1 (1945),9-15.

Jones, W.O., 'Food and Agricultural Economies of Tropical Africa', Food Research Institute Studies, vol. ii, no. 1 (Feb. 1961), 3-20.

Kilby, P., 'The Nigerian Palm Oil Industry', Food Research Institute Studies, Stanford Univ., vol. 7, no. 2 (1967), 177-203.

Kreinen, M. E., 'The Introduction of Israel's Land Settlement Plan to Nigeria', Journal of Farm Economics, vol. xlv, no. 3 (1963), 535-46.

Mabogunje, A. L., 'Rice Cultivation in Southern Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. ii, no. 2 (Mar. 1959),59-69.

Mackay, J. H., 'Perspective in Land Use Planning', Farm and Forest, vol. v, no. 3 (1944).

Morgan, W. B., 'The Nigerian Oil Palm Industry', Scottish Geographical Journal, vol.lxx (1955), 174-7.

- 'The Change from Shifting to Fixed Settlement in Southern Nigeria', Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Research Notes, no. 7 (1955).

- 'Agriculture in Southern Nigeria (excluding the Cameroons), Economic Geography, vol. xxxv, no. 2 (Apr. 1959), 138-50.

- 'The Distribution of Food Crop Storage Methods in Nigeria', Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. xiii (Dec. 1959), 58-64.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 339 Moss, R. P., 'Land Use Mapping in Tropical Africa', Nigerian Geographical

Journal, vol. iii, no. 1 (Dec. 1959),8-17. - 'Soils, Slopes and Land Use in a part of South-western Nigeria; some

implications for the planning of agricultural development in inter­tropical Africa', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. xxxii (1963),143-68.

Okiy, G. E. 0., 'Indigenous Nigerian Food Plants', Journal of the West African Science Association, vol. vi, no. 2 (Aug. 1960), 117-21.

Oluwasanmi, H.A., 'Agriculture in a Developing Economy', Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. xiv (1960-1).

- and Alao, J. A., 'The Role of Credit in the Transformation of Tradi­tional Agriculture: the Nigerian Experience', Nigerian Journal of Social and Economic Studies, vol. vii (1965).

Oyolu, C., 'Is Nigeria a True Agricultural Country?' Nigerian Scientist, vol. i, no. 1 (1961), 38-47.

Prothero, R. M., 'Some Problems of Land Use Survey in Nigeria', Economic Geography, vol. xxx (Jan. 1954),60-9.

- 'Recent Developments in Nigerian Export Crop Production', Geo­graphy, vol. xl (1955), 18-27.

- 'The Sample Census of Agriculture, 1950-51', Geographical Journal, vol. cxxi (June 1955), 197-206.

Stamp, L. D., 'Land Utilization and Soil Erosion in Nigeria', Geographical Review, vol. xxviii (1938), 32-45.

Udo, R. K., 'The Migrant Tenant Farmer of Eastern Nigeria', Africa, vol. xxxiv, no. 4 (Oct. 1964),326-39.

- 'Problems of Developing the Cross River District of Eastern Nigeria', Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. xx (June 1965),65-72.

- 'Sixty Years of Plantation Agriculture in Southern Nigeria, 1902-1962', Economic Geography, vol. iv, no. 4 (Oct. 1965),356-68.

Welsch, D. E., 'Rice Marketing in Eastern Nigeria', Food Research Institute Studies, Stanford Univ., vol. 6, no. 3 (1966), 329-52.

White, H. B., 'The Movement of Export Crops in Nigeria', Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, vol. xv (1963),248-53.

XII. FISHERIES

Books, Monographs,Pamphlets, etc.

Abaribe, J. E., 'Fisheries in Eastern Nigeria', University of Nigeria, Original Essays in Geography (Nsukka, 1966). Manuscript.

340 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Niven, D. R., Fisheries Development in the Eastern Region oj Nigeria (Aba, n.d.).

United States, International Co-operation Administration, Fisheries Survey oj Nigeria. A Summary Report, Consultant Report Series No. 3 (Washington, D.C., 1961).

Periodicals

Longhurst, A., 'A Review of the Oceanography of the Gulf of Guinea', Bulletin IF AN, Series A, vol. xxiv, no. 3 (July 1962), 633-63.

Nzekwu, 0., 'Banda. The Secret of Ibo Concentration in Maiduguri', Nigeria Magazine, vol.lxxix (1963),248-53.

Zwilling, K. K., 'Farming Fish', Nigeria Magazine, vol. xliv (1954),315-28.

XIII. INDUSTRIES

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Confederation of British Industries, Nigeria: An Industrial Reconnaissance (London, 1961).

Eastern Nigeria, Ministry of Economic Planning, Eastern Nigeria Industrial Directory, Official Document No. 29 of 1963 (Enugu, 1963).

- Industrial Enquiry 1961-62, Official Document No.6 of 1964 (Enugu, 1964).

- Ministry ofInformation, Development (Industrial) (Enugu, 1960). Johnson, J. H. E., Industrial Location in Relation to Nigerian Economic

Development, Geography Department, University of Nigeria (1963). Cyclostyled.

Muojindu, C. 0., Eastern Nigeria Industrial Mapping, Economic Develop-ment Institute, University of Nigeria (Enugu, 1965). Cyclostyled.

Okigbo, P. N. C., Nigerian National Accounts 1950-57 (Enugu, 1962). Okpara, M. I., The Purpose oJIndustrialization (Enugu, 1963). - The Search Jar Investment (Enugu, 1963). Shell-BP Petroleum Development Co. of Nigeria Ltd, 100 Questions and

Answers on the Oil Search (Owerri, 1957). - The Story oj Oil in Nigeria, Independence 1960 (Lagos, 1960). United States Agency for International Development, Development oj

Small Industries in Eastern Nigeria, The Kilby Report (Enugu, 1963). Wells, F. A., and Warmington, W. A., Studies in Industrialization, Nigeria

and the Cameroons (London, 1962).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 341

Periodicals

Anon, 'Nigercem. Nigeria's New Cement Factory at Nkalagu', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. vi, no. 2 (Apr./June 1958).

- 'Industrial Development', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960), 14-17.

- 'Nigeria's Oil Refinery', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xi, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1963), 152-4.

- 'Rural Industrialization - Timber', Eastern Nigeria, vol. i, no. 3 (Dec. 1963), 22-6.

- 'Breweries in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xii, no. 1 (Jan./Mar. 1964),10-15.

- 'Tyre Industry in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xii, no. 2 (Apr./ June 1964),48-51.

- 'The Nigerian Petroleum Refinery Project', Trade and Industrial Bulletin, vol. iv, no. 40 (Nov. 1965), 1.

Anumudu, T. A., 'Modernizing Our Local Crafts', Trade and Industrial Bulletin, vol. v, no. 42 (Jan. 1966),3.

Nwogu, E. D., 'Oil in Nigeria', Nigerian Geographical Journal, vol. iii, no. 2 (Nov. 1960), 15-25.

Okigbo, L., 'Sawmill Industry in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xiii, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1965), 154-8.

XIV. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

Books, Monographs, Pamphlets, etc.

Louis Berger Inc., Calabar-Ikom Highway Project: Federation of Nigeria­Eastern Nigeria (Harrisburg, Pa., 1962).

Duru, R. C., 'Marketing and Transport in Orlu/Oguta District', University of Ibadan, Original Essays in Geography (Ibadan, 1962).

