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International Conference Industrial Waste & Wastewater Treatment & Valorisation
APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO MANUFACTURE
CEMENT MORTARS
Julia Rosales, University of Córdoba, SpainConstruction Engineering- University of Cordoba (Spain)
International Stainless Steel Forum, 2014
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Mill
ion
met
ric to
nne
(Mt)
Spain 3rd Europeanproducer
INTRODUCTIONSTAINLESS STEEL PRODUCTION
48%
20141st ASIA (71%)
2nd EUROPE (21%)
3rd AMERICA (8%)
Italy (25%)
Germany (19%)
Spain (15%)
France (8%)
Poland (6%)
Belgium (4%)
Finlande (4%)
Luxembourg (3%)
UK (3%)
Others (13%) World Steel Asociation, 2013
INTRODUCTIONSTAINLESS STEEL MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Raw materials Melting RefiningAOD
WASTE
RefiningVOD
Ladle RefiningLF
Continuous casting Surface
grinding
Grinded slab
AGGREGATES SLAG
20% Raw Materials
85% Waste LANDFILL
VALORISATION
INTRODUCTIONVALORIZATION STAINLESS STEEL WASTE
CONSTRUCTION
AGGREGATES
• Road base• Concrete• Addition to Clinker
SLAG
AGRICULTURE• Soil improvement
CONSTRUCTION
AGRICULTURE
• Soil-cement• Concrete• CEMENT MORTAR
• Soil improvementTREATING WASTEWATER
WASTE UTILIZATION
LESS USE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
SUSTAINABILITY
OBJETIVESSTAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE (SW) AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR
Few research related to stainless steel slag waste for use as a substitute for cement
Principal objetive: study of cement replacement by differentpercentages of stainless steel slags crushed and without crushed formaking mortars to determine the optimal replacement rate to increasethe economic value of stainless steel slag waste and decrease thecement content
TREATMENT AND PROCESSING OF SW
• Study the cementitious properties
• Analysis of environmental effects through leaching test
• Study the effect on the compressive strength, flexural and shrinkage
• Application of multivariate analysis methods
RESEARCH DESIGNSTAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR
SW
PROCESSING
SW
Unprocessed
SW-C
Crushed - Sieved
REPLACEMENT
10%CEM20%CEM30%CEM
MANUFACTURE OF MORTAR
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FLEXURAL STRENGTHSHRINKAGEMULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
OXIDE COMPOSITIONLEACHING
Stainless SteelSteel
STAINLESS STEEL FACTORY ACERINOX
MATERIALS ANDEXPERIMENTAL METHODS
STAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR
X-ray fluorescence(XRF) (UNE-EN 196-2)
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Leaching test (UNE- EN 12457-3)
Compressive Strength1-7-28-90 DAYS (UNE-EN 196-1)
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
Fexural Strength1-7-28-90 DAYS(UNE-EN 196-1)
Shrinkage1-7-14-28-56-90 DAYS
(UNE-83831)
CEM
SW
SW-C
CONTROL
SW-CREPLACEMENT10% 20% 30%
SWREPLACEMENT10% 20% 30%
Standardized Sand + Water
CHEMICAL PROPERTIESRESULTS
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF)CEMENTITIOUS PROPERTIES SW AND SW-C
SiO2 (%) Al2O3 (%) Fe2O3 (%) CaO (%) MgO (%) SO3 (%) K2O (%)
SW 31,34 5,18 1,25 46,26 10,90 0,37 0,00
SW-C 30,31 5,01 0,93 46,45 11,51 0,36 0,00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
SiO2 (%) Al2O3 (%) Fe2O3 (%) CaO (%) MgO (%) SO3 (%) K2O (%)
Perc
enta
ge (%
)
SW SW-C LIMITS
Chemical composition limits pozzolanic materials(Calleja, J. 1985)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION SIMILAR• CLINKER• CONVENTIONAL FLY ASH
POZZOLANIC REACTION CHARACTERISTICS
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
Ni Cu Cr Zn As Se Mo Cd Sb Ba Hg Pb
Stainless steel slagL/S = 2 l/kg
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Ni Cu Cr Zn As Se Mo Cd Sb Ba Hg Pb
Stainless steel slagL/S = 10 l/kg
NON HAZARDOUS
CHROMIUMMOLYBDENUM
LEACHING TESTHEAVY METALS LEACHATE BY SW AND SW-C
Con
cent
ratio
nsin
the
leac
hate
(mg/
kg)
HAZARDOUS NON-HAZARDOUS INERT
Sw Sw-C
ClassificationL/S=2
SW Non hazardous
SW-C Non hazardous
L/S=10
SW Non hazardous
