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Appendix: Type Numbers of NavalRadar Sets, Operational or Designed,
1935--45
Derek Howse
AIASVBCNCCA
FDGA
GB
GC
GS
HAHt-fndr
IFF- Air interception- Air to surface vessel INT-Beacon LA-Carrier Controlled Ap- Rg.
proach- Fighter direction Rx-Gunnery fire control, Sw.
aircraft, high angle (or TIcombined low angle Txand high angle) WA
-Gunnery fire control, WCbarrage
-Gunnery fire control, Wg.close range, high angle
-Gunnery fire control, WSsurface (i.e, low angle)
- High angle ::::::- Height-finder
- Identification Friend orFoe
- Interrogator-Low angle- In the ranging mode
(Types 279 and 281)-Receiver-sweeps- Target indication- Transmitter- Warning of aircraft- Warning (combined air-
craft and surface)- In the warning mode
(Types 279 and 281)- Warning of surface
craft- Variable around this
frequency
In the numbering of Naval radar sets, the first, second and third majormodifications to the basic set were indicated by the suffixes M, P and Qrespectively, ego Type 286P. The suffix B indicated adaptation to single-mastworking.
Information not available is generally marked with a dash.
309
Typ
eC
lass
ifim
tion
Wav
elen
gth
Freq
.Po
wer
To
sea
w ......
num
ber
nom
inal
(MH
z)(k
W)
(aba
ndon
ed)
Des
crip
tion
0
79W
A7
5m
39-4
270
1938
Lon
gra
nge
air
war
nin
gfo
rla
rge
ship
s.Se
e27
9.79
BW
A7
5m
39-4
270
1941
Sing
le-m
aste
dve
rsio
nof
79(o
rigi
nall
y79
M).
91Ja
mm
erSO
cm-3
m90
-600
lQ--
25w
l19
41Ja
mm
ing
ofG
erm
anm
etri
can
dde
cim
etri
cra
dar.
Init
iall
ysi
ne-
wav
em
odul
atio
n,ul
tim
atel
yno
ise
.24
1IN
T1
5m
214
-19
41Fo
ru
sew
ith
281
&IF
FM
k2N
.24
2In
t15
m18
2or
179
119
43Fo
rus
ew
ith
WS
and
WC
sets
and
IFF
Mk
3.24
2MIN
T1
5m
182
or17
92-
10
1943
Ditt
o24
3IN
T1
5m
179
or17
11
1943
For
use
wit
h28
1&
IFF
Mk
3.24
4IN
T1
5m
--
1943
For
use
wit
hU
ST
yp
eSL
&IF
FM
k3.
245
!NT
15m
--
1944
For
FDsh
ips.
251/
M/P
BeN
15
m17
6or
177
719
42M
odif
ied
RA
Ftr
ansp
on
der
code
dto
give
ship
s'id
enti
ty.
252
IFF
15
m38
-52
&-
1942
IFF
Mk
2in
ship
s.19
5-22
025
3/P
IFF
15
mSw
.157
-187
1019
43IF
FM
k3
insh
ips.
Sw
eeps
freq
uenc
y.
253S
IFF
15
mSw
.157
-187
1019
4325
3w
hen
fitt
edas
hore
.25
5B
eN1
5m
214
-19
44M
arke
rbu
oyfo
ru
seo
nly
wit
h29
1.25
6B
eN1
5m
214
-19
44Sh
ore
rada
rbe
acon
for
use
only
wit
h29
1.25
7C
CA
3cm
--
1945
?C
arri
erco
ntro
lled
appr
oach
(BA
BS)
.25
8B
eN1
5m
179/
182
-19
43M
k3
shor
era
dar
beac
onre
spo
nd
ing
to24
2.25
9B
eN1
5m
--
1944
Mk
3be
acon
for
carr
iers
resp
ondi
ngto
Al
Mk
10.
261
WS
50cm
--
(194
1)B
ased
on28
2.26
1WW
S3c
m-
-(1
942)
Ear
ly3c
md
evel
opm
ent
,le
adin
gto
267W
.26
2G
C3c
m::::::
9650
2019
45ST
AA
G,
CR
BFD
263
GB
3cm
--
(194
5)A
uto
-bar
rage
for
mai
nor
seco
nd
ary
arm
amen
t,re
plac
ing
283.
26
7W
/MW
/PW
WS
/WC
3cm
&:::
:::96
7015
-25
1945
Subm
arin
es.
Hy
brid
WS
/WC
wit
hco
mm
ondi
spla
y.
15
m&
214
&10
026
8W
S3c
m94
00-
1945
For
coas
tal
forc
es,
repl
acin
g29
1U.
269
GS
3cm
1000
0-
(194
3)M
odif
ied
3-em
AI
set
for
coas
tal
forc
esg
un
nery
.
27
1/M
/PW
S10
cm~3000
5-lO
1941
Smal
lsh
ips.
271Q
WS
10cm
~3000
7019
43Sm
all
ship
s.2
72
/M/P
WS
10cm
~3000
5-lO
1941
Smal
lcr
uise
rs,
carr
iers
,sl
oops
,et
c.2
73
/M/P
WS
10cm
~3000
5-10
1941
Lar
gesh
ips.
273Q
WS
lOcm
~3000
7019
43L
arge
ship
s.27
4G
SlO
cm~3300
400
1944
Mai
nar
mam
ent
dire
ctor
s,re
plac
ing
284.
275
GA
lOcm
3530
400
1945
HA
dire
ctor
s(H
A/L
Adi
rect
ors
inde
stro
yers
),re
plac
ing
285.
276
WS
lOcm
3000
500
1944
Smal
lsh
ips,
repl
acin
g27
1/2.
27
7/P
/QW
S10
cm3,
000
500
1944
Rep
lace
d27
1/2
/3.
Cou
ldm
easu
reap
prox
imat
eel
evat
ion.
277S
WS
/lo
wai
rlO
cm30
00SO
O19
4327
7pe
rman
ent
shor
ein
stal
lati
onfo
rsu
rfac
ean
dlo
wai
r.27
7TW
S/l
ow
air
lOcm
3000
500
1943
Tra
iler
-mou
nted
277.
'Mon
rads
'.27
9W
A7
5m
39-4
2W
g.70
1940
Lon
g-r
ange
air
war
ning
for
larg
esh
ips.
Typ
e79
with
gunn
ery
Rg .
6Ora
ngin
g.28
0W
A/G
A3.
6m82
2519
40B
ased
onA
rmy
GL
l.In
Car
lisle
and
'Ban
k'cl
ass
ship
son
ly.
281
WA
35
m86
-94
Wg
.600
1940
Lon
g-ra
nge
air
war
ning
for
larg
esh
ips.
Rg.
l,OO
O28
1BW
A3
5m
86-9
460
019
43S
ingl
e-m
aste
dve
rsio
nof
28t.
281B
M/B
P/B
QW
A3
5m
86-9
435
019
45C
onti
nuou
sro
tati
on.
282
GC
50cm
~600
1519
41P
orn-
porn
dire
ctor
s,et
c.2
82
Ml/
M2
/M3
GC
50cm
~600
60or
8019
42In
crea
sed
pow
er.
282M
4G
C50
cm~600
60or
8019
42B
eam
-sw
itch
ing.
282Q
GC
50cm
~600
150
-B
eam
-sw
itch
ing
and
incr
ease
dpo
wer
.2
83
/MG
B50
cm~600
150
1943
Aut
o-ba
rrag
efo
rm
ain
orse
cond
ary
arm
amen
ts.
28
4/M
/PG
S50
cm~600
As
282
1940
Mai
nar
mam
ent
dire
ctor
s.2
85
/M/P
/QG
A50
cm~600
As
282
1940
HA
dire
ctor
s(H
A/L
Adi
rect
ors
inde
stro
yers
).2
86
M/P
WC
15
m21
47
1940
Smal
lsh
ips.
286M
fixe
dae
rial
,28
6Pre
volv
ing
aeri
al28
6PQ
WC
15
m21
410
019
43Sm
all
ship
s.H
ighe
rpo
wer
.28
6UW
C1
5m
214
719
41C
oast
alfo
rces
.28
6WW
C1
5m
214
719
41S
ubm
arin
es.
287
Min
ewat
ch50
cm~600
1519
4128
4ad
apte
dfo
rm
inew
atch
ing
asho
re.
288(
1)G
C50
cm~600
15(1
941)
284
adap
ted
for
Arm
edM
erch
ant
Cru
iser
s.V
J ......
......
Typ
eC
las s
ifica
tion
Wav
elen
gth
Freq
.Po
wer
To
sea
VJ .....
num
ber
nom
inal
(MH
z)(k
W)
(aba
ndon
ed)
Des
crip
tion
N
288(
2)G
C5D
em~600
15-
284
adap
ted
for
trai
nin
gas
hore
.28
9G
A70
cm~430
-19
40D
utch
.Fit
ted
inIs
aac
Swee
rsan
dH
eem
sker
ckon
ly.
290
WC
15
m21
410
019
41Sm
all
ship
s,re
plac
ing
286
but
aban
done
din
favo
urof
291.
291/M
WC
15
m21
410
019
41Sm
all
ship
s,re
pla
cing
286/
290.
291U
WC
15m
214
100
1943
Coa
stal
forc
es.
291W
WC
15
m21
410
019
43S
ubm
arin
es.
29
3/M
WC
/TI
10cm
3000
500
1944
Des
troy
ers
and
abov
e.R
epla
ced
271/
2/3
.29
4W
C/F
DlO
cm30
00-
(194
4)C
ombi
ned
plan
-dis
play
and
heig
htfi
ndin
g,re
pla
cing
277.
295
WC
/FD
lOcm
3000
-(1
944)
Hig
her-
pow
ered
294.
650
Jam
mer
~6m
~50
IG-2
0w19
44Ja
mm
ing
ofai
r-la
unc
hed
FX14
00an
dH
S29
3an
ti-s
hip
guid
edw
eapo
ns.S
ine-
wav
em
odul
atio
n.
651
Jam
mer
~6m
~50
2x
lkw
1944
As
Typ
e65
0bu
tca
pabl
eof
hand
ling
muI
ti-m
issi
leat
tack
.C
Wm
odu
lati
on.
930
GS
/spl
ash
IDem
3000
719
45S
plas
h-sp
otti
ng;
Nav
alve
rsio
nof
Arm
yC
AN
o.1,
Mk
.5('
Wil
liam
').
931
GS
/spl
ash
1.25
cm~24000
-19
45S
plas
h-sp
otti
ng,
Can
adia
n.
940/
1IN
T1 5
m20
91
1944
G-b
and
inte
rrog
ato
rw
ith
281B
P/B
Q.
951
BeN
--
--
Mar
ker
beac
onfo
rus
ew
ith
lOcm
WS
and
WC
sets
.95
2B
CN
Rx
3cm
Rx~9400
-19
45P
orta
ble
com
bine
dop
s.na
viga
tion
al.
Tri
gger
edby
X-b
and,
Tx
15
mT
x18
2re
spon
seon
Typ
e24
2.96
0W
A3.
4m~88
450
1946
Lon
g-ra
nge
air
war
ning
for
larg
esh
ips,
repl
acin
g28
1/79
/279
.96
1C
CA
3cm
~9320
--
Car
rier
cont
roll
edap
proa
ch.
Mod
ifie
dA
SVII
.97
0W
S10
cm~3300
-19
43C
ombi
ned
oper
atio
ns.
Mod
ifie
dR
AF
H2S
II.
971
/MW
S3c
m~9320
-19
45A
s97
0b
ut
base
don
H2
SII
I.97
2W
S3c
m~9375
-19
46S
urve
ying
.98
0W
C/F
D1O
em30
0050
0(1
949)
Figh
ter
dire
ctio
np
lan
disp
lay,
repl
acin
g29
4/5.
981
Ht-
f nd
r10
cm30
0050
0(1
949)
Figh
ter
dire
ctio
nhe
igh
tfin
der
,re
plac
ing
294/
5.99
0W
C10
cm30
00-
(194
4)L
owco
ver,
togo
wit
h96
0,29
4/5
.99
2T
IID
em
3000
-19
59T
arge
tin
dica
tion,
repl
acin
g29
3.
Am
eric
anse
tsfi
tted
inB
ritis
hsh
ips
SA SG SJ SK SL SM-1
SO SQ
WA
WS
WS
WA
WS
FD WS
WS
15
m10
cm10
cm15
m10
cm10
.7cm
10cm
12cm
~3195
~2800
1943
1943
1945
1943
1943
1944
1944
1945
Cap
tain
and
Col
ony-
clas
sfr
igat
es.
Esc
ort
carr
iers
,In
dom
itabl
e,V
icto
riou
s.S
ubm
arin
esTi
ptoe
and
Tru
mp.
Esc
ort
carr
iers
.C
apta
inan
dC
olo
ny-c
lass
frig
ates
.C
arri
ers
Indo
mita
ble,
Oce
an;
FDsh
ips
Boxe
r,Pa
lom
ares
.C
oast
alfo
rces
,B
igsh
ips'
por
tab
le'a
fter
-act
ion'
set.
Nav
alA
irbo
rne
Rada
r
ASV
Mk.
IIA
SV15
m17
6-
1940
Sta
ndar
dR
AF
vers
ion
.A
SVM
k.I
INA
SV1
5m
214
7-22
1941
Nav
al
vers
ion
ofA
SVII
.Sw
ordf
ish,
Wal
rus,
Alb
acor
e,B
arra
cuda
ASV
Mk
.XI
ASV
3cm
-35
-50
1943
Sw
ordf
ish
III,
Bar
racu
da
III.
ASB
ASV
15m
214
-19
44U
Sco
pyof
ASV
lIN
.Ave
nger
.A
SHA
SV/A
I3c
m~9375
3519
44U
SA
NIA
PS-4
.Ave
nger
,Fi
refl
y.B
arra
cuda
V.
AI
Mk.
IVA
I1
5m
-10
1944
F ulm
ar.
AlA
AI
3cm
--
1945
US
AN
IAPS
-6.
Hel
lcat
.
Prin
cipa
lsou
rce:
Adm
iral
ty,
CB
4497
,Si
mpl
eG
uide
toN
aval
Rada
r(1
949)
.
ID
epen
ding
up
onfr
equ
ency
.w .....
.w
Glossary of Technical Terms andAbbreviations Used in This Work
AAABABUACNSAcorn valve
ADEEAdmiraltyorganization
ADPADRADRDE
AFCAFCCAFCTAFOAGCAGEAIAICAIOAITCA/IAMRE
ANCXFAOPAORARLARM
ARPA/SA-scanASCBS
Anti-aircraftAble SeamanAuto-barrage unit for radar-controlled blind-fireAssistant Chief of Naval StaffA small high-frequency valve about 'l-In in diameter shapedlike an acorn, with the leads arranged radially around themiddle of the envelopeAir Defence Experimental Establishment (Army)Divisions of the Naval Staff were responsible for operationalmatters, such as the Operations, Plans, Training and StaffDuties, and Naval Intelligence Divisions, reported to the FirstSea Lord through the Deputy and Assistant Chiefs of NavalStaff. Admiralty Departments generally responsible for materielmatters, such as the Naval Ordnance, Naval Construction,Scientific Research, and Signals Departments, reported to theController. Operational sections of the Signal Department andthe Naval Ordnance Department were in London, materielsections in Bath from the outbreak of warAir Defence PositionAircraft Direction RoomAir Defence Research and Development Establishment (Army)(formerly ADEE, qv)Automatic Frequency ControlAdmiralty Fire Control ClockAdmiralty Fire Control TableAdmiralty Fleet OrderAutomatic Gain Control, in a receiverAdmiralty Gunnery EstablishmentAir interception (airborne radar)Action Information CentreAction Information OrganizationAction Information Training CentreAnti-jamming (techniques)Air Ministry Research Establishment, later the Telecommunications Research EstablishmentAllied Naval Commander-in-Chief Expeditionary ForceAngle of presentation (of an aircraft target)Air Operations RoomAdmiralty Research LaboratoryAvailability, Reliability, Maintainability (of electronic equipment)Auto-radar plotAnti-submarineSee DisplayAdmiral Superintendent, Contract-Built Ships
315
316
Asdic
ASE
ASVAzicate
AzimuthBack echoes
Beam-riding
Beam-switching
BFO
Blind fire
BPFBPRBR
BTHBTLBWOCACAAICCAFOCAPCB
CCUCDCDSCGCHCHLC-in-CCO
Common T/Rworking
CPOCPU
Glossary
Underwater detection equipment using acoustic waves . Anacronym based on Allied Submarine Detection InvestigationalCommittee (c.1920). US - Sonar (q.v.)Admiralty Signal Establishment (formed in August 1941 fromthe Experimental Department of HM Signal School)Air to surface vessel (airborne radar)I Azimuth indicate' - to direct a radar of narrow antennabeamwidth onto a target, using an associated radar of widersearch beamwidthHorizontal angle measured about a nominally vertical axisThe main beam of a directional antenna is accompanied bysome radiation in other, unwanted, directions, known as sidelobes or back lobes. Such lobes can give rise to echoes fromlarge targets at short ranges in those directions, which can bewrongly attributed to the direction of the main beam. Suchunwanted responses are known as side echoes or back echoesA method of controlling a missile in flight whereby a radarbeam held on the target is used by the missile to derive its ownguidance signalsA method of obtaining accurate bearing and/or elevation of atarget by rapid switching of the radar beam between twoadjacent directions, thus producing two echoes. When theechoes are equally matched, the bearing is correctBeat frequency oscillator, in a receiver, to produce an audibleoutput from an unmodulated carrier inputUsing radar bearing, range, and if necessary elevation to fire atan unseen targetBritish Pacific FleetBridge Plotting RoomBook of Reference - an Admiralty publication with a securityclassification of Restricted or lowerThe British Thomson-Houston Co LtdBell Telephone LaboratoriesBridge Wireless OfficeCoast Artillery (Army radar)Computer-Assisted Action Information CentreConfidential Admiralty Fleet OrderCombat air patrolConfidential Book - an Admiralty publication with a securityclassification above RestrictedChart comparison unit, for optical matching to PPI displayCoast Defence (army radar)Comprehensive display systemCentre of gravityChain Home (RAF radar)Chain Home Low (RAF radar)Commander-in-ChiefCommanding Officer, or Chain Overseas (RAF radar) seecontextThe use of a single antenna array for both transmitting andreceivingChief Petty OfficerContinuous Prediction Unit
Glossary 317
CRBFDCRDFCROCRPCRTCSWSCWCVD
CVEOCOCNSOCT
DEDFDGDDiplexerDipole
DirectorDiscrimination
Display, radar
Close-range blind-fire directorCathode-ray direction finder (passive receiving equipment>Cathode-ray oscillographClose-range predictorCathode-ray tubeCivilian Shore-Wireless ServiceContinuous-wave (transmission)Coordination of Valve Development (Committee) (sometimesassumed to be Communications Valve Development)Escort aircraft carrier (US)Direct currentDeputy Chief of Naval StaffDirector control tower, on which gunnery radar antennae weremounted, placed high in the ship to get the best possible viewof the target, visually and by radar. Its laying and training onthe target was followed (via the TS (qvi) by individual turretsand guns when in 'director firing' , the normal method. Oftenabbreviated to Director. See also HA DirectorDestroyer escort (US)Direction findingDirector of the Gunnery and AA Warfare DivisionDevice to enable common transmit/receive functionsAntenna element of two equal collinear rods, centre-fed, of totallength equal to about one half the wavelengthCommon term for DCT (director control tower) (qv).In radar, the ability to distinguish between (and if necessaryrange on) two targets close together. Range discrimination isachieved by very short pulse length, bearing discrimination, bynarrow beamwidth. Also used to define the ability of radioreceivers to distinguish between signals of different frequencyThe method of presenting radar echoes to the observer. Themost common naval types were:
'A'-Display (formerly A-scan, the term generally used in thisbook), which shows the target's range (but not bearing) whenthe radar beam is trained on it.PPJ (plan position indicator), which shows simultaneously bothrange and bearing of targets as bright spots on a CRT with along afterglow. It thus gives a complete picture of thesurroundings as detected by radar. PPI display normallyrequires the antenna to be kept spinning or sweeping.Skiatron; a display involving the optical projection of a form ofPPI onto a ground-glass screen, to facilitate plotting. Echoesappear as dark paints, as opposed to PPI where they arenormally bright echoes on a dark background.Sector display, which shows on a type of 'A' Display all echoeswithin one or more selected small sectors of bearing. Used inheight estimation and interrogation positions .Meters are sometimes used to match echoes produced by beamswitching.HPJ (height position indicator), which, for a given bearing,shows elevation, range, and height on a display like that of aPPI
318
DNCDNIDNODREDSDDSIRDSRDTMDTSDE-boatECM
EHTElint
EMEMFEMIERAEWFAAFCFDFDOFKCFree-Space
FWOGAGainGBGCGCIGDRGECGEMA
GLGMSGOPGRUGRUBGSHAHACPHACSHA DirectorHEHFHFDF
Glossary
Director of Naval ConstructionDirector of Naval IntelligenceDirector of Naval OrdnanceDirector of Radio EquipmentDirector of the Signal Department/DivisionDepartment of Scientific and Industrial ResearchDirector of Scientific Research and Experiment (Admiralty)Director of Torpedoes and MiningDirector of Training and Staff DutiesGerman MTB (qv)Electronic countermeasures - anti-radio/radar techniques andtactics, particularly the jamming of transmissions, or theproduction of artificial target echoes. Formerly RCM (qv)Extra high tension (high voltage)Electronic intelligence - the gathering of data by ECM (qv)techniques. Formerly known as 'Y' (qv)Electro-magnetic (waves)Electro-motive force (voltage)Electrical & Musical Industries LtdElectrical Research AssociationElectronic warfare, or Early Warning (radar) (see context)fleet Air ArmFire controlFighter directionFighter Direction OfficerFuze-keeping clockA hypothetical concept used in simplified calculations of radarperformance, in which the presence of the earth's surface ingiving rise to a reflection component is ignored.fleet Wireless OfficerGunnery Fire Control , Aircraft (RN radar from 1943)Factor by which power is increasedGunnery Fire Control, Barrage (RN radar)Gunnery Fire Control, Close-range (RN radar)Ground Control of Interception (RAF radar)Gun direction roomThe General Electric Company Limited (of England)Gesellschaft fur Electroakustische und Mechanische Aufbau(manufacturer of German Naval radars)Gun Laying (Army anti-aircraft radar)Guided missile systemGeneral Operations PlotGyro-rate unitGyro-rate unit boxGunnery Fire Control, Surface (RN radar)High angle (gunnery)High Angle Control Position. Analogous to the TS (qv)High angle control systemA DCT (qv) when applied to long-range AA systemsHeight estimation of an aircraft targetHigh frequencyHigh-frequency direction-finding
Glossary 319
HFP
HMSS
HPIHTIFIFF
Interrogator
K-bandKlystron
kydLALaLoran
LOPLOSLRSLSF
MADPMagnetron
ManPMGBMHz
Mile
MITMLMNMPIMPP
MRUMTBNIB
Height Filtering Position, where all available radar heightfinding information is received, filtered, and passed to where it isrequiredHis Majesty's Signal School, until 1941 housed in the RoyalNaval Barracks, Portsmouth. HMSS's Experimental Department, responsible for radar development, became ASE in 1941Height position indicator. See DisplayHeight transmission (of target data)Intermediate frequency of a radar receiverIdentification Friend or Foe - an ultra-high-frequency radiointerrogatorlresponser (qv) and transponder (qv) system used inassociation with warning radars to differentiate betweenfriendly and hostile or unidentified contactsA secondary radar transmitter that could activate an IFFtransponder. See IFFElectromagnetic wavelengths of about 1.25-cm (24 000 MHz).Radio valve for amplifying or generating centimetric microwaves by forming electrons into bunches as they cross a gap, ina resonatorKiloyard (one thousand yards)Low angle (gunnery)Local oscillator, in a superheterodyne receiverAmerican LOng RAnge Navigational aid operating in the lowfrequency band.Local operations plotLine of sightLong-range systemLanding ship, fighter direction (a landing ship adapted forfighter direction)Main air display plotMicrowave generator employing an external magnetic field. Inits resonant-cavity development capable of producing extremely high power-outputManoeuvre predictorMotor gunboat.Unit of operating frequency (MegaHertz); frequency inMHz x wavelength in metres = 300Where 'mile' is used in this book as a unit for distance at sea,the nautical or sea mile should be assumed - one minute oflatitude, equivalent to 6080 ft (usually rounded off to 2000 ydsin Naval practice, including wartime British Naval radar) and1.8532 kilometres. The English land mile is 1760-ydsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMotor launchMerchant NavyMean point of impact (gunnery)Most probable position, from cross-bearings of shore-based DF.