Manuscript. Hawkins, E. K., Road Transport in Nigeria: a Study of African Enterprise

(London, 1958). Hogg, V. W., and Roelandts, C. M., Nigerian Motor Vehicle Traffic: An

Economic Forecast (London, 1962). NEDECO (Netherlands Engineering Consultants), Report on Niger Delta

Development (The Hague, n.d.). - River Studies and Recommendations on Improvement of Niger and Benue

(Amsterdam, 1959),

342 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Transport and Aviation, Consideration of the Report by the Stanford Research Institute on Transport Co-ordination in Nigeria (Lagos, 1962).

- National Economic Council, White Paper on Transportation (Lagos, 1964) Stanford Research Institute, The Economic Co-ordination of Transport

Development in Nigeria (California, 1961). United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa, Transport Problems in

Relation to Economic Development in Africa (Addis Ababa, 1960). Walker, G., Traffic and Transport in Nigeria, The Example of an Under­

developed Tropical Territory. Col. Research Studies No. 27 (London, 1959).

Periodicals

Anon, 'Civil Aviation', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),28-30.

- 'Development of Inland Waterways', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),49-51.

- 'Railway Development', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960), 54-5.

- 'Road Construction', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),52-3.

- 'Sea Transport', Nigerian Trade Journal, Special Independence Issue (Sept. 1960),45-8.

- 'Progress of Commercial Aviation in Nigeria', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xii, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1964), 150-4.

- 'Towards Better Services', Eastern Nigeria, vol. vii (Sept. 1965), 1-4. - 'The Missing Link', Eastern Nigeria, vol. vii (Sept. 1965), 16-19. Earl, A. K., 'Nigeria'S Ports', Nigeria Magazine, no. 72 (March 1962),

26-33. Udo, R. K., and Ogundana, B., 'Factors influencing the fortunes of ports

in the Niger Delta', Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. lxxxii, no. 3 (Dec. 1966), 169-83.

xv. ECONOMIC PLANNING

Books, Monographs,Pamphlets, etc.

Barnet and Reef Associates Inc., Invest in Eastern Nigeria (New York, n.d.). - Investment Opportunities in Eastern Nigeria (New York, n.d.).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 343

Eastern Nigeria, Economic Rehabilitation of Eastern Nigeria: Report of Economic Mission to Europe and North America (Enugu, 1955).

- Development Programme, 1958-1962 (Enugu, 1959). - Revised Development Programme, 1958-62 (Enugu, 1960). - Investment Possibilities in the Eastern Region of the Federation of Nigeria,

Official Document No. 11 (Enugu, 1960). - Eastern Nigeria Development Plan, 1962-68, Official Document No. 8

(Enugu,1962). Ford Foundation, Prospects and Policies for Development of the Eastern

Region of Nigeria (Enugu, 1960). International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (World Bank),

The Economic Development of Nigeria (Baltimore, 1955). - Current Economic Position amd Prospects of Nigeria, Report No. AF-17a

(1964). Mba, M. K., The First Three Years. A Report of the Eastern Nigeria

Six-Year Development Plan (Enugu, 1965). Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Economic Development, National Develop­

ment Plan 1962-68 (Lagos, 1962). - Federal Ministry of Economic Development, National Development

Plan, Progress Report 1964 (Lagos, 1965). Petch, G. A., Economic Development and Modern West Africa (London,

1961). United States, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Investment in Nigeria. Basic

Information for U.S. Businessmen (Washington, 1957).

Periodicals

Anon, 'National Development Plan 1962-68. Progress Report', Nigerian Trade Journal, vol. xiii, no. 4 (Oct./Dec. 1965),160-6.

- 'New Thinking in Eastern Nigeria: 1', West Africa, no. 2534 (25 Dec. 1965),1457.

- 'New Thinking in Eastern Nigeria: 2', West Africa, no. 2535 (1 Jan. 1966),7-8.

- 'Backing Nigeria's Future', West Africa, no. 2542 (19 Feb. 1966), 197-8. - 'Nigeria on the Move', West Africa, no. 2544 (5 March 1966), 265. Mordi, C. L., 'The Problems and Planning for Industrial and Commercial

Development in Nigeria', Trade and Industrial Bulletin, vol. v, no. 43 (Feb. 1966), 1,3.

Schatz, S. P., 'The Influence of Planning on Development: the Nigerian Experience', Social Research, vol. xxvii, no. 4 (1960), 451-68.

Index

Place-names and other features in figures are indicated by F after page number. Similarly, place-names and other features in tables are indicated by T after page number. Small On' indicates footnote reference. Subjects of photo­graphs have not been included in this index.

Aba, 31, 49, 63, 71 F, 131, 14OF, 145F, 150F, 242, 245, 251, 254T, 257T, 258, 260F, 265F, 267, 269, 279F, 285-6, 293 F, 294,298

Aba Division, 42,59,217 T Aba River, 88 Abak, 28, 293 Abak Division, 41, 59 Abakaliki, 31, 63, 69, 71 F, 78-9, 80,

95, 14OF, 145F, 150F, 154F, 170F, 173F, 187F, 204, 260F, 271, 279F, 293F

Abakaliki Government Farm, 194 Abakaliki Province, 43, 46, 52, 60, 63,

161,188-90,194, 217T, 220T, 233--4, 257T

Abakaliki Uplift, 69, 78 Abam (mercenaries), 43, 46 Abia-BendegheAyuk, 213F, 220T Abia Ohafia, 213 F Aboh, 71, 72,83,86 Aboine River, 7, 90, 91, 95 Abonnema, 23, 63, 85, 257 T Absenteeism, male, see Urban migrants

and Migration Abura,156 Acid Sands, 107. See also Soils Acioa barteri, 119, 177 Adada River, 91 Adadama, 292 Afam, 264--6, 282 Afara (Terminalia superba), 157

Affa,213 Afikpo, 22, 63, 71F, 131, 14OF, 145F,

293 F, 294 Afikpo Division, 43, 217T, 227T Afikpo Sandstone, 78 Afikpo Syncline, 69, 78 Agbada, 265 F Agricultural development, 156, 160,

196-210,211-38. See also Farming Agricultural economy, 52, 169-95

passim, 196-9,211,215,234--8 Agricultural products, 185-95, 251,

279F, 296-7T. See also Crops Agricultural reforms, 196-210, 211,

216-19,313 Agriculture, traditional, 48, 169-95.

