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Applications of molecular techniques used in research
Batten Disease Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL)
Neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder
At least 13 distinct human NCL genes known, all causing the same clinical features of visual failure, seizures and progressive motor and cognitive decline
Naturally occurring animal models, including sheep, whose disease closely matches the human
No effective therapies
Batten Animal Research Network
Gene therapy virus
Disabled virus
Corrective NCL gene packaged into virus
In vitro (in the lab)
In vivo (in the animal)
Corrective protein produced
Vector inserts gene
Target brain cellNucleus
Gene therapy
Using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic NCL gene to replace the mutated or missing NCL gene
Injection of the viral vector containing the corrective NCL gene into the brain of affected sheep
Gene expression of the missing gene and production of the corrective protein
Corrective NCL gene
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Battens Disease - Research by Professor David Palmer
Transposons(Evolutions “dead-mans” switch)
• Mobile genetic elements = Transposons• Present in all organisms (yes - even Humans!!)
– The larger the genome the higher % of TEs present– Humans = 50% TEs– Grapes = 45% TEs– Wheat = >75% TEs
Transposons – things they do…..
• New insertions at new locations– Can destroy gene function– Can change gene activity– Can shuffle exons making new
genes with new functions
• Existing and new insertions can influence the function of DNA flanking genome insertion sites = one important aspect of epigenetics
Transposons – Parasites or an evolutionary force for good?
• Both! - They are parasites that have been harnessed by evolution
• Most TEs contain regulatory elements that respond to and are activated when the host plant is exposed to stress
• It appears that retention of TEs is an evolutionary adaptation to rapid environmental change
– Activation under stress conditions (release of the dead-mans switch) can introduce massive amounts of new genetic diversity within a single generation
Cyclodia
Transposon
Cyclodia methylation
Transposons & Functional genomics
Develop somatic embryo cultures
Activate TEs using stress
Recover plants
Genotype to identify new element insertions and their location
Regenerate plants
Screen data for mutation in key genes• Identify genes + mutation• Identify individuals in the population• Assess the phenotypic impact of the mutation• Determine the function of the gene
Screen population for new phenotypes• Identify new plants with desirable traits• Interrogate database to find out what
new mutations are present• Identify genes mutated• Use information to ascertain gene
function and /or use as markers for rapid breeding
Transposons –Research by Dr Chris Winefield
Powelliphanta augusta New species of endemic giant landsnail
Single population located within mine footprint
Snail collected for translocation and captive management
No idea of their feeding requirements
Snails are nocturnal and difficult to observe feeding
Molecular diet analysisUsing snail faeces
DNA barcoding on snail feces (non invasive method)
Detection of at least 18 species of earthworms eaten by the snails
Information useful for the selection of new translocation sites and to feed the snails in captivity
Discovery of new species of earthworms never found before
Snail speciation – Research by Dr Stephane Boyer