'Much regret, unable'; signal response to an RPC invitation.Motor Torpedo BoatNoise Investigation Bureau, for classifying and analysingintercepted enemy transmissions.
320
NIDnmNODNPLNRC
NRLNVA
NZDSIROROTCPDFPMOPOPPIPrfPITRadarRadar beacon
RadiolocationRadome
RAERate-aiding
RCRCMRCNVRRDFRDR
Responser
RFrms
RNRNRRNVRRNV(W) RRNZNVRRORP
Glossary
Naval Intelligence DivisionNautical mile - see Mile.Naval Ordnance DepartmentNational Physical LaboratoryNational Research Council of Canada
Naval Research Laboratory (USA)Nachrichtenversuchsabteilung (German equivalent of HMSignal School)New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial ResearchOperations Room(Univers ity) Officers Training CorpsProbability distribution functionPrincipal Medical OfficerPetty OfficerPlan position indicator. See DisplayPulse repetition frequencyGerman Post, Telegraph and Telephone organisationAn acronym from RAdio Detection And RangingA type of IFF transponder that could be used for navigational orhoming purposes by any suitably equipped ship, aircraft orland vehicle.The early name for radarRadar dome, protecting the antenna array from wind, weatherand sprayRoyal Aircraft Establishment (RAF)A mechanical or sometimes electrical means of establishing therate of change of a target's range, bearing or elevation byfollowing its position as smoothly as possible. The fire-controldirector or radar antenna was then driven at these rates byremote power control (RPC)/servo-mechanism (qv), whichhelped the operators follow the target more smoothly, whichin turn resulted in more accurate determination of the targetratesRadar control (ratings)Radar countermeasures - earlier name for ECM (qv).Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer ReserveRadarRadar Display Room. The compartment of the Action Information Centre where displays from all warning sets, and theHeight Filtering Position, were situatedA secondary radar receiver to accept the response from atransponderRadio frequencyRoot-mean-square - square root of the arithmetic mean of thesquares of a set of numbers (statistics)Royal NavyRoyal Naval ReserveRoyal Naval Volunteer ReserveRoyal Naval Volunteer (Wireless) ReserveRoyal New Zealand Naval Volunteer ReserveRadar officerRadar plot (ratings)
Glossary 321
RPC
RRDERITRTUSAS-bandScanning
Servomechanism
Side echoesSkiatronSNSOSonar
Sp.
Specialintelligence
SRDESRDFOSS
SIT
STAAGStaff
Requirements
STCSWR
TB cellThyratron
TITIRTIUTransponder
Remote power control. See Servo-mechanism. Also, see context,'Request the pleasure of your company', an invitation bysignalRadar Research and Development Establishment (Army)Radio telephonyRange transmission unitShip-to-Air (RN radar up to 1943)Electromagnetic wavelengths of about 10 em (3000 MHz)The technical process whereby some radar sets automaticallysearch in azimuth or in elevation, or in both simultaneouslyA closed-loop control system in which a small input powercontrols a large output power in a strictly proportionatemanner. In this book, it is usually synonymous with remotepower controlSee Back echoesSee DisplaySuperintending Naval Store OfficerUnderwater detection equipment. Acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging. The US version of British Asdic (qv)The Special Branch of the RNVR, to which many wartime radarofficers belonged, for example, Lieutenant (Sp.) A. B. Jones,RNVR.from a particularly sensitive and absolutely reliable source,available as a result of the solution of high-grade codes andcyphers, distributed to specially selected and severely restrictednumbers of recipients by means of one-time pad cyphers. Codename: Ultra (qv)Signals Research and Development Establishment (Army)Senior Radio Direction Finding OfficerShip-to-Ship (RN radar up to 1943). Or Signal School (seecontext)Sonic Telegraphy, for communications with or betweensubmerged submarinesStabilized tachymetric anti-aircraft gunWhen the development of a new Naval system or equipmentwas proposed, the operational requirements - in terms of range(maximum and minimum), accuracy, tactical deployment and,for radar, operating frequency - would be prepared by theNaval Staff with help and discussions with AdmiraltyDepartments. These would be formalized as 'Staff Requirements' and sanctioned or rejected by the Admiralty Board.They then became the agreed basis for technical developmentStandard Telephones & Cables LtdStanding-wave ratio, a measure of the mismatch between anantenna and its associated feeder.Unit for blocking transmissions from entering a radar receiverA gas-filled valve with heated cathode, able to carry very highcurrents, which operated as a switchTarget indicationTarget indication roomTarget indication unitA radio or radar device that, on receiving a signal, transmits asignal of its own, as with IFF (qv)
322
TR cell
TRE
TS
TVA
U-boatUOU
UHFUltra
USCGCUSNVACNAVHFVLFVISVSTVswr
VT fuze
WAWavelengthWCWOWindow
WMPWorking up
WRNSWSWITWWlWW2X-band
Glossary
Unit to permit Transmit/Receive operation on a single radarantennaTelecommunications Research Establishment (RAF). FormerlyAMRETransmitting Station - a compartment between decks whichhoused the fire-control predictors. They were fed with targetinformation (range, bearing, elevation) from optical instruments (sights and rangefinders) and / or radar equipmenttrained on the target; they calculated the future position ofthe target; and they transmitted to the gun mountings thepredicted ranges, bearings and elevations for the guns to hit thetarget. In larger ships, the TS was concerned with LA (surface)fire control only, the HA equivalent being the HACP (qv)Torpedoversuchsanstalt (German torpedo research Establishment)German submarineUniversal display unit, containing a PPI and sector display (seeDisplay), which could be used with a range of Naval radarsystemsUltra high frequency, 300-3000 MHzCode name and message prefix for Special Intelligence (qv), andfor messages containing special intelligenceUnited States Coast Guard CutterUnited States NavyVice-Admiral Commanding, North AtlanticVery high frequency, 30-300 MHzVery low frequency, 3-30 kHzVisual signallingVariable smoothing timeVoltage standing-wave ratio (maximum-to-minimum) in amismatched transmission system.Velocity trigger fuze - a proximity fuze that uses radarprinciples to initiate the detonation of a shell or bomb at asupposedly lethal distance from an air target or at a set heightabove a surface target.Warning of Aircraft (RN radar from 1943)Wavelength of operation in metres x frequency in MHz = 300Warning, Combined aircraft and surface (RN radar)Weapon directionMetal-foil strips, dropped in quantity from aircraft, which gaveechoes capable of screening the aircraft from air defence radars.Also used on occasion to simulate large convoys of Allied shipsin the deception role during invasion operations'With much pleasure', signal response to an RPC invitation.A period spent in exercises working up the efficiency of theship's company of ships newly commissioned after building orrefitWomen's Royal Naval ServiceWarning of Surface craft (RN radar)Wireless telegraphyWorld War 1, 1914-18World War 2,1939-45Electromagnetic wavelengths of about 3-cm (10000 MHz)
Glossary 323
Y equipment
Y service
Receiving and DF equipment employed for obtaining andanalysing radio intelligence. Later known as Elint (qv)Organization for the interception and DF of enemy radio/radarsignals
Select Bibliography
General
By the very nature of this volume, the principal sources of information on thevarious topics presented, from historical background through innovativeconcepts, experiment, development, production, installation, maintenance andoperational application lie in the Ministry of Defence sphere. The major source isthe archive collection of formal documents, technical reports and appreciationscontained in the surviving records of the Defence Research Establishment,Portsdown (originally the Experimental Department of HM Signal School, and ,from 1941, the Admiralty Signal Establishment). Some of these are already held atthe Public Record Office, Kew, as the ADM 220 series of documents. Others, stillheld in the Establishment, but not yet accessible to the general public, awaitreview before submission to the PRO archives. Nevertheless access to thesedocuments has been permitted by the Director for the various contributoryauthors to this work, to supplement their own recollections of wartime activities.This is acknowledged with gratitude. Thanks are also due to the Director of theDefence Research Establishment, Malvern (originally the Air Ministry ResearchEstablishment, Bawdsey, and later the Telecommunications Research Establishment) , for granting similar facilities.
Other important sources of information exist at HMS Collingwood (such as thecollection of handbooks for wartime naval radar), and at the Ministry of Defence'sNaval Historical Branch in London. The Admiralty's RadarManual (Use of Radar)of 1945 (CB 4182/45, ADM 239/307) contains useful contemporary informationon user matters. Both these sources have contributed handsomely in thepreparation of this work.
One major published source of technical information on the whole range ofService radar developments during the war exists in the form of the volumes ofthe 'Proceed ings of the Radiolocation Convention' held by the Institution ofElectrical Engineers in London in 1946, published in a special edition of theInstitution's Journal: volume 93, part IlIA, parts 1 to 10. Considerable reference toindividual papers in these Proceedings has been made, and identified, by variousauthors contributing to this work. Similarly, there is reference in the presentvolume to the 'Proceedings of the Communications Convention' held by the sameInstitution in London in 1947, also published in a special edition of theInstitution's journal, vol. 94, part IlIA, 1947.
In 1986 the Naval Radar Trust initiated the collection and classification ofrecollections, notebooks, diaries and so on, as the basis for the preparation of thetechnical monographs ultimately presented herein. The original material is to bepreserved in the Churchill Archive Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge (CAC)as the 'NRT' series. Ultimately, these will be available for inspection onapplication.
325
326 Select Bibliography
Finally this bibliography includes reference to several published works thatprovide further technical background of a supporting nature, or as accounts ofoperational events in which wartime radar played a significant part.
Printed sources
ADMIRALTY, BR 1736 - Naval StaffHistories (select list)(6) Mediterranean, Selected Operations 1940 (1943) - ADM 234/325.(7) The Passage of the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen Through the
English Channel (1948) - ADM 186/803(11) Selected Convoys (Mediterranean), 1941-1942 (1957) - ADM 234/336.(17) Sinkingof the Scharnhorst (1950) - ADM 234/343.(42) Operation 'Neptune', 2 vols (1947) - ADM 234/366--7.(43) Naval Operations in theAssaultand Capture of Okinawa, March-June 1945
(Operation 'Iceberg') (1950) - ADM 234/368.(44) Arctic Convoys, 1941-1945 (1954) - ADM 234/369.(48/2) Home Waters and Atlantic, April 1940 - December 1941 (1961) - ADM
234/372.(50) Warwith Japan - Vol. VI, TheAdvance on Japan (1959) - ADM 234/379.(51) Defeat of the EnemyAttackon Shipping, 1939-1945, 2 vols (1957) - ADM
234/578.(52) Submarines Vol. 1, Home & Atlantic; vol.2, Mediterranean; Vol. 3, Far East
(1953, 1955, 1956) - ADM 234/380-2.(53) The Development of British Naval Aviation, 1919-1945, 2 vols (1954, 1956)
- ADM 234/383-4.---, Admiralty Fleet Orders (AFOs) and Confidential Admiralty Fleet
Orders (CAFOs) - ADM 182 series .---, CB 04050 series, Monthly Anti-submarine Reports - ADM 199/2057-62.---, CB 04110 series, HMSSjASE monthly reports, 1941-6 - copies DRE.- - - , CB 04272 series, Coastal Forces Periodic Review - copies NHB.---, CB 4224 (42), Heightfinding by RD.F. (1942) - copy HMS Collingwood---, CB 04092/42, Instructions for the Use of IFF Setsand RDF Beacons (1942) -
ADM 239/293.---, CB 04092A/42, Summary of RDF Identification (IFF, RDF Beacons and
Interrogators) (1942) - ADM 239/294.---,CB 04262, Notes on the Direction ofFighters byHM Ships (1942 and 1944-5)
- ADM 239/352 and photocopy CAe.---, CB 3090, Instructions for Installation and Fitting of RD.F. Equipment and
Associated Communications (1943)- copy NHB and photocopy CAC; not found inPRO.
---, CB 04092/44, Instructions for the Use of IFF Transponders and RadarBeacons byAlliedForces (1944) - ADM 239/295.
---, CB 4224(44), Height-finding by Radar (1944) - copy HMS Collingwood.- --, CB 004385 A, B, C, Report by the Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief
Expeditionary Force on Operation 'Neptune'. (The AssaultPhase of theInvasion of NWEurope, Operation 'Overlord'), 3 vols (Oct. 1944) - ADM 239/367.
---, CB 03143, Instructions forCoastal Force Warfare (1944), with appendix onControl Ship technique (1945) - ADM 239/220.
---, CB 4182/45, Radar Manual (Use of Radar) (1945) - ADM 239/307 andphotocopy CAe.
---, CB 3180, Height Determination by Radar (1949) - copy HMSCollingwood.
Select Bibliography 327
---, CB 4497, Simple Guide to Naval Radar (1949) - copy NHB and photocopyCAC; not found in PRO.
---, BR 2435, ex-CB 3213, Technical Staff Monograph: Radar 1939-45 (1954) ADM 234/539 and photocopy CAC.
AIR MINISTRY (Air Historical Branch), Second World War, RAF Signals-Vol. IV (CD 1063), Radar in RaidReporting (1950) - AIR 10/5519; Vol. VI (SD736),Radio in Maritime Warfare (1954) - AIR 10/5555.
ALLISON, D. K , New Eye for the Navy: the Origin of Radar in the Naval ResearchLaboratory, NRL report 8466 (Washington DC, 1981).
BALDWIN, Ralph B., The Deadly Fuze: Secret Weapon of World War 2 (Janes,London, 1980).
BARNETI, Correlli, Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the SecondWorld War (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1991).
BASSETI, Ronald, H.M.S. Sheffield: the Life and Times of 'Old Shiny', (Arms &Armour Press, London, New York and Sydney, 1988).
BEESLY, Patrick, Very Special Intelligence: the Story of the Admiralty's OperationalIntelligence Centre (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1977).
BEKKER, c., Augen durch Nacht und Nebel (Gerhard Stalling Verlag, Oldenburgand Hamburg, 1958).
---, The Luftwaffe War Diaries (Macdonald, London, 1967).BELCHEM, Major-General D., Victory in Normandy (Chatto & Windus, London,
1981).BOWEN, E. G., Radar Days (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1987).BRICKHILL, P., The Dam Busters (Evans Bros., London, 1950).BROWN, David, Carrier Operations in World War II: Vol. 1, the Royal Navy (Ian
Allan, London, 1968, revised edition 1974).---, The Royal Navy and the Falklands War (Leo Cooper, London, 1987).BURNS, Russell (ed.), Radar Development to 1945 (Peter Peregrinus/ lEE, London,
1988).BURTON, E. F. (ed .), Canadian NavalRadar Officers: the Storyof University Graduates
forwhomPreliminary Training wasgiven in the Department of Physics, University ofToronto (University of Toronto Press, 1946).
CALLICK, E. B., Metres to Microwaves: British development of active components ofradar systems 1937 to 1944 (Peter Peregrinus/IEE, London, 1990).
CHURCHILL, Winston 5., The Second World War (6 vols) (Cassell, London,1948-54).
---, see also GILBERT.CLARK, Ronald W., The Riseof the Boffins (Phoenix House, London, 1962).---, Tizard (Methuen, London, 1965).CLAYTON, Robert, and ALGAR, Joan , The GEC Research Laboratories, 1919-1984
(Peter Peregrinus/Science Museum, London, 1989).CONNELL, G. G., Valiant Quartet: His Majesty'sAnti-aircraft Cruisers Curlew, Cairo,
Calcutta and Coventry (William Kimber, London, 1979).CONWAY, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, Part I, the Western Powers
(Conway Maritime Press, London, 1983).COSTELLO, John, and HUGHES, Terry, The Battle of the Atlantic (Collins, London,
1977).CROWTHER, J. G. and WHIDDINGTON, R.,Science at War(HMSO, London, 1945).CUNNINGHAM, Admiral of the Fleet Lord , A Sailor's Odyssey (Hutchinson,
London, 1951).CUNNINGHAME GRAHAM, Angus, Random Naval Recollections 1905-1951,
Admiral Sir Angus Cunninghame Graham, KBE, CB, JP, of Gartmore (FarnedramPublishers, Gartochan, 1979).
328 Select Bibliography
ELUOTI, Peter, Allied Escort Ships of World WarII: A Complete Survey (Macdonald& Janes, London, 1977).
ERSKIN, R, Il-boais, HomingSignals andHF DF, Intelligence and National Security(Frank Cass, London, 1987).
FRIEDMAN, Norman, Naval Radar (Conway Maritime Press, Greenwich, 1981).---, The Postwar Naval Revolution (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1986).---, British Carrier Aviation (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1989).GILBERT, Martin, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. V, 1922-1939 (Heinemann, London,
1976); Vol. VI, Finest Hour, 1939-1941 (Book Club Associates, London, 1983);Vol. VII, Road to Victory, 1941-1945 (Heinemann, London, 1986).
GRETION, Vice-Admiral Sir Peter, Crisis Convoy: The Story of HX.231 (PeterDavies, London, 1974).
