Application of LC/MS and ICP/MS for establishing the fingerprint spectrum of the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Gan-Lu-Yin

I-Hsin Lin1,2

Ming-Chung Lee3

Wu-Chang Chuang3

1Chang Gung Traditional ChineseMedicine Hospital, Kwei-Shan,Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC

2Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC

3Brion Research Institute ofTaiwan, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

Short Communication

Application of LC/MS and ICP/MS for establishingthe fingerprint spectrum of the traditional Chinesemedicinal preparation Gan-Lu-Yin

We developed a method to analyze the fingerprint spectrum qualitatively and quan-titatively for the traditional Chinese herbal medicinal preparation Gan-Lu-Yin withHPLC combined with photodiode array detection, and MS, and to identify the prepa-ration’s 14 main components including baicalin, baicalein, oroxylin A-7-O-glucuro-nide, wogonin-7-O-glucuronide, wogonin, and oroxylin A in Radix Scutellariae;naringin and neohesperidin in Aurantii fructus; liquiritigenin, liquiritin, and gly-cyrrhizic acid in Radix Glycyrrhizae. In LC/UV assay, a Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II columnwas used as the stationary phase, and a gradient of potassium dihydrogen phos-phate, ACN, and water as the elute solution. The UV detection wavelengths were250 and 280 nm. In LC/MS assay, a gradient of phosphoric acid, ACN, and water wasused as the elute solution, and electrospray positive ion mode ((+)-ESI) as the analyticmode. In order to explore the distribution of trace metal elements effectively inGan-Lu-Yin, a microwave digestion method was used for sample treatment, and aninductively coupled plasma MS assay was used to analyze fingerprint spectra of theinorganic metals in Gan-Lu-Yin. Combined with fingerprint spectra of organic com-pounds by LC/UV and LC/MS, it was expected to provide effective quality control inthe production of Gan-Lu-Yin.

Keywords: Fingerprint spectrum / Gan-Lu-Yin / Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP/MS) / LC/MS / LC/UV /

Received: April 3, 2005; revised: August 11, 2005; accepted: August 12, 2005

DOI 10.1002/jssc.200500147

1 Introduction

Gan-Lu-Yin is a formula in the traditional Chinese herbalmedical Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang and it consists of tenChinese herbs: Radix Rehmanniae (raw), Radix Rehman-niae (cooked), Herba Artemisiae, Radix Scutellariae, Fruc-tus Aurantii, Folium Eriobotryae Japonicae, Herba Den-drobii, Radix Glycyrrhizae coquere (use Honey baked),Tuber Asparagi Cochinchinensis, and Tuber Ophiopogo-nis Japonici. The action of this formula is to expel theheat, remove the dampness, resolve inflammation, andclean the blood [1].

Recent studies show that Gan-Lu-Yin can relieve certainside effects of radiation therapy in the treatment of naso-pharyngeal cancer including soreness of larynx, weight

loss, and decrease in secretion of saliva. It is particularlyeffective in reducing damage in oral mucous membrane.In addition, it is also beneficial in improving physiologi-cal and psychological health such as stabilizing themood or alleviating anxiety, improving oral intake ofsolid food, reducing dryness of mouth, and relieving dys-pnea [2].

HPLC linked with UV detection (HPLC/UV) has beenwidely used in many laboratories to establish the finger-print spectra of Chinese herbal medicines [3–5]. To mostpharmaceutical companies, UV and refractive indexdetectors are still the main detectors for HPLC. Recently,HPLC/MS has been applied in species validation of manyone-herb medicines, and compound identification. Forexample: The alkaloids in Coptidis rhizome [6], the flavo-noids in Astragali radix [7], the saikosaponins in Bupleuriradix [8], the ginsenosides in Ginseng radix, and Ameri-can ginseng [9–12].

In addition to common analysis and identification oforganic chemicals, previous studies have reported thecontents of inorganic metals in plants, especially toxic

Correspondence: Professor I-Hsin Lin, Chang Gung TraditionalChinese Medicine Hospital, 5, Fu-Shin Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, ROC.E-mail: [email protected]: +886-2-25994327.