SW-C Non hazardous
CHEMICAL PROPERTIESRESULTS
0102030405060
0 50 100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100Time (d)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100
S110% REPLACEMENT
S220% REPLACEMENT
S330% REPLACEMENT
REPLACEMENT 10% SwAND Sw-C COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH INCREASES
LOSS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH LOWER 25%
SW-C BETTER RESULTS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHSTAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR
Com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(Mpa
) 28 DAYSa a a
b b
dc
Com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(Mpa
)
Sw Sw-CCR
MECHANICAL BEHAVIORRESULTS
REPLACEMENT 10% SwAND Sw-C FLEXURAL
STRENGTH INCREASES
LOSS OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH LOWER 15%
FLEXURAL STRENGTHSTAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR
y = 0,1391x + 3,9232R² = 0,9455
99,510
10,511
11,512
12,5
35 40 45 50 55 60
Flex
ural
stre
ngth
(Mpa
)
Compressive strength (Mpa)
HIGH POSITIVE CORRELATION AMONG
THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
28 DAYS
Flex
ural
stre
ngth
(Mpa
) ba a
b bc c
FLEXURAL STRENGTH VSCOMPRESIVE STRENGTH
MECHANICAL BEHAVIORRESULTS
REPLACEMENT 10% SwAND Sw-C PRESENT
VALUES OF RETRACTION SIMILAR THAT THE
CONTROL
SHRINKAGESTAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR
0,000
0,200
0,400
0,600
0,800
1,000
1,200
1,400
0 20 40 60 80 100
shrin
kage
(μm
/m)
Age (days)
Control S1-Sw S1-Sw-C S2-SwS2-Sw-C S3-Sw S3-Sw-C
THE MORTARS WITH A REPLACEMENT OF 20% AND 30% Sw AND Sw-C HAVE HIGH SHRINKAGE
VALUES
MECHANICAL BEHAVIORRESULTS
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
SAS 9.4
The mechanical behavior of mortars must be analyzed as a whole(Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength and Shrinkage)
Multivariate analysis: a useful tool to evaluate the influence of addition of slag waste in the mechanical behavior
MATERIALS ANDEXPERIMENTAL METHODS
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHODS
• Ordination Analysis. Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
• Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVAs)
RESULTSMULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
MANOVAs
Pillai approx F Pr(>F)
Control vs S1 0,6775 23,11 < 0,0001 ***
Control vs S2 0,6279 18,56 < 0,0001 ***
Control vs S3 0,9691 345,75 < 0,0001 ***
Pillai approx F Pr(>F)
Mechanicalbehavior vs All
treatment1,86 9,53 < 0,0001
*** DIFFERENT
DIFFER
ENTS
Pillai approx F Pr(>F)
SW vs SW-C 0,7037 26,12 < 0,0001 ***
S2SW vs S2SW-C 0,1827 2,46 0,08
Control vs Replacement Series
Unprocessed vs Crushed
CONCLUSIONSSTAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN MORTAR
The replacement cement by stainless steel slag waste for the manufactureof mortar improves the mechanical behavior, valorizing this waste andreducing the consumption of raw materials, obtaining as a result aproduct that not cause environmentally effects according to the leachatesanalysis.
The stainless steel slags have presented high values metal oxides similarto those present in conventional fly ash. These values result in positivitycementitious capacity in the stainless steel slag waste.
The use of multivariate analysis can be a useful tools to evaluate the effectof this waste as a replacement of cement.
The cement replacement by stainless steel slag wasteprovides an increased in compressive and flexural strengthfor 10% substitution respect to the control. For stainlesssteel slag waste crushed we are observed better results. Formortars manufactured with this percentage, the retractionsare similar to the control mortar.
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
International Conference Industrial Waste & Wastewater Treatment & Valorisation
APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL SLAG WASTE AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO MANUFACTURE
CEMENT MORTARSJulia Rosales, University of Córdoba, Spain
J. Rosales – F. Agrela – M. Cabrera – M.G. Beltrán – J.Ayuso