GUERLAC, Henry E., Radar in World War II (2 vols) (Tomash/American Instituteof Physics, New York, 1987).
HANBURY-BROWN, R , Boffin (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1991).HARTCUP, Guy, The Challenge of War: Scientific and Engineering Contributions to
World War Two (David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1970).- and ALLIBONE, T. E., Cockcroft and the Atom (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1981).HENNEY, K., Radio Engineering Handbook, 5th Edition (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1959).HESSLER, G., The U-boat War in the Atlantic (HMSO, London, 1989).HEZLET, Sir Arthur, The Submarine and Sea Power (Peter Davies, London, 1967).---, The Electron and Sea Power (Peter Davies, London, 1975).HINSLEY, F. H. et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War (3 vols) (HMSO,
London, 1979, 1981, 1984).HOWSE, Derek, Radar at Sea: The Royal Navy in World War 2 (Macmillan,
Basingstoke and London, 1993).JOHNSON, 8., The Secret War (BBC Books, London, 1979).JONES, R V., Most Secret War (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1978).KNOWLES-MIDDLETON, W. E., Radar Development in Canada: the Radio Branch of
the National Research Council of Canada, 1939-1946 (Wilfred Laurier UniversityPress, Ontario, 1981).
LEWIN , R, Ultra Goes to War (Hutchinson, London, 1978).LOVELL, Bernard, P.M.S.Blackett: a Biographical Memoir (Royal Society, London,
1976).---, Echoes of War: The Story of H2S Radar (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1991).---, seealso SAWARD.MACINTYRE, Donald G. F.W., U-boat Killer (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London,
1956).---, The Battle of the Atlantic (Batsford, London, 1961).---, Fighting Admiral: the Life of Admiralof the Fleet Sir James Somerville, GCB,
GBE, DSO (Evans Bros., London, 1961).MILLINGTON DRAKE, Sir Eugene, The Drama of the GrafSpee and the Battle of the
Plate (Peter Davies, London, 1964).MONTGOMERY, Field Marshal the Viscount, Normandy to the Baltic (Hutchinson
& Co., London, 1958).MONTGOMERY HYDE, H ., British Air Policy Between the Wars, 1918-1939
(Heinemann, London, 1976).MORISON, S.E., Historyof USN Operations in World War II, Vol. I, The Battle of the
Atlantic, 1939-1943 (1953); Vol. X, The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943-May 19450956) (Atlantic-Little, Brown Books/Oxford University Press).
MULLENHEIM-RECHBERG, Baron Burkard von (SWEETMAN, J. tr.) , BattleshipBismarck: a Survivor's Story (The Bodley Head, London, 1980).
Select Bibliography 329
OTIAWA, Naval Officers Association of Canada, Salty Dips, Vol. 1 (Ottawa,1983).
PACK, S.W.C, Night Action off Matapan (Ian Allan, London, 1972).---, The Battle of Sirte (Ian Allan, London, 1975).PAGE, Robert Morris, The Origin of Radar (Doubleday/Anchor, New York,
1962).PARSONS, I. (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Sea Warfare (Salamander Books, London,
1975).POOLMAN, Kenneth, Allied Escort Carriers in World War Two in Action (Blandford,
London, 1988).POSTAN, M.M., HAY, D., and SCOTI, J. D., History of the Second World War
Design and Development of Weapons, Chapter XV - 'The Development of Radar'(HMSO/Longman Green, London, 1964).
POTTER, John Deane, Fiasco: the Break-out of the German Battleships (Heinemann,London, 1970).
PRICE, Alfred, Instruments of Darkness: the History of Electronic Warfare (WilliamKimber, London, 1967) (2nd ed ., London, 1977).
PRITCHARD, David, The Radar War: Germany's Pioneering Achievements 1905-1945(Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1989).
RAVEN, A, and ROBERTS, J., British Battleships in World War II (Arms andArmour Press, London, 1976).
---, British Cruisers in World War II (Arms & Armour Press, London, 1980).ROBERTSON, Terence, Walker, R.N. (Evans Bros., London, 1958).ROHWER, [iirgen, The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943: the Battle for HX.229/
SC.122 (Ian Allan, London, 1977).ROSKILL, S.W., The War at Sea 1939-1945 (3 vols) (HMSO, London, 1954, 1956,
1960-1).---, Hankey (3 vols) (Collins, London, 1970-4).---, Churchill and the Admirals (Collins, London, 1977).ROWE, A P., One Story of Radar (Cambridge University Press, 1948).SAWARD, Dudley, Bernard Lovell: a Biography (Hall, London, 1984).SAYER, Brig. AP., Second World War, Army Radar (War Office, London, 1958).SCHOFIELD, Vice Admiral B. B., The Loss of the Bismarck (Ian Allan, London,
1972).---, Navigation and Direction: the Story of HMS Dryad (Kenneth Mason,
Havant, 1977).SCOTI, Peter, The Battle of the Narrow Seas:a Historyof the LightCoastal Forces ill the
Channel and North Sea, 1939-1945 (Country Life, London, 1945).SMITH, Peter C, TaskForce 57: The British Pacific Fleet 1944-1945 (William Kimber,
London, 1969).SOMERVILLE,Sir James, see MACINTYRE.SWORDS, S.S., Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar (Peter Peregrinus/IEE,
London, 1986).TAYLOR, Denis, and WESTCOTT, C H., Principles of Radar (Cambridge
University Press, 1948).TERMAN, F.E., Radio Engineer's Handbook (McGraw-Hill, New York).TIZARD, Sir Henry, see CLARK.TRENKLE, F., Die deutschen Funkpeil-und-Horchoeriahren bis 1945 (AEG/Dr
Hiithig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1981).---, Die deutschen Funksuiroeriahren bis 1945 (AEG/Dr Hiithig-Verlag,
Heidelberg, 1981).---, Die deutschen Funkmej3verfahren bis 1945 (AEG/Dr Hiithig-Verlag,
Heidelberg, 1986).
330 Select Bibliography
VIAN, Sir Philip, ActionThis Day:a War Memoir (Frederick Muller, London, 1960).WAR OFFICE, see SAYER.WATSON, D.W., and WRIGHT, H.E., Radio Direction Finding (Van Nostrand
Rheinhold [Marconi Series], 1971).WATSON-WATT, Sir Robert, Three Steps toVictory (Odhams Press, London, 1957).WHITLEY, M.J., Destroyers of World War II: an International Encyclopedia (Arms &
Armour Press, London, Sydney, 1988).WILMOT, c., The Struggle for Europe (Collins, London, 1952).WINTON, John, The Forgotten Fleet (Michael Joseph, London, 1969).---, Sink the Haguro (Seeley, London, 1978).---, Find, Fix,and Strike (Batsford, London, 1980).---, The Death of the Scharnhorst (A. Bird Publications, Chichester and New
York, 1983).---, Ultra at Sea (Leo Cooper, London, 1988).
General Index
Primary references to Royal Naval, Allied, German and Japanese radio/radarequipments are given in the Equipment Index from p. 362; German equipmentsare detailed from p. 367.
Civilian staff of HM Signal School and Admiralty Signal Establishment areindicated by the terms HMSS, HMSS/ASE or ASE according as their period ofservice was before, through or after the change from HMSS to ASE (August 1941)
Figure and Diagram references are given by page numbers in bold type.
AAbbotscliff House, Folkestone, 197accuracy/ precision of radar:
bearing accuracy: British radar, 108,176
bearing accuracy German radar:requirements, 276; comparisonwith optics, 190, 280; againstaircraft, 274-5, 281-6; againstsurface craft, 279, 281; beamswitching / 'Quirl' / 'Radattel' ,282, 283, 287; specific sets, 279,281, 283, 292, 294, 295
elevation accuracy, 283, 295gunnery accuracy, 78range accuracy: German radar, 281,
283, 292, 294, 295; gunneryradar, 12, 56, 58-60; radar voptical rangefinder, 48-9, 78, 97,192, 280; warning radar, 11
range-rate accuracy, 97bearing accuracy HF DF, 251-2,
257-8'acorn' valve, 315acoustic detection, see Asdicacoustic diversions, 218Action Information Centre (AIC), xxiii,
30, 155-6; see also ADR, OR, TIRAction Information Organisation
(Ala):general, Monograph 3ad hoc Alas, 29aims, 150Coordinating Authority, 164-5
layout, 162requirements, 151-3, 155-6RP Branch, 157to sea, 161-4, 169in Action, 169
Action Information Training Centre(AITC), 3D, 156-61, 165
Adcock, F., 233; seealso antennaeA-Display (A-Scan), see DisplaysAdkins, Bruce M. (HMSS/ASE):
contributor, 227Dover Monitor Station, 197, 199Elint Mission, 211monitor-receiver trials, 208pre-NEPTUNE jammer trials, 219-20ID-<:m jammers, 224and jamming of Japanese radar, 226
Admiral GrafSpee, (German pocketbattleship), 192-3, 274, 275
Admiral Hipper, (German cruiser), 279Admiral's Plot, see PlotsAdmiralScheer (German battleship), 279Admiralty, Board of:
AA and searchlight uses, 54Alder's Radar Patent, 270Ala, 30, 156, 161, 164-5Fifth Sea Lord, 178guided-missiles, 7&-7HF DF calculations, 251Intelligence, 199,223,255jamming, 195-6,215Naval radar authorised, xxipriorities, 7-8, 182radio-guided bombs, 212
331
332 General Index
Admiralty, Board of (cont.)Second Sea Lord, 178
Admiralty:Fire-Control Clock, 49Fire-Control Table, 49Fleet Order (AFO), ISS, 161
Admiralty Departments, 315; seeAirfields and CarriersRequirements, Naval Ordnance,Ordnance Survey, Signal (up to1944),Torpedoes and Mines
Admiralty, Naval Staff Divisions, seeAir Warfare and Training, AntiSubmarine Warfare, Gunnery andAA Warfare, Naval Air, NavalConstruction, Navigation, Signal(from 1944)
Admiralty Research Laboratory (ARL),28, 86, 158, 169
Admiralty Staff Requirements, seeNaval Staff Requirements
Admiralty Signal Establishment (ASE):Anglo-US Investigation teams, 214,
293Application Officers, 231Auto-Radar Plot, 158CAAlS,160CCU, 169, 316Direction FindingDivision, 244-5,254enemy equipment intelligence, 223,
254FD radar, 180formation of ASE, 199,230guided-missiles, 77klystron development, 202MF DF,262-3Pinewood, 224Polish colleagues, 231, 239, 241, 247PPI predictions, 168Radar Countermeasures (RCM)
Section: American liaison, 211;anti-'Seetakt' system, 199;countering E-boats, 200;DRAGOON, 221-2; NEPTUNE,216-17,218,219; Glider-bombs,212-13; jamming, lO-cm, 222,224-5; monitoring enemyradars, 203-9, 215; radarinterception, 10-cm, 223-4;shipborne jamming, 201-2; '2 'Stations, 197, 199, 218
radar for Merchant Navy, 170staffing, 197, 210-11, 230
specifications for Naval radars, 33Tantallon, 219TI radar, 33trainers, 160twin-channel CRDF, 241XG2, see RCM Section (above)XRE3, 224,225, 226for earlier references, see HMSS
Aegean Sea, 182aerials, see antennae'after-action' radar sets, 313AI, 365aiming by radar, 130-5air-conditioning, 183air cover,gapless, 14aircraft carriers, 28, 91, 149, 174, 176,
183-4Aircraft Direction, see fighter
directionAircraft Direction Centre, Kete, 178Aircraft Direction Room:
design, 157, 163equipment, 32, 181formerly 'Fighter Direction', 30, ISS,
184training, 161working conditions, 183and AFO's, 161in Action, 164
aircraft-propellor modulation, 79,132-3,273
aircraft, reconnaissance, 28Air Defence Position, (ADP), 29Air Defence Officer, 28Airfields and Carriers Requirements
Department, Admiralty, 182Air Operations Room, 30, 149, 156Air-Sea Rescue, 182Air Plot, see PlotsAir Signal Officer, lSI, 175Air Warfare & Training Division,
Admiralty, 182Air Warning system, 7Albacore aircraft, 313Alder, L.S.B. (HMSS/ ASE), xxi, 270Aldis lamp, 28Alexandria, 166Allen West Ltd, Brighton, 211Allied countermeasures for Far East,
222-3Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief
Expeditionary Force (ANCXF),160, 216, 218, 219
General Index 333
Allied Naval communications traffic,261
Allied radar captured:ASV Mk.II, 210, 276-7li2S, 209, 223,276,284,290,293,295,
300,307nzx. 223, 291, 295
Allied Technical Mission - enemyequipment, 285, 293
Allies, 199,202,204,212,214Alred, R.V. (liMSS/ASE), 222Ambuscade, liMS (destroyer), 16, 67America, United States of, 215American airborne forces, 220American Air Force, 209American-British Laboratory.Malvern,
211American Force 'U', 220American Hf DF, see U.S. NavyAmerican jammers, 219, 221American Officers, 219American radar, 291; see also Types SA,
SJ, SK, SL, SM-1, SO, SQ, YE inEquipment Index
American Intelligence, 223amphibious operations, 201; see also
DRAGOON, NEPTUNE,Madagascar
analogue circuits, 66Anglo-American Forces, 222Anglo-American investigation teams,
214,224angular rate-of-change, 50anomalous propagation, see
propagationAnson, liMS (battleship), 66, 162antennae:
'Adcock': fundamentals, 248; 'U'form, 233-4, 249, 252, 253; 'li'form, 233-4, 246; earth-mat, 249;polarisation errors, 233, 249,253; sky-wave, 233, 247
aperture, 253, 281, 294beam-splitting, 130beam-swinging, 61-3beam-switching, xxii, 98, 128-9, 130,
316beamwidth,44, 60-2, 127, 128-9, 168'Bellini-Tosi' , 234, 235, 237'Beverage', 254carrier, 127'cheese' , 19,22,37,44; see also Types
271X, 276, 293/Q, 993, 994
common transmit/receive working,xxii, 12, 316; see also Types 277,279, 281B, 282, 285
cupola, 286, 289, 291design, 60, 303dipole, 317: bi-conical array, 196,
198,201,265; 'Bow-tie', inreflector, 301, 301;offset.spinning, 283, 291; earlyjammers, 194
directional, 197,236-40,249,299dummy-load, 219'fan'-beam, 26feeders: balanced lines, 237-9;
impedance-matching, 288;waveguides, 37, 79, 196, 198,203, 204, 205, 206
for Hf DF: 'Adcock' antennae,233-4, 246-8, 249, 252, 253;'Bellini-Tosi' (BT) antenna, 234,235, 237; 'Beverage' antenna,254; development team, 238;Frame-Coil S25B, 238, 240;general, 236-40; Germanphotograph of British antennae,261; German wideband system,299; German 'U-Adcock', 253;height, 236; loop and spacedloop, 233, 239, 247, 253;restrictions, 237; rotation, 234,253; 'sense' antenna, 237, 258;sea trials, 247; shore-based, 249;siting, 236-7; USN equivalents,245, 252-3; 'Wiillenweber'circular array, 254;
for submarines, 285, 299gain, 22German systems, 223height, 9, 22lobes, see polar-diagrams, belowlocation (DF), 236-7loop (magnetic dipole for DF), 233'mattress' , on German radar, 273monitoring, 203parabolic reflector, 294paraboloid, 22'pencil'-bearn, 26polar-diagrams, 9, 62, 282rotatable, 21scanning, conical: Allied radar, 70,
71, 73, 74, 130, 131, 132; Germanradar, 276, 283, 291, 294; see also'Quirl'
334 General Index
antennae (cant.)spaced-loop, 233, 253stabilisation, 22, 75, 80, 280T/R, see antennae - common
transmit/receive workingvertical 'sense'-aerial, 234'Yagi' Cfishbone'), 53
Anti-Aircraft control, 108anti-aircraft defence, 87Anti-Aircraft fire, 75, 96, 271Anti-Aircraft gunnery:
against guided-bombs, 211, 213errors, 97, 106future plans, 101, 111-12German view on British Naval AA
fire, 95'ultimate' design, 112-14and Admiralty view, 8
Anti-Aircraft Range,Eastney, xxiAnti-Aircraft shells, 94, 9~anti-cyclonic weather, 282anti-divebomber radar, 53anti-jamming, 11, 222anti-missile missiles, 83anti-ship guided-weapons, 191anti-submarine measures, 21, 183-4
Monograph 6; see also Atlantic (Battle00, If-boats
Anti-Submarine Warfare Division,Admiralty, 164
Antwerp, 168-9Anzio, Operation SHINGLE, 213, 214Application Officers, 231Arbroath,178Archangel, 167Arctic, 279Area Z, 217, 218, 220Ark Royal, HMS (fleet carrier), 151, 173,
175,177ARL Table, see PlottingArmed Merchant Cruisers (AMC), 311Army, General Staff Requirements, 76Army radar, 12-13,54,76,86Arromanches, 221A-scan, see DisplaysAsdic:
Asdic Control Room, 156, 161combined DF/Radar/ Asdic action,
153-4,256plotting, 148, 154-5, 171and surfaced U-boats at night, 19
assault craft, 215, 222ASV, 365
Athabaskan, HMCS (destroyer), 211'Athos', 367Atlantic, Battle of, 153-5, 169, 178-80,
210, 229-30atmospheric conditions, 9~atmospheric 'noise', 235atmospheric turbulence, 78atomic bomb, 226'Augen durch Nacht und Nebel', 295'aural-null', see HF DFAurora, HMS (light cruiser), xxiiAuto-Barrage Unit (ABU), seegunnery,
radar, blind-fireauto-following, xxii, 60, 8D-l, 112, 144automatic gain control, (AGC), 67-8,
246automation, 65,97, 158Auto-Radar Plot, see Plots'Availability, Reliability and
Maintainability', 241-2AVALANCHE, Operation (Salerno
landings), 212, 214-5Avenger aircraft, 183, 313Awards, Distinguished Service Cross,
203
BBABS, (CCA), 310Bainbridge-Bell, L.H. (HMSS/ASE),
193Baker, P.T.W. (HMSS/ASE), 203, 211'Bali 1',367balloons, barrage, 200, 218-9balloon-borne radar reflectors, 222balloons, decoy, 219Bank-class (auxiliary AA ships), 311'Barbara' , 367Barfield, R.H. (NPL), 248Barfleur, HMS (destroyer), 66Barkhausen-Kiirz oscillator, 270Barracuda aircraft, 313barrage fire-control radar, see gunnery
radarBarrett, J.O.G. (Plessey Co.), 241Battle-class destroyers (post-WW2),
157'Battleaxe', 366battleships:
FC equipment, 35, 49jammers, 201roll and pitch characteristics, 91andAIO, 161,162, 180and Plots, 179, 182
General Index 335
in Operations, 202, 214, 222Bawden, D.G.R. (ASE), 211'B-bar' (Ll-boat sighting reports), 232,
257'B Dienst' (German intercept
organisation), 261beach-finding, 168beam-aiming, 82, 131, 133beam-deflection, 81beam-riding, 77, 82, 316beam-scanning, 37, 81beam-splitting/swinging/switching,
see antennaebeamwidth, see antennaebearing determination:
aural-null (A/N) method, 234-5,249-50, 258, 274, 282; see also HFDF
lobe-maximum method, 273, 274,285, 290, 293
beat frequency oscillator (BFa), 249,316
Beesly, P. (Author cited), 261Bekker, C. (Author cited), 295Belfast, HMS (cruiser), 152Belfast, 182Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL),
(USA):estimates of shell-flight roughness,
120, 120, 121, 122, 123Bellini, E., 234'Bellini-Tosi' (8-T) antenna system,
234,235Bellona, HMS (cruiser), 202Bembridge, Isle of Wight, 222Berlin Cathedral, 273'Berlin' Series, 367'Beverage' antennae, 254'Biene f', 367'Bigsworth board', 175, 179binoculars, 50Birmingham-elass cruisers, 99Birmingham University, 19, 67, 202,
226Biscay, Bay of, 212Bismarck (German battleship), 151, 280,
289Black Prince, HMS (cruiser), 201Blagborough, L. (HMSS/ASE), 200Blaupunkt (German manufacturer),
302'Blau-Strumpf (German long
afterglow CRT), 290
blind-fire radar, see gunnery radarblind pilotage, 169, 170-1Blitzkrieg, 94, 276Blucher (German cruiser), 279Bofors gun, 52, 66, 71, 72'bogey', 179bombardment, 152, 164, 168, 221bombers, 282bombers, medium, 24bombers, supersonic, 35bombing aids, 291bombing raids on UK, 201bombs, 35Boot, Dr H.A.H. (Birmingham
University), 19,202,226Bordeaux, 210Borthwick, Lieutenant-Commander
W.]. RNVR, 177-80Boulogne, 194, 218, 222'Boulogne', 367Bowden cable drive, 21Boxer, HMS (FD ship), 313Boyd, Rear-Admiral Denis W., 177Breit, G (Carnegie Institution, USA),
270'Brewerton Crawler', 171Bridge Plotting Room, 156, 164Bridge Wireless Office, 175Bristol University, 19, 67Britain, Battle of, 194, 298British Airborne Forces, 220British Naval communications traffic,
261British Naval Intelligence, 263British Pacific Aeet, 30, 180, 183, 184,
226British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.