See also Farming Agulu, 94, 111, 114--18 Agulu-Nankagullies, 13, 116F. See also

Soil erosion Ahoada, 71 F, 14OF, 145 F, 293 F Ahoada Division, 61, 220 T Ahoada Province, 48,131,147 Aid, see External aid Airways, 304--6 Aiya River, 97 Ajali,112F Ajbaja Umukabia, 213 F Akampa, 257 T

Akoliufu Alayi, 213 F Akpe Yafe River, 68, 87 Aku,182

346 INDEX

Akwete, 21, 213 F, 248 Alean Aluminium of Nigeria Ltd.,

282 Alesa-Eleme refinery, 251, 252, 265F,

267-8,295 Alluvium, 76F, Appendix Aluminium, 262 T, 282 Amadi Creek, 242, 280 Amaeke-Abam, 213 F Amassoma, 63, 86 AmboineRiver,112F Ameke,293F American aid, see External aid Anacardum occidentale (Cashew), 119 AnambraLowlands,112F AnambraPlains, 76F, 188 Anambra River, 41, 76, 86, 89, 112,

161,244,299 Anambra Shelf, 69 Anambra Valley, 50,92,103 Andoni (Ibeno), 26, 241 Annang (Ibibio group), 26,44,47 Annang Province, 42,131,152,193 Anticyclone, Saharan, 123, 126. See

also Climate Anti-trades, 124 Apara, 266, 282 Apara Field, 265 F Apiapum, 271 Aquuers, 72, 74, 77, 79 Archaeology,22,131,248 Architecture, see Building types Aro (lbo group), 30, 43,50, 77, 94 Arochuku, 43-4, 71F, 89, 94, 145F,

213F, 285F, 286F, 293 F Arochuku Cocoa Estate, 221-2 Artuacts, see Archaeology Asa,293F Asata,299 Asbestos cement, 20T, 262, 273-4, 298 Asu River, 79, 94-5 Asu River group (Shales), 69T, 70F,

73, 76F, 188, Appendix August break, 132-4 Awdaw River, 112 Awgu, 71F,89,91,93, 112F,293F Awgu Division, 43, 46, 69T, 70F, 76F,

78-80,248

Awgu-Ndeaboh Shale Formation, 69T, 70F, 76F, 78-80, Appendix

Awgu-Okigwi Cuesta, 91, 93 AwguSandstone, 76F, 78,Appendix Awka, 30-1, 59, 63, 74, 76F, 112F,

145F, 161,248, 260F, 286, 293 F AwkaDivision, 41, 115-18 Awka-OrluUplands, 111, 112F, 115 Awra River, 90 Aya River, 95, 97 Azumini, 293

Balegeta tribe, 32-3 Bamboo, 119 Bananas, 105, 160, 176, 180, 181, 190.

See also Crops Banda, 245 Banks, see Capital Bansara,69,80 Bantu languages, 25 Bantu, semi-, 32 Baro,284 Basement Complex, 68, 69, 70F, 80-1,

102,105,106, Appendix Beans, 107, 174, 176, 177, 179T, 186.

See also Pigeon peas Bebi Mountain, 96 Bebi tribe, 32-3 Bechebe tribe, 32-3 Bende,44,94,95,286,293 Bende-Ameki Formation, 69T, 70F,

73,76F,86,87,94,109 Bende Division, 41, 43, 216-17T,

220T,227T Benin, 22,193, 295 Benniseed, 297 T Benue River, 97 Benue Valley, 68,130 Bete tribe, 32 Beverage industry, 251, 262T, 269-70,

286,296-8,312-13 Biakpan, 213 F BiaseDivision, 219 Bight of Benin, 69 Bight of Biafra (Gulf of Guinea), 67,

85,88,95,132,155 Bini, see Benin Biotic Complex, 152-65 passim, 171

INDEX 347 BOAC, 305 Boje, 58T, 213 F Boki, 213 F, 227 T, 228, 230, 293 Boki tribe, 32 Bomu Field, 264, 265 F, 266 Bonga (Ethmalosa spp.), 241 Bonny, 23,24,44,85, 105, 145, 147-8,

213, 221 T, 241, 257T, 265F, 266, 268,279F, 280, 302,304

Bonny Coconut Estate, 221 T Bonny River, 265 F, 280, 302 Bonny Terminal, 265 F, 265-8 Bori, 71 F, 293 F Bornu,22 Bornu Extension, 295 Boundaries, 30, 67-8, 86, 176 Boundaries, ecological, 155 Boundary disputes, 221 Brandler & Rylke Ltd., 159, 164, 250,

271-2 Brass, 23, 24, 64, 85, 265 F, 302 Breweries, see Beverage industry Brickmaking, 80 British Cameroons, 287 British in Eastern Nigeria, 44, 45, 197,

212-13, 237, 249, 278-9, 282, 284, 285,287,289

Buguma, 63,85,244,302 Building industry, 114, 273, 281 T,

296-7T Building types, 28, 31-3, 50, 55,63-4,

160,231,258,274 Buildings, arrangement of, 55-64

passim Bunds, 119,206,207 F Burutu, 284, 304 T Bush fallowing, 48, 53, 59, 107, 115,

173F, 176-8, 187. See also Shifting cultivation

Businesses, see Industrial economy, Towns

Calabar, 24, 25, 44, 63, 71 F, 81, 95, 105, 131, 133 F, 140F, 142 F, 145 F, 147, 150F, 154F, 170F, 173F, 187F, 213, 243, 257T, 26OF, 272, 279F, 286-7, 292, 293 F, 299, 302, 303 F, 304T,305

Calabar-Arochuku road, 293 Calabar-Ikom road, 287, 292 Calabar Province, 25F, 26, 27T, 38,

41,43, 51, 62, 131, 147, 188, 216T, 219T, 251, 287

Calabar River, 26, 87,97,287 Calaro, 213 F Cameroon Mountains, 68-9, 126, 127,

130,134,162 Cameroon Republic, 45, 68, 97, 131,

159 Canoes, 241-2 Capital, 208, 212, 234, 237, 242, 248,

252-3, 255, 256, 258, 259, 263-4, 266, 290, 308 T. See also External aid

Carpentry, 283 Cash crops, 152-238 passim, 227 T Cashew (Anacardum occidentale), 119,

214F,262T Cashew Estate, 221 T Cassava, 16, 107, 1l0, 117, 120, 174,

176-8, 179T, 181, 183F, 184, 186-90, 187F, 204T, 206

Cattle, 162, 164, 193-5, 297T, 310. See also Livestock

Cement, 262 T, 273-4, 287, 296 T, 298 Censuses, 19 n, 37-8 Ceramics, 262 T, 288, 312-13 Cereals, 186-8, 251. See also Maize,

Rice Citrus, 176, 179, 181, 190, 214F, 227T,

262 T. See also Cash crops, Tree crops Chemical industries, 262 T

Christian Missions, 26, 30, 204, 209, 249

Civil War, 11, 19n, 197, 256n, 268, 275,304,307,312

Clan unions, 40, 50 Clans,48,50, 52, 56, 199,255 Clay, see Soils Clay products, see Ceramics Climate, 52, 53, 115-17, 119, 122-51

passim, 152, 156, 161,211 Coal, 71 F, 75-8 passim, 164, 251, 273,

282-3,297 Coal-mining, 250, 262-3,294 Coastal plains, 69T, 70F, 72-3, 78,

82, 84F, 87-9, lll, 127, 188

348 INDEX

Coastal vegetation, 153-5, 154F Cocoa, lOS, 109, 190,205, 214F, 220T,

247, 251, 287, 310. See also Cash crops, Tree crops

Cocoa Estates, 220, 221 Coconuts, 105, 214, 221 T. See also

Cash crops, Tree crops Cocoyam,47-8, 176, 177T, 179, 181,

183 F, 184, 186-90, 187T Colonial Development and Welfare

Fund, 118,290 Commerce, see Trade Common Market, 86, 276 Commonwealth Development Cor-

poration, 215 Communications, 48, 52-3, 57, 82,

86-7,208,269,272,289-306, 296T, 299,306

Communities, 50, 55-Mpassim Community development, 50, 209,

215-19,235-8,278,290,309 Community plantations, 213 F, 215-19,

216T Community projects, 156, 313-14 Composting, 180, 182 Compound, 28, 55. See also Buildings,

villages Compound farming, 31, 173 F, 176,

180-2,191 Conservation, see Soil conservation Consolidation of Lands, 202, 208.

