Appendix:Glossary - Wiktionary

8/17/2019 Appendix:Glossary - Wiktionary

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ppendix:Glossary

finition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary

lossary of terms used in the body of this dictionary. See also Wiktionary:Glossary, which contains

ms used elsewhere in the Wiktionary community.

ble of Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

"Ante" (Latin for "before"). Hence, a quotation from "a. 1924" is a quotation from no later than 1923.

breviationA shortened form of a word, such as an initialism, acronym, or many terms ending in a period.

ative caseA case that indicates separation, or moving away from something. It is used alone or with certainprepositions. For example, if English had a fully productive case system that included the ablativecase, then in the phrase came from the city, either "the city" or "from the city" would likely be in theablative. In some languages, such as Latin, this case has acquired many other uses and does notstrictly indicate separation anymore.

autIn Proto-Indo-European, or any of its descendants (the Indo-European languages), a system of vowelalternation in which the vowels that are used in various parts of the word can change depending onmeaning. The system is used for purposes of inflection and word derivation. In the Germaniclanguages, it forms the basis of the strong verbs.

tract verbIn the Slavic languages, a verb of motion whose motion is multidirectional (as opposed tounidirectional) or indirect, or whose action is repeated or in a series (iterative). Also called anindeterminate verb. The opposite type of verb, which expresses a single, completed action, is termed aconcrete verb (or a determinate verb). Motion verbs in the Slavic languages come in abstract/concretelexical pairs, e.g. Russian !"#$ %&' ( xodít ! , “to go (abstract)”) vs. $#&$ % (idtí , “to go (concrete)”),

() %*+&' (bégat ! , “to run (abstract)”) vs. (),+ %&' (be ! át ! , “to run (concrete)”), -".$ %&' (nosít ! , “tocarry (abstract)”) vs. -).&$ % (nestí , “to carry (concrete)”). English does not make this distinction. Forexample, "I went to the post office" could be abstract (if I went there and came back, i.e.multidirectional) or concrete (if I am there now, i.e. unidirectional), and different Slavic verbs wouldbe used to translate "went" in these two circumstances. Abstract verbs are always imperfective inaspect, even with prefixes that are normally associated with the perfective aspect.

usative case, acc.A case that is usually used as the direct object of a verb. For example, if English had a fully productivecase system, then ball in "The man threw the ball" would most likely be in the accusative.

onymAn abbreviation that is pronounced as the “word” it would spell, such as NATO.

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ionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#Ghttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#Fhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#Ehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#Dhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#Chttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#Bhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#Ahttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Glossary


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ive voicethe voice verb form in which the subject is the person or thing doing the action, cf passive voice. (seealso Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia.) eg: The boy kicked the ball.

Anno Domini. Year-numbering system equivalent to CE.

ectiveA word like big or childish that usually serves to modify a noun.

verbA word like very, wickedly or often that usually serves to modify an adjective, verb, or other adverb.

verbialRelating to an adverb. For example, an adverbial participle is a participle that functions like an adverbin a sentence.

nt nounA noun that denotes an agent who does the action denoted by the verb from which the noun is derived,

such as "cutter" derived from "to cut".

DThe American Heritage Dictionary. For historical reasons, this abbreviation is sometimes used here toidentify a respelled pronunciation that is given in enPR form.

bitransitive verbEither transitive or intransitive. For instance, eat and read optionally take a direct object: "I eat daily","She likes to read" (both intransitive), "Read this book", "I do not eat meat" (both transitive). Note:Although ergative verbs are ambitransitive, a single definition could only refer to an unergative verb.

mateHaving a referent that includes a human or animal. Many languages (such as the Slavic languages)classify nouns based on animacy, using different inflections or words with animate and inanimatenouns.

heticA word form derived by removing an initial unstressed sound, like scarp from escarp.

ocopic

A word form in which the word is lacking the final sound or syllable. Occuring in Italian, Spanish andother languages.

haicNo longer in general use, but still found in some contemporary texts that aim for an antique style, likehistorical novels or Bible translations. For example, thee and thou are archaic pronouns, having beencompletely superseded by you. Archaic is a stronger term than dated , but not as strong as obsolete. SeeWiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms.

icle

A type of determiner that is used as a grammatical indicator in some languages, and is usually centralto the grammar and syntax of that language. In English, the articles are the definite article the, and theindefinite articles a and an. Some languages may have more articles, such as the French partitivearticles du, de la and des, while many languages lack articles altogether.

ect

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A property of a verb form indicating the nature of an action as perfective (complete) or imperfective(incomplete or continuing).

irated hIn French, an initial that is treated as a consonant; that is to say, liaison and elision are notpermitted at the beginning of a word with an aspirated h.