(BTH),195Brittany, 201, 214Brown (John) & Co Ltd, 152Bruce, A. (ASE), 211, 227Bryant, K. (ASE), 199Budden, R. (AGE et al.), 145Burma coast, assaults, 184Burtt, G.]. (HMSS/ASE) (also
Lieutenant (Sp) RNVR), 239Busignies, H. (France), 245, 252BUSTER,72
CCalais, 222'Calais', 367calibration of equipment, 236, 242, 244
336 General Index
Cambridge University, 276camouflage, 177Campania, HMS (escort carrier), xxiii,24Canadian attack on Dieppe, 218Canadian development and
production of Naval radar sets,170,312
Canadian Navy, 201, 211, 214Cap d'Antifer peninsula, 217, 217, 221Cap Griz Nez (German radar site), 194Captain-class frigates (Lend-lease),
161, 313cardioid polar diagram, 234, 240, 299Carina, HMS (ex-steam-yacht), 207-8Carlisle, HMS (AA cruiser), 13, 40, 311Carnegie Institution, USA, 270carriers, aircraft, 28, 91, 149, 174, 176,
183-4Cathode-Ray Direction Finder(CRDF),
see HF OFCavendish, HMS (destroyer), 169centimetric radar, see WavelengthCeylon, HMS (cruiser), 26Ceylon, 181, 211Chain Home (CH), (RAF radar), 12,
194,298Chart Comparison Unit (CCU), 169'Chase-me-Charlie', see Hs 293Chatham Dockyard, 154Cherbourg, 200Cherbourg Peninsula, 192, 220, 282,
302-3Chesapeake, River (USA), 166chronology of development of radar
sets, xxiChurchill, Sir Winston (Prime
Minister), 180Civilian Shore-Wireless Service, 259clandestine operations, 29, 152Cleveland, HMS (destroyer), 155Close-Range Blind-Fire Director, 72,
310close-range blind-fire, radar, xxiiiclose support to assault troops, 181clutter, see sea-clutterCoales, J.p. (later Professor), (HMSS/
ASE), frontispiece, 53, 77coast-batteries (German), 202Coastal Command, see Royal Air
Forcecoastal craft & coastal forces, xxiii, 18,
91, 152, 160, 165coastal defence, xxii, xxiii
coastal-defence radar (German), 28990
coaxial-cable, 242Cockburn, Dr R., later Sir Robert
(TRE), 203, 217, 218Coke, Commander Charles P, (FAA)
(later Captain), 175, 177, 178Collingwood, HMS (radar and electrical
school) (Fareharn, Hampshire), 146Collins Radio Co., USA, 253collision avoidance, 166Cologne, 269Colony-class frigates (Lease-lend), 313Combat air patrol (CAP), 164, 174, 183Combined Operations, navigation
radar, 312common T/R working, 283, 296, 316Communications Branch of Royal
Navy, 164communications, German, 271communications, internal, 28-9, 128,
176, 179, 183, 254communications, monitoring, 200; see
also U-boatsCompass Platform, 148, 158computers, 56, 84, 111, 179Computer-Assisted Action
Information System (CAAIS), 160'Condor', Focke-Wulf aircraft, 173, 178,
180, 183-4, 210, 277Confidential Admiralty Fleet Orders
(CAFOs), 178conical scanning, see antennae,
scanningConning Tower, 285contour detection maps, 216, 217Control Officer, 50controlled projectiles, see guided
missilesconvoy escorts:
interception, U-boat radar, 203,223-4
monitoring E-boats, 200roll and pitch characteristics, 91and HF OF, 229, 232, 242, 256sets fitted, 18, 21
'Convoy-Wave', 254convoys, general, 231, 261convoys - monitoring for U-boat
radars, 203, 223-4convoys - classified geographically:
Arctic,183Atlantic, 21, 29, 151, 183, 260
General Index 337
East Coast, 151, 154, 161English Channel, 29, 151, 155, 161,
193, 195-6,221Malta , 173, 175, 180North Africa, 212North Sea, 151Russia, 29, 151, 152, 166
corner-reflectors, 218-19Cornwall, HMS (cruiser), 179Cornell University, roughness-scales,
120, 120, 121, 122, 123Corregidor, 209Corsica, 221corvettes, 21Cotentin peninsula, German radar
stations, 217, 217, 221counter-countermeasures, 196, 197countermeasures, see electronic- and
radar-countermeasuresCourrier Bay, Madagascar, 167, 172Cousins, SW. (ASE), 197, 203, 206-7,
209,216,221-4Craig Computer, 179Crampton, C. (HMSS/ASE), 230, 231,
244, 245, 256cranes, 244Crete, evacuation of, 166cross-roll compensation, 138cruisers:
AA-cruisers,97AFCT,49AIO, 161, 162FD, 179, 180HACS, 87, 94jamming, 201Plots and plotting, 148, 182pre-radar information gathering, 28radar, WS, 152roll and pitch characteristics, 91, 91-
2Staff requirements, gun direction, 35as target in radar trials, 26, 56in NEPTUNE, 202in Scharnhorst action, 152-3, 201, 279in SPELLBINDER, 202
crystal-controlled oscillators, 68'Cuba', 367'cult of third best', 240Culver, HMS (cutter, ex-USCG), 241cupola, 286, 289, 291Curlew, HMS (AA cruiser), xxi, 12, 175curvature of earth, 9-10, 42, 43CV 39, 366
DDanzig, 297data reporting, 28data smoothing, 48data transmission, 33, 86, 97Davis, N.E. (HMSS/ASE)(on loan from
Marconi):formation RCM Section, 193-4jammers: at Dover, 195-6; shipborne,
201, 210, 215; transmitters, 195,211 ; Hl-cm, 222
post-WW2, 224, 227training, 210and Far East, 209, 222-3and Glider-bombs, 213and 'noise', 215
D-Day, 219-20, 221'Decca Navigator', 366deception, 197,220-2Deception Operations, 219decimetric radar, see wavelengthDefence Assumptions, 85Delight, HMS (destroyer), 192, 282Denmark, 254Department of Scientific & Industrial
Research (DSIR), 235Der Fiihrer, 305; seealso Hitlerdesign, see radar set designdestroyers:
AFCC,49FCB,49Fuze Keeping Clock, 87need for radar, 16Plots and Plotting, 148, 154roll and pitch characteristics, 91Staff Requirements, Gun Direction,
35-6target in radar trials , 21, 26, 54, 56and AITC, 165and FD, 178in Action, 153in Operations, 160,202sets fitted, 16, 18, 21, 37
detection of propellor modulation, 273detection of radar / radio
transmissions, 176,254detection of reflections of own radar,
209DeTe:
German radar acronym, 278DeTe 1, 279DeTe 101, 279
deterrent fire, 112
338 General Index
Deutschland (German battleship), 279Devonport,214Devonshire, HMS (heavy cruiser), 167Dido, HMS (AA cruiser), xxii, 13Dido-class cruisers, 58Diego Suarez, Madagascar, 167dielectric properties, 70dielectric-rod elements, 291, 292, 292,
293, 303, 304Dieppe,218diesel exhaust, 262digital processing, 37, 75digital techniques, 66directed projectiles, see guided-missilesdirection finding, seeHF DFDirector Control Towers:
definition, 84, 317early improvements, 97general, 90HACS,87LA gunnery, 49limitations on antennae, 69optical problems, 96pre-WW2 situation, 86remote control, 70servo-system and 'error', 70stabilisation, 110Type 275 radar with Mark 6
Director, 108-9variants, 100-1, 101, 102, 103without radar, 90and auto-following, 112-13
Directorate of Royal Artillery, WarOffice (DRA), 76
discrimination, 127,317angular discrimination, 13, 60, 70bearing discrimination, 26, 30, 63, 68,
79range discrimination, II, 18, 60, 68elevation discrimination, 79target discrimination, 60, 75
Displays:A-scan, 127, 317: antenna moved by
hand, 21; electronic cursor, 59;ranging, 16; slow-fade forheightfinding, 183; and beamswitching, 62; and FD, 181; and5D-<:m gunnery radar, 53; andType 272, 21
B-scope,34, 144Direction Finding, 182, 249-50Plan Position Indicator, (PPl), 127,
317: introduced, xxiii, 3D, 152;
CCU, 168, 169; development, 14;German, 223, 283, 290, 294;hand-rotation, 18; heatgeneration, 183; JohnstonTrainer, 160; in FD, 173, 181; innavigation, 166, 167-8, 17Q-1;innight operations, 169; in tactics,14, 3D, 153; 'JE' model, 181; PPIcharts and predictions, 168, 169
Sector Displays, 294, 317Skiatron, 158, 159, 181, 317
dive-bombers, 29, 52, 53Diversionary Forces, 220Doersam, P. (ASE) (American), 211Dominik, Hans (German engineer), 269Donitz, Admiral K. (German Navy),
231Doppler effect, 106, 273Dorsetshire, HMS (heavy cruiser), 179Douglas, Isle of Man, 207Dover:
Castle, 195CD conversion of Type 271, xxiiCommand, 196Straits, 193, 196, 199, 221monitor receivers, 195, 205-iimobile intercept laboratory, 209Naval Radar Monitor Station, 197-9Radio War at Dover, 196-7'2' Stations, 196, 198, 218, 221, 222and 'Matador', 215
DRAGOON, Operation (invasion ofSouthern France), 202, 221-2
'DrauE',367Dryad, HMS (Navigation School) (later
Navigation Directing School),156-7,165
Dukeof York, HMS (battleship), 152-3,158, 162, 201
dummy-load (for testing), 219Dungeness, 196Dunkirk,16Durban, 152Dutch coast, 280
EEagle, HMS (fleet carrier), 177Earls Court, London, 294early warning, see warning radarearth-mat, 249, 252East Coast, 7, 178, 209East Indies War Theatre, 162Eastern (East Indies) Aeet, 152, 179
General Index 339
Eastney,222Eckersley, T.L. (Marconi), 233E-boats:
communications monitored, 191,199-201
threat, 7, 29, 151, 154, 193FD technique in countering, 160German radar, 303surrendered, 224, 303tactics, 200and WRNS, 200and Type 271, 21in NEPTUNE, 221
echoes:amplitude, 23, 132, 132land,183modulation, 132-3, 273
Eddystone Light, 166Egret, HMS (sloop), 211Elac (German firm), 293electric-razors - as jammers, 212, 213Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd
(EMI), xxii, 33, 37, 42, 144Electronic Countermeasures (ECM):
against airborne radar, 210against Japan, 225-7beginnings in RN, 193-5contour detection maps, 216end of ECM war in Europe, 222-4first operational test of RN jamming,
195-6formation of RCM Section, 191, 194German guns at Dover Strai ts, 191,
195-6jamming via side-lobes, 217monitoring E-boat communications,
199-201Naval Monitor Stations, 197-9Operation DRAGOON, 221-2Operation NEPTUNE, 214-21radio-guided missiles, 212-14radio war at Dover, 196-7reflection parameters, 216shipborne radar jammer, 201-2trials at Tantallon, 219IG-cm, 202-9, 224-5
electronic intelligence, 210-11Electronic Intelligence Missions (Elint),
210-11, 212, 318electronic reconnaissance, 297electronic scanning of antenna, 290Electronics Industry, 66Elevation Control Unit (ECU), 136
Elkins, Captain R.F., 77Elliott Brothers, 75Emergency-class destroyers, 152'Enemy Reports', 148English Channel, 7, 161, 192-3, 199,
201,282Enigma, 232environment for radar at sea:
general, 50, 72, 183gun blast, 47, 286sea motion: lurching, 131; pitching
and rolling, 32, 47, 49, 91, 131,133, 280; slamming, 47, 131;yawing, 47, 131, 133; and'cheese ' antennae, 20; andoptical rangefinders, 96
vibration, 47, 286Erebus, HMS (monitor), 201, 215E-region, of ionosphere, 270errors:
general, 114-16'glint', 133gunnery: aiming, 68, 70, 82, 102, 112,
125, 126, 128-9, 130, 131, 135;angular rate, 104-5; coincidencerange-finder, 97; in radartechnique, 58; FC, 117-18; FCand Weapon, 82; future-aiming,94-5, 106; future-position, 51,62, 74, 82-3, 87, 106, 114, 116,117-18, 119, 120, 121, 123;future-range, 94, 98, 106; fuzesettings, 94, 95, 98; generalaspects, 82; inherent, 74, 79, 97,126, 130; other, 109-12; overall,130; prediction, 126; predictor,117-18; predictor and gunneryradar, 82; present-position, 62,74, 105; range and ranging, 4950, 56, 125, 128-9, 130; rangerate, 62, 94; study of MRSS,114;the correcting process, 49;'throw-off', 109, 111, 118, 119;tracking, 75
HF DF: instrumental Coctantal'),253; leptokurtic distribution of,251; polarisation, 233, 249, 253;range, 246; residual, 241, 258;site, 236
navigational, 254tracking, 75, 78, 81
'Erstling', 367escort carriers, 153, 182, 183, 222, 313
340 General Index
Etter, Sub-Lieutenant, RCNVR, 241'Euklid', 367Exeter, HMS (cruiser), 192Experimental Department, HMSS, see
HMSS
FFakley, D.e. (ASE), 254fall-of-shot, see shell-splash spotting'Fano',367Fanning, Commander Antony E.,
(Author, Monograph 3), xxvFar East, 161, 223, 226Famborough, 213fear - of transmissions being detected,
254feeders, see antenna feedersFeldburg, Germany, 303Field, I.e.G. (HMSS/ASE) (later
Captain RN), 199,210-11,213-15,222,227
field-strength, 246, 275Field-Strength meter, 246Fifth Sea Lord, 178fighter-bombers, 120fighter direction/interception:
general, 7, 25, 173pre-WW2, 174birth of FD in RN, 174-7Admiralty Fleet Orders, 161Ark Royal, 151, 175CAP, 164, 174, 183convoy protection, 153, 178-9development, 178-81, 181-3displays, 158, 159, 181-2German, 196, 271Heightfinders, 16'in Action', 174-5, 183-4Methods: Directive Method, 175,
178; Informative Method, 175,178
Naval Staff requirements, 8, 24, 180,181
Norwegian campaign, 174plots: Air Plot, 150; Auto-Radar Plot,
158; 'home-made' plots, 29priority, 182radar, xxiii, 24-5, 173, 175-6, 180-1saturation, 180simulation, 177-8training, 177-8and Sheffield, 175and Type 277, 24
and Type 279, 12Fighter Direction Branch, Admiralty,
174Fighter Direction Centre, 156Fighter Direction Officers, 157, 165,
177-80, 182Fighter Direction Office/Room, 155,
173, 176, 180, 182; see also ADRFighter Direction Ships, 178, 310Fighter Direction Training School, 156,
157, 173, 177-8Filter Officer, 179, 182filtering, of jamming signals, 194financial implications, 50Finisterre, 211Finnimore, T.e. (HMSS/ASE), 239Fire-Control, 116-18:
AA,96equipment: Fire-Control Box (FCB),
49; Fire-Control Clock, 136; FireControl Table, 55, 63, 99-100,136,149;
Naval Fire-Control Group, 145radar, see gunnery radarsplit responsibility pre-WW2, 86systems, see gun direction systems
Fire Distribution Officer, 100Firefly aircraft, 313flag signals, 150flak fire-control radar, 192, 196, 271flak defences, 282flak-suppression, 183Fleet AA Fire Distribution, 32Fleet Air Arm, 210Fleet carriers, 178-9, 182Fleet destroyers, 22, 169Fleet Fighter Direction Officer, 179, 182Fleming, Lieutenant-Commander A.,
178Flotilla Leaders, 154Fly Plane System (FPS), 109, 110, 139Focke-Wulf FW200 (Condor) aircraft,
(German), 173, 178, 180, 183-4,210,277
Folkestone area, 195, 197Force H, 173, 175, 180foremast-head, 236Formidable, HMS (fleet carrier), 177, 180FORTITUDE, Operation (Deception
Operation in NEPTUNE), 218-19France, 192, 193,210,221,282,298Fraser, Admiral Sir Bruce, 180Free French scientists, 252-3
General Index 341
Free-Space, 11, 13,39,40-1, 318'Freiburg', 367French coast, 196, 205French liner, 270French North Africa, 180French Riviera, 202, 221French team and Ll.S. Navy, 252-3frequency, seewavelength and
Glossaryseealso 40-1, 128, Appendix
frequency variation, 278'Freya',367frigates,35,91, 147, 161,240'Frischling', 367Fulmar aircraft, 175, 176, 313Funkmessbeobachtungsempfiinger,
(FuMB) (German Search/DFreceiver), 297 et seq.
