APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO HUMAN WELFARE

Presented By:

P.Deepthi Priyanka

The term biotechnology is defined as the development & utilization of biological processes, forms & systems for obtaining maximum benefits to man & other forms of life.The term biotechnology was coined by Karl Ereky in 1917.

BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED IN VARIOUS FIELDS

Application of

biotechnology

Prevention , diagnosis &

cure of disease

To save plants &

animals from extinction

Transgenic animals

production Plant tissue culture

DNA profiling /

finger printing

Pollution control

Production of

commercial products

PRODUCTION OF CLONED GENES , HORMONES , VACCINES AND OTHER CHEMICALS :

General procedure of production using RDNA technology :

MRNA/ DNA

CDNA/DNA fragments

Cloning vector (plasmid, cosmid)

Restriction Enzymes

Recombinant DNA

Desired Products

E.g.: vaccines, interferon , antibiotics , vitamines, super bugs , mono clonal anti bodies.

ligation

PRODUCTION USING RDNA TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION

Hormones Interferon's

Enzymes

vaccinesVitamins

Organic acid

Alcohol

Antibiotics

Pharmaceutical extraction of there products cannot meet annual demands so cloning methods are followed.1000 to 1,00,000 molecules of the product can be produced from 1 cell of ecoli by RDNA technology.

Hormones: Hormone is a chemical messenger that transports signals from one cell to another. Hormones are required in deficiency disease or inherited disease E.g: Insulin - metabolises glucose in blood.

RDNA product insulin- Is a boon for diabetic patients.

Somatotropin - Growth hormone

Its deficiency causes turner’s syndrome in girls , which is Characterized by short stature and nonfunctioning ovaries .

Stunted growth

Interferons :

Interferons are secreted by human cells to resist the immediate invasion by virus and multiplication of abnormal cells.

They are used in cancer treatment .

Interferon’s produced by this RDNA method are well tolerated and stable for 2years.

VACCINES

vaccines are chemical substances prepared from the antigens of other animals which evokes immunity in human or animal for a particular disease .

vaccines for -Hepatitis B

-Rabies

-Polio virus

-Small pox

-Malarial vaccines are also developed.

•VITAMINS• VITAMIN SOURCE Riboflavin -Ashbya gossypii B 12 -Bacillus coagulans -Bacillus megaterium -streptomycess olivacious precursor of vitA -Blakeslea trispora

ORGANIC ACIDSEg: Citric acid -Aspergillus niger Lactic acid -Lactobacillus bacteriaUSES:Food industry- jams, jellies ,fruit juices, candies, confectionaries, winesPharmacy- blood transfusions, effervescent productsCosmetics- astringent lotions, shampoos, hair setting fluidsIndustries-lather tanning, cleaning of pipes

ALCOHOLSProduced by yeast or bacterial fermentationUSES-Solvent, extractant , anti freeze Industry- N-butanol is used in manufacture of plasticizer, break fluidsLiquid fuel -gasohol Pharmacy–glycerol Ethanol- alcoholic beverage

FUEL

Extraction-soxhlet apparatus

ANTIBIOTICS:These are the complex chemical substances which are produced by micro-organisms and act against other micro-organisms

ORGANISM ANTIBIOTIC APPLICATIONSPenicillium notatum Penicillin(G) -fever, pneumonia, genital infections

Cephalosporium acremonium Cephalosporins -UTI, pneumonia, meningitis

Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin -TB

Streptomyces aureofaciens Tertracyclins -cholera, tetanus, UTI

Bacillus subtilis Bacitracin -dermatitis, infections, dysentry

ENZYMES•Enzymes produced by micro-organisms: Extraction Fermentation Immobilisation RDNA technology

•APPLICATIONS:•Used in the treatment of genetic disorders •Used in synthesis of proteins & peptides, aminoacids.•Used in manufacture of drugs.•Clinical analysis •Medical diagnosis – in ELISA, Enzyme thermistors