ributiveA noun or adjective (or phrase), that names a real object with the attributes of another real object. This

is in contrast to an substantive noun or adjective, which names a real object that is the actualsubstance named by the noun or adjective. Often used specifically to refer to nouns modifying othernouns, such as wagon in wagon wheel or chicken in chicken soup. Some languages, e.g. the Slaviclanguages, have special adjectives that serve this function, having the meaning "related to X" for anoun X. An example of this type of adjective is /01$ %-23 (kurínyj , “related to chickens”), used forexample in /01$ %-23 (04'" %- (kurínyj bul! ón, “chicken soup”). Generally, adjectives of this sort

cannot be qualified by more, less or very.

gmentIn some Indo-European languages, a prefixed vowel (usually e-; ! or " in modern Greek, a- in

Sanskrit) indicating a past tense in a verb.

xiliary verb or auxiliaryA verb that is not used alone, but always accompanies another verb in a clause. It is used to indicatedistinctions in tense, mood, voice, aspect or other grammatical nuances. English examples are can,will, have, be.

idance termA word standardly used to replace a taboo word.

k-formationA term formed by removing an apparent or real prefix or suffix from an older term; for example, the

noun pea arose because the final /z/ sound in pease sounded like a plural suffix. Similarly, the verbedit is a back-formation from the earlier noun editor. Not to be confused with clipping, which justshortens a word without changing meaning or part of speech.

Before Christ. Year-numbering system equivalent to BCE.

EBefore the Common Era. Year-numbering system equivalent to BC. To automatically switch mostdates to use the "BC"/"AD" style, visit WT:Per-browser preferences.

ndA word or name that starts with the start of one word and ends with the end of another, such as smog(from smoke and fog) or Wiktionary (from wiki and dictionary). Many blends are portmanteaus.

rowing, borrowedSee loanword.

wdlerizationThe removal, from a text, of words or phrases that are considered offensive or vulgar.

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ca."Circa" ("about"). Hence, a quotation from "c. 1924" or "ca. 1924" is a quotation from approximately1924.

"Of common gender". Some languages have a distinct common gender that combines masculine andfeminine but is distinguished from neuter. In other languages, a "noun of common gender" is epicene;that is, it is a pair of nouns, one masculine and one feminine, that are identical in form, and that havethe same sense except that one refers to men and the other to women.

queA borrowing by word-for-word translation: a loan translation.

eOne of the forms of a noun, used to indicate its function in the phrase or sentence. Examples include:nominative, accusative, genitive, dative.

Abbreviation for category.Without the period, the ISO 639-3 code for the Catalan language.

egoryA collection of entries, used to categorize or group entries of words that are similar in syntax (forexample, English plural nouns) or in sense (for example, English words pertaining to sports); seeWiktionary:Categorization.

Common Era. Year-numbering system equivalent to AD. To automatically switch most dates to usethe "BC"/"AD" style, visit WT:Per-browser preferences.

"Confer"; "see"; "compare" – often used to indicate a word with similar, or opposite meaning.

K, CJKVChinese, Japanese, Korean (and Vietnamese); CJK characters.

ssifierSee counter.

ppingA shortening of a word, without changing meaning or part of speech. Not to be confused with back-formation, which changes meaning.

! Clipping (morphology) on Wikipedia.

icA word that attaches to a phrase and cannot be used on its own, such as English -'s. Many languages

have clitic pronouns, which may be contrasted with emphatic or strong pronouns; for example,English 'em is a clitic version of them, and always attaches to the preceding word (usually the verb).

oquialUsed primarily in casual conversation or informal writing and not in more formal written works,speeches, and discourse. Compare the similar tag informal. Do not confuse with slang or

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nonstandard .Note: It is a common misconception that colloquial somehow denotes "location" or a word being"regional". This is not the case; the word root for colloquial is related to locution, not location.

mparable(of an adjective or adverb) able to be compared, having comparative and superlative forms that end in-er and -est (adjectives only), or in conjunction with the words more or most , or in some cases furtheror furthest . Examples: big, bigger, and biggest ; talented , more talented , and most talented ; upstairs,

further upstairs, and furthest upstairs. Some adjectives are truly uncomparable, such as daily,

additional, and else. Many other adjectives, such as unique, existential, and bearable are generallyconsidered uncomparable, but controversially so, where examples can be readily cited of somethingbeing "more bearable" or "most perfect ".

mparativeAn inflection, or different form, of a comparable adjective showing a relative quality, usuallydenoting "to a greater extent" but not "to the ultimate extent" (see also superlative and degrees of comparison). In English, the comparative form is usually formed by appending -er, or using the wordmore. For example, the comparative of hard is "harder"; of difficult , "more difficult ".

mpoundA word or name that combines two or more words without altering them, such as dishcloth (from dishand cloth) or keyboard (from key and board ). Compound terms are indicated in etymologies using{{compound}}; see also WT:ETY#Compound.