Funkmesserkennung (FuME) (GermanIFF), 296-7; seealso 368
Funkmessgeriite (FMG) (early Germanradar designations), 278-9
Funkmessortungsgeriite (FuMG)(German radar designations),278-9, see also 368
fuzes:error, 98fuze-setting, 86, 97prediction, 140-2proximity fuse, 107self-destruction, 51Vl'-fuze, 107,322
Fuze keeping clock (FKC), 51, 87, 89,99,136
FW 200 (German aircraft), 178,180,210FX 1400, 369
GG.lO (German torpedo-boat), 274gain, 318; seealso antennaGA radar, 309, 311-12, 318GB radar, 309, 310-11, 318GC radar, 309, 310-12, 318GCI,366GEMA, seeGesellschaft fur
Electroakustische undMechanische Apparate (Germany)
General Electric Company (UK) (GEC):jammers, 194magnetrons, 19,67,202search receiver AB 2, 203, 205, 206,
207'Geneva-cross' device, 62
Genoa, 222George W. Campbell, USCGC, 244German aircraft : seealso Focke-Wulf,
Junkers, MesserschmittGerman Air Force, (Luftwaffe);
anti-submarine aircraft, 211attacks, 193, 282bombing aid (Berlin' Series), 291communications monitored, 199,201long-range reconnaissance, 210radars, 273,278,281-2,290, 303and Goering, 95and IFF (Erstling'), 297and Mediterranean, 177, 180and radio-guided bombs, 211-2and Russian front, 199and TORCH, 181in radar trials, 271, 273
German anti-jamming:frequency variation, 278, 282, 283,
286,297detection of aircraft through
'Window', 273intermittent transmission and long
glow tubes, 290plan to utilise IFF, 297
German Army, communications links,271
German blind-approach beams, 199German coast-defence radar, 192, 203,
216, 278, 281, 289-90German coastal-batteries, 193, 202, 294German communications, 199,255,271German countermeasures, 196German cross-Channel guns, 194German cruisers, 281German destroyers, 202, 224, 281, 286German dive-bombers, 52German electronic developments, 223,
268,294German equipment, 367 et seqGerman guided-missiles, 211-14German High Command, 276, 290German HF DF, 253-4
'not possible in ships', 261, 262not aware of HF DF threat, 230,
261-2'Wiillenweber' circular array, 254
German intercept organisation, 261,302-3
German intercept receiver, 262, 299German interception of transmissions,
298, 301, 303
342 General Index
German merchant vessels sunk, 202German Naval cyphers, 254, 255German Naval Staff, 261, 262German Navy, 201, 269, 273, 274, 281,
284-5see also E-boats, U-boats,
German optical industry, 96German Post, Telegraph & Telephone
Organisation (PTT), 214German radar:
general, Monograph 7AA radar, 196, 203, 271, 276, 294,
295,296AI, 284-5aircraft detection, 271ASV,211Allied em-radar captured, 209, 210,
276,284,290-1attacks on Channel convoys, 193bearing determination: accuracy,
283; A/N, 282, 287, 296;'Radattel', 287, 287, 288, 296
between the Wars, 191-2, 270-3, 274em-radar: decision, 291, 295;
development, 202-3, 209, 222,223-4, 305; intercept equipment,301-2; knowledge of British,290-5; land-based, 293-5; Naval,291-3
choice of wavelength, 267Coastal Defence, 192, 196, 203, 216conical scan, 294construction, 285, 305, 307countering Allied jamming, 196, 197,
278, 282, 288, 290decimetric Naval, 295-6Display, 'Drauf' PPI, 283, 290, 294early-warning, 276, 281-5fall-of-shot, 294GCI, 196,271GEMA, 271, 279-81, 286-90Hitler's time limit, 202, 283, 286, 305IFF, 276, 296-7jammed during NEPTUNE, 202, 220,
221Luftwaffe equipment used by Navy,
276-8, 284-5manufacturers, 278-9nomenclature, 278-9parallels with British, 192, 202, 223,
274, 280, 285, 286, 287, 288, 295,305,307
passive radar, 297-305
patents, 269polarisation, 275-6, 282, 285, 289,
290,293pre-WW1,268-73'propellor' modulation, 273River Plate, Battle of, 192-3Scharnhorst in Battle of North Cape,
279U-boats, 293, 296, 299, 303, 305and magnetrons, 271, 305and 'Quirl', 283and RAF bombers, 193and waveguides, 291for specific named and/or
numbered sets, see 367 et seqGerman rockets, (V1,V2), 107, 214German scientists/engineers, 214, 262,
268,270-1,302,303German search receivers, 262German ships, see Bismarck, Blilcher,
Deutschland, E-boats, Admiral GrafSpee, Gneisenau, Admiral Hipper,Liitzow, Nurnberg, Admiral Scheer,Strahl, Tirpitz, Togo, U-boats
German Space-Tracking Radar, 307German torpedo-boats, 201, 287German Torpedo Research
Establishment (TVA), 274German worries over U-boat detection,
262Germany, 209, 210Gesellschaft fur Elektroakustische und
Mechanische Apparate(GEMA)(Germany):
coastal defence radar, 289-90countering jamming, 288decimetric radar, 296experimental pulsed radar, 273founded, 271IFF, 276metric EW radar, 274mobile WA radar, 279monopoly complaint, 290Naval sponsorship, 267operational uses of GEMA systems,
279-81production/development problems,
286radar for smaller ships, 281search and warning for U-boat use,
369; see also 'Lessing'second generation of GEMA radars,
286-90
General Index 343
Telefunken licensed, 286variants of 'Freiburg', 286wideband antenna systems, 286and 'Freya', 273, 282, 286and 'Radattel' DF technique, 287,
288,296and target acquisition, 280and TVA, 274in Action, 275in nomenclature, 278named sets of 'Boulogne', 'Calais',
'Lessing' and 'Mammut' series,from 367, 369
'Giant Wiirzburg', 369Gibraltar, 87, 175, 180,222,261Girdle Ness, HMS (trials ship), 129Gladiator aircraft, 175, 176Glider-bomb, Hs.293 (German), 212'glint' :
definitions, 115, 131, 132amplitude variation, 131'point-of-aim' error, 132, 134error magnitude, 115, 133, 135and shorter ranges, 134
Gneisenau (German battle cruiser), 279,297
Gnomonic Chart, 250, 251Goering, Field Marshall H. (Germany),
95,276goniometer, 234-5, 240, 245, 249Goodeve, Dr C. F. (Admiralty), 77Gosport,E-boat flotilla surrender, 303graduate recruitment, to XG2, 197, 199,
211GrafSpee, see Admiral GrafSpeeGraf Zeppelin (German airship), 297Graph, HMS (submarine, formerly
U570),246Great Baddow (Marconi Laboratories),
248Greenwich, Royal Naval
College, 160Gretton, Vice-Admiral Sir Peter, 260Griffith, R. (HMSS/ASE), 200Grille, (German research ship), 271'Cronland', 369Gross Ziethan, near Berlin, 271ground-wave, see HF DFGS radar, 309-11, 328guided-missiles, 35-{), 82:
threat, 35Naval Staff Requirements, 75, 76-7,
84,111,123,142,143-4
Guided Anti-Aircraft Project (GAP),76-7
beam-riding, 77, 82countermeasures, 83line-of-sight (LOS) command, 77long-range Naval AA guided-
missile, 142Seaslug,35Systems: GMSl, 35, 78-9, 82-3, 113;
LRSl, 75, 77, 79, 82, 113, 142,143-4
and warhead performance, 94, 107and 'noise', 115German developments, 211-14
gunnery:terminology, 37-8gun characteristics, 49gun control, seegun directiongun direction: general: early
methods, 27-9; more advanceddirection, 18, 29-30; StaffRequirements, 35-{); systems,48-52, 77-83; terminology, 37-8,45-{); and tactical control, 7, 15,28-9
assessment of targets, 25prediction, 48target acquisition, 46, 73, 81, 276, 280target allocation, 25target designation, 31target evaluation, 18, 29,31target indication: general, 16, 18, 27,
71; grafting radar to currentsystem, 28; new techniquesdeveloped,S; post-WW2Requirements, 35-37; 5-bandprototype, xxiii; specialist TIradar, 24, 25-7; TI Plot, 150-1; TIRequirements, 24-5; TI withoutradar, 28; TID Mark 1 (TID 1),44; TIU Mark 2A (TID 2A), 31;Type 293/M and TI, xxili, 25;Type 293 and TID 2, 30-3 ; Type992 and TIU 3, 33-5, 37; see alsoAIO
Gun Direction Systems, 35-7, 48-52,86:
general, 35-7, 48-52, 86Close-Range Systems, 112CRSl,72HACS: description, 138-42;
assumptions, 92; basic HACSwithout radar, 89-96; early
344 General Index
Gun Direction Systems (cont.)systems, 50; FC, 116-18; FlyPlane System of prediction, 110;full remote power-control(RPC),1O~; HA gunnery problem, 50;HAC Table Mark 4, 88; HACSwith radar ranging only, 97-9;modifications using radar, 51;performance, 95; pre-WW2, 879,93,9~;radar,98,10~, 11416; ranging system, 141;reference, for assessingdevelopment, 96; trials, 9~;
Type 275 and new Director,108-9; specific systems: HACSl,50,87,92,99-100; HACS2, 50,99-100; HACS3, 50, 99-100,HACS4, 50, 87, 88, 99-100,HACS4", 50, 100
Long range systems, 50--1, 102: LRSl,75: AA role, 35, 75; chronology,75, 76; not for smaller ships, 82;parts used in Type 904, 75; StaffRequirements, 35, 75, 142--4; andGuided AA Projectiles, 77, 82;and long-range surfacegunnery, 113; and Type 901, 77
GMSl ,113Medium Range Systems, 82-3, 112:
MRSl, 72, 82; MRS3, 35, 75, 82,113; MRS4: abandoned, 75, 82,113; component parts, 75;computer studied, 113; gyro,117-18; MRS4/905 studies, 11617,121,121,122-3,122-3;MRS5,35, 75, 82, 113, 114
gun-mountings, 85, 86gun orders, 136, 137High-Angle Control Position
(HACP),136hit-probability, 50, 122, 136kill-probability, 94-8, 1O~, 108
Gunnery and AA Warfare Division,Admiralty (DGD), 6, 18, 76, 142,164
Gunnery Control Officer (GCO), 149Gunnery Liaison Officer, 182Gunnery Officer, 28gunnery radar:
aircraft, HA or combined HA/LA,49,50--2,63,74-5,108
application to weapon control, 52-77barrage-fire, 63-5, 64
blind-fire, 316: aiming by radar,61-3, 130--1; accuracy, 61, 62-3;ABU, 63-5, 64; basic problems,66; circular beam, 69; conicalscan, 71, 131; designrequirements, lO-cm and below,6~; first radar for full blindfire, 101; foreseen in StaffRequirements, 61; jitter, 77;limitations, 68, 74, 106; notfeasible in AA, 63; not fullyattained, 108; progress, 65, 66,74, 108-9; radar not limitingsystem performance, 74; andDirectors, 100; see also shellsplash spotting; see also Types262, 274, 275, 285
by wavelength: 50 to 70cmwavelength, 52-65; 10-cmwavelength and below, 65-73
characteristics of gunnery radars,128-9
close-range AA, 8disadvantages at sea, 47future systems, 77-83laying-on of other radars, xxii, 79,
280miscellaneous radar problems, 74-5one part of weapon system, 46rangefinding in navigation, 166required to match existing Directors,
60surface, 8, 49-50, 63TI requirement, 24-5tracking, 112, 114Training Control Unit (TCU), 136
gunlaying radar, xxii, 79, 280gyro:
ARL specialist Group, 86gyro-rate unit, 100, 101-6, 104, 139Gyro-Rate Unit Box, 104, 136precession, 117pre-WW2 State-of-Art, 86, 97roll-corrector, 93, 99, 136, 138, 140sights, 50, 102stabilisation, 28
H'Haffkrug', 369HA Fire-Control radar, see GA radarHalifax , Lord, 166Handbooks/Manuals, 165, 220
General Index 345
harassing fire, 95, 98, 105harmonics, 203Harrier, HMS (fleet minesweeper), 166Harrier, HMS (RN Aircraft Direction
Centre), 178Hatch, ].H. (Marconi, on loan to ASE),
248'Headache', 154,200Heemskerck, (Dutch cruiser), 312height determination/estimation/
finding/measurement, 16,24,26,173, 181; see also Types 277, 277Q,981, SM-1
Heligoland Bight, 193,275,281Hellcat aircraft, 313Hermes, HMS (fleet carrier), 179Hertz, Heinrich (German physicist,
1857-94), 268Hesperus, HMS (destroyer), 260HF DF, see high-frequency direction
findingHigh-Angle Control Position, 136High-Angle Control System (HACS),
see gunneryHigh-Angle Control Table, 50, 88, 104,
136high-frequency direction-finding (HF
DF), AGC for speed, 246antennae, 234, 236-40ARL Plotting Table, 184Atlantic, Battle of, 229aural-null (A/N) Method, 235,
249-50, 258, 274, 282, 285, 286,287, 289, 296
calibration, 236cathode-ray direction finder (CRDF),
182,235,241,258--61'Convoy-Wave', 254'DF' and 'Ultra' , 254-6DF fix, 154displays, 182, 249-50equipment, 200, 202, 230Field-Strength Meter, 246German failure to recognise threat,
261-2German HF DF, 253-4'ground-wave', 233, 239, 246-7, 257,
259MF DF, 254; an opportunity missed,
262-3other transmissions, 195, 203-4, 211reduction of re-radiation, 248re-evaluation, 229-30
relation with 'Ultra' , 230, 254-6rotating spaced-loop system, 247security breach, 261'sense' circuits, 242'sense'-signals, 234-5, 240, 245, 249shipbome HF DF, 23~5;
calibration, 236, 244; frame-coilS25B, 238, 240; performance/operational need s, 256-8;receiving equipment, 240-1;relation to USN developments,244-5; sensitivity, 240; site andantennae, 236-40; testequipment, 241-4; use ofelevated 'H-Adcock' at sea, 2467
shore-based HF DF, 232, 248-53;antenna system, 249; bearingaccuracy, 252; plotting andstatistical methods, 250-2;receiving equipment, 249-50;USN shore stations, 252-3;'Wiillenweber' , 254
'sighting' reports from U-boats, 232'sky-wave', 233, 239-40, 246-7, 257,
259'spinning-gonio' system, 235, 249,
253, 260theory, 233-5Twin-channel CRDF, 235, 258--61seealso, errors
high-frequency U-boat radio, 231Hilary, HMS (Headquarters Ship), 214Hipper (German cruiser), see Admiral
HipperHitler, Adolph:
edict limiting research, 202, 283, 286,305
and cross-Channel threats, 193and pre- WW2 Defence
Assumptions, 85HM Signal School (HMSS), 319:
Application Officers, 231Captain, Signal School, 193Experimental Department: DF
Section Staff, 230-1, 239; 'sense>antenna, 237-8
Grat Spee, 193gunnery radar, 53-4liaison, 244Naval Staff Requirements, 8, 52patents, xxi, 270priorities, 8, 35
346 General Index
HM Signal School (HMSS) (cont.)Radar Countermeasures (RCM)
Section, 191, 194-7, 199, 201, 203staffing, 8start of radar research, xxiS-band radar for small ships, 67Tantallon, see ASEvalve research, 19wavelength choices, 192
Hogben, H.E. (HMSS/ASE), 224'Hohentwiel', ASV, 369Hohenzollern Bridge, Cologne, 269Home Fleet:
early radar, 8, 54air-cover for Scapa, 12C-in-C, 152, 180and FD, 178-9and Actions, 152, 183
Home Guard, 182homing, 175, 181, 182, 184, 262Hood, HMS (battlecruiser), xxiiHornet aircraft, 37'horseshoe' magnet, 207, 207Hove, HMS King Alfred, 178Howe, HMS (battleship), 66Howse, H.D.:
Author (Appendix), xxvAuthor (cited), 183, 184, 279
Hs 293, 369'huff-duff' , see HF DFHiilsmeyer, C. (German engineer,
1881-1957),268-9,269,270human eye, 96Hunt-class destroyers, 58, 154, 155,
200Hunter, A.O. (HMSS/ASE), 196, 201,
227HUSKY, Operation, (invasion of
Sicily), 168, 214-15
Iice-cream tricycles, 177Iceland, 254Identification Friend or Foe, (IFF),
radar:German, 276, 296-7Mark III, 34Mark 5, 34RAF, 15technical data, 310and FD, 173, 181
Illustrious, HMS (fleet carrier), 173, 175,176, 177, 181
image-frequency, 201image-frequency rejection, 195Imperial Defence Committee Report
onAADefence, 87, 139
Implacable, HMS (fleet carrier), 170Indefatigable, HMS (fleet carrier), 183Indian Ocean, 179, 184Indomitable, HMS (fleet carrier), 177,
180, 182, 313industry, see outside contractorsInformation Centre, see AICinformation handling, 151information transfer, 6infra-red techniques, 262, 300Inglefield, HMS (destroyer), 213Ingray, B. (HMSS/ASE), 239, 247Institution of Electrical Engineers
(lEE), 230, 231Instructor Branch, Royal Navy, 148instruments, see test apparatusintelligence gathering, 147intelligence sources, 148intelligence, post-WW2, 270intercept missions, 209Intercept Officer, 179, 181-2, 184intercept receivers,
see receivers, monitor/searchinterception of aircraft, see fighter
direction/interceptioninterception of enemy
communications, 200, 261interception of enemy radar:
chronology, 193, 203em-wave receivers, 194-5, 203German U-boat equipment, 293mobile laboratory, 208-9, 208tactical value, 211
interception operations, 203, 211interception of radar by enemy, fear of,
176intermediate frequency (IF), 213International Meeting on Radio Aids to
Marine Navigation (IMRAMN),177
interrogators, 310, 319Inter-Service, 15, 19, 76, 199invasion of Normandy, see
OVERLORD and NEPTUNEInvasion of Southern France, see
DRAGOONionosphere, see propagationiris plate, 206
General Index 347
Irish Sea, 169Isaac Sweers (Dutch destroyer), 312Isle de Bas, Brittany, 201Isle of Man radar training school, see
HMS Valkyrieltalia, (Italian battleship, ex-Littoriat,
212Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica),
175Italian Fleet, 22, 212Italian mainland, 214Italian surrender, 203, 212
Jjamaica, HMS (cruiser), 152, 153jamming, Allied:
American, 215, 219by side-lobes, 217Countermeasures Group, 191, 194electric-razor 'noise', 212-13first operational jammer, 195-6modulation: sinusodoidal, 194;
'noise', 194, 215, 2235-band, 222, 224-5shipbome jammers, 201-2'Window', 2188~ band, 194-5, 195and decimetric band, 216and DRAGOON, 222and Glider-bombs, 212-3and NEPTUNE, 215, 217, 220-1and Type 91, 196, 198, 199,210,215,
221see also 'Mandrel', 'Matador'
jamming, enemy, 222'jane's Fighting Ships', 261Janus, HMS (destroyer), xxiii, 24, 25,
30Japan:
enters WW2, 179Allied assault on Madagascar, 167
Japanese:aircraft, 29, 52, 107, 182, 184Army , 226electronic developments, 223, 225-6Mission to Germany, 226Navy, 179, 226radar, 209, 222, 225-6
Java, 184'JE', see Displays - PPIJennings, Sub-Lieutenant, RNVR, 196jervis, HMS (destroyer), 213jet-propelled aircraft, 76, 133
'jitter', see radar aimingJohn Brown & Co. Ltd, 152Johnston trainer, 160Jolliffe, S.AW. (Marconi Osram Valve
CO.),248-9Jones, R.V. (later Professor), 220Joyce, Lieutenant W. RCNVR,208Junkers aircraft, (German), 176, 181,
183, 271, 273Juno Area, Normandy landings, 214Jutland, Battle of, (916), 148, 157,
184
KKamikaze suicide bombers, 29, 52,107,
182, 184'Kassel', 369K-band, see wavelengthKeall, O.E. (HMSS/ASE) (on loan from
Marconi), 194-7,200,205,211Kerrison, Colonel AV., 145Kete, South Wales, (RN Aircraft
Direction Centre), 178Keuffel, J.W. (ASE), (American), 211Kiel harbour, Germany, 271kill-probability, 85, 93-6, 98, 105, 107King Alfred, HMS (Reserve Officer