,see also Land tenure Construction industry, 274 Consultative group, see International

Bank Consumer goods, 259, 268, 279 F Consumer prices, 259-60 Continental Shelf (fishing), 24OT, 241 Contour banks, see Bunds, Soil

conservation, Terraces Co-operatives, 28, 209, 215-18, 237,

242,246,247 Costume, 20, 21 n Cottage industry, 28, 31, 248, 256.

See also Industries, small-scale Cotton seed, 297 T. See also Crops Coup,275 Cover crops, see Crop cover

Crafts, 28, 31, 248, 251, 283. See also Cottage industry

Creeks (fishing), 153-6,243-4 Creek Town, 26 Cretaceous formations, 70 F, Appendix Crop combinations, 185-90, 187F Crop cover, 121, 178, 179-85passim Crop rotation, 120, 176-85 passim,

206,208 Crop yields, improvement in, 204T.

See also Fertilizers Crops, 52, 59,107,109,110,169, 170F,

174-93 passim, 229, 231-2. See also in­dividual crops, e.g. Yam, Cassava, etc.

Cross River, 13, 32, 41, 46, 47, 68, 69T, 72, 77, 95-7, 105, 112F, 159, 161-2,292,299

Cross River Basin, 25, 32, 42, 43, 44, 52, 60, 61, 82-3, 84F, 95-6, 111, 127,237,271,272,287,309

Cross River Delta, 87 Cross River Plains, 76, 87, 89, 103,

112 F, Appendix Cross River Plain Group, 69T, 78-80,

87-9, Appendix Crotolaria, 179 Cucurbits, 174, 176,181, 186 Cultivation, shifting, see Shifting cul-

tivation Cultivation, systems of, 171-85, 173 F Culture, 45-51. See also Social organ-

ization Customs, New Yam Festival, 179 Customs Union, see Common market Cutch,155

Dairy cattle, 194. See also Cattle, livestock

Death rates, 36 F Defensive locations, 46-7 Degema, 71 F, 14OF, 154F, 170F, 173F,

187F, 293F, 303 F, 304T Degema Province, 23, 26, 27T, 43,131,

147,221 T, 257T Delta Formation, 69T, 70F, 71-2,

Appendix Delta Province, 42 Delta vegetation, 153-5

INDEX 349 Deltas, 84 F, 266 Density of population, see Population

density Derived savanna (woodland-savanna

mosaic), 53,153, 154F, 156, 161-2 Development Plans, 211, 215-19, 223,

225, 234, 235, 248, 270, 276, 291, 295, 307-14, 311 T. See also Agri­cultural development, Commercial development, Economic develop­ment, Industrial development, Rural development

Dialects, 21-32 passim Diet,239 Disease, 44, 194, 205 Distribution of goods, 242, 284, 285 'Donga Ridge', 113 Drainage, 82-97 passim Dress, see Costume Dry season, 146-8, 147 F. See also

Climate, Rainfall, Rainy season Duke Town, 26 Dunlop Rubber Estate, 213, 215, 230

Eastern Nigeria Construction and Furniture Company, 251, 270, 283

Eastern Nigeria Development Cor­poration (ENDC), 61, 105, 142, 162, 191, 194-5, 209, 219-24, 270, 288

Eastern Nigeria Development Cor­poration, Estates, 212-15, 213 F, 219-25, 222F, 224F, 254

Eastern Nigeria Housing Corporation, 278

Eastern Nigeria Industrial Estates Company, 278

Eastern Nigeria Marketing Board, 191, 209-10

Eastern Uplands, 84F, 96-7 Ebem,94 Ebubu Field, 264, 265 F Economic development, 12-13, 150-1,

185, 209, 268-9, 276-7, 289-306 passim, 307, 309, 310, 311 T. See also Development plans

Economic problems in changing tradi­tional agriculture, 208-10, 312-14

Ecosystem, see Biotic complex Edda (mercenaries), 30, 43 Ediba, 271 Education, 30, 198, 223, 233, 247, 283,

288,308 T, 309. See also Literacy Effiat (Ibibio group), 26 Effium, 162,293F Efik, 25 F, 26,197,286. See also Ibibio Ejagham (Ekoi), 26, 32 Eket, 140F, 150F, 213 F, 293 F Eket Division, 41, 60, 219 T Eket (Ibibio group), 26 Ekulupottery, 31, 283 Ekulu River, 90, 91, 274 Ekuri-Yakurr,32 Ekurri,292 Elder Dempster Lines Ltd., 301 Electricity, 251, 263, 266, 273-4, 282,

308T,311T Elele, 213 F, 222F, 293 F Eleme, 257T Emeabiam, 213 F Emene, 257T, 273-4, 279, 283, 298 Employment, 233, 235, 247, 255, 256,

257T, 258, 261 F, 263, 269, 272-4, 277,308

Enamelware, 262 T Engineering, 281 T, 282 Enugu, 31, 63, 71 F, 76F, 78-9, 90, 91,

93, 112F, 113-14, 125T, 126T, 128T, 129T, BOT, 131 T, 132T, 135T, 136T, 137T, 138T, 140F, 141, 142F, 145F, 146, 147, 150F, 154F, 156, 159, 160, 161-2, 170F, 173F, 187F, 195,242, 245, 249-50, 251, 254, 257T, 258, 260 F, 263, 272, 273,275,279 F, 282-4, 286,289,292,293F,294-6,305

Enugu-Abakaliki road, 272-3 Enugu-Ezike, 41 , 77, 91,93,149,156,162 Enugu-Ngwo, 282 Enugu-Okigwi escarpment, 78 Enugu Province, 42-3, 51, 60-1, 131,

194,217 T, 221 T, 227 T, 233 Enugu Shales, 76, 78, Appendix Enugu-Ukwu, 231 Environment, biotic, see Biotic com­

plex Enyong (Ibibio group), 26

350 INDEX

Enyong Creek, 88, 94, 96 Enyong Division, 43,215,227 Erei, 213 F, 227 T, 228 F, 230 Erosion, 111-21. See also Soil erosion Etche,213F EthrUcgroups,19-33,230-1 European influence, 45, 67-8, 82, 85,

197,284 Expatriate machine selling, 313 Exports, 185, 190-3, 249-50, 263-9,

270, 276,280,287, 296, 300F, 309 External aid, 194, 208-9, 215, 236,

252, 309, 312. See also Interna­tionalBank

External exchange economy, 171 n Extractive (mineral-based) industries,

262 T, 279 F. See also Coal, Petroleum Eze-Aku Shale Formation, 69T, 70F,

73, 109, Appendix

Factories, 248, 256, 262T, 280-1, 283, 286. See also Industries

Fallow crops, see Crop rotation Faisebedded Sandstone Formation,

69T, 70F, 76F, 77, 89, 90-2, 94, Appendix

Family, see Clan Farm settlements, 163, 213, 225-38,

226F, 227T, 228 F, 313 Farmers, 32, 190-3, 198, 216-19, 223,

225,230-1 Farming, 31, 47-8, 53-4, 61, 103, 107,

111, 115-17, 120-1, 156-7, 160-1, 163. See also Agriculture, Bush fallowing, Compound farming, Cul­tivation