crete verbIn the Slavic languages, a verb of motion whose motion is unidirectional and expresses a single,completed action. Opposed to abstract verbs, whose motion is multidirectional or indirect, or whoseaction is repeated or in a series (iterative). Also called a determinate verb. See abstract verb for morediscussion.

ditional moodThe mood of a verb used to signify that something is contingent upon the outcome of something else.The conditional mood in English is normally introduced by the word would , as in If I were rich, I would be happy.

jugationThe inflection of verbs. See also declension.

struct state

In some languages, notably the Semitic languages, a word form, usually of nouns but in some cases of adjectives, modifying a noun in a genitive construction. The construct state of a noun X can usually betranslated to English as X of .

taminationInfluence of one term on the development of another term whereby they come to have similarmeanings or similar sound, conflation.

tractionA shortened word or phrase, sometimes with the missing letter(s) represented by an apostrophe (eg do

not! don't).

rdinate termA term that is a different type of the same hypernym. Car and sled are coordinate terms to each other,both being hyponyms of a shared hypernym vehicle. Although the term can be applied broadly, eg, carand asteroid are both things, such usage is not useful in Wiktionary.

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ntable, countable noun, count nounDescribes a noun which can be freely used with the indefinite article (a or an in English) and withnumbers, and which therefore has a plural form. Antonym: uncountable, or mass noun.

nterIn linguistics, counters, measure words or classifiers are words that are used in combination with anumeral to indicate an amount of something represented by some noun. They denote a unit ormeasurement and are used with mass nouns, and in some cases also with count nouns.

edFormerly in common use, and still in occasional use, but now unfashionable; for example, wireless inthe sense of "broadcast radio tuner", groovy, and gay in the sense of "bright" or "happy" are all dated.

Dated is not as strong as archaic or obsolete. See Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms.

ive case, dat."Dative". A case that is usually used as the indirect object of a verb. For example, if English had a

fully productive case system, then him in "She gave him the ball" would most likely be in the dative.

lensionThe inflection of nouns and words like them, or used together with them (i.e. nominals). See alsoconjugation.

ectiveNormally would be expected to have a full set of inflected forms, but some of the inflections do notexist or are never used. English examples are the defective verbs can and shall, which do not haveinfinitive forms (there is no to can or to shall).

ective spellingIn languages with matres lectionis (consonant letters representing vowels), the form including noadditional ones, this may still include a mater lectionis.

finiterefers to forms of words that present something as known, identified, or immediately identifiable; inEnglish, this is the basic meaning of the article the; in some languages, this is a nominal or adjectivalinflection.

rees of comparisonInflections of adjectives and adverbs which allow comparisons. English has three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. Some other languages have other degrees, eg:comparative superlative, relative superlative, elative.

nominalDerived from a noun.

pendent(In Greek and in the Gaelic languages) A verb form which is not used independently but preceded by a

particle to form the negative or a tense form.

ponent(In Greek, Latin and some Gaelic languages) A verb with an active meaning which conjugates in apassive manner.

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ived termsA post-POS heading listing terms in the same language that are morphological derivatives.

erminate verbIn the Slavic languages, another term for concrete verb.

erminerA noun modifier that expresses the in-context reference or quantity of a noun or noun phrase.Determiners are often considered adjectives, but in fact are not quite the same; for example, in

English, big is an adjective, so “the big car” is grammatical while *“He saw big car” is not, but someis a determiner, so *“the some car” is not grammatical while “He saw some car” is. In English,adjectives can sometimes stand alone without a noun, while determiners nearly always can (contrast*“He saw big” with “He saw some”), such that they are sometimes considered pronouns as well asadjectives.

lectal

1. Of or relating to a dialect.2. Not linguistically standard.

minutiveA word form expressing smallness, youth, endearment, unimportance, or contempt.

ransitive verb(of a verb) taking two objects, such as give in “Give me the ball” (where me is an indirect object andthe ball is a direct object). Compare intransitive verb and transitive verb.

al, dual numberA grammatical number that indicates exactly two items or individuals. Usually contrasts with singular

and plural.

"Editor" (or sometimes "edition"). This abbreviation is often used in attributing quotations; the editorof a compilation is generally the individual in charge of selecting what works to include.

tive

In Semitic languages, a stage of gradation that can be used both for a superlative and comparative (seealso degrees of comparison).

tive caseA case which expresses "moving out of".

ngatedWith letters added for emphasis, like "stoooop!" Usually this is nonstandard writing, but in some caseslike interjections, this is normal: "awwwww!", "shhhh!"

phaticTaking particular stress. English's reflexive pronouns double as emphatic ones, as in "I myself havenot seen it" (where "myself" emphasizes the role of the speaker); some other languages (such asGreek) have emphatic pronouns that they distinguish from weak or clitic pronouns.

lisis

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The phonetic joining of a word with the preceding word. In modern Greek this may result in an extrastress on the first word.