Abbreviations: ICP/MS, inductively coupled plasma MS; IS, in-ternal standard

i 2006WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA,Weinheim www.jss-journal.com

172 I.-H. Lin et al. J. Sep. Sci. 2006, 29, 172–179

J. Sep. Sci. 2006, 29, 172–179 Fingerprint Spectrum of Gan-Lu-Yin 173

heavy metals because of the complicated components inthe plants [13, 14]. However, few have attempted to estab-lish the fingerprint spectra of Chinese herbal medicineswith inorganic metals.

Inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP/MS) is a recentlydeveloped assay for multielement detection, which weused to establish inorganic metal fingerprint spectra inthis study. The aim of the study was to develop the meth-ods to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the finger-print spectrum of Gan-Lu-Yin with HPLC combined withphotodiode array detection and MS, and to identify Gan-Lu-Yin's 14 main components, including baicalin, baica-lein, oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide, wogonin-7-O-glucuro-nide, wogonin, oroxylin A, naringin, neohesperidin,liquiritigenin, liquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid. In orderto effectively explore the distribution of trace elementsin Gan-Lu-Yin, a microwave digestion method was usedfor sample treatment, and an ICP/MS assay was used toanalyze the fingerprint spectra of the inorganic metalsin Gan-Lu-Yin. Combined with the fingerprint spectra oforganic compounds found with LC/UV and LC/MS, it wasexpected to provide effective quality control in the pro-duction of Gan-Lu-Yin.

2 Experimental

2.1 Chemicals

Baicalin (5), baicalein (12), glycyrrhizic acid (11), and nar-ingin (6) were purchased from Nacalai tesque (Kyoto,Japan); liquiritin (3) and wogonin (14) were purchasedfromWako (Osaka, Japan); oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide (8),wogonin-7-O-glucuronide (10), and oroxylin A (15) wereisolated from Radix Scutellariae; neohesperidin (9) wasisolated from Aurantii fructus; liquiritigenin (29) was iso-lated from Radix Glycyrrhizae. The chemical structuresof each component are listed in Fig. 1. Among them, 29,3, 6, and 9 have the structures of flavavone; 5, 8, 10, 12,14, and 15 have the structures of flavone, and 11 has thestructure of triterpenoid. Internal standard (IS) n-propylp-hydroxy-benzoate (13) was purchased from Sigma (St.Louis, MO, USA); potassium dihydrogen phosphate waspurchased from Showa Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan); HPLC-grade methanol, ACN, phosphoric acid, and low hydrar-gyrum nitric acid were purchased from Merck (Darm-stadt, Germany). ICP/MS tuning solution (containing10 lg/mL of Li, Y, Ce, and Co) and multielement calibra-tion standard 2A (containing 10 lg/mL of Ag, Al, As, Ba,Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni,Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V, and Zn) were purchased from Agi-lent (Wilmington, DE, USA).

2.2 Materials

Gan-Lu-Yin powder was purchased from a GMP pharma-ceutical company in Taiwan, consisting of ten medicinal

materials. The origins and traditional uses of each ingre-dient are listed in Table 1. These materials had passed thestrict quality tests of the company. Quality control fac-tors included harvest location, macroscopic identifica-tion, microscopic identification, TLC, loss on drying,total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water soluble extract, diluteethanol soluble extract, HPLC fingerprint, marker sub-stance assay, residual pesticides, heavy metals, andmicrobiological contaminants.

2.3 Standards and sample preparation

For LC/UV and LC/MS analysis, baicalin (5), naringin (6),neohesperidin (9), and glycyrrhizic acid (11) were


Figure 1. Chemical structure of major organic chemicals inGan-Lu-Yin preparation: (29), Liquiritigenin; (3), Liquiritin; (5),Baicalin; (6), Naringin; (8), Oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide; (9),Neohesperidin; (10), Wogonin-7-O-glucuronide; (11), Glycyr-rhizic acid; (12), Baicalein; (14), Wogonin; (15), Oroxylin A.


regarded as targets for quantitative analysis and valida-tion. Baicalin was the main component of Radix Scutel-lariae; naringin and neohesperidin were the main com-ponents of Aurantii fructus; and glycyrrhizic acid wasthe main component of Radix Glycyrrhizae, respectively.Baicalein (12), liquiritin (3), wogonin (14), oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide (8), wogonin-7-O-glucuronide (10), oroxylinA (15), neohesperidin, and liquiritigenin were the com-pounds used for qualitative analysis.