Training School, Hove), 178King George V, HMS (battleship):
radar navigation in poor weather,166
sea trials, xxii, 54, 58sets fitted, 22, 23, 66
Kingsley, F.A (HMSS/ASE):Editor, xxvAuthor (Monographs 5, 7), 197, 306Anglo-US Investigation team, 214,
224, 270, 285, 302em-band monitoring, 203, 205-8,
293Dover Monitor Station, 199Intelligence Reviewer, 223-4, 268jamming (lfl-cm), 222mobile intercept laboratory, 209post-WW2,307and DRAGOON, 221and E-boats, 303and monitoring over Germany, 209and NEPTUNE, 216, 219and pulsed signal generator, 223and U-boats, 224, 285, 293, 305
klystron, see valvesKodatrace, 158
348 General Index
Konigsberg (German cruiser), 274Kondor, see Focke-Wulf'Korfu' Series, 369'Kiih', 369Kiihnhold, Dr. R (German scientist),
270-1
LLakes-class cutters (US Coastguards),
241Lammchen, Dr (German em. receiver
designer), 302Leander-class destroyers, 99Lecher-line, 194, 195Legg, Lieutenant-Commander W., 146Le Havre, 200, 219Leipzig, (German cruiser), 289'Lessing', 369Lewis, Commander A.P.P., 145liaison, 194, 244'Lichtenstein', 369light Fleet Carriers, 159, 162, 182-3lighthouse, 166lightships, 166limitations of Naval radar, 167-8
see also fear of detection,maintenance, environment atsea
line-of-sight (LOS) command system,77
line-of-sight stabilisation, 99linguists, 200Liverpool, 212lobes, 9lobe-maximum principle, see bearing
determinationLocal Operations Plot, see Plotslocking-on, 71Lomax, S.E. (ASE), 197,205,223Londonderry, 245Lorenz GmBH (German firm):
'Drauf' (PP!), 283, 290, 294designations, 278early radar performance, 271, 273'Hohentwiel', 273, 277, 285valves, 271and IFF, 276
Lovell, A.C.B. (later Sir Bernard),(TRE),276
Low Countries, 168Lubeck Bay, Germany, 271Luftwaffe, see German Air Force
Luizoto, (German pocket battleship),279
Lythall, B.W. (HMSS/ ASE):Author (Preface, Significant
Milestones), xxviacknowledgements, 227
MMack, T.L. (ASE), 211MacPherson, J.5. (ASE), 197, 203, 208,
209, 216, 224Madagascar, 167magnet, 207, 207magnetic dipole, 233magnetic field, 215, 234magnetic vector, 233magslips, 32, 34, 86, 97, 99, 100maintenance of radar at sea, 26, 72-3,
80,109,252Mallach, P. (German scientist), 303Malleson, Commander H. StA., 231Malta, 164, 197, 212, 221Malvern, American-British Laboratory,
211'Mammut' Series, 369Manchester University, post -WW2,
276'Mandarin-Anode' resonator, see
valves, magnetron'Mandrel', 366Manila, 170Manoeuvre Predictor (ManP), 115, 116,
119-20,120Manuals/ Handbooks, 165, 220Marconi Ltd, 193, 194,213-14,240,248,
249Marigold, HMS (corvette), xxiiMarine Navigation, 170Marseilles, surrender of, 222Marshall, J.H. (HMSS/ ASE), 239, 254'Matador' (jammer), 366Matane, HMCS (frigate), 214Matapan, Battle of Cape, 22Matuszewski, L. (HMSS/ASE), 249Maxwell, James Clerk (Scottish
physicist, 1831-1879), 268McDonald, Air Commodore, 181Mediterranean:
coordinated air attacks, 29enemy radar interception, 203, 211FD, 13, 173, 175German use of captured ASY, 210
General Index 349
jamming radio-controlled bombs,213
Luftwaffe superiority, 177surface force direction, 161
Medium-Frequency Direction Finding(MF DF), 236, 262-3
medium-frequency homing signals,231,263
Megaw, Dr Eric c.s (GEe>, 202Melstenen Island, Norway, 211Mendoza, E. (later Professor), (HMSS/
ASE),199Merchant Navy, 170, 259MercuryI, HMS (HM Signal School),
199Messerschmitt MEllO aircraft, 284Metadyne servo-system, 108, 137meteors (astronomy) , 276'Metox', 369metric radar, see wavelengthmicro-miniaturisation, 37Middle East Air Force, 178Miller, W.F.(HMSS/ASE),195,197, 200milliradian (mil), (unit of angular
measure),79minefields, 154minesweepers, 91, 164, 167, 218, 219Ministry of Aircraft Production, 76Ministry of Supply, 76missed opportunities, 262-3missile-control systems, 214Mloduchowski, J. (HMSS/ ASE), 247M-motors, 86mobile intercept laboratory, 208-9, 208Mobile Naval Radar Stations, 160,311Mobile Radar Trailer, xxiimodular unit construction, 285modulation, 194,259,273,274monitors (ships), 202monitoring E-boat communications,
199-201monitoring enemy radar:
beginnings of RCM in RN, 193-5first interception, 193German monitoring of Allies, 200,
297-305monitoring em-bands, 203-9monitoring over Germany, 209Naval Monitor Stations, 197,199,205'Noise Investigation Bureau', 199preparing for invasion, 216-18pre-WW2 absence of equipment, 193RCM Section, 194
receivers, 191,203-9; for AB2,'Battle-axe', P19, P29, 'Trumpet',see Equipment Index
scientist captured, 203Monitor Station.Dover, 197-9MONRAD, see Mobile Naval Radar
Stations'Monster' ships , 169'Moonshine' (echo repeater)
equipment, see IREMoore, Miss M. (ASE), 239, 246, 247Morgan, Commander F.e., 42,145Morris, Lieutenant S. RNVR, 177morse, see wireless-telegraphyMoscow, 286Mosquito aircraft, 37Motor Gun Boats, 160Motor Torpedo Boats, 160, 205'Miicke' , 369Mugridge, A.H. (HMSS/ ASE), 254'Mulberry', artificial harbour in
NEPTUNE,218
NNab Tower as reference echo sources,
166Nachrichtenversuchsabteilung (NVA):
IFF,296polarisation, 275pre-WW2 CW radar trials, 270-1search receivers, 298wideband directional arrays, 299and em-wave interest, 305and Industry, 296
Nagumo, Admiral, (Japanese), 179Naples, RCM workshop, 213National Physical Laboratory (NPL),
Slough, 246, 249, 252-3Naval Air Division, Admiralty, 165,
174naval airborne radar, 313Naval Aircraft, see Fleet Air Arm
see also Albacore, Avenger,Barracuda, Firefly, Fulmar,Hellcat, Oxford,
Swordfish, Walrus,Naval Aircraft Radio Laboratories,
USA, 270Naval Application Officers, 145Naval Bombarding Force, 219Naval coastal radio-intercept stations,
200
350 General Index
Naval Construction Department,Admiralty (DNC), 91, 165
Naval Fighter Direction Branch,174-5
Naval Force J, 214Naval Ordnance Department,
Admiralty, 53, 77, 86Naval Monitor Stations, 199, 205Naval Radar Trust, xv-xvii, 268Naval Research Laboratory (USN), 244Naval Signal Monitoring Stations, 216Naval Signal School, Leydene, 199Naval Signalling Station, Bembridge,
222Naval Staff, 8, 12Naval Staff papers, 27Naval Staff Requirements:
definition, 321accurate ranging, 12blind-fire, 61, 108directed projectiles, 76, 84, 111FD, 24, 180, 182Guided AA Projectiles, 76-7Gunnery Direction Systems, LRSl,
GMSl, 35-7, 75, 78-9, 113, 142-4TI, 33, 37up-to-date AA control , 75,111-12WA, WS, 8, 52-3, 58
Navigating Officer, 148, 154navigation, xxiii, 166-71, 250, 254-5,
257'Navigationand Direction', 177Navigation Direction Branch, Royal
Navy, 165Navigation Division, Admiralty, 164-5Navigation Leaders (in Operations),
168Navigation School, Captain of, 165'Naxos', 369Nelson, HMS (battleship), xxi, 54NEPTUNE, Operation, (assault phase
of OVERLORD, invasion of N.Europe):
Area Z, 217, 218, 220ECM, 191, 209, 216-17FORTITUDE, 218-9installing equipment, 219jamming via side-lobes, 217Navigation Leaders, 168Normandy site, 216-17outcome, 220-1planning, 216-18plotting, 160
PPI predictions, 168reflectoscope, 168trials, 219and Type 91 jammer, 202anf Type 650 jammer, 213, 214and Type 651 jammer, 214
New Zealand troops, 166night-fighter aircraft, 66night operations, 169'noise', 115, 131, 133, 194,215Noise Investigation Bureau (NIB), 199nomenclature:
British radar sets, 65German radar sets, 278-9
Norfolk, Virginia (US Navy Yard), 179Norfolk House, London, 217Normandie (French liner), 270Normandy Bridgehead, 217, 221Normandy Invasion, see NEPTUNE,
OVERLORDNorstad, Colonel L. (later General),
(USA), 181North Africa, 210, 212, 277North Atlantic , 250North Cape (Norway), Battle of, 152,
201,279North Channel, 169North Sea, 161, 192, 199,282Norway and Norwegian coast, 183,
211,303Norwegian Campaign, 51, 87, 95,
150-1,173, 174-5Norwegian ships , 221Nurnberg (German cruiser), 281, 289Nuttall, Mr (Naval Intelligence), 251
oObservers, 165Ocean Escort Unit A3 (USN), 245Ocean, HMS (light Fleet Carrier), 313Ocean Rover, HMS (minesweeper), 210'octantal errors' in DF, 253Oerlikon gun, 52offensive operations, 161offensive sweeps, 152Officer personnel, responsibility for,
178Okinawa, 180Ontario, HMCS (heavy cruiser), 66operational requirements, see Naval
Staff RequirementsOperations Room, 30, 153-4, 155, 157,
161, 164
General Index 351
Operators:HF DF, 245, 252Jammers, 197Radar: aids, 11, 106; automation, 65,
71,74; difficulties, 58; HACS, 92;and strain reduction, 113
optics, 86, 96Orchis, HMS (corvette), xxii, 20, 67Ordnance Survey Department,
Admiralty, 211oscillators, 68, 270Outfits, see Type Equipment Indexoutside contractors - general, xxiioutside contractors - specific firms:
Electrical & Musical Industries Ltd(EM!), xxii
Elliott Bros (London) Ltd., 75General Electric Company (UK):
jammers, 194; magnetrons, 19,67, 202; search receiver AB2,203, 205, 206, 207
Plessey Radio Ltd, 241Sperry Gyroscope Co., 75
outside contractors - specific sets :Type 262, xxii
OVERLORD, Operation (invasion ofNorthern Europe), 160, 202, 209,214-16; see also NEPTUNE
Oxford aircraft, 74Oxford University, 19, 67
PPacific, 29, 107, 160, 161, 164, 176Pacific Fleet, see British Pacific FleetPalomares, HMS (FD ship), 313Pas de Calais, 218passive radar, 297-305Patents, 269, 270Paul, Commander R.T. (later Captain),
216-17Pearl Harbor, 244Peat, J.D. (Marconi), 248PEDESTAL (Malta convoy), 173, 180,
181,183pelorus,28Pelzerhaken, Germany, 273'Pendulum', 369performance checking, jammers, 219Philips Ltd (Holland), 271Phillips, G.J. (ASE), 246, 249Phoebe, HMS (cruiser), 166phosphors, 14
pilotage, see blind pilotagePinewood, ASE Extension, 224Pintsch Co. (Germany), 270Pitts, W.J. (Plessey ce.» 241Plan Position Indicator (PP!), see
DisplaysPlessey Radio Ltd, 200, 241, 248, 249,
250Plots:
Admiral's Plot, 28, 148Air (Display) Plot, 150, 157, 173, 179A/S Plot, 148Auto-Radar Plot, 158General Operations Plot (GOP), 30,
156'home-made' Plots, 28-9, 178-9intercept Plot, 173, 179Local Operations Plot (LOP), 30, 156,
164Main Air Display Plot (MADP), 179Strategic Plot, 148Tactical Plot, 28, 30, 148, 149, 150View Plot, 148, 152, 154, 158
Plotting:Action Plotting, 152, 165Action Plotting Organisation, 30,
151-3ARL Plotting Table, 28, 148, 149, 152,
153-5, 158, 171automation of surface-plotting, 158back-plotting, 182Bridge Plotting Room, 156, 164CAAIS,16Ograticules, 149, 155, 158, 179Instructional Plotting Room, 157need for speed, 158overloading of manual plot, 151Plotting and Navigation, 154plotting for DF, 250-2, 255-6Plotting Office, 148, 150Plotting Staff, 154, 157, 165WRNS in plotting, 157
'Pluto' , (undersea pipeline inOVERLORD), 218
Plymouth, 166point-of-aim wander, 132; see also
'glint'polar diagram, see antennaepolarisation:
German radar: vertical, 275, 282, 285;horizontal, 289, 293; both, 285,299; change from vertical tohorizontal, 290
352 General Index
polarisation (cant .)German intercept equipment - both,
299,300German search equipment, 299, 300HF DF, 233, 247-8, 249, 253jamming/intercept equipment, 198,
204,209Polish engineers/scientists at ASE, 231,
239,241,247,248,249Polish State Telecommunication
Establishment (PZT), 231Pollock, Commander David, RNVR,
177, 181Pollux, HMS (ex-French minelayer,
radar training vessel), 225pom-poms, 51, 53, 56, 71portable 'after-action' radar set, 313Portland, 306Portsmouth, 156, 157, 166, 193,200position 'wipe-out' device, 81potentiometers, linear, 59Potomac, River (USA), 270Pout, H.W. (HMSS/ ASE), Author
(Monographs 1, 2), xxvipower output, see specific Types and
technical tables, pp . 40-1, 128-9PPI, see displaysprecession, of shell, 111precision panel, see RBLlO, 11 on 366prediction in the HACS, 139-42prediction, tachometric, 127predictors, see Maneouvre PredictorPressland, C.T. (ASE), 239Price, B.T. (ASE), 247, 249Prince of Wales, HMS (battleship), xxii,
13,22,151Prinz Eugen (German cruiser):
use of radar in bombardment, 297radars fitted, 280-1, 286, 289, 289,
292,297priorities, 7, 8, 35, 151, 182, 201Prisoners-of-War, re-patriation, 170private firms, seeoutside contractors'private' ships, 155propagation of EM waves :
anomalous, 10, 11, 176-7, 282direction, 233ionospheric reflection, 231, 233, 248,
252,270observations of conditions, 259over surface of sea, 239, 270poor propagation conditions, 259
'propeller' modulation, 132, 273
proximity fuze (VT fuze), 107pulse analysis, 197Pulse-Code-Modulation (PCM) for IFF,
297pulse data:
length, 127, 197, 273, 274power, 127repetition frequency : Allied radar,
127, 197; German radar: preWW2, 273; wartime, 274, 283
measuring equipment, 197see also technical tables, 40-1, 128-9
pulse-to-pulse variation, 132PZT (Polish State Communications
Establishment), 231
Qquadrature component of EM field,
234, 235'Queen Bee', radio-controlled aircraft,
87Queen Elizabeth, HMS (battleship),
247-8Queen Elizabeth II, RMS, 169'Quirl', 369
Rradar - applications, seealso
bombardment, coastal defence,collision-avoidance, divebombers, gunnery, heightdetermination, homing, jetpropelled aircraft, navigation,radar-silence, station-keeping,submarines, warning, wirelesssilence
radar - general:cooperation in UK developments,
48early ideas, 7, 268-70CW radar systems, 226comparison of German and Allied
radars, 274,280,286-7,295,305,307
concept, 7pulsed radar in inter-war years , 270
3world's first radar experiments, 268
70radar aiming :
aiming by radar, 75, 130-1
General Index 353
aiming accuracy, 62-3aiming errors, 125--6'jitter', 77-8, 115, 125, 126and director optics, 97in darkness and poor weather, 97
'Radar at Sea', 183, 184,279radar calibration vessel, 207Radar Control Ratings (RC ratings),
157radar countermeasures, 192, 193-5,
202-9,210,219-20; see also ECMRadar Display Room (RDR), 183, 320radar for Armed Merchant Cruisers,
311radar for coastal forces, 310, 311, 312,
313radar for laying other radar on target,
26, 280radar for small ships, 16-18radar for submarines, 310, 311, 312radar for surveying, 312radar horizon, 10,42,43radar Offices/huts and their
environment, 21, 183; see alsoenvironment for radar at sea
Radar operators, see Operators,radar
Radar Plot Ratings (RP ratings), 157,165
radar rangefinder, xxiradar ranging, 98radar secrecy, see secrecy and
securityradar set design, 58, 66, 305, 307radar shadow area, 168radar 'silence' , 176
see also fear of detectionradar set details, see Equipment
Index, 362'Radattel', 369radiated power measurement, 246radio astronomy, 276radio-controlled aircraft, 87radio direction finding, see HF OFradio-goniometer, 234radio guidance, see Glider-bomb,
guided-missiles and 'Queen Bee'Radio Location, xxiradio 'silence ', 150, 176radio telegraphy (R/T), 154, 174, 176,
178, 179, 181'radio war' at Dover, 196-7radome, 291, 293, 320
Ramsay, Admiral Sir Bertram, 160Randall , J.T. (later Professor),
(Birmingham University) , 19,202,226
range of detection, general, 23range of detection, aircraft :
summary, 42, 43German experimental results, 271,
273German radar, 274-5specific sets, see Types 79/X/Z,
276, 277/P/Q, 279, 281/B, 285,286/M/P, 291, 293/M/P/X
see also low-flying aircraft (below)range of detection, low-flying aircraft,
56,285range of detection, ships:
experimental gunnery radar, 56pre-WW2 American results, 270pre-WW2 German results, 271, 273German radars, 279, 285specific results, see Types 271/X,
273Q, 281, 284, 285, 286/M/P,291,293X
range of detection, submarines,surfaced, 21-2, 26, 56, 67
rangefinding equipment - radar:against dive-bombers, 52comparison with optics, 12, 78, 192German use of IFF in bombardment,
297gunnery radar in navigation, 166need for radar ranging, 54Outfit RTB, 31ranging unit GL 1, 12, 54
rangefinding equipment - optical:binoculars, 28optical, 49, 54, 98-9, 142,280,286optical coincidence rangefinder, 49,
90,97, 140short-based optical rangefinder, 86,
96stratification of air in tube, 95--6
range measurement, 280range-resolution, 292; see also
discriminationrange-rate, 97, 98ranging panels:
chronology, 97Army GL 1 panel, 12, 54Panel L12, 55, 57Panel L22, 64, 63-4HACS with ranging unit, 97-9, 105
354 General Index
ranging system, precision, 59rate-aiding, 62, 137, 320receivers:
AGC, 67-8, 70HF DF, 240-1, 249-50IFF, see 'Pendulum', 369monitoring/search, 191, 203-9; for
AB2, 'Battle-axe', 'Headache',P19, P29, 'Trumpet', seeEquipment Index
muting, 274superhererodyne, see 'Korfu', 369
reconnaissance, 147, 210, 270, 276-7Redgment, P.G. (HMSS/ASE): Author
(Monograph 6), xxviAnglo-US investigation team,
post-WW2, 214, 261contributor, 227recruited, 230and FH3 in US ship, 244and re-radiation, 248and US HF DF, 253
reflection properties of 'targets', seetarget reflection characteristics
'reflectoscope', 168refraction, 95Regia Aeronautica, 175Remote Control Office (RCO), 148Remote Power Control(RPC), 56, 137'Renner' Series, 369Repulse, HMS (battlecruiser), 99re-radiation, 236, 237, 244, 247, 248,
259resonant frequency, 243-4, 243'Retten', 369Rhys-Iones, Mr (Plessey Co.), 241River Plate, Battle of, 191, 192,274Riviera Invasion, 191Robertson, G. (ASE), 211Robus, E.G. (HMSS/ASE), 239Rocke, A.F.L. (HMSS/ASE), (also
Lieutenant (Sp) RNVR), 241, 245,249,253
rockets, 36rocket-propelled aircraft, 76Rodney, HMS (battleship), xxi, 10,
150-1,176Rohde & Schwarz GmbH, 298Rohwer, J. (German Naval historian),