PRWiktionary's English Phonemic Representation system. Details in the English pronunciation key.

ative verbOptionally taking a direct object that is semantically equivalent to the subject in the intransitiveconstruction. For example, the same thing happens to the window in "The window broke" (subject) as

in "I broke the window" (direct object), so break is an ergative verb.

ative caseA case used in some languages, which marks the subject of a transitive verb, but not the subject of anintransitive verb.

phemismA term that is less vulgar or less offensive than the one it replaces.

dialect

A nonstandard spelling used to show a speaker's pronunciation, especially when it is a pronunciationthe writer considers dialectal or nonstandard. Some distinguish eye dialect from pronunciationrespelling, and separate templates exist (Template:eye dialect of, Template:pronunciation spelling.)

essive spellingIn languages with matres lectionis (consonant letters representing vowels) a form including one ormore additional ones. For example in Hebrew !"#$ (“red”) of !%#&$, an added " (“vav”) indicating

/o/.

"Feminine"; said of a word belonging to the feminine gender, which is usually contrasted with themasculine gender, and also often with a neuter gender.

"Feminine plural"; of feminine gender and plural number.

miliar

Describes a context where those conversing, through speech or written word, are well acquainted withone another and in casual situations often use more informal or colloquial terms to communicate.

urativeNot literal. Of words in metaphorical usage, such as 'pig' of a greedy person, or metonymic, as 'crown'to mean the monarchy.

t person, 1st personA grammatical person that indicates the speaker him/her/itself, or a group to which the speakerbelongs. Examples are the English pronouns I and we.

/ % /… form(s)Denoting forms of a word that are grouped together because of an important shared characteristicwhich is not shared by forms in the other group(s). Spellings may be grouped in various ways: simply

by surface features (such as scion), by the different pronunciations they represent (as for sny2), byinflexional differences (as for finocchio), by dialectical differences (as for traveler's diarrhea), or for a

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variety of etymological (e.g. thrombendarteriectomy) or other reasons.

malDescribes a context where word choice and syntax are primarily limited to those terms andconstructions that are accepted by academia or official institutions as most appropriate and correct.Informal terms, frequently those that originate through casual speech (colloquial), are ofteninappropriate in formal contexts. Examples with varying degrees of formality include: official or legaldocuments, formal essays, job interviews, etc.

ure tenseThe tense of a verb used to refer to an event, transaction or occurrence that has not yet happened, isexpected to happen in the future, or might never happen. An English example is will go in I will gohome tomorrow.

derA way of classifying nouns in some languages. In such languages, each noun has a specific gender

(often determined by its meaning and/or form), and other words (especially adjectives and pronouns)will often change form to agree with the noun's gender. See also noun class.

itive caseA case that expresses possession or relation, equivalent to the English of .

undAny of various non-finite verb forms in various languages. In English, a "gerund" is a verb in its -ingform when used in a way that resembles the use of a noun.

toricalDescribing an object or concept which is no longer extant or current; for example, Czechoslovakia,stomacher, or phlogiston. Distinguish: a historical term is still in use but refers to a thing which nolonger exists; an obsolete term is no longer in use, while the thing it once referred to may or may notexist.

onym

A term describing something that is formed by other smaller, somehow combined or related things.For example, tree is a holonym of leaf ; body is a holonym of arm; Canada is a holonym of Albertaetc. The opposite of holonym, which describes things that are part of a whole, is called meronym.

wordA newly coined term, or newly adopted sense of an existing term, that has become very popular in ashort time. It is kept provisionally as it is likely to remain in usage, even though it fails the "spanningat least one year" requirement of the Criteria For Inclusion on Wiktionary.

percorrect

Incorrect because of the misapplication of a standard rule; for example, octopi used as the plural formof octopus is hypercorrect because -us ! -i is the rule for forming plurals of originally-masculine

nouns of the Latin second declension, whereas octopus actually derives from Ancient Greek, and to beconsistent with its etymology has the plural form octopodes.

perforeign

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Incorrectly applying foreign reading rules, such as in pronouncing the "j" in Taj Mahal as [!] ratherthan [d!], or dropping the [t] in claret.

pernym or hyperonymA term indicating a category another term is part of. For example, animal is a hypernym of bird ,which is in turn a hypernym of eagle. The opposite of hypernym, which indicates terms pertaining to acategory, is hyponym.

phenation

The splitting of a word across a line boundary, with a hyphen at the end of the first part. For example,the hyphenation of hyphenation is given as "hy"phen"ation" meaning that it is split across a line breakas hy-phenation or as hyphen-ation.