Proper amounts of each standard were precisely weighedand dissolved in 70% methanol solution for LC/UV andLC/MS analyses, respectively. Additionally, 11 mg of n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate (13) was precisely weighedand dissolved in 70% methanol solution to make a 100-mL solution of the IS.

Approximately 0.5 g of Gan-Lu-Yin powder was weighedand put into 20 mL of 70% methanol solution (extractivesolvent), ultrasonically vibrated for 15 min at room tem-perature, vibrated at 160 rpm for 20 min in a 408C waterbath, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, and the super-natant liquid was injected in LC/MS for qualitative anal-ysis. In addition, Gan-Lu-Yin extraction was added to a 10-mL reagent bottle containing 1 mL of IS solution, and thesolution was mixed by ultrasonic wave for LC/UV qualita-tive and quantitative analyses.

For the ICP/MS analysis, the multielement standard solu-tion was prepared for ICP-MS analysis, containing 10 ng/mL of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga,Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V, Y, and Zn.The contents of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb werecalculated by a semiquantitative mode.

Gan-Lu-Yin powder 0.45 g was precisely weighed and putinto a digestive bottle. Eight milliliter of nitric acid wasadded and the mixture was incubated for 10 min. Thesolution was digested by microwave digestive equipment(CEM Mars5, CEM Co., Matthews, USA) afterwards. Thedigestive condition is shown in Table 2. After completedigestion and cooling to room temperature, the solutionwas filtered through a 0.45 lm filter membrane. Waterwas added into the filtrate to make the total volume100 mL, and the solution underwent ICP/MS analysis.

2.4 LC/UV analytical instruments and conditions

The LC/UV analytical system used was an HP1100 typeHPLC system (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany), consistingof an integrated controller, a quaternary pump, a col-umn temperature controller, an autoinjector, and aphotodiode array detector. The analytical condition wasset as follows: gradient elution by the mixture of mobilephases A (20 mM KH2PO4), B (ACN), and C (water) at 0–


Table 1. Ingredients and botanical origins of crude drugs of Gan-Lu-Yin

Crude drugs Botanical origin Traditional uses in China Ratio (g)

Radix Rehmanniae (cooked),Shu Di Huang

Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. Nourishes blood and sperm, supplementskidneys and liver

2.5

Tuber Ophiopogonis Japonici,Mai Men Dong

Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.)Ker-Gawl.

Cleanses yin, moistens dryness, removesheat, resolves phlegm, increases salivation,quenches thirst, moistens lungs, controlscough

2.5

Tuber Asparagi Cochin-chinensis,TianMen Dong

Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.)Merr.

Nourishes yin, moistens dryness, cleanseslung fire, controls cough

2.5

Folium EriobotryaeJaponicae,Pi Pa Ye

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.)Lindl.

Cleanses lungs, harmonizes stomach,causes ch'i to descend, resolves phlegm

2.5

Fructus Aurantii,Zhi Ke

Citrus aurantium L. Disperses stagnant ch’i, dissolves phlegm,dissipates fullness, disperses accumulations

2.5

Herba Dendrobii,Shi Hu

Dendrobium nobile Lindl Increases fluids, benefits stomach,nourishes yin, moistens lungs, expelsheat, quenches thirst

2.5

Herba Artemisiae,Yin Chen Hao

Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Removes heat, dispels dampness 2.5

Radix Scutellariae,Huang Qi

Scutellaria baicalensisGeorgi Cleanses heat, dries moisture, purges fire,removes toxin, prevents spontaneousabortion

2.5

Radix Glycyrrhizae coquere,Zhi Gan Cao

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Supplements spleen, replenishes ch'i, clearsheat, removes toxin, moistens lungs, con-trols cough, harmonizes the stomach andspleen, harmonizes all drugs