Farming and soil erosion, 111-21 passim

Farming systems, 171-85, 190-3 Farming, tree-, 190-3 Fernando Po, 50 Ferrallitic soils, 99 F, 101 F, 106-9,

108F Ferruginous tropical soils, 99F, l00F,

105-6 Fertility, soil, see Soils Fertilizers, 178,182,184-5, 204T, 205T Fisheries (Nigeria) Ltd., 242

FUHrlng,26-7,155,239-46,240T,310 Flour, 297T Food crops, 176-91 passim. See also

Crops Food industries, 262 T Forcados River, 67, 86 Foreign aid, see External aid Foreign-exchange earnings, 247, 269 Foreign investment, 159, 252, 266,

269,270,275,287,310,312 Forest, 47, 52-4, 115, 152, 162. See

also Rainforest Forest crops, 190-3. See also Tree crops Forest products, 267T, 270-3 Forest Reserves, 160, 163, 170F Forestry Department, 118, 163 Fragmentation of land, 197, 199,

200-3. See also Land tenure Freshwater swamps, 84 F Fruits, 160, 190, 251, 297T. See also

Bananas, Citrus, Tree crops Fuel, 163-4, 251, 262-3, 273. See also

Coal, Petroleum FuIani herdsmen, 194 Fund for Agricultural and Industrial

Development (FAID), 209-10, 259 Furniture industry, 251, 262 T

Garri, 190,244,297. See also Cassava Garua,284 Gas, 71 F,251, 265-7, 276,282 Geographic approach, 11-15, 34-5,

51-4,122,169,185,314 Geography of circulation, 299 Geological surveying, 263 Geology, 51-2,68-81, 69T, 70F, 82-97

passim, 117, Appendix Geomorphology, see Land forms Ghanaian fishers, 241 Glass industry, 262 T, 270, 313 Government, 118-21, 191, 225-38,

254-5,271,278,282,289-90,307-8 Grains, see Cereals Grass, 119, 153, 161, 176,206 Grassland towns, 60-1 Grasslands, see Derived savanna Great Kwa River, 87, 97 Gross Domestic Product, 169,248,307

INDEX 351 Groundnuts, 297 T. See also Legumes Gulf of Biafra, 123, 148 Gulf of Guinea, 67, 83, 85,132, 240T Gullied areas, 112F. See also Erosion

Hamlets, 56 Harmattan, 123-6, 137-8, 141 Hausa,24F Health, 140, 308 T. See also Disease Hills, 46-7, 76, 92-3, 182. See also

Landforms History,22,43-8,53,85,248 - of Aba, 285-6 -ofCalabar, 286 - of Enugu, 282-3 - of Onitsha, 284 - of Port Harcourt, 278-80 - of river transport, 299-301 Hotels, 19,281,288 House types, see Building types Housing, 63, 273-4, 278, 280-1, 283 Hydrography, 82-97 passim, 301 Hydrology, see Water resources Hydrological Provinces, 150F Hydromorphic soils, 99F, 101 F, 108 F

Ibiae-Biase, 213 F Ibibio, 25F, 26-8, 44, 47-8, 59-60,197,

241 Ibibioland, 41, 109 lbo, 12-13, 20-1, 25F, 28, 31,41,44,

48, 52-3, 59-60, 67, 176, 189, 197, 219,241

Ideh-Mill River, 74, 94 Idodo River, 90 19a1a, 46, 93 Igbariam, 213 F, 227, 231 Ihiala, 63, 293 F Igbo, see Ibo Igrita Umuechem Field, 265 F, 266 Ijali River, 91 Ijaw, 23-4, 25F, 42, 67, 85, 155, 197,

241,243,294 Ijebu-Ode,295 Ikem,293F Ikom,61,79, 14OF, 145F,213F,293F Ikom-Calabar road, 272 Ikom Division, 42

Ikot Ekpene, 28, 59,63,87, 111, 14OF, 145F, 154F, 170F, 173F, 187F, 248, 260F,293F

Ikot Ita, 213 F Ikwa,213F Imo Clay-Shales Formation, 69T, 70Ft

75, 76F, 87, 92, 94,111, Appendix Imo River, 47, 75, 80,95-6, 112F,266-7 Imo River Field, 265 F Importers, 281 T Imports, 253-4, 240T, 259-60, 273,

277,280 Import substitute industries, 312 Income, national, 247 Income, regional, 191-3, 253, 254T Income tax, 215,252 Industrial development, 256-77, 282-3,

286,296,298 Industrial economy, 247-55 passim,

258-60, 263-77 passim, 308 Industrialization, 49, 247-55, 278-88

passim, 308-9, 312-13 Industries, large-scale, 260-2, 279 F,

310 Industries, small-scale, 256-60, 260F,

261 F. See also Cottage industry Industries, traditional, 248-50, 285 Industries, types of, 256, 261-77, 261 F Infant mortality, 35 Inheritance system and fragmentation

of land, see Land tenure Inland waterways, 285, 299, 301 Inselbergs, 97 Insolation, 139. See also Climate Intensive sedentary cultivation, 173 F,

180-5. See also Agriculture, Farming Internalexchangeeconomy,171 n International Bank, 208. 252, 297, 312.

See also Capital, External aid Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

(lTCZ), see Inter-Tropical dis­continuity

Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (lTD), 124-51 passim

Inter-Tropical Front, see Inter-Tropi­cal Discontinuity

Intrusions, 69, 70F, 95. See also Geology

352 INDEX

Invasions from north, 22 Investment, 208, 258, 268-9, 312. See

also Capital Inyi,248 Inyong Oron, 213 F Iroko (Chloroplwra excelsa), 157 Iron and steel industry, 250, 262 T,

274-6,285,296-7 Iron Ore, 75 Iron-working, 248 Irrigation, 151 Israeli Water Planning Co., 151 Isuochi,76F Itigidi Adadana, 213 F Itu, 111,248,299 Iva River, 91 Iwoma,213F

Jos Plateau, 295

Kaduna,295 Kafanchan, 295 Kaiama,86 Kainji Dam, 301 Kalabari group, 23 Kanem, Empire of, 22 Khaya antlwtheca (mahogany), 157 Khayagrandi/oliola (mahogany), 157 Khaya ivorensis (mahogany), 157 Kinship system, 56, 197, 199-200.

See also Clans Kolo Ishi, 96 Kolo Koshun, 96 Korokoro Field, 265 F, 266 Kudzu, 121 Kwa Falls, 213 F Kwa lbo, see Ibibio Kwa Ibo River, 47,88,244 Kwa language group, 28

Labour, 181-2, 223, 229-30, 237, 247, 249, 251-8 passim, 269, 272, 278, 283,286,296,313

Lagoon fishing, 243-4 Lagos, 31, 133F, 134, 289-90, 295,

304T Lake Chad, 244-5 Lake Ukwu, 96

Land area, 19,43-5,67 Land customs, 197, 199-202 Land development, see Agricultural

development Land development schemes, 278 Land, disposition by provinces, 170 F Land disputes, 120,202,223 Landforms, 46, 48, 51-4, 82-97, 84F.