ponymA specific term within a category described by another term. For instance, alternative rock is ahyponym of rock , which in turn is a hyponym of music. The opposite of hyponym, which describeslarger categories, is hypernym.

omA phrase whose meaning is unapparent or unobvious from the individual words that make it up, suchas beat around the bush (“avoid uncomfortable topic”), come a cropper (“suffer misfortune”), or paythrough the nose (“pay an unusually large amount”). Idioms are often, but not always set phrases, andare usually distinct from proverbs. See also Appendix:Glossary of idioms.

omaticPertaining or conforming to the mode of expression characteristic of a language. Idioms, collocations

and modal verbs are examples of idiomatic language.

perfectThe imperfective past tense of a verb, indicating that the action described happened repeatedly,habitually or continuously.

perative moodThe mood of a verb expressing an order or command. An English example is the command go!.

perfective

An aspect of the verb which denotes an action or condition that does not have a fixed temporalboundary, but is habitual, unfinished, continuous, repetitive or in progress. Common in Slaviclanguages such as Russian. Contrast perfective. (see Imperfective aspect on Wikipedia.)

perfective pastA verb form of imperfective aspect and past tense, which is used to describe an action or event whichwas happening habitually, continuously or repeatedly in the past, as in “Tom was painting the fence”or “Tom used to paint the fence.”

personal

A lack of grammatical person altogether, or an indefinite/undefined person. An example is the Englishpronoun one.

personal verbA verb that cannot take a subject, or takes a third-person subject pronoun (e.g. it ) without anantecedent. The term weather verb is also sometimes used in some texts, since such verbs of weather

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(e.g. rain) are impersonal in many languages.

nimateHaving a referent that does not include a human or animal. Many languages (such as the Slaviclanguages) classify nouns based on animacy, using different inflections or words with animate andinanimate nouns. For verbs, this indicates that they are usually applied only to inanimate objects orconcepts, and rarely used in the first or second persons.

eclinable, undeclinable, invariable or invariant

In languages with inflection, lacking distinct inflected forms when they would be expected to exist.Indeclinable words have the same form in all cases. For example, the English noun sheep is invariablebecause its plural is also sheep. Acronyms and loanwords are often indeclinable in many languages.

efiniterefers to forms of words that present something as not yet identified or not immediately identifiable; inEnglish, this is the basic meaning of the article a; in some languages, this is a nominal or adjectivalinflection.

eterminate verb

In the Slavic languages, another term for abstract verb.

icative moodThe mood of a verb used in ordinary factual or objective statements.

xA morpheme or affix inserted inside a word.

nitiveA non-finite verb form considered neutral with respect to inflection; depending on language variously

found used with auxiliary verbs, in subordinate clauses, or acting as a gerund, and often as thedictionary form. In English, the infinitive is formed with the word to, e.g. to read .

ormalDenotes spoken or written words that are used primarily in a familiar, or casual, context, where aclear, formal equivalent often exists that is employed in its place in formal contexts. Compare similartag colloquial.

ectionThe change in form of a word to represent various grammatical categories, such as tense (e.g. past

tense, present tense, future tense) or number (e.g. singular, plural). For example, the verb run may beinflected to produce runs, ran, and running. In highly inflected languages, such as Latin, there will bemany more forms. Two major types of inflection are conjugation (inflection of verbs) and declension(inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns).

ialismAn abbreviation that is formed from the initial letters of a sequence of words. Initialisms that arepronounced as words, such as UNICEF , are usually called acronyms, so the term initialism isgenerally only used for those that are pronounced letter by letter, such as USA.

trumental case, ins.A case used to express means or agency—and is generally indicated in English by "by" or "with" withthe objective.

erjection…

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ransitive verbOf a verb: not taking a direct object; not transitive. For example, the verb listen does not usually take adirect object; one cannot say *"I listened the ball".Of an adposition (such as a preposition), or of an adverb: not having a nominal complement. Forexample, using the following prepositions or adverbs without a complement (here in parentheses):down (the stairs), under (the bridge), inside (the building), aboard (the ship), underneath (the table),here, there, abroad , downtown, afterwards, …

ariable

see: indeclinable

ariantsee: indeclinable

ationA specific occurrence of palatalization that occurred in the Proto-Slavic language, in which a

consonant combined with the palatal approximant /j/ to form a palatalized consonant. Also, anysimilar process occurring in a later Slavic language or elsewhere. For example, under certaincircumstances in Russian, underlying s; z; t; d; k; g are iotated to " ; ! ; # or "# ; ! ; # ; ! respectively

(pronounced /#/; /$ /; /t % &/ or /&'/; /$ /; /t % &/; /$ / respectively). SeeAppendix:Russian_verbs#Slavic iotation for the full iotation rules in Russian. Other Slavic languagesbehave similarly.