2.5

Radix Rehmannia (raw),Sheng Di Huang

Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. Clears up heat, cools blood, controlsbleeding, nourishes yin and blood

2.5


20 min with the ratio of 83–65% A and 17–35% B; at 20–45 min with the ratio of 65–0% A, 35–65% B, and 0–35%C; and at 45–50 min with the ratio of 65–17% B and 35–83% C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; the column tem-perature was controlled at 358C; postruntime of chroma-tography was 15 min; injection volume was 20 lL; UVwavelength for detection was set at 200–400 nm; and theanalytical column was a Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II column(5 lm, 4.66250 mm, Nacalai tesque), while a Lichro-spher RP-18 endcapped column (5 lm, 4.0610 mm,Merck) was used as a guard column.

2.5 LC/MS analytical instruments and conditions

The LC/MS analytical system consisted of an HPLC systemlinked to a Finnigan AQA (ThermoQuest, Germany) MSsystem. The HPLC system consisted of an integrated con-troller, a quaternary pump, a column temperature con-troller, an autoinjector, and so on. The HPLC conditionwas set as follows: gradient elution by the mixture ofmobile phases A (0.01% H3PO4), B (ACN), and C (water) at0–30 min with the ratio of 90–75% A and 10–25% B; at30–40 min with the ratio of 75–65% A and 25–35% B; at40–50 min with the ratio of 65–25% A and 35–75% B; at50–65 min with the ratio of 25–0% A, 75% B, and 0–25%C; and at 65–70 min with the ratio of 75–10% B and 25–90% C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; column tempera-ture was controlled at 358C; postruntime of chromato-graphy was 15 min; injection volume was 30 lL; and theanalytical column was a Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II column(5 lm, 4.66250 mm, Nacalai tesque), while a Lichro-spher RP-18 endcapped (5 lm, 4.06 10 mm, Merck) wasused as a guard column.

An electrospray positive ionmode ((+)-ESI) was used in MSdetection, and the transmission of [M + H]+ cation was setas the optimum condition. The MS detection was set asfull scan range (200–1000 amu, a graph/s); the dwell timewas 0.3 s and span was 0.2 amu. Capillary voltage andAQAmax were set at 3.5 kV and 30 V, respectively, whileESI probe temperature was 4008C.

2.6 ICP/MS analytical instruments and conditions

The ICP/MS system was an Agilent 7500a type ICP/MS sys-tem (Agilent, Tokyo, Japan). ICP/MS detection range was2–260 amu; rf forward power was 1200 W; sample depthwas 6.9 mm; carrier gas (Ar, argon) flow was 1.12 L/min;extract 1 and extract 2 were –111 and –25 V, respec-tively.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 For LC/UV and LC/MS analysis

Establishing the quality control procedures and stan-dardizing the production of botanical products is theresearch direction of many scientists. In 1998, Lazaro-wych [15] reported the application of fingerprint spectraand marker compounds for identification and standardi-zation of botanical herbs, and applied HPLC as the tool ofanalysis. Kinghorn [16] reported on the chromato-graphic/chromatographic spectroscopic combinationmethods for the analysis of botanical herbs. Kerns [17]published a paper about application of LC/MS assay foridentification of compounds of botanical herbs. Ourstudy combined LC/UV and LC/MS assays to establish fin-gerprint spectra of the organic compounds in Gan-Lu-Yinpreparation.

The UV and MS fingerprint spectra of Gan-Lu-Yin extractwere obtained after LC/UV and LC/MS analyses. LC/UV fin-gerprint spectra showed 15 major peaks of Gan-Lu-Yincompounds and IS at the UV wavelengths of 250 and280 nm. Comparing the retention time and UV spectrumof the raw materials, we knew that peaks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,10, 12, 14, and 15were from Radix Scutellariae; peaks (29),(3), and (11) were from Radix Glycyrrhizae; peaks 6 and 9were from Aurantii fructus; and peaks (2) and (29) werethe coelute peaks. The LC/UV fingerprint of Gan-Lu-Yinextract and the UV spectra of the compounds in the pre-paration are shown in Fig. 2.