230roll correction, 86, 136, 138Roma (Italian battleship), 212'rose' distortion, 250, 251
Ross, Alfred W. (HMSS/ ASE), 217,219,227,275
Ross, W. (NPL>, 248Rotherham, HMS (destroyer), 152Rotterdam, 269, 290'Rotterdam' Committee (German), 291,
295'Rotterheim' , 369roughness of shell-flight , 119-20, 120,
121, 122, 123Royal Air Force:
balloon project, 200-1Bomber Command, 209, 276, 280,
283,290,300-1Coastal Command, 16, 291collaboration with RN and ASE, 209detected by German radar, 193FD,177-8Fighter Command, 174, 178IFF, 15monitoring over Germany, 209radar, 12, 16, 209, 210Squadrons, 209, 218supremacy in UK coastal waters,
199and jammers, 213and NEPTUNE, 202, 216, 218, 220and WA, 7
Royal Aircraft Establishment, 213Royal Artillery, 76Royal Canadian Navy, 201Royal Naval Air Signal School,
Arbroath, 178Royal Naval Air Station, Yeovilton,
177Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 160Royal Naval Escort Groups, 214Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
(RNVR):ECM for Far East, 226FD Officers, 177-8, 184Temporary Commissions for
Operations, 203, 211-12, 221,239
Royal Navy, 216, 218, 270see also Communications, Instructor,
Navigation Direction and RPBranches
Royal Sovereign, HMS (battleship), 149RP Branch of Navy, 165
see also Radar Plot RatingsRunge, Dr W. (Telefunken), 271Russia (USSR), 199
General Index 355
Russian Army, 297Russian destroyers, 167Russian Liaison Officer, 167
S'Sadir', 3695-band, 321, see wavelength5-boats (German Navy), 285, 292Salerno landings, (Operation
AVALANCHE), 212, 214Saltburn, HMS (WWl sloop,
minesweeper, trials vessel):sea trials : Type 79X, xxi, 10, 53; Type
277X, xxiii, 23, 41; Type 291, 17;Type 'JE' PPI, 181; HF DF, 247
'Sames' , 369San Raphael, French Riviera, 222Sardonyx, HMS (destroyer), 53Sarell, Captain R.I.A., 145Sargent, Lieutenant-Commander J.c.,
146Savannah, (US cruiser), 212Sayer, Captain G.B., ISS, 161, 164Sayers, Dr H.J. (later Professor),
(Birmingham University), 226Scapa Flow, 12, 152Scharnhorst (German battle cruiser), 21,
152-3, 201, 279, 297Scheidt, River estuary, 168-9Scheer, see Admiral Scheer'Scheer', 369Scherl, Richard (German industrialist>,
269schnorchel, 299Schofield, Admiral B.B. (Author cited),
177Scott, Lieutenant-Commander Peter
RNVR,l77Scylla, HMS (cruiser), 160sea-clutter, 275Seadog, HMS (submarine), 26'Search'radar, see warning radarsearchlight control radar, 8, 54sea reflections ,S, 8-9, 25, 74Seaslug,surface-to-air missile, 35, 82-3,
113second channel rejection, 241Second Support Group, 212secrecy and security, ISO, 193, 261Sector displays, see Displays'Seeburg', 369'Seetakt', 368-70
'Segler' Series, 370self screening, 210Sennen, HMS (cutter, ex-USN), 261'sense', see HF DFsensors,S, 7-10, 10-25,28servo systems:
general, 126, 136-7, 321development pre-WW2, 97, 102new designs, 112and errors, 70, 80in weapon control, 48, 78, 81, 86seealso Metadyne
setting up radar on ship, seeshipfitting
SG radar, 366Sheffield, HMS (cruiser) :
Type 79Y fitted pre-WW2, xxi, 10, 40Type 79 transmission detected at
long range, 176and FD, 173, 175and plotting, 151in Scharnhorst Action, 153
shell characteristics, 49shell fuzes, 49, 84-5, 106-8shell-flight observation, 295shell-flight roughness, 119-20, 120, 121,
122, 123shell-splash spotting and
ranging, 49-50, 63, 68, 70, 294Sherlock, J. (ASE), 249, 254Sherrin, Mr (Allen West Ltd), 211SHINGLE, Operation (Anzio
landings), 213, 214-5shipboard environment, see
environment for radar at seaShip Commander, 28ship-motion data, 91ship distortion, 117-18ship-fitting, 34, 161, 162, 200; see also
specific Type referencesshipping losses, 196, 199shore-radar stations, 161Sicily, 222Sicilian landings, 168, 214-15'sighting' reports, see U-boatssignal analysis equipment, 197Signal Communication Branch, 164Signal Department/Division,
Admiralty, 174, 199signal generators, 207, 223, 242signal-to-noise ratio, 73Signal School, see HM Signal Schoolsignal-strength variation, 23
356 General Index
Silvester, D.D. (HMSS/ASE), 213, 214,215, 226, 227
simultaneous-Iobing technique, 129,130, 133
Singapore, 209Skiatron, see displaysSkinner, H.W.B. (IRE), 19, 202Skua aircraft, 175, 176sky-wave, see HF DFsloops, 161'Small Wiirzburg', 370Smith, S.B. (Marconi), 248Smith-Rose, Dr R.L. (NPL), 248smoke screens, 211, 213smoothing, of data, 78, 126Solent,16solid-state devices, 37, 66, 86Sonar, see Asdicsound-proofing, of ADR, 183Southdown, HMS (destroyer), xxii, 54,
56Southsea Castle, 53Southwick House, 160Southwick Park, 156, 157space-averaging, 253Spakhia, Crete, 166Spartan, HMS (light cruiser), 213Speckington Manor, Yeovilton, 178Special Branch of Navy, see RNVRSpectrum Display Unit (German), 299SPELLBINDER Operation (sweep off
Norway), 202Spencer, USCGC, 245, 261Sperry Gyroscope Co., 75Spezia, Italian Naval Base, 212'spider's-web' graticule, see Plotting'spinning-gonio' system, see HF DF'Spinning Naxos', 370splash-spotting, see shell-splash
spottingSQ radar, 313stabilisation of antennae, see antennaeStabilized tachymetric anti-aircraft
gun, (STAAG):general, 72, 73, 73, 310, 321antenna control, 112equivalent needed in small
ships, 82limitations of radar accuracy, 112Mark 2, 71radar performance with/without
mounting, 74and Fly Plane System prediction, 110
Staff Requirements, see Naval StaffRequirements
Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd,207
station keeping, 166St Margaret's Bay, Dover, 194, 209Strahl, (German trials vessel) , 274'Strahlenzieler', 370Strategic Plot, see PlotsStrong, Mr (Allen West Ltd), 211Struszynski, W. (HMSS/ASE), 230-1,
237-8,240,246-7,258submarines, general, 56, 58, 152,
210-11,231submarine radar, xxiii, 18, 310, 311,
312Suffolk, HMS (cruiser), 151sunspot activity, 11Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
(SACEUR), 181Surface Force direction, 160-1, 182, 184surface gunnery fire control, see GS
radarsurface warning radar, see warning
radarsurface-waves, 254surveillance radar, see warning radarsurveying, 312'Siisel', 370Sussex, HMS (cruiser), 164Sutton, R.W., (HMSS/ASE), 202, 225Svenner, (Norwegian Navy, destroyer),
221Swanage, Dorset, xxi, 19Swann, Lieutenant Ralph RNVR, 177,
180Swiftsure, HMS (cruiser), 66Swordfish aircraft, 183, 313Sydney, Australia, 164, 170system-design approach, 66
Ttachometric prediction, 127tachometric systems, 56, 104tactical control of ships, 15, 28-9Tactical Plot, see PlotsTank Landing Ship, 222Tantallon, ASE Extension, see ASEtarget acquisition, see gunnerytarget allocation, see gunnerytarget behaviour, 119-20target detection, 7, 82-3
General Index 357
target discrimination, seediscrimination
target evaluation, see gunnerytarget - from detection to hit, 48target indication, see gunnery, gun
directionTarget Indication Officer, 34target indication radar, 312Target Indication Room, (TIR), 30, 34
5, 155--6, 163Target Indication Unit (TIU), 5, 156
for specific TIUs, see 366target recognition, see IFFtarget reflection characteristics, 67,
131-3,216target terminology, 124-5Taunus Mountains, 303Tay, HMS (frigate), 260Taylor AH. (Naval Radio Aircraft
Lab., USA), 270Taylor, CA, (later Professor), (ASE),
211, 215, 221, 225Telecommunications Research
Establishment (TRE):compact airborne radar, 66Countermeasures Group, 203crystal-mixer valve, 202ECM equipment, 215experimental 5-band equipment, xxi,
19,67jammers, 220'Mandrel', jammer, 215'Moonshine', echo-repeater
equipment, 218Swanage, xxi, 19technology transfer to HMSS, 19-20
Telefunken Company (Germany):'Barbara ' Series, 294'Berlin' series (bombing aid), 291'Berlin U' series (for U-boats) , 293chronology, 192,271,276,284-5,295
coastal artillery FC, 294disc-triode valve, 295'Euklid' series, 295experimental AI set, 284'Freiburg' series, 286frequency choice, 283-4'Freya' built under licence, 282, 286'Giant Wiirzburg', 271, 276, 283'Lichtenstein' series, 285MF DF, 262pre-WW2,271
'Retten' (AA FC), 295
'Scheer', 294'Segler' Series, 291'Small Wiirzburg', 192, 271, 283terminology, 278and 'Quirl' , 276and Runge, 271see also named equipments given above
'Telemobiloscope', 268, 269telescope sight, on director, 78test apparatus, 241-4; see also Field
Strength Meter, signal generators,wattmeter
The Gourlo, The White Sea, 167'throw-off', 118, 119thyratron, see valvesTibbits, Captain Sir David, 156, 157,
161, 172Tilbury, 201Tillard, R. (ASE), 197'Timor', 370Tiptoe, HMS (submarine), 313Tirpitz (German battleship), 183, 280,
289Titanic, 5.5., 270Titlark (launch), 19Toczylowski, H.S. (HMSS/ASE), 239,
248Togo (German FD ship), 280TORCH, Operation (invasion of
French North Africa), 173, 180,181
Torlese, Rear Admiral AD., 174torpedo attacks, 232torpedo-bombers, 29, 69, 106, 114-15torpedo control, 149Torpedoes and Mines Department,
Admiralty, 86, 164torpedoes, flying, 36Torpedoversuchsanstalt
(TVA)(German torpedo researchestablishment),274
Tosi, I. (Italian scientist) , 234Toulon, 222Tovey, Admiral Sir John C, 180Town-class destroyers (ex-USN), 58Tozer, Lieutenant George RNVR,
177tracking of targets:
general,77-8non-radar methods, 83surface targets, 151and antenna carriers, 75and radar, 50
358 General Index
tracking of targets (cont .)in plotting, 151and specific sets, 79, 106, 151
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 184training/instruction:
AITC, 30, 156-61ECM,210FD, 173, 177-8HF OF, 252jammer Operators, 196Johnstone trainer (PPI use), 160Radar Operators, 157Radar Plotters, 157, 165RAF, on intercept equipment, 209see also Collingwood, Dryad, Harrier,
ValkyrieTraining Control Unit (TCU), see
gunnery radartransformers, 237-8, 242Transmit/Receive (T/R) switch, 60-1,
62transmitter oscillators, 270Transmitting Station (TS):
general, 67, 75, 136, 322Director remote-control, 68, 100, 105,
108and shell-splash spotting, 63
trawlers, 18Treasury, H.M., 8, 61Trenkle, F. (German radar historian),
192, 294, 307'Triton' (German cypher, 1942),255Trondheim Fjord, Norway, 211Trump, HMS (submarine), 313'Trumpet', 366Tuna, HMS (submarine), xxiiiTuscan, HMS (destroyer), xxiii, 24Tuve, M.A. (Carnegie Institution,
USA),270Type 22 frigates, 240
UU-boats:
aircraft A/S patrols, 183Atlantic, Battle of, 169, 183-4'B-bar' prefix, 232, 257compound counteractions, 256, 262communications with base, 231-2,
252,260'Convoy-Wave', 254O-Oay, 221OF or 'Ultra', 254-6
examination of captured Ll-boats,224
German centimetric radar, 191,203,223-4, 293, 296
German early warning of em-radar,303,305
German ignorance of OF of owntransmissions, 261
German intercept receivers, 223,298-9
German metric radar, 274, 278-9,285,296
German shore-control of tactics, 232German surprise at detections, 262German 'Wolf-packs', 231, 232, 262guidance from the air, 210HF OF of communications, 236, 245,
246,248,261HF OF v radar, 229-30'Metox' abandoned, 262MF OF, 262need for speedy OFs, 253night surface-attacks countered, 215-band radar effective,S, 19-20, 21,
153, 291, 300'scare' tactics, 256'sighting' reports, 232, 256, 257twin-channel CROF, 258-61use of higher antenna in escorts, 21U249, 305, 306
Uganda, HMS (heavy cruiser), 212'Ultra':
declassified, 230, 322'German cypher broken, 254need to maintain 'cover', 230, 255,
261not continuous intelligence, 255and HF OF, 25~and ASV/ shipborne radar/HF OF,
262United Kingdom Conference on Radar
for Marine Transport, 170United States Navy:
British HF OF in USN, 244-5French team on HF OF, 245HF OF, 229, 244-6, 250, 252-3, 260liaison, 226, 244VT fuzes, 107and FD, 178, 182
United States of America:American radar in British ships, 313CW radar(1922), 270HF OF, 241, 244-5
General Index 359
navigating the Chesapeake, 166optical rangefinder, 96scientists at HMSS/ASE, 211standardised FD layout, 182USAAF fighter pilots, 181valves, 225
Universities, 197; seealso Birmingham,Bristol, Cambridge, Manchester,Oxford
Usk, HMS (submarine), 19Utah Beach, 220US Navy Yard, Londonderry, 245USSR, 199
VVl (German flying bomb), 107V2 (German rocket) , 214Valiant, HMS (battleship), 87, 145, 150,
158Valkyrie, HMS (radar training school),
207,210valves - general:
State-of-Art, 86technology superseded, 66Inter-Service valve work, 19
valves - specific:specific numbers, 366CRT, 235, 245, 290crystal-mixer, 19, 202gas-switch, 61klystron, 67, 202, 225, 319magnetron: description, 319;
resonant-cavity, 19; 'Mandarinanode', 225--6; spectrum, 225;'strapping', 21, 226; Allied SBand, 19,21,22,67, 202; AlliedX-Band, 204; Germanmagnetrons, 202, 223, 224, 267,274,305; German discovery ofAllied magnetrons, 284, 291,300-1; Japanese experience, 209,225--6; comparison of Germanand Allied magnetrons, 295
mixer, 19,202modulator, 273oscillator, 192, 202spark-gap, 61thyratron, 215, 273, 321triode: British, xxi, 194,195; German,
192,274,295; seealso E1190, LD6Vancouver, Canada, 170Vanguard, HMS (battleship), xxiii, 158
variable smoothing times (VST), 115,116
'vectoring' aircraft, 183; see also fighterdirection/interception
'V'-class destroyers, 154velocity trigger (VI) shell fuzing, 106
8,322velocity 'wipe-out' device, 81Venerable, HMS (light fleet carrier),
159Very High Frequency (VHF), (30 - 300
MHz), radio, 178, 182, 200Very Low Frequency (VLF), (3 - 30
kHz) , 232, 235'Very Special Intelligence', 261Vian, Admiral Sir Philip, 160Vickers, Mr (Marconi Company), 249Victoria , Canada, 170Victorious, HMS (fleet carrier), 173, 177,
178, 179, 180, 313View Plot, see PlotsVI fuze, 107
WWA radar, 309; see also sets noted on
310-13Walden, S de (HMSS/ASE), 241Walker, Captain F.J., 212Walrus, amphibious aircraft, 182, 313'WAnz',370War Office, 76warming up time for radar sets, 176warning radar:
general, 38-41, 165, 193aircraft, 8, 24, 165, 310-13surface craft , 8, 19-20, 165,310-13combined air/surface craft, 17, 18,
309,310-12Warren, Norman (ARL,AGE), 145Warspite, HMS (battleship), 66, 212'Wasserman', 370water vapour in atmosphere, 10Watson-Watt, R.A., (later Sir Robert):
demonstrates radar potential, xxi, 7,52
DF receiver, 240'The Cult of the Third Best', 240and CRDF, 235, 241, 260
Watson, D. Stewart (HMSS/ASE),227
Watson, D.W. (Marconi) , 248wattmeter, 211
360 General Index
waveguides, 79, 198, 204, 205, 206, 206,208,291
see also antennae, feederswavelength (frequency shown in
brackets);definitions:K-band, around 1.25-cm (24,000
MHz),319L-band, around 50-em (600MHz), 525-band, around 10-em (3,000MHz),
321X-band, around 3-cm (10,000MHz),
322millimetric, 53centimetric radar (before WW2 the
term 'centimetric' included allwavelengths below 1-m), 209,229
l.25-cm (24,000MHz) (K-band), 681.5-cm (20,000MHz), 2933-cm (10,000MHz) (X-band), 65-6,
168-9, 202, 204, 2939-cm (3,333MHz), 284decimetric radar, 45, 192,267,271,
295-69- to 50-em, 21110-cm (3,000MHz) (5-band) : Did
Germany have 5-band?, 202-9;Germans find Allied S-band,290-5; German searchequipment, 301-5; Japaneseequipment, 226; pre-WW2German tests, 269; sensor forgunnery, 10, 19-25, 65-73;Swanage trials, xxi; see alsospecific sets noted on 311-13
10- to 30-cm, 205-6l3.5-cm (2, 222MHz), 192,270-125-cm (1, 200MHz), xxi, 5348-cm (625MHz), 27150-em (600MHzHL-band), xxi,
52-65, 67, 267, 268-9, 271;see also specific sets noted on310-12
53-em (566MHz), 192, 196,20253.5-cm (561MHz), 27860-cm (500MHz), 192, 193, 273, 27462.5-cm (480MHz), 27370-cm (429MHz), 27370- to 91-cm (430-330MHz), 28880-cm (375MHz), 192, 194, 20281.5-cm (368MHz), 273
83-cm (361-363MHz), 194, 288metric radar, 18, 1921.4-m (214MHz), 10, 16-18, 226l.5-m (200MHz), 210; see also sets
noted on 310-13l.8-m (171-167MHz), 2732-m (150MHz), 2702.4-m (125MHz), 192,202,267,273,
2743.3-m (90MHz), xxi, 133.5-m (86MHz), 13; see also Type 281
series3- to 4-m (100-75MHz), 536-m (50MHz), 2137-m (43MHz), xxi, 10, 5311-m (27MHz), 1071.4-m (4.2MHz), 270
'W'-class destroyers, 154WC radar, 17, 18,309,310-12Weapon Control Systems, see gun
direction systemsweather reports (German), 232Wellington bomber, 209, 210, 277, 281Wembley, GEC premises, 194'Wespe g', 370Whipple, R.T.P. (HMSS/ASE), 247,
256White, E.L.e. (EMD, 42, 144White Sea, 167Willett, Captain Basil R., 193'William', 312'Window', 218, 273, 322Wireless Office, 154wireless 'silence ', 150, 176wireless telegraphy (W/T - morse), 28,
147-8, 175, 178, 269'Wolf-packs', see Ll-boatsWomen's Royal Naval Service
(WRNS), 157, 160, 168, 197, 200,259
Wooley, J.e. (ASE), 239Woolrych, Commander R.S., (Author,
Monograph 4), xxviwork with/by private firms, see
outside contractorsWright, S.T. (HMSS/ASE), 227WS radar, 309, see warning radar -
surface craft and 310-13'Wiillenweber', 370'Wiirzburg', 370Wynne-Edwards, Commander C},
157, 158, 161, 164-5
XXG2, see HMSS, RCM SectionXRE3, see ASEX-band, see wavelength
General Index
'V' Office, 154,323Yorke, Commander Philip , 178Young, L.c. (Naval Aircraft Radio
Lab., USA), 270
361
YVagi, see antennaeYE, aircraft homing beacon (US), 182,
184Yeovilton, Somerset, FD School, 156,
157, 161
2zeppelins, 270zero phase-gradient in DF, 233'2' Stations, 196, 197, 198, 199,218,221
Equipment Index
Brief descriptive notes are given in the Appendix. Technical data is tabulated onpp . 40-1, 128-9 and in the Appendix.
German Equipment is gathered together in the Supplement to this Index, p. 367et seq.