AThe International Phonetic Alphabet; a standardized system for transcribing the sounds in any spokenlanguage.

&bThe system of nominal and adjectival case endings of Qur'"nic, Classical, and Modern Standard

Arabic, in Arabic:ر َب

ْ

ع

(( i) r$ bun). Also called desinential inflection. See (I)rab on Wikipedia.

egularNot following the usual rules of inflection; for example, the plural of English man is men, which isirregular; the regularly formed plural would have been *mans.

sive moodIn certain languages (e.g. Hebrew, Arabic and Esperanto), a mood of a verb used to indicate acommand, permission or agreement with a request (distinct from the imperative).

tharevousaThe classically based artificial Greek language created at the start of Greece's independence from theOttoman Empire. It was used for all formal and official purposes until 1976. In Wiktionary,

Katharevousa terms are entered under (modern) Greek.

mma

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The headword or citation form of an inflected word, especially the form found in a bilingualdictionary. For verbs this is usually the infinitive or the present tense first person singular, for nouns itis usually the nominative singular. (In linguistics, the word is sometimes used in a sense that includesthis definition plus all the inflections; compare lexeme). The plural of lemma is traditionally lemmata,but the form lemmas exists as well.

emeThe abstract "word" underlying a set of inflections; for example, gives and given belong to the samelexeme, which is usually identified by its lemma form give. See also: (1) Wikipedia's article on

lexemes, (2) Wiktionary:Languages with more than one grammatical gender, (3) conjugation and (4)declension.

rallyExactly as stated; read or understood without additional interpretation; not figurative or metaphorical.

nword (also loan or borrowing)A word that was adopted (borrowed) from another language, rather than formed within the languageor inherited from a more ancient form of the same language. Loanwords may still be recognisablyforeign (having non-native spelling or unusual pronunciation), or have become completely assimilated

into the language (no longer perceived as foreign). For example, in English, schadenfreude is stillrecognisably German, while cellar is fully assimilated and no longer recognisably Latin (fromcell$ rium).

tes(from Ancient Greek #$%&%'() better known as an understatement in English, is a rhetorical figure thatconsists of saying less to mean more. E.g.: he is not very clever instead of he is a stupid idiot ; she'snot very pretty instead of she's ugly, etc. Not to be confused with euphemism, although litotes can beused for the purpose of euphemism.

ative case, loc."Locative". A case used to indicate place, or the place where, or wherein. It corresponds roughly to theEnglish prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". Some languages use the same locative case construct toindicate when, so the English phrase "in summer" would use the locative case construct.

Of masculine gender.

n's speechIn certain languages (for example, Karajá language), men and women use or historically used distinctwords and inflected forms.

ss nounsee uncountable noun, below.

asure wordSee counter.

diopassiveSee middle voice.

ronymA term that denotes a part of the whole that is denoted by another term. The word "arm" is a meronym

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of the word "body". The term which describes the whole, as being an opposite of meronym, isholonym.

ddle voiceThe voice verb form in which the subject of a verb performs some action upon itself, it fallssomewhere between the active and passive voices. Found in a few languages (e.g. Sanskrit, AncientGreek, Icelandic). (see Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia.)

nced oath

A euphemism based on a profanity that has been altered to reduce or remove the objectionablecharacteristics of the original expression.

nolecticUsed of a grammatical form accomplished with one word (cf polylectic and periphrastic).

odOne of the forms of a verb, used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward what they are saying (e.g. astatement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). Examples include indicative, subjunctive, imperative,conditional. (see Grammatical mood on Wikipedia.)

l Masculine plural.

te hIn French, an initial that is treated like a vowel; that is to say, liaison and elision are permitted atthe beginning of words that have a mute h.

Of neuter gender.

ative polarity itemA term or construction that is generally found only in questions, negative sentences, and certain other“negative polarity” contexts; for example, anyone is a negative polarity item, as one can say "I did notsee anyone" and "Did you see anyone?", but not *"I saw anyone."

logism

A newly coined term or meaning. See Wiktionary:Neologisms.

minalRelated to nouns. See also denominal.As a noun, it refers to any part of speech that is noun-like in some way, and normally includes nounsthemselves along with adjectives, pronouns and determiners. The inflection of nominals is commonlycalled declension.

minative caseA case that is usually used as the subject of a verb. For example, if English had a fully productive case

system, then (the) man in "The man threw the ball" would most likely be in the nominative case.

n-past tenseThe tense of a verb that does not pertain to the past; in particular, applicable to both the present andthe future. Common in some languages, such as Arabic. In English, the main verb in the sentences I am running tomorrow and I am running now can be said to be in the non-past tense, since the same

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verb can be used to express both the present and the future.

nstandardNot conforming to the language as accepted by the majority of its speakers.