Themajor compounds (5), (11), (6), and (9) of Radix Scutel-lariae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, and Fructus Aurantii wereselected for validation of the analytical method. Thedetection wavelengths for compound (11) and IS (13)were set at 250 nm, whereas wavelengths for detectingcompounds (5), (6), and (9) were set at 280 nm. The resultsshowed good linearity, reproducibility, and accuracy forthe LC/UV method used in this study, and the validationevaluation is shown in Table 3.

After the LC/UV assay of Gan-Lu-Yin, the contents of vari-ous compounds of Gan-Lu-Yin were calculated through aconversion of compound to IS peak area ratios in aregression equation. The details were the following(n = 3): (5), 11.17 € 0.09 mg/g; (6), 6.92 € 0.06 mg/g; (9),5.57 € 0.11 mg/g; (11), 1.80 € 0.02 mg/g.

LC/MS analysis showed that MS fingerprint of Gan-Lu-Yincould be used as the technique for identification of mo-


Table 2. Digestion parameters for microwave pretreatment

Stage Max power (W) Power (%) Ramp (min) Pressure (psi) Temperature (8C) Hold (min)

1 1200 100 10 600 150 52 1200 100 15 600 190 10


lecular weight and chemical structure of each peak. Thestudy used an (+)-ESI-MS assay for detection of com-pounds in Gan-Lu-Yin. The total ion chromatogram (TIC)and selected ion chromatogram (SIM) for the LC/MS anal-ysis of Gan-Lu-Yin are shown in Fig. 3.

For SIM analysis,m/z 257 (29, 3),m/z 271 (5, 12),m/z 273 (6),m/z 285 (8, 10, 14, 15), m/z 303 (9), and m/z 549 (1, 2, 4)were selected to explore the distribution of major com-pounds in Radix Scutellariae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, andFructus Aurantii. By LC/MS analysis, the compounds in


Figure 2. LC/UV fingerprint ofGan-Lu-Yin extract. Two detectionwavelengths were set at 250 and280 nm.

Table 3. Validated evaluation for main principles of Radix Glycyrrhizae coquere, Radix Scutellariae, and Fructus Aurantii in LC/UV system

Compound Reproducibility (%) (n = 6) Recovery(%)

Detectionlimit (ng)

Regression equationy, peak area

Regressioncoefficient

Linearityrange

Intraday Interday ratio x, (mg/mL) (r2) (mg/ml)

P.A. R.T. P.A. R.T.

Baicalin (5) 0.34 0.72 0.52 1.00 97.65 0.67 y = 42.814x – 0.0019 0.9997 0.004–0.027Naringin (6) 0.36 0.49 0.30 0.68 97.38 1.06 y = 24.896x + 0.0055 1.0000 0.024–0.179Neohesperidin (9) 0.34 0.48 0.25 0.55 95.42 0.84 y = 32.154x + 0.0011 1.0000 0.024–0.179Glycyrrhizic acid (11) 0.08 0.20 0.12 0.59 101.12 1.45 y = 14.362x + 0.0010 0.9999 0.015–0.117

P.A. = Peak area; R.T. = Retention time.

Table 4. Retention time (R.T.), maximum absorbance in UV spectra, and major ions observed in the positive-ion ESI-MS spectraof compounds in Radix Glycyrrhizae coquere, Radix Scutellariae, and Fructus Aurantii

Compound Source R.T.,min

UVmax absorbance(nm)

ESI ion (m/z)

[M + H]+ Fragment ions

(1) Radix Scutellariae 8.3 214, 272, 314 549(2) Radix Scutellariae 8.7 279 549(29) Radix Glycyrrhizae coquere 8.8 220, 276, 312 257(3) Radix Glycyrrhizae coquere 9.2 217, 276, 310 419 257 (-Glc)(4) Radix Scutellariae 9.5 212, 273, 315 549(5) Radix Scutellariae 10.1 214, 276, 316 447 271 (-GlcA)(6) Fructus Aurantii 11.5 212, 225, 282, 330 582 435 (-Rha), 273 (-Glc-Rha)(7) Radix Scutellariae 12.2 280 447(8) Radix Scutellariae 12.5 270, 310 461 285 (-GlcA)(9) Fructus Aurantii 13.0 283 611 465 (-Rha), 450 (-Rha-CH3),