See also Geology Land hunger, 31. See also Population

density Land ownership, 199-200 Land, quality of, 48, 53-4 Land reform, 208-12 Land reform schemes, 313 Land tenure, 51, 199-203, 208, 212,

215-16,223,236-7 Land use, 48, 53-4, 111-21, 164,

196-210,231-2,314 Language,21-2,28-30 Lead, 71 F, 80 Legumes, 110, 121, 176-88 passim,

187F, 206 Leja,93 Lekwesi, 213 F Life-expectancy, 35 Lignite formation, 69T, 70F, 73,

Appendix Limestone, 71 F, 273, Appendix Linguistic groups, 21-2, 30--3, 32F Literacy rates, 26 T Lithosols, 99F, l00F, 101 F, 102 Livestock, 162, 169, 193-5, 297T, 298 T,

310 Local authorities, 290 Location factors in industry, 250--5,

267,269-70,275-6 Location factors and urban centres,

278-88 passim Lokoja, 275, 284 Lokpa Ukwu, 79 Lokpanta, 91 Long Juju, 30,43-4, 94, 285 Lower Coal Measures Formation, 69,

70F, 75, 76F, 77-8, 90--1, 94, 113, 282, Appendix

Lumbering, 250, 262 T, 270--3. See also Timber

INDEX 353 Machinery, 253, 259, 262 T, 272 Mahogany, 156-7 Maiduguri, 245, 295, 302 Maize, 105, 107, 1l0, 174, 176, 177,

179T, 181, 186-90, 187F, 206. See also Cereals, Crops

Maku, 103 Maku terrace farming, 46, 183 F, 184,

208 Makurdi, 284 Malnutrition, 44, 239 MamuRiver, 75,91, 93, 111, 112F, 161 Man-Land relationships, 171-2, 197.

See also Geographic approach Mangrove forest, 103, 153, 154-5,

154F,243 Mangrove soil, 104 F Mangrove swamps, 84, 85-7, 104 F Manufacturing, see Industries Manufacturing production, 296 T Mapping,34,38,102,263-4,301 Marine fishing, see Fishing Market, internal, 312 Market, Onitsha, 284 Marketing of agricultural products,

201, 202. See also Agricultural economy, Trade

Marketing of fish, 242 Marketing of iron and steel production,

250,276 Marketing techniques, 253, 259 Markets, for industry, 253-4 Markets, world, 301-4 Mbiama-Yenagoa road, 294 Mbo (Ibibio group), 26 Mechanization, 201, 241-2. See also

Industries Medical facilities, 45 Mercenaries, Aro, 30 Metal products, 262 T, 279 F Metal-working, 248, 284 Meteorology, see Climate Mid-West State, 67, 71 Middlemen, 24,242,245 Migrant camps, 60 Migration, 32, 185, 233. See also

Urban migration Milliken Hill, 113

Mineral resources, 71 F, 251, 296T. See also Coal, Petroleum

Ministry of Agriculture, 156, 198,203 Ministry of Economic Development,

198 Ministry of Town Planning and

Surveys, 278 Ministry of Trade, 259 Ministry of Works, 283 Monoculture, imperfect, 186, 187F,

108 Monsoon, 123-4 Mortality rate, 35, 140 Motor industry, 276-7, 281 T, 283, 285 Mpu,76F Mulching, 180 Munshi country, 97 Munshi Wall, 68 Muturu cattle, 194

~anka,94,111,112F,114-15 ~anka Sands, 70 F, 74, 76 F, 86-8, 94 ~ational Development Plan, 307,

310-11 ~ational Economic Council, 275 ~ative Authorities, 118 ~atural gas, see Gas ~atural resources, destruction of,

111-21 passim, 162, 178-90 passim, 197-8,248

~atural resources, development of, 248. See also Forest Reserves, Gas, Oil

~avigation, see Shipping ~dama (cattle), 194 ~embe,23-4 ~ew Calabar, see Kalabari group ~ewYamFestival, 179 ~gusu, 89, 94, 112F ~iger Bridge, 285, 294 ~iger and Cross River Alluvium

Formation, 69T, 71-2,73, Appendix ~iger Delta, 23-4, 42, 46-7, 61-2, 67,

69-72 passim, 82-6, 84F, 103, 125-6, 130, 132, 188, 190, 240T, 241, 243-4,264,292,294

~iger Delta Development Board, 156, 309

354 INDEX

Niger flood plain, 86-7, 89, 103, 188 Niger River, 29, 47, 52, 68, 72, 83-7

passim, 89,94, 112F, 244, 265F, 284 Nigergas Ltd., 283 Nigerian Airways, 305-6 Nigerian Cement Co. (Nigercem), 79,

273,283,295 Nigerian Coal Corporation, 263 Nigerian Glass Co., 282 Nigerian Industrial Development

Bank, 253. See also Capital Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Re­

search (NIFOR), 160, 193 Nigerian National Line, 302 Nigerian Petroleum Refining Co., 252,

268 Nigerian Ports Authority, 302 Nigerian Railway Corporation, 296 Nigerianization, 277 Nigersteel, 274-5, 283 Nike, 50, 51 Nine-Mile Corner, 76F, 91, 92, 93 Nkalagu, 79, 257T, 273-5, 279F, 283,

293,295-8 Nkembe,32 Nko-Obubra, 213 F Nkporo Shales Formation, 69, 70F,

75, 76F, 78, 91, Appendix Nkwelle Hills, 112 F Nkwerre, 31, 286 Nnewi, 73, 177 T, 179,286,293 North Awdaw River, 111, 115-18 North-eastern groups, 25 F, 31-3 Northern Nigeria, fishing, 24OT, 245 Northern Nigerian, influences on

Eastern Nigeria, 22, 63, 68, 194, 24OT,263,275,294,302

Norwegian Church Agricultural Pro-ject (NORCAP), 204

Nri,29,30 Nsadop, 213 F Nsukka, 20,248, 293 F Nsukka, climate, 139, 141-3, 142F,

143T, 144F, 145F, 147-9, 150F Nsukka Division, 41, 42, 91,148-9 Nsukka-Okigwi-Arochuku Plateau

and Escarpment Zone, 13, 46, 50, 52, 76F, 77, 89-95, 102-3, 107, Ill,

112F, 113-15, 121, 128, 141, 146, 148-9, 161, 178, 182, 188, 195, 227T

Nun River, 67, 85-6,156, 265F, 266 Nupe Country, 22 Nutrition, see Diet Nyaba River, 79, 89, 90,114

Oban Hills, 19, 41, 48, 51, 61, 81, 87, 95,97,102,106,127,141,159,188

Oban Plantation, 213 F Obanliks, 32 Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon), 157 Obimo, 92, 182 Obitti, 213 F Oboli,95 Obrenyi, 213 F, 220 Obubra, 79, 109, 145 F, 159,213 F, 244,

250, 271, 293 F Obubra Plantation, 220 T, 221 Obubra-Ediba road, 272 Obudu, 293F Obudu Plateau, 32-3, 42, 51, 61, 68,

81,96,102,162 Obudu Ranch, 33, 194-5 Odi,24,86 Ododop,26 Odomoke, 79, 80 Oferekpe, 272 Ogada,272 Oghe, 213F, 257T, 279F Ogoja, 25F, 71 F, 80, 14OF, 145F, 150F,

154F, 170F, 173F, 187F, 293F Ogoja Province, 25F, 27T, 31-2,42-3,

46, 51, 60, 63, 131, 147, 162, 187-8, 220T,239

Ogoni, 26, 43 Ogrugru,112F Ogugu,91 Oguta Lake, 244 Ohaji, 213 F, 227 T, 228 F, 230 Oil (petroleum), 68, 71 F, 72, 78, 156,