nvirileIn Slavic languages, a plural gender used for all groups that do not contain men, as well as plurals of masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine and neuter nouns. See virile.

unAn object such as a ball, a chair or an animal, or a concept such as happiness, joy or loveliness. Seealso countable, uncountable and plural.

un classIn some languages (especially the Bantu languages), a way of classifying nouns much like gender, butdetermined by other considerations such as the type and shape of an object, whether it is animate orinanimate, a person or non-person, and so on.

mber, grammatical number

A grammatical category that indicates how many items or individuals. Examples are singular, pluraland dual.

ectThe entity that is acted upon by a verb. For example, in the sentence Tom studies grammar, the wordgrammar is the object.

ique caseEspecially in Hindi and Old French, refers to any case which is neither a nominative nor a vocative.

olete, obs.No longer in use, and (of a term) no longer likely to be understood. Obsolete is a stronger term thanarchaic, and a much stronger term than dated . See Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms.

DOxford English Dictionary. Also SOED (Shorter), OED1 (1st edition), OED2 (2nd edition), NOED(New).

omatopoeiaA word that is meant to sound like what it represents. English examples are kaboom, cuckoo, tweet and ding dong.

datedsee dated

toneWith the stress upon the final syllable (eg )*+$,&( (ethnikós)). Compare with paroxytone and

proparoxytone.

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post or after, often used in quotations. Hence, a quotation from "p. 1924" is a quotation from no earlierthan 1924.

plural.

atalizationThe state or quality of being palatalized, i.e. of pronouncing a sound with the tongue against the palateof the mouth that normally is not so pronounced. Also, a sound change that involves a change of consonants to become palatalized or move in the direction of the palate; one of the most common of

sound changes, and usually triggered by a following /e/, /i/ or /j/. In English, for example,

palatalization as a sound change converted /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ to /t % * / /d % !/ / * / /!/ before asubsequently lost /j/, resulting in the sounds found in closure, a z ure, nat ure, ed ucate, where thespelling still indicates the sound as it was prior to palatalization. Palatalization still operates

synchronically before a /j/, producing e.g. the pronunciation gotcha from got you. (see also Palatalization on Wikipedia.)

oxytoneWith the stress upon the penultimate (second to last) syllable (e.g., )*+-#&.-( (ethnológos)).Compare with oxytone and proparoxytone.

t of speech (abbreviated POS or PoS)The category that a word belongs to, with respect to how it's used as part of phrases and sentences.Examples are nouns, adjectives and verbs. The part of speech is inherent in the word itself, and isindependent of any specific role that the word may have within any given sentence (e.g. subject, directobject). Words may belong to more than one part of speech: English this is both a determiner and apronoun, while coat is both a noun and a verb.

ticipleA form of a verb that may function as an adjective or noun. English has two types of participles: the

present participle and the past participle.

ticleA word that does not fall into the usual part of speech categories, but which modifies another word orthe sentence as a whole. The English term like is used as a particle in many dialects. Particles are morecommon in other Indo-European languages (e.g. German doch, which marks a sentence as being

surprising or rebutting a previous statement) and in East Asian languages (e.g. Japanese, which

marks the topic of a sentence). Many clitics are particles.

titive

Indicating partialness or indeterminateness, such as "some water" or "something nice". In Dutch, it is aword form that is used when referring to undetermined things or amounts. French has special partitivearticles which qualify indefinite mass nouns.

titive caseA case that expresses a partial object or an action that is not performed to completion.

sive voicethe voice verb form in which the subject is not the person or thing doing the action, and is usuallyhaving the action done on them, cf active voice. (see also Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia.) eg:the ball was kicked (by the boy).

t tenseThe tense of a verb used to refer to an event, transaction, or occurrence that did happen or hashappened, or an object that existed, at a point in time before now. An English example is saw in I sawmy friend yesterday.

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t perfectSame as pluperfect .

fectThe aspect of a verb, indicating that the action described is completed. Consists of the verb 'have' +the past participle e.g., 'Tom has painted the fence' 'Tom has taken medicine'. Depending on the tenseof 'have' one can have present perfect, which are represented in the previous examples, or past perfect:'Tom had painted the fence', 'Tom had taken medicine'. 'To have painted' is a perfect infinitive. Seealso Imperfect . Not to be confused with perfective.

fectiveThe aspect of a verb, which denotes viewing the event the verb describes as a completed whole, ratherthan from within the event as it unfolds. For example, "she sat down" as opposed to "she was sittingdown". Since the focus is on the completion of what is expressed by the verb, this aspect is generallyassociated with the past and future tenses. Common in Slavic languages such as Russian. This term isoften used interchangeably with aorist aspect . Not to be confused with perfect . (see Perfectiveaspect on Wikipedia.)