ELISA technique

Plant tissue culture

Cryopreservation of germ plasm

Clonal propagation

(fast & large scale

multiplication

Primary & secondary metabolites

Breaking dormancy

genetic variability (nifgene

transfer)Disease

free plants

Somatic hybrids

Synthetic seeds

Edible vaccine ,

antibodies

Early flowering

Overcoming self sterility

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS: Some of the transgenic animals produced are cow, pig, rabbit, goat, sheep , fish Purpose : To increase Nutrition value : more milk production from cows , more proteins in milk and meat .To produce disease resistant animals Greater yields of by-products like leather, wool To produce good quality fishes with more fat and protein content. More nutrient food is made available for the people suffering from malnutrition.

PREVENTION , DIAGNOSIS , AND CURE OF DISEASES:

Prevention -

1. vaccines

2. immunogenic proteins Diagnoses -

1. By DNA probe

2. Monoclonal Antibodies

3. Antenatal Diagnosis Cure - Gene therapy

DNA Probes:This is used for diagnosis of pathogens containing most specific DNA sequence of genetic material of the parasite (like virus, bacteria or protozoa). DNA sequence is recognised(which should not relate to other strains) ↓ recognised DNA is cut (using restriction endonucleases enzyme) ↓ it is inserted into cloning vector (plasmid) ↓ bacterial vector transformed , mutiplied ↓ DNA sequence of parasite isolated is labelled with radio-isotope & ↓ used as PROBEThus disease is diagonised +ve if dark bands appear on X-ray film

Eg. Tuberculosis

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES USES:oDRUGS- for AIDS, cancer, infectionsoDIAGNOSIS- Cancer-colorectal cancer -lung cancer -breast cancer -Pregnancy -Allergies -Hormonal disease -viral diseaseoDiagnostic Agents- used in ELISA & RIA.

ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS2500 genetic defects known to occur in human. eg- haemophiliaIf a pregnant woman bears a child with a genetic defect, she is often advised to abort it, thus the technique of diagnosis & giving suggestions for abortion of a genetically defected child is known as antenatal diagnosisThe genetically determined defects of function or synthesis of haemoglobin is known as haemoglobinopathy.

Foetal pedal edema

Mother edema

haemoglobinopathies

GENE THERAPYDelivering genes into humans to correct diseases has been accepted as scientifically viable is called gene therapy Eg: Insulin, Inteferon, Somatotropin, Somatostatin, Human blood clotting factors, Immunogenic proteins, Antibodies, Vaccines etc.

DNA FINGER PRINTING OR DNA PROFILINGDNA master molecule of all life forms.Neucleotides forms codes, so this genetic coded information can be profiled to produce authentic Identity cards for any organism. So, this complicated technique of identifying individuals at genetic level is known as DNA Finger printing.Basics requirements –availability of blood stains, hair with root, drops of semen, skin cells, mouth swab, bone marrow, cell of any body tissue.

DNA profilling

Solving disputed problems of parentage Immigration

dispute

Forensic science

Reuniting lost children

Identification of criminals, and rapists, totally burnt

body

Setting of genetic data

banks

TO SAVE PLANTS & ANIMALS FROM EXTINCTION By Cryopreservation: Animal and plant species can be saved from extinction by preserving their cell lines.Preservation of germ plasms is done at -79°c over solid carbondioxide or in liquid nitrogen at -196°C . liquid nitrogen is more prefered for longer storage.

TO SUBSIDE POLLUTION: BY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS

Is possible through genetically engineered micro organism. For detoxification and degradation of chemicals , enzymes are encoded

by specific genes present on their plasmid Plasmids introduced organisms utilize no. of organic acids and toxic

chemicals like toulene , chloro benzenes, halogenated pesticides and ethylenes etc and render them harmless.

A new product SUPER BUG( oil eating bug) was produced by genetic enginnering by introducing plasmids from different strains into a single cell of Pseudomonas putida. This can degrate many substrates like tolenes, xylenes, octane, camphor, napthalene etc.