251,264,266-8,266T,304,310-11 Oil bean tree, 119 Oil palm (Elaesis guineensis), 52, 106,

107, 152, 159-60, 179, 181, 186, 189, 190-3,205, 214F, 227T, 251,310

Oil palm plantations, 212-15, 216T, 217T, 219T, 220T, 227T, 237

INDEX 355 Oil Rivers boat yard, 254 Oil Rivers Protectorate, 24, 249, 286,

304 Oji River, 91, 93,161 Oji River power station, 78, 263,

273-4 Okigwi, 69, 76F, 77, 78, 112F, 14OF,

145F,293,294 Okigwi-Abakaliki Anticline, 79 Okigwi Cuesta, 88-90, 93-5 Okigwi Division, 31, 41-2, 59, 61, 88,

216-17T,227 Oko, 94, 111, 112F, 118 Okpauka (Anyim) River, 95 Okpuala, 293 Okrika,23,24,265,268 Okundi, 293 F Okwelle,74 Okwelle River, 94, 95 Old Town (Calabar), 26 Oloibiri,63,86,264,265F Onitsha, 31, 49, 63, 67, 71 F, 72, 76F,

78, 86, 87, 112F, 126, 14OF, 145F, 150F, 154F, 242, 245, 257T, 258, 260 F, 270, 275, 279 F, 284-5, 289, 293F

Onitsha ferry, 285,299, 300 Onitsha Province, 25 F, 27 T, 42, 46,

51,59,73,74,111,114-18, 131, 161, 170F, 173F, 187F, 233

Opobo, 71F, 73, 85, 14OF, 145F, 257T, 265 F, 279 F, 286, 293 F

Opobo Division, 42, 60, 217 T Oporama, 156 Orashi River, 47, 86, 89, 265 Orira, 293F Orlu, 74, 76 F, 293 F Orlu Division, 33, 41, 42, 59, 61, 88,

217T Oron, 28, 73, 95, 145 F, 260 F, 293 F Oron ferry, 300 Otamiri River, 88 Outlier Hills, 92-3, 93 F Overpopulation, see Population den-

sity, Settlements Ovim,94 Owerri, 25F, 31, 71F, 87, 140Ft 145F,

147,149,154F,16O,26OF,288

Owerri Province, 19, 26, 31, 38, 42, 46,51,53,60,131,152, 170F, 173F, 187F, 190, 193, 217T, 220T, 227T

Owerrinta, 260 F Ozalla,78

Palm Grove Rehabilitation Scheme, 192-3,236

Palm oil, 24, 26, 192 T, 244,247,248-50, 287. See also Oil palm

Papermanufacture,157,282 'Pax Britannica', 44 Peasants, see Farmers Pennington River, 67 Peremobiri, 156 Petroleum production, 248, 263-4,

269,281 T. See also Oil (petroleum) Physiographic features, see Land­

forms Pigeon pea, 186-90 passim, 187 F, 206.

See also Crops 'Pioneer' industries, 252 Pioneer Oil Mills, 191,249-50,254 Planning authorities, 278 Plantain, 176, 179, 181, 186-90passim,

187 F. See also Crops, Tree crops Plantation agriculture, 50, 170 F, 212-

38, 212T, 213F,214F,216T, 287, 313 Plantations, ENDC, 61, 105-6, 160

162-3, 164,219-25. See also Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation, Estates

Plateau and Escarpment group, 69T, 70F, 75-8, 88-95,111,115,121

Politics and agriculture, 212 Politics and boundaries, 68 Politics and industry, 12, 255, 274-6,

287-8 Polygamy, 35 Population density, 19, 38, 4OF, 41-3,

46-8, 50, 53-4, 64, 74, 82, 88, 96, 102, 107, 109, 115, 120, 152, 156-7, 159, 176-85 passim, 189-90, 217T, 230,231,251,269

Population and development planning, 307,308

Population distribution, 19, 34-54, 95,187,233

356 INDEX

Population growth, 35-6, 36F, 38-40, 45, 150, 181-5 passim

Population growth, urban, 39 T, 63, 280,283,284,286

Population, rural, 38-42 passim, 56-7, 57T,313-14

Population settlement patterns, see Settlement patterns

Port Harcourt, 31,43, 49, 63, 71 F, 72, 154F, 159-60, 170F, 173F, 187F, 242-3,251, 254T, 257T, 258, 26OF, 262-7 passim, 270,272,276,278-82, 279 F, 286, 289, 294-6, 293 F, 302-3, 303F,304T

Port Harcourt, climate, 125T, 126T, 128T, 129T, 130T, 131 T, 132T, 133F, 135T, 136T, 138T, 140F, 141, 142F, 145F, 150F

Port Harcourt Province, 60, 131, 187, 220T,257T

Pottery, 31,74,80,283 Poultry, 182, 193-4,300 Power resources, 71 F, 253, 263, 266-7,

273-4,278,282-3,286,297 Precipitation, see Rainfall Private enterprise, 309 Processing, 247,250-1, 279F. See also

Industrialization Production, primary, 248, 308T, 311 T.

See also Agriculture Protectorate, 30 Protein consumption, 206, 239, 245 Provincial Administration, 288, 290 Pulses, 186-8. See also Legumes

'Quarters' (of settlements), 48, 57

Race, 20 Railways, 251, 263-5 passim, 273, 280,

282,294-9 Rainfall, 52, 53, 86, 122-38 passim,

125T, 126T, 128T, 129T, 130T, 131 T, 132T, 133F, 135T, 136T, 137T, 138T, 145-8, 156, 187-8

Rainforest, 47, 111-13, 156-60 Rainy season, 113, 119, 129-31, 145-8,

180. See also Climate Raphia palm, 103, 156

Raw materials, 250-1, 273, 278, 286, 296

Reafforestation, 118, 119 Red earths, 112. See also Soils Relative humidity, 125 T, 126 T, 128 T,

129T, 130T, 131 T, 132T, 135T, 136T, 137T, 138T, 141, 143F, 144T

Relief, see Landforms Religion, 29, 120, 161, 199 'Ribbon' development, 59-60 Rice, 110, 151, 155-6, 186, 188-90

passim, 214F, 227, 246, 297T River capture, 88-9 Rivers, see Hydrography Rivers Province, 27 T

Roads, 52-3, 59, 60, 63, 82, 160, 227, 271-2, 276-7, 288, 289-94, 290T, 291F,293F,297-8,299,310

Rocks, see Geology Root crops, see Cassava, Cocoyam,

Yam Rubber, 106, 213-15, 214F, 220T,

222F,227T,247-8,251,276,310 Rumuekpe, 265 F Rural attitudes, 61, 120-1, 171, 178,

193,198,201,203,234-5 Rural development, 163, 198, 208,

248. See also Agricultural develop­ment; Population, rural

Rural Development Programme, 215-19,216-17T

Sabagreia, 86 Sahara, 123, 124, 125, 128, 134. See

also Harmattan Sandlands, 52-4 Sandy beaches and ridges, 84 F

Sandy delta plains, 84 F Sankwala Mountains, 96, 97 Sapele, 304 T Sardines, 241 Savanna, 60-1, 152-65. See also

Derived savanna mosaic Saw-milling, see Lumbering School-Ieavers, 248, 258 Season, low-water, 284 Seasons, see Climate, Dry season

Rainy season

INDEX 357 Sengana River, 85,156 Settlement patterns, 48, 55-64, 58 F,

62F, 176. See also Population density, Population distribution

Settlers' Co-operative Society, 225 Shell-BP,72, 263-9, 265F, 304 Shifting cultivation, 47, 48, 52, 115,

172-5, 173F, 187. See also Bush fallowing

Shipping, 281 T, 299-304 Six-Year Development Plan, see

Development Plans Slave trade, 24,26, 30,43-4, 85,286 Sleeping sickness, 47 Social organization, 45-51, 55, 56,

172,178-9,182,184-5,196,199-200, 203,211,215-19,223,234,237,242

Social welfare, 308 T Soil conservation, 114, 118-21, 163-4,

177-80, 182-5, 203, 206-8, 207F Soil erosion and deterioration, 69,

74,77,79, 90-6 passim, 110, 111-21, 177-8,180,182-5.