iphrastic

Using more words to produce a grammatical effect. For example more fair is a periphrastic form of fairer. The English future tense requires periphrastic usage: "I will write an essay." (Comparemonolectic and polylectic.)

son, grammatical personA grammatical category that indicates the relationship between the speaker and what is being spokenof. Examples are first person, second person and third person.

rase(Sometimes called a "set phrase".) A string of words which have a special meaning. In other words, if

one of the words in the phrase is changed for another word of similar meaning, the entire phrase isaltered. Flight simulator is a phrase because it has a special meaning that flying simulator doesn't.Compare idiom.

perfectA verb form of perfect aspect and past tense, which is used to describe an action or event which isregarded as having been completed in the past, in relation to a time already in the past. E.g., Tom had

painted the fence before I got there.

ral, plural number, pl., p.

A grammatical number that indicates multiple items or individuals. Most languages contrast it withsingular, in which case plural indicates two or more. Some languages also possess the dual or eventrial numbers; in these cases the plural indicates more than the highest specific number.

rale tantumA noun (or a sense of a noun) that is inherently plural and is not used (or is not used in the same sense)in the singular, such as pants in the senses of "trousers" and "underpants", or wheels in the sense of "car". However, in practice, most pluralia tantum are found in the singular in rare cases. (SeeCategory:English pluralia tantum.)

ylecticUsed of a grammatical form accomplished with more than one word (cf monolectic and periphrastic).

tmanteauA blend that combines meanings.

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itiveThe 'normal' form of the degrees of comparison of an adjective or adverb. Thus big is the positiveform of the trio big, bigger, biggest .

tpositivePlaced after the word modified.

positional caseA case used in certain languages, especially Russian, after certain prepositions. In Russian, it

corresponds to the locative case in other Slavic languages.

sent tenseThe tense of a verb used to refer to an event, transaction, or occurrence which is happening now (or atthe present time), or an object that currently exists. An English example is see in I see my friend in thewindow.

terite-present verbIn Germanic languages, a verb that displays (or historically displayed) ablaut in the present tense, andthereby had present tense forms resembling the past (or preterite) tense of a strong verb. Most

languages have no more than a handful of such verbs, and they are often used as auxiliary verbs.English examples are shall, can, may. Contrast strong verb, weak verb.

ductiveUsed to form new words and phrases. For example, when a new verb appears in Modern English, theproductive suffix -ed is used to form its past participle; by contrast, the suffix -en appears in manyexisting past participles, but is not productive, in that it is not (usually) used to form new ones.

gressiveThe aspect of a verb, indicating that the action described is, was or will be continuing, uncompleted or

repeated. A verb form indicating that an action is in progress. In English, formed from a combinationof 'be' + the present participle ('-ing' form) of the verb. So one can have present progressive e.g., "ispainting", past progressive e.g., "was painting", future progressive e.g., "will be painting", etc. Similarto, but less general than, the imperfective aspect. See also continuous.

paroxytoneWith the stress upon the antepenultimate (third to last) syllable (e.g., )*+$,&%'%/ (ethnikótita)).Compare with oxytone and paroxytone.

per noun

A kind of noun that usually refers to a specific, unique thing, such as Earth and the Alps, though onelanguage's proper noun may translate to another language using a common (not proper) noun. InEnglish, proper nouns are usually capitalized, as are common nouns and adjectives derived fromproper nouns. The same word may have both common-noun and proper-noun senses (such as German,which is both a proper noun denoting a certain language, and a common noun denoting a person fromGermany), and most proper nouns can sometimes be used as common nouns (e.g., John is a propernoun that is a first name, but can be used a common noun with plural Johns meaning “people namedJohn”).

scribed

Some educators or other authorities recommend against the listed usage.

nalysis

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reanalysishttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proscribehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Johns#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/John#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/German#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alps#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Earth#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#nounhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proper_nounhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#paroxytonehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#oxytonehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1#Greekhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antepenultimatehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proparoxytonehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#continuoushttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#aspecthttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#imperfectivehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_progresshttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#aspecthttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/progressivehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-enhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-edhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/productivehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#weak_verbhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#strong_verbhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/may#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/can#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shall#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#auxiliary_verbhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#strong_verbhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#ablauthttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Germanichttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/preterite-present_verbhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/see#Englishhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#verbhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#tensehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/present_tensehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#locative_casehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#casehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prepositional_casehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/postpositivehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bighttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#degrees_of_comparisonhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/positive


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Analyzing a lexeme with a different structure from its original, often by misunderstanding. Forexample, hamburger, which is originally Hamburg + -er, was reanalyzed as ham + -burger, whichproduced words like cheeseburger.

onstructionA wo

Documents

Appendix:Glossary - Wiktionary