21, Japanese WA radar, l.4-m, 22622, Japanese WS radar, Ill-em, 22679, WA radar:
development, xxitechnical data, 40, 310vertical-lobe structure, 9in large ships, 10-12performance, 12, 29, 181detected other Type 79 at 100 miles,
176and Action Information, 150-1and FD, 173, 174-6and navigation, 166and plotting, 182and weapon control, 12replaced, xxiiiship-fitting, numbers, 12
79B, WA radar, xxii, 12, 31079M, WA radar, 31079X, WA radar, xxi, 8, 10-1179Y, WA radar, xxi, 10-11, 40792, WA radar, xxi, 11-1291, radar jammer:
antenna, 196, 198effectiveness, 199enemy change of frequency, 197engineered version, 196extended to l.5-m band, 210general , 191redesigned for Far East, 226shipbome version, 201technical data, 310waveguides, 196-7and Assault Craft, 226and US, 215in Actions, 201in Operations, 202, 215, 218, 221ships fitted - general, 201, 215
241, interrogator, 310
242, interrogator, 310242M, interrogator, 310243, interrogator, 310244, interrogator, 310245, interrogator, 310251, shipbome beacon, 310251M, shipbome beacon, 310251P, shipbome beacon, 310252, IFF transponder, 310253, IFF, 310253P, IFF, 3102535, IFF, 310255, beacon, 310256, shore-beacon, 310257, carrier-controlled approach radar,
310258, shore-radar beacon, 310259, shipbome beacon, 310261, W5 radar, 310261W, WS radar, 310262, GC radar (search-and-lock-on):
general, 70-3initiated, xxiidevelopment contract, xxiifirst installation, xxiiiaccuracy, 112aiming-errors, 78, 112limitations, 72-3technical data, 128, 310variants, 71-2on 5TAAG mounting, 72
263, GB radar, 70-3, 310267W, submarine WS/WC radar, xxiii,
310267MW, submarine WS/WC radar,
310267PW, submarine W5/WC radar, 310268, WS radar, xxiii, 170, 310269, coastal forces GS radar, 310
362
Equipment Index 363
271, WS radar:adapted for older destroyers, 21chronology, xxiidevelopment, xxiiMarks, 20-1navigation in fog, 167technical data, 41, 311and monitor receivers, 205, 207, 209and plots, 151, 153and target -handling capability, 29and Ll-boat kills, 153
271M, WS radar, 20, 21, 41, 311271P, WS radar, xxii, 20-1, 41, 311271Q, WS radar, xxii, 20-2, 41, 311271X, WS radar, xxii, 20, 67272, WS radar, xxii, 21, 22, 41, 151, 311272M, WS radar, 311272P, WS radar, xxii, 311273,WS radar, xxii,41, 54, 151, 167, 311273M, WS radar, 311273P, WS radar, xxii, 311273Q, WS radar, xxii, 22, 23, 41, 311274, GS radar:
technical data, 128, 311development, xxii, 65installation, xxiii, 66sea trials, 67beamwidth,68target resolution, 75and automatic target tracking, 74ships fitted - specific, 66
275, GA radar:chronology, xxii, xxiii,6~, 108first set capable of full blind-fire, 101inherent aiming-error, 74, 79integrated design, 66performance, 74-5radar not limiting the system, 70, 74sea trials, 66size, 71technical data, 128,311and auto-following, 74, 112and blind-fire, 69, 69and Mark 6 Director, 100, 108-9and missile guidance, 77and sea reflections, 74and shell-splash spotting, 70ships fitted - specific, 66
276, WS radar, xxii, xxiii,22, 24, 41, 311277, WS radar:
description, 23development, xxiiinto service, xxiii, 23
technical data, 41, 311performance, 24, 43, 182advantage, 23pulse-to-pulse variation, 23sea trials, 23and ADR displays, 183and general WA, 23in Operations, 183superseded, xxiiiships fitted - general, 162ships fitted - specific, xxiii, 24, 183
277P, WS radar, xxiii, 24, 311277Q, WS radar, 24, 25, 26, 41, 311277S, WS/low air-cover radar, 3112771', WS/low air-cover radar, xxiii,
311277X, WS radar, xxiii, 23, 41, 181279, WA radar:
general, 10-12technical data, 40, 311accurate ranging facility, 12, 54detection range, 43kill-probability, 98, 105lobe-structure and Type 281's, 14,
282and gunnery, 12, 97, 98, 105numbers, 12ships fitted - general, 162
279B, WA radar, 12, 40280, WA/GA radar:
adapted from GL 1, 12-15accurate ranging, 54kill-probability of system, 98, 105technical data, 40, 311ships fitted - general, 97
281, WA radar:development, xxitechnical data, 13-14, 40, 311range performance, 14, 22, 42, 43accurate ranging unit, 54, 97kill-probability, in gunnery, 98, 105lobe-maximum procedure, 274lobe structure, 9, 14,23,29,282vertical polar-diagram, 42, 43and Heightfinding, 183and IFF, 310and PPI, seeType 281Band RDR, 183superseded, xxiiinumbers, xxiiships fitted - general, 162ships fitted - specific, xxii, 13
281B, WA radar, xxii, 13-15,40,311
364 Equipment Index
281BM, WA radar, 311281BP, WA radar, 311, 312281BQ, WA radar, xxiii, 14-15,40,311,
312282, GC radar:
started, xxi, 53technical data, 56, 128, 311range accuracy, 58-9beamwidth,61beam-splitting, 130-1common transmit/receive working,
61converted to Type 283, 58, 64numbers, xxi, 53, 54
282M, GC radar, 128, 311282P, GC radar, 71, 128282Q, GC radar, 311283, GB radar, 58, 64, 128, 311283M, GB radar, 311284, GS radar:
technical data, 128, 311comparison with 5-band sets, 22sea trials , xxii, 58aiming accuracy, 61, 62-3beam-splitting, 130-1beamwidth, 61common transmit/receive, 61range accuracy, 56, 58range of detection, 58and navigation, 166and shell-splash spotting, 63and specification, 58and tracking surface targets, 151modifications (to new variant), 58,
65numbers, 54ships fitted - specific, 54
284M, GS radar, 128, 311284P, GS radar, xxii, 68, 128, 311285, GA radar:
authority to proceed, 54technical data, 128, 311sea trials, xxii, 54, 56range of detection, 56range accuracy/errors, 56, 58, 97aiming by radar, 130-1aiming accuracy/errors, 61, 62-3, 98beamwidth, 61common transmit/receive, 61beam-switching, 98, 130-1range-rate accuracy, 97kill-probability, 98, 105antenna, 55
receiver in ECM laboratory test, 223and AA control, 54and FC, 99and Scharnhorst action, 153and tracking surface targets, 151and plotting, 154and navigation, 166modifications, 58, 65numbers, 54
285M, GA radar:ABV,6~
full remote power control, 105-6kill-probability, 98, 105technical data, 128, 311and blind-fire, 68
285M2, GA radar, 65285P, GA radar:
chronology, xxiiaiming jitter, 78Director control from TS, 105-6kill-probability, 98, 105limitations, 68-9, 108-9technical data, xxii, 97, 128, 311
285Q GA radar, 311286, WC radar:
German equivalent, 285, 287range of detection, 17, 20RAF ASV modification, xxi, 16small-ship radar, 16-17, 18, 22, 29technical data, 40ships fitted - general, xxi
286M, WC radar:numbers, 16performance, 17, 18ships fitted - general, 18technical data, 16, 40, 311and bearing accuracy, 151and plotting, 154and station-keeping, 153and tactical information, 151and U-boats, 153
286P, WC radar, 17-18, 29,40,43, 151,311
286PQ, WC radar, 17-18, 40, 311286V, WC coastal forces radar, 311286W, submarine we radar, 311287, minewatch radar, 311288(1), GC radar, 311288(2), GC radar, 312289, GA radar, 312290, WC radar, xxii, 16-18, 40, 312291, WC radar:
associated beacons, 310
Equipment Index 365
detection range, 17, 43, 153fitting, xxii, 151general, 16-18replacement for Type 286, xxiisea trials, 17small-ship radar, 21, 22, 29technical data, 40, 43, 312voice-pipe to Plot, 154and station-keeping, 153
291M, WC radar, 312291U, coastal forces WC radar, 310, 312291W, submarine WC radar, 312293, WC/TI radar, xxiii, 25, 30-3, 162,
312293M, WC/TI radar, xxiii, 30, 41, 43,
312293P, WC/TI radar, xxiii, 26, 41293Q WC/TI radar, 26, 41293QW, WC/TI radar, 30293X, WC/TI radar, 2~, 41294, WC/FD radar, xxii, 180-1,312295, WC/FD radar, xxii, 180-1, 312650, jammer, 213-14, 312651, jammer, 213-14, 312901, WA radar:
general, 78-81antenna, 80-1attack on aiming errors, 78-9beam-riding, 77chronology, 77, 129, 142errors, 115for large ships, 82GMSI application, 113guided-missile project, 77'jitter', 133LRSI radar, 75, 113, 142performance, 77, 79-80, 133prototype, 80servos, 134, 137shipborne tracking radar, 77technical data, 129, 130X-Band,77and 'glint', 133
903, radar, 75, 122-3, 123904, radar, 75905, radar:
errors, 115, 116, 121, 123, 123, 133'noise', 115technical data, 115, 129, 130, 134and MRS5, 75, 113
930, GS/splash radar, 312931, Canadian GS/splash radar, 68,
312
932, GS/splash radar, 68940, interrogator, 312941, interrogator, 312951, beacon, 312952, beacon, 312960, WA radar, xxiii, 15, 180, 312961, CCA radar, 312970, WS radar, 168, 312971, WS radar, 168, 312971M, WS radar, 312972, WS radar, 312980, WC/FD radar, xxiii, 25, 181, 312981, heightfinder radar, xxiii, 181, 312990, WC radar, 312992, TI radar, 26, 33-5, 37, 41, 312992Q, TI radar, 37992Y, TI radar, 37993, TI radar, 37994, TI radar, 37AB2 (receiver):
GEC version, 203, 205, 206first modification, 206, 206, 208, 208,
209CV39 modification, 207, 207, 208,
208,209AH4 (Admiralty designation of
Marconi OFG 26), 249AH6 (Admiralty designation - Plessey
shore HF OF), 250AI, RAF air interception (airborne)
radar, 303, 310AlA radar, 313ANI APS-4 (US airborne radar), 313ANIAPS-6 (US airborne radar), 313ASB (US airborne radar), 313ASH (US airborne radar), 313ASV (RAF and Naval versions):
aircrew helped by FD, 184Germans develop ASV after
capturing Allied equipment,210, 276-7
German detectors in U-boats, 299modified RAF set in small ships, 16Mark I, 16, 298, 305Mark II, 210, 277, 298, 299, 300, 305,
313Mark IIN, 313Mark III, 291, 300, 302, 305Requirement not foreseen by
Germany, 276technical data, 313and U-boat detection, 262, 291, 3013-cm ASV, 184
366 Equipment Index
B21 (HF DF receiver), 240'Battle-axe', monitoring receiver, 205-bCA No.1 (Army Set), 312CD No .1, Mk.IV (Army radar set), xxiiDecca Navigator (Outfit QM), 169DFG 24 (Marconi shore HF DF
equipment),248DFG 25 (Marconi shore HF DF
equipment), 248DFG 26 (Marconi shore HF DF
equipment), 249FH3 (shipborne HF DF Outfit), 240-2,
245-6, 258, 266FH4 (shipborne HF DF Outfit), 240-1 ,
246,258,260FH4X (experimental shipborne HF DF
Outfit),241, 260GCI, RAF ground-control interception
radar, 177, 318GL 1, Army gunlaying set, 12, 40, 54H2S, RAF airborne radar:
captured,209, 262,276,284,290, 293,300,307
German copy, 291, 295technical data, 312for Navigation Leaders, 168
H2X, US airborne 3-cm radar, 168, 209,291,295
'Headache', monitor receiver, 154,200L12, ranging panel, 55, 57L17, precision ranging panel, 54L22, ranging panel, 63-4, 64L24, precision ranging-panel, 98, 105'Mandrel' . TRE jammer, 215Mark 35 (US 3-cm radar), 75Mark 56 (US MRS system), 75'Matador', jammer, 215'Moonshine' , TRE echo-repeater
equipment, 218
Outfit FV3 (DF), 200Outfit QM (Decca Navigator), 169Outfit RU1 (DF of enemy radar), 224Outfit RU2 (DF of enemy radar), 224Outfit RU3 (DF of enemy radar), 224Outfit RU4 (DF of enemy radar), 224P19, monitor receiver, 194, 195P29, monitor receiver, 195, 201, 210QM, ('Decca Navigator'), 169RBL 10, precision range-panel, 98, 105RBL 11, precision range-panel, 98, 105RL7, search receiver, 200RL66A (Plessey twin-channel CRDF
receiver), 241S25B, (HF DF frame-coil), 238, 240SA, WA radar (US), 313SCR-291 (US DF equipment), 245SG, WS radar (US), 313SJ, WS radar (US), 313SK, WA radar (US), 313SL, WS radar (US), 310, 313SM-1, FD radar (US), 176,313SO, WS radar (US), 313SQ, WS radar (US portable), 313Target Indication Unit (TIU) Mark 2,
30-3Target Indication Unit (TIU) Mark 3,
33-5'Trumpet', monitor receiver, 8- to
12-cm, 205, 205-b, 208Valves, specific:
CV39, (klystron, S22 AF), 207, 207,222
E1l90 (triode), 194, 195S22 AF (klystron, CV39), 207
'William', 312YE, US aircraft homing beacon, 183,
184
Supplement to Equipment Index
German Equipment
'Athos' , centimetric search/DFreceiver for Ll-boats (FUMB 35),303,305,306
'Bali 1', radar search-receiver (FuMB29),300
'Barbara' , fire-control radar (FuMO111),294
'Berlin', original radar developed fromcaptured H2S radar, 293-4
'Berlin A', radar, 291, 293'Berlin K', radar (FuMO 82),292,293'Berlin 5', ship-borne radar (FuMO 81),
291, 292, 293'Berlin VI', V-boat radar (FuMO 83),
293'Berlin V2', V-boat radar (FuMO 84),
293'Biene r. IFF, 296Blaupunkt, manufacturer of 'Korfu'
series of search-receivers (FuMB12, 13, 14, 17), 302
'Blau-Strumpf', (long-afterglow CRT),290
'Boulogne', shore-based radar (FuMO5),290
'Calais', shore-based CD radar (FuMO1), 281, 290, 293
'Calais B', shore-based CD radar(FuMO 2), 281
'Cuba', DF receiver (FuMB 24), 301,301
'Demeyer', FuMB 3 radar search/DFreceiver, 298
'Drauf', PPI, 283, 290, 294'Erstling', IFF (FuME 3) used with
'Freya' and 'Wiirzburg's, 297'Euklid', ship-borne radar (FuMO 231),
295'Fano', radar search-receiver (FuMB 5),
298'Flakheit', terminology, 279'Hum', terminology, 279
'Freiburg', Naval radar (frequencyvariant of 'Freya', 286
'Freya', Naval land-based WA/WSradar:
A/I procedures, 278associated IFF, 296coastal defence, 192, 196,281,282Luftwaffe use, 192, 193, 273,275manufacturer, 273, 282, 286Naval sets, 192, 193, 273numbers, 282polarisation, 275range, 193,274-5,281-2technical data, 281to be countered in NEPTUNE,
216transmitter used in V-boat search
and warning set, 296WA, 192,274-5,281-2WS,282for putting other radar on target,
280'Frischling', IFF (FuME 5), 297FuG 25a, 'Erstling' IFF, used with
'Freya' and 'Wiirzburg's, 297FuG 200, Luftwaffe number of FuMO
61,285FuG 202, Luftwaffe number of FuMO
71,285FuG 224, Luftwaffe number of FuMO
81,291FuG 350Z, airborne 'Naxos' intercept/
DF receiver, 303FuKG 41g, 'Wespe g' IFF (FuME 1),296FuMB 1, 'Metox' radar search/DF
receiver, 298FuMB 2, 'Sadir' radar search/DF
receiver, 298FuMB 3, 'Demeyer' radar search/DF
receiver, 298FuMB 4, 'Sames' radar search/DF
receiver, 298, 300
367
368 Supplement to Equipment Index
FuMB 5, 'Fano' radar search/DFreceiver, 298
FuMB 7, 'Naxos I' radar search/DFintercept unit, 301, 303, 304
FuMB 8, 'Cypem I' radar search/DFreceiver, 299
FuMB 9, 'Cypem II' radar search/DFreceiver, 299
FuMB 16, 'Cypem III' radar search/DFreceiver, 299
FuMB 20, land-based radar search/DFwith 'Gronland' antenna, 299
FuMB 23, 'Naxos ZM1' radar search/DF receiver, 303
FuMB 24, 'Cuba' radar search/DFantenna, 301
FuMB 25, 'Miicke' radar search/DFreceiver, 302, 302
FuMB 35, 'Athos l ' radar search/DFreceiver, 303
FuMB Ant3, DF antenna, used withFuMB 8, 9, 10
and 29 receivers, 299FuME 1, 'Wespe g' IFF, 296FuME 2, 'Wespe' IFF, 296FuME 3, 'Erstling' IFF, 297FuME 5, 'Frischling' IFF,297FuMG38G(g), early experimental
'Freya', 274FuMG38G(B), early experimental
'Freya', 274FuMG39G(f, B), mobile WA radar, 279FuMG39G(g, B), shore-based CD
'Calais A' (FuMO 1) radar, 281FuMG39G(g, P), Naval radar 'Freya'
on rangefinder, 280FuMG39G(g, L), Naval radar 'Freya'
on Bridge, 281FuMG40G series, Naval and land
based radar, 279, 286, 287FuMG40G(f, B), 'Freya' radar, 281FuMG40G(g, B), shore-based CD
'Calais B' (FuMO 2) radar, 279FuMG40G(g, D), land-based 'Freya'
radar, 290FuMG40G(g, S), fixed antenna 'Freya'
radar for torpedo-boats, 287FuMG41G(c, F), 'Freya' land-based CD
radar, (FuMO 311, 'Freiburg'series), 290
FuMG41G(f, B), 'Freya' mobile landbased radar. (FuMO 311,'Freiberg' series) , 282
FuMG41G(g, A), 'Freya' land-basedCD radar, (FuMO 311, 'Freiburg'series), 290
FuMG42G(c, F), 'Freya' land-based CDradar, 290
FuMG42G(f, Z), 'Freya' land-basedradar, 282
FuMG401 series, Luftwaffe 'Freya'radars, 286
FuMG450, Luftwaffe 'Freya' radar,282
FuMG451 A - H, Luftwaffe 'Freya'radars, (Naval numbers FuMO321-328), 286
FuMO 1, CD radar, 'Calais', 281FuMO 2, CD radar, 'Calais B' , 281FuMO 3, CD land-based 'Seetakt'
radar, 290FuMO 5, CD land-based 'Boulogne'
radar, 290FuMO 11, CD 'Renner I' radar, 293-4FuMO 12, CD 'Renner II' radar, 293FuMO 13, CD 'Renner III' radar, 294FuMO 15, CD 'Scheer' radar, 294FuMO 21-28 series 'Seetakt' radar, 279,
280, 281, 286-7, 289FuMO 31, 'Sophie' radar, 288FuMO 32 to FuMO 34, 'Seetakt' radar,
289FuMO 41, shipbome fire-control
'Segler I' radar, 291FuMO 51, 'Mammut Gustav' shore
based CD radar, 290FuMO 52, 'Mammut Caesar' shore
based CD radar, 290FuMO 53, 'Mammut Cacilie' CD radar,
290FuMO 61-{)3, 'Hohentwiel' series
shipbome radar, 285FuMO 64, 'Hohentwiel L' land-based
radar, 285FuMO 65, 'Hohentwiel V2' submarine
radar, 285FuMO 71, shipbome 'Lichtenstein'
radar, 285FuMO 81, 'Berlin S' Naval radar, 291,
292FuMO 82, shipbome 'Berlin K' radar,
292FuMO 83, V-boat 'Berlin ur radar, 293FuMO 84, V-boat 'Berlin V2' radar, 293FuMO 111, 'Barbara' land-based FC
radar, 294
Supplement to Equipment Index 369
FuMO 201, land-based 'Seetakt' radar,296
FuMO 213, 'Wiirzburg 0' radar, 283FuMO 215, 'Giant Wiirzburg' CD
radar, 283, 290FuMO 231, shipbome 'Euklid' AA
radar, 295FuMO 232, Naval radar, 'Kassel', 295FuMO 301, land-based WA radar, 279FuMO 302, early shipbome 'Freya'
radar, 281FuMO 303, Naval radar, 'Freiburg 1',
286FuMO 311 to FuMO 318, 'Freiburg I'
Series radar, variants, 286FuMO 321 to FuMO 328, 'Freiburg II'
Series radar, variants, 286FuMO 391, V-boat 'Lessing' (omni
directional 'Seetakt') radar, 296FX 1400, air-launched radio-guided
armour-piercing bomb, 212, 312'Giant Wiirzburg', German radar:
accuracy, 283AA FC, 196, 203, 271Coastal Defence, 203, 271, 278, 283,
284,290GCI, 196, 203, 271, 276general, 192, 277manufacturers, 271, 283mounting used in FC radar, 294numbers, 276performance, 280post-WW2 uses, 276prf, 283'Seeburg', 278, 283, 284shipbome stabilised mounting, 280wavelengths, 196,202-3,271,278,
283-4and 'Quirl', 276, 283on coasts of occupied Europe, 196,
202,211to be countered in NEPTUNE, 216
'Gronland', shore-based antenna usedwith FuMB 20, 299
'Haffkrug', experimental blind-fireshipbome AA radar, 295
'Hohentwiel', German 55-cm ASV:Lorenz, 273, 277modular construction, 285Naval uses, 285, 289and FC,292in 5-boats, 285in If-boats, 306
Hs 293, German Glider-bomb, radiocontrolled from parent aircraft,211, 212, 213, 221, 222, 312
'Kassel', FuMO 232 radar, 295'Korfu' Series receivers, 302'Kiih' , interrogation system, 297'Lessing', U-boat radar (omni-
directional 'Seetakt', FuMO 391),296
'Lichtenstein', FuG 202 (FuMO 71) AIradar, 276, 278, 285
'Mammut-Caesar', CD radar, FuMO52,290
'Mammut-Cacily', CD radar, FuMO 53,290
'Mammut-Gustav', CD radar, FuMO51,289
'Metox', FuMB 1 If-boat ASV searchreceiver, 262, 298, 298
'Mucke' , FuMB 25 search/OFequipment, 302, 302
'Naxos', FuMB 7 5-Band radarintercept receiver, 301, 303, seealso'Spinning-Naxos'
'Pendulum', IFF receiver, 296'Quirl', conical scan, 276, 283'Radattel', aural-null device, 287, 287,
288, 288, 296'Renner 1', FuMO 11 land-based WS
radar, 293'Renner II', FuMO 12 land-based WS
radar, 293'Renner III', FuMO 13 land-based WS
radar, 294'Retten', land-based radar control of
multi-barrel AA, 295'Rotterheim', land-based experimental
5-Band WA radar, 293'Sadir', FuMB 2 radar search/OF
receiver, 298'Sames', FuMB 4 radar search/OF
receiver, 298, 300'Scheer', FuMO 15 CD radar, 294'See-Art', terminology, 279'Seeburg', CD version of 'Giant
Wiirzburg' radar (FuMO 215), 278,283, 284
'Seetakt', WS and gunnery radar:general, 193,274,275coastwatcher, 193, 196, 216early installation, 192range of detection, 279terminology and variants, 279
370 Supplement to Equipment Index
technical data, 192, 273, 274, 275, 278,286,289
and 'Berlin' Series, 292and Dover Straits, 194and GEMA, 273, 274, 286, 288and IFF,296and jamming, 199, 278, 288and Naval Actions, 192, 201, 279and smaller ships, 281ships fitted - general, 274, 281, 286
7,289ships fitted - specific, 192,275,279,
280, 28G-l, 286-7, 289, 289see also specific sets in this
Supplement.'Segler I', FuMO 41 radar, 291'Segler II', FuMO 32 radar, 291'Small Wiirzburg', FuMO 211 Series
GA radar:capability, 271, 283accuracy, 283chronology, 271, 276, 283countering jamming, 278illustration, 272on occupied coasts, 196technical data, 283Telefunken, 271, 276, 283
wavelength, 271, 276, 283and Gel, 276and NEPTUNE, 216and 'Quirl', 283
'Spinning-Naxos', FuMB 7, detection<equipment, 303, 304
'Strahlenzieler', beam director radar,269
'Siisel', radar sum/difference unit,294
'Timor', intercept receiver, 299Valves, specific:
LD6, (disc-triode), 295RD2Md, (magnetron), 302RD2Md2, (magnetron), 302
'WAnz', radar search receiver withpanoramic display of interceptedfrequency on eRO, FuMB 8,FuMB 9 & FuMB 16, 299, 300
'Wasserman', FuMO 331 shore-basedEW and heightfinding radar, 290
'Wespe g' , FuME 1 ship-borne IFF foruse with 'Seetakt', 296, 297
'Wiillenweber', shore-based wideaperture HF OF antenna, 254
'Wiirzburg' radar, see 'SmallWiirzburg', 'Giant Wiirzburg'