Soil profiles, 100F, 101 F, 102, 104F, 108F

Soils, 53-4, 98-110, 99F, 100F, 101F, 104F, 108F, 111, 115, 119, 154, 157, 161,174,187-8,200,203-4

Solar radiation (insolation), 139 Sonkwala Mountains, 162 'Sons Abroad', 13, 31, 50, 55, 182.

See also Urban migration Soya beans, 227T. See also Legumes Steel mill, 274. See also Iron and steel Stock fish, 240 T Strip cropping, 119. See also Soil

conservation Stylosanthes gracilis (legume), 121,206 Subsidy Scheme, see Tree Crop

Subsidy Programme Subsistence agriculture, 171-93, 244,

247 Subsistence crops, 185-90. See also

Cassava, Cocoyam, Crops, Yam Super-villages, 57, 61 Swamps, 19, 103-4, 153-6

Tariffs, 254

Taungya system, 164 Technical advice, 249, 269, 278 Technical education, 247, 259, 269,

274,277,283,286,288,309 Temperatures, 122, 125T, 126T, 128T,

129T, 130T, 131 T, 132T, 135T, 136T, 137T, 138T, 139-41, 14OF, 142F

Terrace farming, 46, 76, 91, 103, 119, 173F,182-5,206,208

Tertiary formations, 70F, Appendix. See also Geology

Textiles, 70, 262, 277, 283, 285 Tidal creeks, 84 F Timber, 155, 156,157,250,251,270-3,

287, 297T Tiv, 32, 68, 97 Tobacco, 251, 262T, 281 T Topography, 52, 57, 82-97 passim,

111-18,282,295. See also Landforms Tourist facilities, 195 Town planning, 63, 285-6, 308 Towns, 31, 49-50, 57, 63-4, 85, 86,

257-8,278-86,281T Trade, 26, 30,49,85, 163,248-50,259,

268-9,280,286,299-304,305 Trade winds, see Harmattan Traditional systems of cultivation,

173F,187 Traffic, Rail, 296 T, 297 T Traffic, River, 86-7 Trans-Amadi Industrial Estate, 72,

266,276,280,282,295 Trans-Niger pipeline, 265 F, 267 Transportation, 49, 156, 159,201,208,

250-1, 253, 262T, 265-8, 271-3, 274,276-7,278,280,283-6,289-90, 299,301-4,305

Transport equipment, 262 T Trawlers, 242 Tree Crop Subsidy Programme, 216,

217,234,236 Tree crops, 109, 190-3, 205, 218, 229,

236, 262 T, 310. See also individual tree crops, e.g. Oil palm, Rubber, etc.

Trees, 154, 155-60, 161, 163, 164, 173, 176,180,187, 279F. See also Forest, timber

358 INDEX

Tribes, 19-33, 44, 46-7, 51, 197. See also Ethnic groups

Trunk road mileage, 291 F Trypanosomiasis, 194 Tsetse fiy, 194 Tyre industry, 262, 276-7,282,285

Ubani,221-2 Udi, 76F, 77, 89, 93, 95, 145F, 217T,

293F Udi Division, 43, 61 Udi Escarpment, 282, 283 Udi Forest Reserve, 114 Ugep,63,80,109,145F,292-3 Ughelli Field, 265 F Ugwuaka, 213 F lJkehe, 77,91,113 lJkelle,32 lJkuakoli, 59 lJkwa Lake, 244 Ulonna, 213 F, 227, 228 F, 230 Umuahia, 31, 71 F, 73, 88, 14OF, 145F,

150F, 154F, 160, 173F, 176F, 187F, 213 F, 244, 251, 26O,278,279F,287-8, 293F,298

Umuahia ENDC Estate, 220T, 221, 224F

Umuahia Province, 42, 43, 49, 51-2, 63,152,190, 216T, 239, 257T, 264

Umudike Agricultural Research Centre, 310

Umuezeala, 293 F Umuna Fish Farm, 245-6 Umuogbo Nkwerre, 213 F Unemployment, see Employment Unilever,213 United Africa Company, 269 United Nations, 208 University of Nigeria, 194,203,309 Upper Coal Measures Formation, 69,

70F, 75-6, 76F, 89, 91-3, 182, 246, Appendix

Upper Cross River Basin, 56 Urban centres, see Towns Urban growth, see Industrial develop­

ment, Towns Urban migration, 50, 55, 178, 182,

247,252,296. See also Migration

Urban population, 31, 38-40, 50, 239, 273

Utanga,32 Utile (Entandrophragma utile), 157 Uyanga, 215 Uyo, 28, 111, 140F, 145F, 154F, 160,

170F, 173F, 187F,26OF,293F Uyo Division, 41-3,53,60 Uyo Province, 24, 27T, 152, 194, 217T,

219T, 227, 257T, 264 Uzakoli, 260 F Uzo-Uwani, 213 F, 227, 228 F

Vegetables, 176, 177, 179T, 181, 183F, 186, 214F, 262T

Vegetation, 47, 52-4, 103, 111-21, 152-65, 154F, 163T, 227T, 251

Vehicles, 291-2, 296T, 298 Villages, 31,46-50,55-7,61,63, 176,

181-2,209,226,231 Volcanic intrusions, 79. See also

Geology

Warri, 133 F, 284, 304T Water and erosion, 113, 118, 119. See

also Soil erosion Water resources, 53, 72, 74, 77, 86,

90-1, 115, 118, 134, 148-51, 164, 308T

Water supply, 273-4, 282, 310 Wave-bedding, 119 Weather, 122-51 West Aboine River, 79 West African Airways Corporation

(WAAC),305 West African Iron and Steel Authority,

276 Western Nigeria, Communications

with,295 Winds, see Climate Women, 35, 176, 181,284 Woodland savanna mosaic, see De-

rived savanna Workum (Leffin) Hills, 79, 95 World Bank, see International Bank World market, 223, 247, 265,270,277 World Wars, 118-20, 249, 289, 290,

300,305

INDEX

Yam, 52, 107, 110, 117, 120, 176-90 passim, 183F, 187F, 189F, 204T, 206, 297T

Yenagoa, 140F, 145F, 150F, 154F, 170F, 173F, 187F,265F,293F

Yenagoa Province, 23, 26, 42-3

Yola, 32, 284 Yoruba, 22, 25F, 241

Zebu cattle, 194 Zinc, 71 F, 80

359