303 (-Glc-Rha)(10) Radix Scutellariae 14.1 272 461 285 (-GlcA)(11) Radix Glycyrrhizae coquere 21.5 248 823 647 (-GlcA), 453 (-GlcA-GlcA)(12) Radix Scutellariae 26.3 215, 274, 322 271(14) Radix Scutellariae 33.2 205, 274 285 270 (-CH3)(15) Radix Scutellariae 34.8 215, 270, 318 285 270 (-CH3)

Glc = b-D-glucose; Rha = a-L-rhamnose; GlcA = b-D-glucuronide.



Figure 3. LC/MS fingerprint of Gan-Lu-Yin extract using TIC and SIM technique.


Gan-Lu-Yin were identified via comparison of retentiontime and mass spectrum of the standards. The LC/UV andLC/MS results are shown in Table 4, indicating that theESI-MS base peaks of (3), (5), (6), (8), (9), (10), and (11)appeared at the position of glycosidic bond-breaking pro-ducts, whereas those of (29), (4), (7), (12), (14), and (15)appeared at the position of cation [M + H]+. Table 4 alsoshows that unknown compounds (1) (2), (4), and (7)belonged to flavonoids.

3.2 For ICP/MS analysis

The distribution of inorganic metals in botanical herbsusually has a strong relationship with harvesting place,part of use, fertilizer, medicinal herb material, packag-ing material, and production equipment. The finger-print of inorganic compounds in Gan-Lu-Yin by ICP/MScan be used to effectively observe the herbs’ origins andproduction processes.

The counts per second (CPS) values of the analysis of Gan-Lu-Yin extract by the semiquantitative mode of ICP-MSwere plotted against m/z, and the inorganic chemical fin-gerprints in Gan-Lu-Yin extract were obtained. As shownin Fig. 4, the fingerprint showed that the preparationcontained several major inorganic metals including Na,Mg, K, Ca, and Fe, and trace amounts of elements likeMn, Zn, Ge, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sn, Ba, Ge, Nd, Sm, Gd,Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Hf, W, Os, Pt, Hg, Pb, Bi, Th, and U. The fin-

gerprint could be used as the quality control indicator ofinorganic elements in Gan-Lu-Yin preparations. The fol-lowing are the contents of elements Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, As,Cd, Hg, and Pb calculated by a semiquantitative mode(n = 3): Na, 153.300 € 3.166 ppm; Mg, 2666.074 € 156.647ppm; K, 1466.341 € 0.231 ppm; Ca, 244.390 € 0.038 ppm;Fe, 106.643 € 3.158 ppm; As, 1.000 € 0.004 ppm; Cd,0.024 € 0.019 ppm; Hg, 0.167 € 0.028 ppm; and Pb, 0.467€ 0.016 ppm.

4 Concluding remarksDue to the popularization of traditional herbal medi-cine, WHO published the first global strategy for tradi-tional and alternative medicine in May 2002. Hence, gra-dually, governments are starting to take the quality pro-blems of botanical herbs seriously. It is well known thatbotanical herbs have very complicated compound com-positions and the quality control is extremely difficult.Therefore, the idea of applying fingerprints was raised.However, there are many trace metal elements in addi-tion to organic components in plants, and they play aquite important role in the human body. Therefore, thedetection of fingerprints will not be limited to organiccomponents -- the fingerprint of inorganic trace metalelements is also needed. Our study successfully devel-oped the fingerprint of organic compounds in the tradi-tional Chinese herbal medicine preparation Gan-Lu-Yin


Figure 4. ICP/MS fingerprint including major and trace inorganic elements in Gan-Lu-Yin extract.


by LC/UV and LC/MS assays, and established the finger-print of inorganic elements in Gan-Lu-Yin by ICP/MSassay.

5 References

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Application of LC/MS and ICP/MS for establishing the fingerprint spectrum of the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Gan-Lu-Yin